AND HIS ENGLISH 'THESAURUS'

PETER STOCKS

AMONG interesting material that came to light when Oriental Collections (then Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books) moved from the building to Store Street in 1981 was a large brown paper parcel containing some notebooks. This was immediately identified as part of the work of the Arabic scholar Edward William Lane (1801-76) for his great Arabic-English Lexicon.^ The manuscript (Or. MS. 14300) consists of thirteen foolscap notebooks with covers of marbled paper, quarter bound in leather, each volume of which originally contained 240 fohos written in ink in Lane's neat and very legible hand.^ Each folio, written only on the recto has a wide pencil ruled outer margin to accommodate notes, but Lane only foliated the first volume which ends with f. 239. Index words are written on the spine of each volume. Although part of Lane's work on the Lexicon, more importantly it has proved to be the initial draft of the of his linguistic researches. Fortunately one of the volumes is dated and provides a further insight into Lane's prodigious methodology when compiling one of the monuments of British nineteenth century Oriental scholarship. Some of the notebooks are massively mutilated with pages or whole sections removed, increasingly so throughout the text until in the later volumes only a few pages remain. The significance of this will become apparent. How it came into the possession of the British Museum it has not been possible to establish absolutely, but it may have been included with the Arabic manuscripts sold to the Museum by Lane's widow, Anastasia, in 1891 (which included many of Lane's original sources)^ or among further material purchased from his heirs in 1893,'^though not recorded in the archives or the files. Alternatively it could have been left by Lane's great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole (1854-1931) who completed work on-the printed Lexicon after Lane's death in 1871 and later edited Lane's notebooks. The likelihood of this is enhanced by the fact that in the 1870s his first post was at the British Museum in the Department of Coins and Medals working under his uncle (1832-95) the then Keeper.^ This close relationship with the British Museum was maintained by the family for a considerable period; in fact, his grandmother Sophie Poole, sister of Edward Lane, died in one of the Keepers' Residences at the Museum in 1891. Details of Lane's career are well known being prefixed to Volume 6 of the Lexicon by Lane-Poole^ and the subject of a biography by Leila Ahmed,"^ but a brief review will

