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Sabatino Moscati BIBLIOTHECA SARDA N. 102 Sabatino Moscati FENICI E CARTAGINESI IN SARDEGNA a cura di Piero Bartoloni In copertina: Collana fenicia, sec. IV-III a.C., Cagliari, Museo Archeologico Nazionale INDICE 9 Prefazione 28 Nota biografica 30 Nota bibliografica 44 Avvertenze redazionali FENICI E CARTAGINESI IN SARDEGNA Riedizione dell’opera: 49 Premessa Fenici e Cartaginesi in Sardegna, 51 Introduzione Milano, Il Saggiatore, 1968. Parte prima LE VICENDE Moscati, Sabatino Fenici e cartaginesi in Sardegna / Sabatino Moscati ; 57 Capitolo primo a cura di Piero Bartoloni. - Nuoro : Ilisso, [2005]. - 315 p. ; 18 cm. - (Bibliotheca sarda ; 102) Le fasi storiche I Bartoloni, Piero 1. Fenici - Sardegna 57 1. Fase “fenicia” e fase “punica” 2. Cartaginesi - Sardegna 61 2. La conquista cartaginese 937.9 66 3. Età arcaica ed età recente Scheda catalografica: Cooperativa per i Servizi Bibliotecari, Nuoro 70 Capitolo secondo I primi insediamenti 70 1. I centri 82 2. I caratteri © Copyright 2005 ILISSO EDIZIONI - Nuoro 91 Capitolo terzo ISBN 88-89188-24-3 L’irradiazione in età arcaica 91 1. La regione costiera e subcostiera 173 Capitolo secondo 98 2. L’interno La statuaria 173 1. La scultura in pietra 101 Capitolo quarto 187 2. Le figurine in terracotta L’irradiazione in età recente 201 3. Altra statuaria minore 101 1. La regione costiera e subcostiera 107 2. L’interno 206 Capitolo terzo Il rilievo 115 Capitolo quinto Le ultime vicende 206 1. Le stele 232 2. Altro rilievo in pietra 115 1. L’andamento della storia 237 3. Protomi e maschere 119 2. La persistenza e il dissolvimento 123 Capitolo sesto 246 Capitolo quarto Elementi politici, sociali, religiosi Le arti “minori” 123 1. Il governo e la società 246 1. I rasoi 127 2. Le credenze 250 2. Gli avori e gli ossi 255 3. Gli amuleti Parte seconda 260 4. Gli scarabei I MONUMENTI 263 5. I gioielli 273 6. Altre arti “minori” 281 7. Le monete 137 Capitolo primo I resti architettonici 137 1. I porti 287 Conclusione 143 2. Le città 295 Bibliografia 150 3. I templi 162 4. I tofet 301 Abbreviazioni 168 5. Le tombe 309 Indice dei nomi PREFAZIONE L’interesse scientifico attorno alla civiltà fenicia e punica in Sardegna si desta con il Canonico Giovanni Spano. Nel suo Bullettino Archeologico Sardo lo Spano rende note le scoperte, soprattutto fortuite, che nel corso della seconda metà dell’800 venivano a conoscenza del mondo erudito del- l’epoca. Al centro dell’attenzione era soprattutto la città di Tharros, allora nota soprattutto per il saccheggio indiscrimi- nato delle sue necropoli. Il Canonico ebbe modo di vedere una parte dei corredi, soprattutto i piccoli oggetti preziosi e semipreziosi, tra i quali soprattutto quelli di tipo egittizzante, e questi ultimi crearono in lui l’idea che gli antichi Egizi in un momento della loro storia avessero abitato una parte della Sardegna. Oggi sappiamo che questa ipotesi è priva di fon- damento, ma è soprattutto grazie a studiosi come lo Spano che l’isola deve la conoscenza della sua storia. Seguì poi Gaetano Cara, che fu conservatore del Regio Museo Archeologico di Cagliari tra il 1860 e il 1870. Tra l’al- tro il Cara ingannò Alberto Ferrero della Marmora facendogli trovare e pubblicare un centinaio di bronzetti nuragici falsi e contribuì ad accrescere la collezione del British Museum di Londra vendendo