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Documentos De Arquitectura Moderna Revista ‘The Japan Architect’1936-1966

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Documentos De Arquitectura Moderna Revista ‘The Japan Architect’1936-1966 DOCUMENTOS DE ARQUITECTURA MODERNA REVISTA ‘THE JAPAN ARCHITECT’1936-1966 LINEA DE INTENSIFICACION : LA FORMA MODERNA TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACION DE LA REVISTA JAPONESA ‘THE JAPAN ARCHITECT’ 1936-1966 TRABAJO DE BYUNGKI LEE, ENTREGANDO POR EL SEMINARIO,DIRIGIDO POR CRISTINA GASTON PORTADA: Dormitory & Residende de ‘Kiyosi Seike’ (Ago.1958, THE JAPAN ARCHITECT) DOCUMENTOS DE ARQUITECTURA MODERNA REVISTA ‘THE JAPAN ARCHITECT’1936-1966 INTRODUCCION Cuando se refiere a la palabra ‘Arquitectura Moderna’, pensamos la arquitectura europea de siglo XX. Aunque literalmente la palabra no especifica ningun lugar. Tambien los arquitectos asiaticos de la epoca producieron varias propuestas y obras interesantes, pasando un medio siglo muchos de ellas ya no estan reconocidas en Asia ni en su propio pais. Al saber estas obras, nos van a ayudar a integrar nuestro conocimiento sobre la arquitectura de la epoca y modernidad.. A traves de la revista ‘Sinkentiku’, cuyo titulo significa ‘arquitectura nueva’ en Japones, podriamos observar la arquitectura que habia en Japon y los paises cercanos. INDICE 1. JAPON DEL SIGLO XX. Y SU AMBIENTE 1.1 Expansionismo 1.2 Influencia de Europa y E.E.U.U 1.3 La Guerra Pacifica 2. PRESENTACION DE LA REVISTA 2.1 Ficha tecnica 2.2 Portadas 2.3 Indice de la revista 2.4 Editorial 2.5 Reportaje escogido -National Museum of Western Arts -Arquitectura en Asia 2.6 La lista de las obras destacadas 3. PRESENTACION DE LAS OBRAS POR AUTORES 3.1 Antonin Raymond 3.2 Kiyosi Seike 3.3 Kenzi Hirose 3.4 Kenzo Tange 1. JAPON EN EL SIGLO XX Y SU AMBIENTE. Para tener una perspectiva general de Movimiento Moderno en Asia, Japon es un pais imprescindible en varios aspectos. 1.1 Expansionismo En el principio del Siglo XX, Japon empezo a extender su frontera por toda Asia. Hasta que perdiera en la segunda guerra mundial, muchos paises asiaticos debieron pasar una generacion bajo la occupacion japonesa. A pesar de acabar su dominacion, por sus inmigrantes y varios vinculos que quedaron en su antiguos terriotorio de Ocupacion, Japon pudo mantener muy buenas fuentes de informacion. Y en esa epoca muchos japoneses inmigraron a todos los paises, no solo por Asia sino los paises mas lejano como Latin-america. El red de su populacion fue muy amplio y pudieron tener el punto de vista unica en Asia. 1.2 Influencia de Europa y E.E.U.U. En el principio del siglo XX Japon ya tenia mucha relacion con el mundo occidental. Frank L. Wright, Le Corbusier y Bruno Taut. Tres gran maestros de la epoca visitaron a Tokyo. Japon tuvo buenas ocasiones para aprender la arquitectura moderna. Frank Lloyd Wright tuvo 12 proyectos en Japon, solo sies de ellos habian construidos. Cuatro de los construidos estuvieron en Tokyo. Los edificios son; 1 -Imperial Hotel (S.194, S.195), Tokyo, Japan, 1915. 