23 perhaps be of interest. Son of a Hereford cleric. Lane rejected reading mathematics at Cambridge (he completed some previous honours papers in a day) and chose instead to study engraving with his brother Richard in . Despite being raised in an intensely pious Anglican family, by 1822 he had already shown an interest in Arabic and in 1825 after a particularly bad attack of bronchitis made his first visit to . Here he became acquamted with the leading European travellers of the day and more unusually with many of the Egyptian scholars among whom he lived under the assumed name of Mansur. Returning to Britain in 1832 he had a Greek slave known as Nafeesah, bought for him by Robert Hay, and the text and illustrations of a proposed book 'Description of Egypt'.^ Although the book was never published Lord Brougham was sufficiently impressed to persuade him to prepare part of the work on contemporary Egypt for publication. This led to Lane's second visit to Egypt, 1833-5, to complete the text, on his return from which The Manners and Customs of the Modern was published in 1836—it has rarely been out of print since. Publications continued with his version of the Thousand and One Nights issued as a part-work 1838-40, with copious notes from his unpublished manuscript. Upon completion of this latter he married his Greek slave (under her real name Anastasia) for whom despite his original opinion he had developed a deep affection. While working on Selections from the Kur-an (published 1843) Lane discussed his intention to compile an Arabic-English dictionary with Lord Prudhoe (later Duke of Northumberland) who enthusiastically offered to subsidize the work with £150 per year. Two important attempts had been made previously in Europe to produce Arabic lexicons, both into Latin—first by Jacob Golius in 1653^ and later by Georg Wilhelm Freytag (who relied heavily on Golius) in 1830-7.^^ But both of them were really little more than extended vocabularies and much less comprehensive than the work Lane intended. Knowing of certain essential texts in Lane embarked early in 1842 for Egypt with his wife, his sister Sophie Poole and her two sons Edward, aged twelve, and Reginald, aged ten, both of whom under their uncle's guidance were to become talented Oriental scholars. After an initial period of mayhem well described in Sophie Poole's own book,^^ including residence in a 'haunted' house, ^^ the group settled in the district of Sayyidah Zaynab. Beside his old Egyptian friend Sayyid Ahmad ^^ the bookseller. Lane renewed his acquaintance with Fulgence Fresnel, a French arabist, diplomat and archaeologist. Lane knew exactly what he wanted to do. On his earlier visits he had seen in Cairo two important sources, both composed in Egypt. One, al-Muzhir fi 'l-lughah of Jalal al-DTn al-Suyuti,^'^ included a review of Arabic lexicographical works known to the author up to the time of his death in 1505: the other was the Taj al-Arus of Shaykh Muhammad al-Murtada (d. 1791),^^ a vast multi-volume compilation of previous dictionaries, upon which he intended to base his own work. Lane seems to have made arrangements for a copy oial-Muzhir to be transcribed for him prior to his arrival in Egypt, since the starting date of this manuscript is 1841.^^ He used it as the basis for his notes to the Lexicon where it appears in the introduction. Lane set about acquiring many of the works mentioned in the manuscript, but most of all he needed the Taj al-Arus. However, this massive work was kept in only a few 24 libraries and so he decided that the only solution was to have the whole text transcribed. Fresnel introduced him to a young Egyptian scholar Shaykh Ibrahim 'Abd al-Ghafar al-Dasuql (i8i 1-83) whose interest in philology and science closely matched that of Lane. Descended from the family of an eponymous twelfth century Sufi shaykh, who founded an important brotherhood (his tomb is still highly venerated), Shaykh al-Dasuqi had been educated at Al-Azhar and was at that time teaching and translating at the Engineering School estabhshed by Muhammad All Pasha. ^"^ They became close friends, agreement was reached, and in 1844 Shaykh al-Dasuql using copies of the Taj al-Arus kept in the libraries of the Muhammad Bay Abu '1-Dhahab and al-Azhar began the great work of transcription (a total of 13,063 folios) which was to occupy him, or occasionally others under his direction, for the next ten years and long after Lane returned to Britain in 1849. Although he had a text to work from Lane was not content merely to translate the Taj al-Arus but also wished to check the original sources, interpolate and if necessary expand the explanations he presented, particularly after he discovered that Shaykh Murtada had extensively used an earlier fourteenth century lexicon, Ltsdn al-'Arab, by Ibn Mukarram. Arabic words in the tradition of Semitic languages in general are based on roots of two to five radical letters, the words being modified with added letters according to grammatical needs in a very precise way (for a table of transcription of Arabic letters see Appendix B). Dictionaries were an early by-product of the intense interest of the early Muslims in Arabic linguistic sciences stimulated by the paragon of the Qur'an, the directly recorded Word of God, and a pre-Islamic oral poetic tradition considered to be only slightly less ideal. Study of phonetics had reached a high degree of sophistication and it was this science which was to influence the compilation of the late eighth century dictionary al-'Ayn of al-KhalllT where the letters of the roots are arranged as they are articulated, starting with the larynx and the letter 'ayn (from which it receives its name) and moving forward through the mouth to the lips ba' and fa' and ending with alifandya\ Lane had access to this work through the tenth century writer al-Azharl in the Tahdhib al-lughah.^^ This seems to have been the pattern until al-Muhit of Ibn al-Abbad in the mid-tenth century in which the letters appear in their familiar alphabetical order. For several reasons this proved inadequate for the needs of scholars and at about the same time al-Jawhari in al-Sihdh^^ introduced yet another system under poetic influence that was to dominate Arabic lexicography for the next nine hundred years. This dealt with the roots in alphabetical order of their last radical, where the modifications remain more constant, thereafter taking the first and subsequent radicals in normal alphabetical order. Thus under (?///appear all the roots which end with it, e.g. a.b.a\ a.th.d' a.h.a' to a.y.a' then b.d\ b.th.d' to b.y.d' and then t.d' etc. It was the system used by Ibn Mukarram in Lisdn al~Arab (late thirteenth century), in the compilation al-Qdmus al-Muhtt^^ of FayruzabadT (late fourteenth century) and finally by Shaykh Murtada (mentioned above) who based his Tdj al-Arus on the latter dictionary while vastly expanding the text with a commentary compiled from the works of earlier lexicographers.

