Le Printemps De La Photographie Sud-Africaine / Springtime of South African Photography

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Le Printemps De La Photographie Sud-Africaine / Springtime of South African Photography Document generated on 09/24/2021 5:16 p.m. Ciel variable Art, photo, médias, culture Le printemps de la photographie sud-africaine Springtime of South African Photography Érika Nimis Notre monde Our World Number 91, Spring–Summer 2012 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/66485ac See table of contents Publisher(s) Les Productions Ciel variable ISSN 1711-7682 (print) 1923-8932 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Nimis, É. (2012). Le printemps de la photographie sud-africaine / Springtime of South African Photography. Ciel variable, (91), 57–64. Tous droits réservés © Les Productions Ciel variable, 2012 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ 017042C INT_CV 12-04-16 17:16 Page 57 Le printemps de la photographie sud-africaine ÉRIKA NIMIS Plusieurs événements (expositions, publications et distinctions) témoignent ces derniers temps du succès grandissant de la photo- graphie sud-africaine sur la scène contemporaine internationale. Depuis l’abolition de l’apartheid et l’élection de Nelson Mandela à la tête du pays en 1994, l’Afrique du Sud est devenue le fer de lance de la photographie contemporaine africaine, confortée par une longue et riche histoire qui débute avec l’invention de la photo- graphie elle-même importée au Cap dès les années 1840.1 Très tôt marquée par le sceau de la séparation et de la ségrégation au profit de la minorité blanche, la photographie sud-africaine retrouve toutes ses couleurs, avec la fin de l’apartheid à la fin du XXe siècle, bénéfi- ciant d’une politique culturelle en faveur de la réconciliation entre toutes les communautés, une forme de « renaissance » qui sou tien- d r a la création de véritables lieux de formation dont le célèbre Market Photo Workshop de Johannesburg, et l’éclosion de centres de diffusion parmi lesquels des galeries de renommée internatio- nale : Stevenson, Goodman et Momo. Johannesburg ou Le Cap s’affirment peu à peu comme des capitales artistiques incontourna- bles qui accueillent des événements d’envergure (les biennales de Johannesburg en 1995 et 1997, CAPE dans les années 2000 et plus récemment, toujours au Cap, le Bonani Africa Festival consacré à la photographie), et où un vivier de créateurs, parmi lesquels des photographes, libres dans leurs propos et anti-clichés, se nourris- Springtime of sent de la nouvelle diversité de la « nation arc-en-ciel », et luttent à leur manière pour la faire respecter. South African Photography Commençons par un bref retour sur l’histoire particulière de ce vaste pays d’Afrique australe, transformé en colonie de peuple- ment européen dès le XVIIe siècle, ancien dominion britannique, A number of events (exhibitions, publications, and awards) have qui devient une république en 1961, en même temps qu’est renfor- recently highlighted the growing success of South African photogra- cée la politique d’apartheid (instaurée en 1948) pour maintenir phy on the international contemporary scene. Since the abolition la minorité blanche au pouvoir. Les décennies suivantes voient of apartheid, and then the election of Nelson Mandela as president s’intensifier les discriminations envers la majorité noire, interdite of the country in 1994, South Africa has become the spearhead of de circuler librement, d’accéder à l’éducation ou aux médias… contemporary African photography, reinforced by a long and rich his- La réponse des intellectuels et des artistes ne tarde pas à se faire. tory that begins with the invention of photography itself, imported Aux premières loges du combat mené contre l’apartheid, figurent to Cape Town in the 1840s.1 Very early branded with separation and les photoreporters qui développent un style documentaire haute- segregation, dominated by the white minority, South African photog- ment engagé. Dans les années 1950, emmenée par Jürg Schadeberg, raphy rediscovered all its colours when apartheid ended in the late la revue Drum constitue un véritable pied de nez à la propagande du twentieth century and a cultural policy was instituted in favour of régime d’apar theid. Mais très vite, les lois se font de plus en plus reconciliation among all communities. This policy generated a form répressives faisant du photojournalisme une activité dangereuse of “renaissance” that was to support the creation of training facilities, qui conduit bon nombre de photographes à la clandestinité ou including the famous Market Photo Workshop in Johannesburg, and même à l’exil. Les années 1980 sont marquées par un renouveau the burgeoning of exhibition centres, among them such internationally de la photographie activiste au moyen de collectifs comme Afrapix known galleries as Stevenson, Goodman, and Momo. Johannesburg PHOTOGRAPHIE SUD-AFRICAINE 57 017042C Ciel Variable 017042C INT (Page 57)_Grad.p1.pdf 