1 http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/1469/flw_jp.html -Aisaku Hayashi House (S.206), Tokyo, Japan, 1917.2 -Arinobo Fukuhara House (S.207), Hakone, Japan, 1918.3 -Jiyu-Gakuen Girls' School (S.213) , Toyko, Japan, 1921. Le Corbusier diseñó National Museum of Western Arts con sus discipulos como Kunio Maekawa, Junzo Sakakura y Takamasa Yoshizaka. Arquitecto aleman, Bruno Taut dio la leccion en dos Institutos en Japon viviendo 3 anos en Takasaki.4 Antonin Raymand que fue un discipulo de F. L. Wright, vinó para la ejecucion de Hotel imperior, se quedo y estableció su despacho en Tokyo.5 1.3 La segunda guerra mundial Despues de la segunda guerra mundial, muchas ciudades de Japon se quedaron afectadas, y el caso de Hirosima y Nakasaki era mas caótico donde se sufrieron por el ataque atomico. Sobre la rehabilitacion de las ciudades, habia varias discusiones y propuestas, la mayoria de ellas eran de la escala enorme. En la rehabilitacion se han aplicado con la construccion nueva. 2 The client was the manager of the Imperial Hotel. 3 This home was destroyed by earthquake in 1923. 100km from Tokyo. 4 http://www.geocities.co.jp/gl_gunmalife_e/GLE-Takasaki/Building/GLET-Senshintei.html 5 http://users.tce.rmit.edu.au/e03159/ModMelb/mm2/lect/50_60_70/html/raymond/raymond.html 1. FICHA TÉCNICA AÑOS DE PUBLICACIÓN: 25/03/1925 -1957 _SINKENTIKU 06/1956 _EDICIÓN INTERNACIONAL 1958 _SHINKENCHIKU 1959 -Ahora _THE JAPAN ARCHITECTURE PERIODICIDAD Mensual CIUDAD/PAIS Tokyo-JAPÓN EDITOR Architect Masahiro Miwa Architect Noboru Kawazoe Keiichi Taira Yoshihisa Miyauchi Kunio Miyajima PUBLISHER Yasugoro Yosioka EDITORIAL ASOCIADO Prof. Kiyosi Seike Architect Haruo Koba Architect Masao Taguti Architect Yosinobu Asihara Shoya Utida Masato Otaka Hoji Nukashina Shoji Hayashi Masahiro Miwa Correspondent in U. S. A. H.H. Waechter DESIGNER Riki Watanabe PHOTOGRAPHER yuji Hirayama Yasuhiro Ishimoto Toshio Taira Hisomu Mase MANAGER Architect Yosio Hosino No aproximado de Sinkentiku 50 paginas The Japan Architect 100 ‘SINKENTIKU’, La version anterior de J.A. tuvo Capitulos troncales; - Presentacion de las obras locales recientes - Review of review - Serie de Detalles Por el capitulo ‘Review of review’, presentaba las obras de Europa y de E.E.U.U. las revistas de ‘review’ fueron estos; Casabella, L'arch italiana, Mod bau Archi forum Archi record Stavitel Architettura L'A'rchi daujourd'hui Baukunst American architect Travaux Domus Ter es forma Por el capitulo ‘Serie de Detalles’ publicaba los detalles de las obras que salieron en la revista. A partir de Enero de 1952 J.A. tenia el indice en ingles. Sin tener Sumario del contenido y el indice describia cada obra y el tema brevemente. Habia un cuadro para enseñar unas palabra japones que no se podian traducir como la medida oriental o nombre de material local. El indice llevaba 2 paginas. En el indice de Junio 1955, Arquitecto H. H. waechter fue presentado como Corresponsal en E.E.U.U. de la revista. El arquitecto Waechter publicó sus obras en la revista y escribió unos articulos sobre E.E.U.U En Junio de 1956 El Editorial de Sinkentiku decidió a publicarse la edicion internacional con todos los articulos y presentaciones de las obras en Ingles. La edicion internacional llevaba el sumario en Español, traducido por Profesor. Takeshi Furukawa. La primera edicion internacional estaba llena por las obras y articulos de Kenzo Tange, los cuales ya habian publicado 2 veces por la revista. Con esa repeticion en la edicion primera ya se puede imaginar que prestigio tenia K. Tange y su proyecto en Japon. En la edicion internacional ya no publicaba ‘review’ de las revistas extrangeras, pero los detalles de las obras siguieron publicando como un gran carácter de la revista ‘Sinkentiku’. 