25 Most of the sources used by Shaykh Murtada were still available to Lane in Cairo, indeed sometimes the very same manuscripts, but not only did he have to translate the text and check the earlier references he also at some point had to reassemble the text into the usual alphabetical order. Thus, to take the simplest example, the root b.a" would no longer be contained in the section alif {its last letter) as it was in Arabic dictionaries but would be included under the letter ba* while a.b would not appear under bd' but be transferred to alif But first he had to produce his translation, work on which he must have started as soon as Shaykh al-Dasuqi finished the first sections of his transcription (see below). He had planned his programme meticulously. The first folio of the first notebook is inscribed with his intended title 'An Arabic and English Thesaurus chiefly derived from the Lisan el-'Arab and Taj el-'Aroos ...' on which at a subsequent date he has overwritten the word 'Thesaurus' with 'Lexicon' (fig. i). There is, however, no mention at this time of the two volumes (one for general words and one for rare occurrences) into which he later stated he wished to divide the text. That Lane was aware of the immensity of the task is apparent in a letter he wrote to Hay regarding the translation in February 1844: 'I am become like a piece of clockwork',^^ and Shaykh al-Dasuqi himself noted Lane's incredible dedication;^^ but there were many more years of hard toil ahead of him. A rough calculation can be made as to Lane's programme since two of the notebooks contain dates. Volume 9 (Lane's Volume 13) is inscribed 7uly9 1851-January 20 1852' and Volume 12 (Lane's Volume 17)'March I -August 26'. Thus each volume took slightly over six months to complete. If this pattern had been followed since Lane began his work, by projecting back six and a half years from Volume 13 it would seem that he began the translation in Cairo sometime during 1845, shortly after Shaykh al-Dasuqi started the transcription of the Taj al-Arus. Lane often made pencil notes on the inside back covers of his notebooks and two are of interest regarding his work programme. In Volume i he observes 'Two pages of my copy of the T.A. are just equal to one page of the C.K. (calculated in several places). Thus a hundred karrases of the former are equal to half of the Kamoos'. The C.K. is the Calcutta printed edition of the Qamils,^^ while a karrds is a ten-page gathering. The note in Volume 4 (Lane's Volume 6) is a little more specific; here he states '200 karrases each year—4 each wxek' (that is two thousand pages and forty pages respectively), presumably of his copy of Tdj al-Arus. This comes at the end of a complex calculation of pages, but whether it is of work completed or still to be done is not stated; whichever the number is daunting. At a certain point Lane changed his approach for the first time. Two pages have been detached from the notebooks in which he explains that he intends to divide the work into two books. Book I to deal with the more common words and Book II, about half the size, to contain rare occurrences; words to be included in Book I are to be marked x, those for Book II with o. He states that he intends to do this from the article s,.t.r, so it can be surmised that the pages came from the volume containing that section, probably Volume 12 which, however, is not among the present notebooks. In fact, this scheme materiahzed only in part since Lane's death meant that although his great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole completed the text of Book I of the Lexicon, he lacked the capacity to complete Book II 26 an

aU/-fic Jrad'i

Fig. I. The first page of Lane's notebook. Or. MS. 14300, vol. i, f i (see below). It is interesting to note that in 1969 Miroslav Krek of Brandeis University Library reported that he had acquired an interleaved copy of Freytag's Lexicon Arabico-Latinum in which Lane had entered many articles not found in the Lexicon and probably intended for Book IL^* In his Editor's Preface to Volume 7 of the Lexicon, Lane-Poole comments that this particular copy of Freytag's Lexicon Arabico-Latinum contamed the only material left by Lane of notes dealing with words ending in letters later than zd\ Further investigation of the present notebooks may well prove that a proportion of the early entries were not included in Book I. The first notebook begins with an article on the description and significance of the letter alif(^ pattern that was to be followed throughout the Lexicon where however the sections describing the letters are vastly expanded). The first root is a.b.d' under which the first word (from the Taj al-Arus) is aba'tuhu (I shot him with an arrow); this. Lane believes, is a mistaken transcription of atha'tuhu. The next word abd'atun (a reed) is taken directly from the Tdj al-Arus complete with an Arabic poetic example in neat naskht script with translation—this entry does not appear in the Lexicon. His next root is a.th.d' and the word athd^tuhu (see above) but Lane notes that it is a development from the root thuwd^ under which it appears in the Lexicon. All his entries are accompanied by abbreviations in brackets indicating his sources. He continues with a.j.d\ a.z.d\ a.sh.d\ a.k.d\ a.l.d^ until he reaches b.d'' and the word bd^bd^hu (father) a derivation of the root a.b.u, which of course would not be reached again in the Tdj al-Arus until the letter wdw. In the Lexicon this long section is reduced to a mere reference in the article a.b.u. The next article from the notebooks is on the root b.d.d\ (concerned with beginning or creating) and it appears in the Lexicon in an expanded form. Each entry has additional notes written in ink or pencil in the margin or on the recto of the preceding page. A full list of the letters covered in each of the notebooks can be found in Appendix A. In figs. 2-5 a comparison can be made between the composition of the same article, in this case hadd'tun (a kite), in the following sources: i. the Lexicon (fig. 3); 2. Lane's notebook (fig. 2); 3. the transcription of Tdj al-Arus by Shaykh Ibrahim al-Dasuqi (fig. 4) and 4. the autograph draft by Shaykh Murtada of the Tdj al-'Arus, that Lane obtained in Egypt (fig. 5). Had Lane continued at this rate his translation of the complete Tdj al-Arus would have lasted well into the 1870s but the first fascicule of the Lexicon was published in 1863. He had, therefore, again changed his method of working. Stanley Lane-Poole explains that of necessity Lane abandoned translating in the same order as the Tdj al-'Arus at the letter zd' and started to select his articles in the order in which they appear in the Lexicon. Although quicker, in some ways this must have been more complicated involving simultaneous comparison of his many different sources while actually composing the article. It should be noted that the present notebooks seem to have continued beyond zd' to the letter ghayn. Working continuously Lane was able to produce the fascicules at regular intervals. The second appeared in 1865 and the third in 1867. However, the following years were a period of great disappointment for Lane. In 1869 the first five volumes of an Arabic edition of Tdj 28 ^

