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Democratic Reversals: Examining the Role of the Armed Forces and Southern African Development Community in Lesotho

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Democratic Reversals: Examining the Role of the Armed Forces and Southern African Development Community in Lesotho International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 Democratic Reversals: Examining the Role of the Armed Forces and Southern African Development Community in Lesotho Moeketsi Kali Pan African University, Yaoundé, Cameroon Abstract: - This paper examines the impediments to democratic pronounced when the EAC’s mediation stalled and yet it was consolidation and the factors amounting to democratic reversals unwilling to allow the AU to engage further (Crisis Group, in Lesotho, especially those which implicate the armed forces. 2017:3). Sadly, it transpires that Lesotho is taking the same The paper also explores the efforts made by the South African disapproved route trod by these aforementioned African Development Community (SADC) in restoring peace and countries. safeguarding the democratic gains in the country. Drawing from the literature, the paper contends that the government of In retrospect, in Lesotho, on the 15 January 1986 the military, Lesotho has a tendency of using the state forces to achieve led by General Justine Lekhanya, ousted the regime of Chief personal gains and by so doing sabotage the national interests. Leabua Jonathan who had assumed power since 1966 and the This problem is aggravated by the SADC whose frivolous envoys former was then toppled by Major-General Elias Phisoana usually take its mandate for granted. Such tendencies reverse the democratic gains the country has accumulated over the decades. Ramaema in April 1991 in a military coup. Later on, in 1993, Notwithstanding, the paper posits that the challenges Lesotho is Phisoana Ramaema established or arguably restored undergoing are but hiccups and are by no means necessarily democracy rule in the country (EISA, 2007). Thenceforth, pointing to democratic erosion and these problems could be Lesotho enjoyed democratic gains until 1998 when there was addressed by entrusting the army to the King, depoliticising and a disputed election which involved the army, which tried to restructuring the army and capacitating the SADC secretariat. stage a military coup that was foiled by the intervention of Keywords: Democratic Reversals, Democracy, Military, Southern South African Development Community (SADC) Organ for African Development Community, Lesotho. Politics Defence and Security (Thetela, 2001:348). Even thereafter, relative peace reigned in the country but not until I. INTRODUCTION the administration of Dr. Pakalitha Mosisili was replaced by emocratic consolidation is never a simple linear process that of Prime Minister Thomas Thabane after the 26 May D without ups and downs. Even the consolidated 2012 national elections. The government of Thabane was democracies in Europe and America have experienced some composed of four political parties that formed a coalition and reversals at some point. In Africa, good governance and his deputy was Mothejoa Metsing. This government was short democratic gains have in many cases been undermined by the lived because of the corruption scandal that implicated involvement of the politicised military in state affairs. An Metsing (Lesotho Times, 2017). After the 28 February 2015 epitome of these democratic rollbacks is exemplified by snap election Pakalitha Mosisili won with a slight victory and Guinea Bissau where on the 12 April 2012 and Mali where on formed a coalition of seven parties and Metsing who had the 21 March 2012 mutiny was witnessed when the armed instigated the downfall and demise of the Thabane’s forces meddled in politics (Okafor and Okafor, 2015:120). In administration became the Deputy Prime Minister (DPM). this regard, Economic Community of Western African States Similarly, Pakalitha’s coalition collapsed within three years (ECOWAS) successfully intervened in both plights of when his political party deputy broke away from the party to democratic erosion in an attempt to restore democratic gains form another party owing to his refusal to implement SADC in the region. recommendations and the intra-party disputes. Subsequently, the country held another snap elections on 03 June 2017 On the other hand, the situation where the efforts to which led to the reinstallation of Thomas Thabane as the depoliticise the military proves to fail dismally is obvious in Prime Minister with a coalition of four parties. Burundi where the regime has been purging or misusing the soldiers to annihilate suspected rivals within its ranks. Also Since 1993 when the country became democratic SADC worrisome is that, in some countries the international bodies intervened on three occasions in order to restore peace and are unwittingly