16-Apr-2012 18:23:20 CyanMagentaYellowBlack 017042C INT_CV 12-04-16 17:16 Page 58 qui a pour vocation de révéler au monde entier les terribles injus- and Cape Town gradually emerged as consequential art capitals tices du système d’apartheid. Cette vision d’une photographie hosting large-scale events (the Johannesburg biennales in 1995 sud-africaine engagée, essentiellement documentaire, en noir et and 1997, CAPE in the 2000s, and more recently, in Cape Town, the blanc (tout simplement parce que plus accessible que la couleur), Bonani Africa Festival devoted to photography), providing a breeding a imprégné pendant longtemps les esprits. ground for artists, including photographers, with free ideas and no Le parcours de Santu Mofokeng est exemplaire de cette transi- clichés, who took sustenance from the new diversity of the “rainbow tion que va connaître la scène photographique sud-africaine dans nation” and fought in their way to bring it respect. les années 1980-1990. Mofokeng a d’abord été photographe de South Africa became a European colony in the eighteenth century, quartier, couvrant les fêtes, les baptêmes et les mariages. Sous le under the British, and then a republic in 1961, at the same time as the régime d’apartheid, il n’a pas la possibilité de suivre une formation apartheid policy (instituted in 1948 to maintain the white minority in et doit se contenter d’un poste d’assistant dans les laboratoires power) was strengthened. The ensuing decades saw discrimination de différents journaux. En 1985, soutenu par nul autre que David against the black majority intensify, with bans on free travel, lack Goldblatt, monument de la photographie sud-africaine, il intègre of access to education and the media, and other restrictions. The le collectif Afrapix (1982-1991), commence à travailler en pigiste, response by intellectuals and artists was not long in coming. In the mais doit le quitter deux ans plus tard et retourner dans les town - forefront of the fight against apartheid were photojournalists who ships, pour des raisons de sécurité. Il n’abandonne pas pour autant developed a highly engaged documentary style. In the 1950s, led by sa pratique documentaire. Nous sommes au début des années 1990, Jürg Schadeberg, the magazine Drum thumbed its nose at apartheid la chute de l’apartheid permet aux photographes de quitter le mili- propaganda. But the laws quickly became more and more repressive, tantisme pour se tourner davantage vers des projets personnels. making photojournalism a dangerous activity and driving a good Selon Mofokeng, cette photographie documentaire engagée dans number of photographers underground or into exile. The 1980s saw a revival of activist photography through collectives such as Afrapix, Depuis l’abolition de l’apartheid et l’élection whose vocation was to reveal to the whole world the terrible injustices of the apartheid system. This vision of South African photography as de Nelson Mandela à la tête du pays en 1994, engaged, essentially documentary, and in black and white (simply be - l’Afrique du Sud est devenue le fer de lance cause it was more accessible than colour) made a lasting impression. de la photographie contemporaine africaine, Santu Mofokeng’s career is emblematic of the transition that the South African photography scene underwent in the 1980s and 1990s. confortée par une longue et riche histoire qui Mofokeng had started as a neighbourhood photographer, covering débute avec l’invention de la photographie elle- festivals, baptisms, and marriages. Under apartheid, he didn’t have même importée au Cap dès les années 1840. an opportunity to pursue an education and had to be content with an assistant’s position in the laboratories of various newspapers. In 1985, with the support of David Goldblatt, a monument of South les années 1980 qui se limitait à dénoncer la violence de l’apartheid African photography, he joined the Afrapix collective (1982–91) and n’a pas toujours permis aux photographes d’exprimer tout leur began to work freelance, but he had to stop after two years and potentiel. Commence pour Mofokeng une longue quête identitaire return to the Townships, for safety reasons. Nevertheless, he didn’t incarnée notamment par un travail de recherche exemplaire sur la abandon his documentary photography practice, although he felt photographie de famille d’avant l’apartheid. Dans The Black Photo that the engaged documentary photography of the 1980s, which Album, 1890s-1950s, il interroge des portraits pris avant l’institu- was focused on denouncing the violence of apartheid, did not always tionnalisation de l’apartheid qu’il a collectés auprès de familles allow photographers to express their full potential. In the early 1990s, noires, car selon lui, pour affronter le présent, il faut interroger the fall of apartheid made it possible for photographers to turn from le passé, ce qu’il va faire dès 1994, dans la foulée des premières activism toward personal projects.
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