M

^.^'t.— of the jj». is to be imposed upon the thief]; or, , (S,Msb,K,) or '(-to., [but Bce what as Bomc say, the meaning here is, the heeper of the prison, because, in general, he has the charge follows,] sometimes pronounced * \j^, (Mgli,) of the amputation; hul the foiiner meaning is [The kite; vulgarly called ijljt^j] a certain the more prohable, and more ohviouB. (Mgh.) bird, (S, Mgh, K.,) well known; (S, K j) a cer- ^^ A seller of wine ; a vintner: because he with- tain noxious bird; sumamed \J\JLLi\ ^\ holds his wine until he obtains for it a price that and c (TA;) that preys upon lanje contents him: BO in tbe following verse of El- field-rats (o'ij^) ' Q^^h TA :) J and Sgh say- that the word should not he pronouncetl 15|J[^. -•-CLJ but AHei mentions this pronunciation on the ,- i - - » -0' - authority of [some of] tlie Arabs; and accord, to IAar and lAmb, the i^ii [see above] and this l^And we arose, when our cock had not yet crowed,bird were sometimes called alike • Stjk». and to a wine-jar S7neared with pitch, in the possession of its seller]. (S, L.) —^ hlachsitiith; a worker • tjk»-: the more approved pronunciation of the in iron. (Mgh, L, K.) A maker of coats of name of the bird, however, is with kesr Pi, e viail. (TA.) SIj^]: the pi. is * lj«- (S, MBb, K) and 2lj^, see (K,) both extr., (TA,) [or rather the foraier is a coll. gen. n.,] and O^jw*-: (Mab, K^:) and ibe Short (L, K) and thich: an epithet following are variations of the name of tliis bird: applied to a man. (L.) , and \iJ£f, (TA,) the latter said by AHat ^W. J fem. with o : see , in two places. to be an erroneous form of tlie word, used by tl]e s= See also 1, voce people of El-Hijaz, (Mgh, TA,) and L£ \_More, and most, sharp: &;c.]-_Yousay,app. a dim., for , also pronounced CUOM., JU-'/Jl J"*-' O^ ^ XSe is of the most sharp, or (TS, TA,) and , occnrring in a trad, in con- i^i fit hasty, in temper, or of the most irascible, pas-junction with ^I [for ,^^1], (Mgh, TA,) of die sionate, or angry, of men. (A, TA.) dial, of the people of Mekkeh. (TA in art. Eig. J. Entry for 'Kite' from Lane's Lexicon, p. 526 al-Arus were published at the Bulaq press in Cairo. Nobody was in a better position to supervise the publication than his old friend Shaykh al-Dasuqi who was working there at the National Press. To a certain extent this negated Lane's efforts since the original text was now available to interested European scholars; nevertheless Lane persevered. This setback was followed in 1870 by the total destruction by fire of the printed edition of the fourth fascicule as it was returning from the printers. It had to be totally reset before finally being published in 1872. While preparing the fifth fascicule of the Lexicon Lane died in Worthing in August of the same year having spent a total of twenty-eight years on the project. He had reached the root q.d. Long before he died Lane's great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole, as part of his household (into which he had been accepted after the death of his father Edward Poole in 1867), had been assisting him in his task and had been charged with the completion of the Lexicon in the event of Lane's death. But talented though he was (he became Professor of Arabic at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1898 and wrote many scholarly works on Islamic subjects) at seventeen years old he did not possess the experience or perseverance of his great-uncle (as he freely admits). He began the still formidable task of preparing the rest of the text for publication. Although Lane used to rewrite and often recompose all his articles for the