contributing to the catastrophe of countries safeguard democracy in Lesotho. However, the leaders experiencing turmoil. For instance, efforts to restore stability continue to politicise the armed forces and return the country in Burundi only exposed disunity of international bodies to the quagmire of authoritarianism it was once redeemed particularly the clashes between African Union (AU) and from by Major-General Phisoana Ramaema with a heavy cost Eastern African Community (EAC) which became very which involved the king being taken to exile and ripped off www.rsisinternational.org Page 140 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 his executive powers (EISA, 2007). The civil liberties, (Matlosa, 2006; Pule and Thabane, 2002). It was heavily freedoms and peace that the country has gradually earned tested by the 1998 violent conflict that led to the change of the have recently been threatened. Bloodshed, brutality, torture of electoral model which was facilitated by the Interim Political suspects and insecurity are increasingly becoming a Authority (IPA) upon the bloody intervention by SADC. commonplace recently. From 2002 to the present, Lesotho’s democracy remained stable albeit it evolved into unstable coalition governments. II. METHODOLOGY Nonetheless a trend away from democratic consolidation to Without any effort to belabour things that are too evident, the authoritarianism is now taking place and hence is worth study examines the cases where the leaders have manipulated examining. the armed forces in order to undermine the democratic gains V. A TURNING POINT: SHIFTING AWAY FROM A the country has acquired since 1993. The paper also examines DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION PATH the rationale behind the interventions staged and or orchestrated by SADC towards peace restoration in Lesotho. The threats to democratic consolidation were reignited in The study is guided by the following two fundamental 2014 when the Prime Minister Thomas Thabane sought to questions: In what ways have the politicised armed forces ensure full control over the military by replacing the Army contributed to the democratic reversals in Lesotho? What role Commander Tlali Kamoli with Brigadier Maaparankoe is SADC playing towards peace restoration in Lesotho? In an Mahao who apparently had a case in the military court and attempt to provide a logical analysis to the essential questions had been suspended from performing his duties (Aljazeera, of this study, the paper has been segmented into two parts 2014). The act eventually inflamed a fierce commotion in the whereby the first part dwells on the attempts the leaders have country. On 30 August 2014, the military surrounded the made to cause democratic reversals in the country by government buildings, seized police headquarters and jammed politicising the armed forces while the second part scrutinises radio stations and phones (Aljazeera, 2014). Thus civil the rationale behind the SADC interventions in Lesotho. liberties were violated. Methodologically, secondary data is used as the basis for the This action according to Prime Minister Motsoahae Thomas arguments of this paper. Thabane amounted to a coup d’état. He alleged that the III. THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRATIC REVERSALS military attempted a coup d’état and had conspired against him and subsequently he prorogued the parliament and flee to The concept of democratic reversals seems to be considered as South Africa seeking for a refugee (Aljazeera, 2014). self-explanatory, for it is scarcely defined. Indirect attempts to Following this tragic event, a mediation process by SADC describe it often use concepts like ‘authoritarian regression’ which was chaired by Cyril Ramaphosa (Who was the deputy and ‘democratic breakdowns’ (Schedler, 1998). The concept president to President Jacob Zuma) was organised in the is employed when a democracy is relatively unable to move country which eventually called for a snap election in Lesotho beyond instability, fragility, uncertainty, vulnerability and (Aljazeera, 2014). Even though Lesotho desperately needed reversibility (Schedler, 1998). When using positive SADC to intervene in its conflicts in order to assist it not to formulation, it can also be cited when a democracy’s survival, revert to authoritarianism, SADC interventions failed to be continuity, endurance, viability, irreversibility and immune from criticisms as we shall discern later. Apart from sustainability are at risk. When a democracy is eroding the failure on the part of SADC, the leadership of the country because of the politicised military / police, corrupt leaders, seems to be blindly leading the country to authoritarianism in unaccountable leaders, and antidemocratic tendencies, this many ways. paper refers to such activities as democratic reversals. The essay attempts to demonstrate
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