2. THE JAPAN ARCHITECTURE 2.1 Ficha tecnica Esta revista se publicó en Tokio desde enero de 1925 con el titulo ‘Sinkentiku ’ que significa ‘la arquitectura nueva’ en Japones. Luego, se lo cambió por ‘Shinkenchiku’ en 1958 y finalmente se nombró por ‘The Japan Architect‘ desde 1959. Decidieron lanzar una version en ingles como la edicion internacional en junio de 1956 para dar a conocer los proyectos de arquitectos locales y los del paises cercanos. La edicion internacional llevaba un sumario en castellano. Se planteo con una periodicidad mensual pero se publicó con irregularidad en la segunda guerra mundial. La revista atendia principalmente a la obra proyectada en Japon, la gran mayoria de ella fue de Tokyo, en algunos casos tambien se publicaban las obras de paises cercanos como reportaje especial. Dedicaba unas paginas para reportajes de obras europeas o norteamericanas que se conocian a traves de los publicaciones extranjeras. Ella ofrece los detalles constructivos de las obras publicadas, para que las entendieran mejor 2.2 Editorial Como La revista se publicó en Tokyo, casi todos editores eran de la ciudad y de misma universidad;Universidad de Tokyo. La gran caracteristica de ‘J.A.’ fue su editorial, participaron los arquitectos y criticos importantes. 2.2.1 los fundadores de Movimiento Metabolista en Editorial. Arquitecto Noboru Kawazoe(b 1926) fue el critico de la revista y fue uno de los seis fundadores de ‘Movimiento Metabolista’. Arquitecto Masato Otaka(b 1923) tambien estuvo en el editorial de J.A. en la misma epoca como el editor asociado. Masato Otaka fue otro fundador de ‘Metabolista’. Cuando Otaka estuvo en editorial, estaba trabajando en el estudio de Kunio Maekawa. El trabajaba durante 13 años hasta 1961. Las obras de Kiyonori Kikutake, otro fundador del Movimiento, habian publicado varias veces en la revista J. A. (09/1956, 01/1959 etc.) 2.2.2 Kiyosi seike y Riki watanabe Kiyosi seike(1918~2005) empezo a dar la leccion en Universidad de Tokyo a partir de 1946 y se convertió en el profesor titulado desde 1962. Sus obras y articulos estuvieron publicados varias veces por J.A. (01/1953, 11/1954, 08/1956, 03a/1957, 03b/1957, 06/1957, 01/1958, 01/1963) Riki Watanabe(b 1911 ~) despues de graduar la Universidad de Tokyo en la facultad de Carpinteria. El empezó su trabajo en Gunma Prefectural en 1936 donde Bruno taut siguio dando la leccion. Bruno Taut se empeñó como supervisor de ‘the Gunnma Prefecture Craft Institution’. En la revista Sinkentiku R. Watanabe habia participado como diseñador de la revista, en la edicion internacional(06/1958) ya se convertió en el editor consultante de J.A. En 1940 se empeñó al profesor asistente en Universidad de Tokyo, Riki Watanabe fue diseñador de los muebles y interiorista, trabajaba con muchos arquitectos como Kiyoshi seike y Kenzi Hirose etc.. Según su biografia6, Riki Watanabe entregó sus muebles a Kiyoshi seike en 6 http://www.metropolitan.co.jp/riki_watanabe/profile.html 1949, 1953, 1954 para sus tres proyectos distintos, una escuela infantil y dos casas unifamiliar. Entre ellos el proyecto de 1954 ‘house of a mathematician’ esta incluido en capitulo de ‘Kiyoshi seike’ de este Trabajo.
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