al museo stesso alcune centinaia di reperti fenici e punici di Tharros. Nel decennio successivo il mede- simo incarico fu poi conferito al Vivant, che, tra l’altro, fu il primo ad interessarsi dell’insediamento di Monte Sirai. Nell’ul- timo decennio del secolo ebbe inizio la stagione dei grandi lavori di scavo delle principali città fenicie, puniche e romane della Sardegna, prime tra tutte Nora e Tharros. A Giovanni Pa- troni, con l’imprescindibile aiuto di Filippo Nissardi, si deve l’esplorazione di Nora, mentre lo stesso Nissardi indagò quel- lo che restava delle necropoli di Tharros. Il primo trentennio del ’900 coincide con l’attività inde- fessa e ciclopica di Antonio Taramelli in Sardegna, il quale, tuttavia, riversò i propri interessi scientifici soprattutto sul 9 Prefazione mondo nuragico: la maggior parte dei nuraghi attualmente quanto fu complessa e profonda la preparazione scientifica visitabili, quali il Santu Antine o il Losa è dovuta alle sue at- nel vasto campo dell’orientalistica del mio maestro: i Fenici, tività. Non altrettanto incisivi furono i lavori del Taramelli i più occidentali tra le popolazioni semitiche, furono anche per quel che riguarda la civiltà fenicia e punica: nel 1931 si quelli che dettero vita al famoso detto ex oriente lux, poi- ricorda un suo intervento nell’area della necropoli fenicia ché fecero proprio e trasmisero nelle terre dell’Occidente dell’antica Bitia, presso Domusdemaria ed una controversia tutto il sapere dei popoli del Vicino Oriente. Ma, nel mondo con il conte Piercy di Alliata, allora proprietario dei terreni, degli studi vicino-orientali i Fenici furono anche il popolo sul primato della scoperta. più negletto e quasi volutamente ignorato. Lo studio del Dopo alcuni decenni, nei quali si ricordano alcuni lavori mondo fenicio, per altro fino ad allora assai poco praticato, di grandi studiosi del calibro di Salvatore Puglisi e di Giovan- permise dunque a Sabatino Moscati, forte del suo cospicuo ni Lilliu, entrambi proiettati decisamente verso il mondo della bagaglio culturale, di comprendere appieno la mentalità di protostoria e quindi della civiltà nuragica, la fine della guerra questo popolo. Ma, al fine di completarne la conoscenza, vide lo sbarco in Sardegna di Gennaro Pesce, chiamato a era opportuno mettere le mani nel terreno, cioè esplorare reggerne la soprintendenza. Questo studioso, di origini napo- archeologicamente le vestigia di questo popolo di intrepidi letane e proveniente dai campi di scavo della Libia, fu attrat- navigatori e di grandi artigiani. Ecco dunque svelata la para- to dal mondo fenicio e punico dell’isola e dette inizio a gran- bola compiuta da Sabatino Moscati, che da filologo divenne di lavori, soprattutto a Nora e a Tharros, che hanno restituito archeologo. le due città al pubblico godimento. Nel 1967, a Gennaro Pe- Il periodo pionieristico e felice delle ricerche, che ha vi- sce succede Ferruccio Barreca, appassionato studioso delle sto sia in Oriente che in Occidente Sabatino Moscati e la sua antichità fenicie e puniche, tra i cui meriti vi è quello di ave- équipe di giovani studiosi al lavoro, ha avuto origine fin dal re aperto le porte dell’isola al mondo degli studi. È in questo 1960. È infatti in quel periodo, tra il 1960 e il 1962, che sono periodo che Sabatino Moscati, con la sua équipe, sbarca in nate ed hanno avuto compimento le imprese