30 irt

I—I ^-^

O TTH ^3 ,1- N

•^"r5 E.I nl 1 convenience of the compositor\ it appears that Lane-Poole took a short cut. He had to construct the articles beyond q.d and it is precisely these that have been removed from the present notebooks. In other words he just extracted Lane's entries from the notebooks and after amendment submitted them to the printer. The articles composed by himself (i.e. those not covered by Lane before his death) are somewhat deficient in paradigms and sources. In the first volume of the notebooks all the entries beyond q.T.a' have been extracted (the next would have been k.d') and start again at a.b. In the second (Lane's Volume 4) the same has happened beyond q.u.b (next root qJ.b) and so on throughout the rest of the volumes. Dr Krek notes that in Lane's interleaved copy of Freytag's Lexicon Arabico- Lattnum all manuscript articles beyond the letter qdfhzwe been removed. Although he suggests this was done by Lane it seems more probable, in the light of the above, that the perpetrator was Lane-Poole, albeit for the best of reasons. Thus was the Lexicon completed in a further four fascicules over the next twenty-two years, during which period Lane-Poole completed his education at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin, and began his career working with his uncle Reginald Poole at the British Museum. But Lane's vision of a second large volume containing all the very rare words was never realized and although Lane-Poole did append a supplement to the eighth and final part of the Lexicon (1893) it is a rather meagre affair. The drafts prepared for the printers were placed in the Duke of Northumberland's collection and are still kept at AInwick Castle.

APPENDIX A

THE PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF LANE'S NOTEBOOKS (OR. MS. I4300) I. BL Vol. No. 2. Lane's Vol. No.* 3. No. of extant folios 4. Roots listed on spinesf I I 147 a-th.q.b iy.d^-l.a) 2 4 98 ' .h.b-dh.i.t (y.t.b-l.b) 3 [5] 141 r.b.t-y.n.b.th (y.th-l.t) 4 6 222

5 [7] s.b.h-m.l.h [m.'l.kh-l.b.kh) 6 8 188 t.b.kh-s.kh.d iy.f.kh-l.b.kh) * The numbers in square brackets are not actually in the notebooks but calculation shows the most probable order. t The letters in brackets appear on the spines under the indicator roots. However, I have been unable to discover their significance. 32 APPENDIX A (cont.)

THE PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF LANE'S NOTEBOOKS (OR. MS. 1430°) I. BL Vol. No. 2. Lane's Vol. No.* 3. No. of extant folios 4. Roots listed on spinesf [9] 136 id-n.d.d (n.a.d-l.b.dh) 10 132 n.kh.d-b.z.r iy.d-n.kh.d) {h.u.dh-l.kh.dh) 9 [i3] I f.h.r-wf.r {m.j.r-l.khJh) 10 [14] 2 wf.r-d.n.s. (h.n.z-jp.q.r) 11 16 5 d.n.s-??sh (y.b.?-?b.s) 12 [17] 4 fr.sh-??d (jp.q.h-l.ii.sh) 13 19 I

In addition there are the two pages mentioned above (p. 26) which were probably extracted from Vol. 12.

APPENDIX B NAME AND TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC LETTERS

I. ahf a 8. ddl d 15. dad d 22. kdf k 2. bd' b 9. dhdl dh 16. (a' t 23- lam 1 3- td" t 10. rd' r 17. 2;J' z 24. mm m 4- thd* th 11. zd^ z 18. 'zyn ' 25- nun n S- jTm i 12. stn s 19. ghayn 26. hd' h 6. hd' h 13. .j^m sh 20. /fl' f 27. mdw w(u) 7- khd' kh 14. sdd s 21. d'^ q 28. yd' y(])