di Ramat Ra- Sardegna ed hanno inizio i lavori di Monte Sirai. hel,1 ove fu esplorato un impianto termale eretto su una col- Sabatino Moscati si affacciò al mondo dei Fenici e alle lina alla periferia di Gerusalemme, di Akhziv,2 ove fu scavata imprese archeologiche all’inizio degli anni ’60, conscio che una necropoli di età fenicia affacciata sulla costa lungo il per far crescere una disciplina era indispensabile il matrimo- versante settentrionale del Carmelo, e di Shavei Zion,3 ove fu nio indissolubile tra la teoria e la pratica. Il suo approccio indagata una chiesa presso l’antica Nea Come, poco a nord fu, se vogliamo, tardivo poiché – pochi tra i suoi estimatori di Akko. lo sanno – negli anni della sua gioventù egli fu grande ara- bista e ancor più grande filologo. Formatosi negli studi lin- 1. AA.VV., Il colle di Rachele (Ramat Rahel). Missione archeologica nel Vi- guistici a Roma presso il Pontificio Istituto Biblico, fu allievo cino Oriente, Roma 1960; AA.VV., Excavations at Ramat Rahel (= SA, 6), di Giorgio Levi della Vida, con il quale studiò ed approfondì Roma 1964. la linguistica semitica. Ampliò il campo della semitistica ac- 2. Per conto dell’Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente alcune indagini ar- canto a Francesco Gabrieli, grande arabista e profondo uma- cheologiche nella necropoli fenicia erano state effettuate da Antonia Ciasca: cfr. M.W. Prausnitz, “A Phoenician Krater from Akhziv”, in nista. Ma, vista la prevalente preparazione linguistica di Sa- OrAn, 5 (1966), p. 178, nota 10. batino Moscati, perché e in quale modo egli giunse sulle 3. M.W. Prausnitz, Excavation at Shavei Zion (= Monografie di Archeolo- coste della Sardegna? Il quesito ha una risposta tanto semplice gia e Arte, 2), Roma 1967. 10 11 Prefazione Nel 1964 aveva inizio la grande avventura di Ebla.4 Più vi- sull’isoletta di Tuerredda, presso Capo Malfatano, che distava cino a noi, nel 1963, erano state avviate le ricerche a Malta,5 dalla costa circa trecento metri. Giungemmo dunque sulla rispettivamente a Tas Silg, a San Paolo Milqi e a Ras il Wardi- spiaggia di fronte all’isola verso mezzogiorno, in una giornata ja, e, nel 1966, in Tunisia,6 nell’area del Capo Bon. Sono da ri- caldissima, ed io, munito di un piccolissimo canotto pneuma- cordare infine le prospezioni archeologiche nell’Andalusia tico che, oltre a me stesso, poteva contenere solo una perso- orientale, negli arcipelaghi delle Baleari, delle Pitiuse e in na, mi accinsi pazientemente a traghettare tutti i numerosi Corsica. componenti della prospezione. Invitai dunque Sabatino Mo- Ma, a far data dal 1963, le ricerche più attive in Italia era- scati a prendere posto di fronte a me sulla minuscola imbarca- no ubicate in Sardegna, e, più precisamente, come ha avuto zione, ma il mio maestro, declinando cortesemente l’invito, si modo recentemente di ricordare anche Raimondo Zucca,7 a spogliò e sfoggiando un costume da bagno nero che aveva in- Monte Sirai.8 In questo ambito aveva luogo una prospezione dossato la mattina stessa, prima della sua partenza da Roma, si archeologica che, nel 1964, si era svolta lungo le coste del gettò in acqua e compì la traversata a nuoto, lasciando i suoi Sulcis-Iglesiente, nel 1965, nel cuore dello stesso territorio e, allievi ed il resto della comitiva con il fatidico palmo di naso.
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