I would like to extend my gratitude to Roderic Vassie 2 Kathy van de Vate, a curator in the Arabic of Oriental Collections for valuable suggestions Section, first established it as the work of Lane regarding the text and to Julian Conway of Manu- but was unable to examine it further before script Collections for assistance in locating certain taking up an appointment as an Arabic Librarian important works. at Princeton University Library. I An Arabic-English Lexicon derived from lhe best 3 BL, Or. MSS. 4177-4219. All are inscribed and most copious eastern sources: comprising a very 'Bought of the widow of Ed. W. Lane. 14 Feb. large collection of words and significations omitted 1891'. from the Kdmoos . . ., Book i, Parts 1-8 (London, 4 BL, Or. MSS. 4618-4657. All are inscribed 1863-93). P^rts 6-8 were edited by Stanley 'Bought of N. J. Tisand. Representative of the Lane-Poole. heirs of Mr. E. W. Lane. March 14 1893'. 33 5 D. M. Mansoor, Tke Story of Irish 10 Georg Wilhelm Freytag, Lexicon Arabico- (Dublin, 1944), pp. 44-8. Latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique 6 Lexicon, Book i, Part 6, pp. v-xxxiv. One of et aliorum Arabum operibus., 4 vols. (Halle, Lane-Poole's problems in compiling his great- 1830-7). uncle's biography was the lack of personal 11 Sophia Poole, The Englishwoman in Egypt: letters correspondence, which Lane had destroyed. 'Mr from Cairo written during a residence there in 1842, Lane had a deeply rooted objection to the 3 (^ 4 with E. W. Lane, 2 vols. (London, 1844), publication of letters meant only for private and Letters during . . . 1845-46 (London, 1846). friends . . .' Lane's attitude may well have been 12 It is perhaps significant that this particular reinforced by a touching but ill-considered 'spiritual visitation' by an afrit contained the publication planned by his brother Richard. This essential ingredient of all similar recently was a compilation of the last letters of their elder investigated phenomena, namely highly intelli- brother Theophilus. He, who had served as a gent, inventive and active children who are Canon Minor at St Paul's Cathedral, had become always 'sound asleep' during the manifestations. addicted to a patent medicine taken 'to combat The fact that in every case the agents turned out the morning chill', progressed to brandy and to be those very children is offered only as a finally fallen victim to delirium tremens. After a suggestion. spell in a mental hospital he recovered but was 13 Cf. Manners and customs of the modern Egyptians.^ obviously tnuch weakened and finally died in pp. xxii-xxiv. 1844. His letters are full of regret, but charming, 14 BL, Or. MS. 4199; see Charles Rieu, Supplement and include a few sent to Edward and Sophie in to the Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Cairo. Richard intended to publish them under British Museum (London, 1894), p. 590, no. 879. the title E.xtracts from the Letters of a beloved 15 BL, Or. MSS. 4154-4177; see Rieu, op. cit., pp. brother which., although printed., was never pub- 592-4, nos. 842-905. lished, for reasons that can only be surmised. 16 BL, Or. MS. 4199 (see n. 14 above). The British Library's copy (010905.e.22) was a 17 Ahmad Amln, 'Shaykh al-Dasuqi wa Mistir personal present from Richard to a Mrs M. {(Layn)} Lane' in Faydal-Khdtjr, part iii (Cairo, Hollier and is signed and dated '20.8.1850'. It is bound in purple leather with gilt embossed 1965), PP- 39-50- decoration and the dedication 'R. L L. to 18 BL, Or. MS. 4180; see Rieu, op. cit., p. 571, no. M. B H.'. 839- 19 BL, Or. MSS. 4181-4183; see Rieu, op. cit., pp. 7 Leila Ahmed, Edward W. Lane, a study of his life 577-8, nos. 846-8. and works and of British ideas of the Middle East in 20 BL, Or. MS. 4192; see Rieu, op. cit., p. 589, no. the nineteenth century (London, 1978). 876. 8 Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. misc. d. 234 is the 21 Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. lett. d. 165, no. 77. draft of the 'Description of Egypt'. There is a 22 Amln, op. cit., p. 47. further collection of notebooks in the Griffiths 23 The Kamoos or the Ocean; an Arabic dictionary by Institute, Oxford. BL, Add. MSS. 34080-34088 Mujd-ood-Deen-oobno Yakoob of Feerozabad . . . consist of'Notes and Views in Egypt and , corrected . . . by Shaykh Ahmudo-oobno Muhatn- made during the years 1825, -26, -27, and 28 ... midin il Ansareyool-oobna Yumnee Yosh Shirwa- the views, with few exceptions, made with the nee [With preface in English by M. Lumsden], 2 camera-Iucida'. vols., 1,978 pages (Calcutta, 1817). 9 Jacob Golius, Lexicon Arabicum Latinum, con- 24 Miroslav Krek, 'E. W. Lane's working copy of textum ex probationibus orientis lexicographis his Lexicon', Journal of the American Oriental (Leyden, 1653). Society., lxxxix, no. ii (1969), pp. 419-20.

34