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Hawaii Modernism Context Study Our Special Mahalo Goes to the Peer Review Group Who Took Their Time to Review the Study

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Hawaii Modernism Context Study Our Special Mahalo Goes to the Peer Review Group Who Took Their Time to Review the Study Acknowledgements and Contributors This project was funded in part by a grant from the Hawaii Preservation Fund and Modernism + Recent Past Intervention Fund of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Additional funding was provided by Historic Hawaii Foundation and Fung Associates, Inc. The following people and organizations have contributed a great deal to this study: Historic Hawai‘i Foundation Kiersten Faulkner, Executive Director Lisa Palm, Director of Operations Wendy Wichman, Director of Field Services National Trust for Historic Preservation Christine Madrid French, Director, Trust Modern Fung Associates, Inc. Louis Fung Tonia Moy Mayu Ohama William Chapman Don Hibbard Claire Oshiro The success of this study depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have been involved in the successful completion of this study. Hawaii Modernism Context Study Our special Mahalo goes to the peer review group who took their time to review the study. Pua Aiu, State Historic Preservation Division Suzanne Bott, National Park Service George Casen, Hawai‘i Historic Places Review Board Joy Davidson, AIA Historic Preservation Committee Jeff Dodge, Hawai‘i Historic Places Review Board Stephanie Foell, PB World Denise McGeen, PB World Ellyn Goldkind, NAVFAC Hawaii Loriann Gordon, Loriann Gordon Landscape Architect Anna Grune, Historic Hawai‘i Foundation Kimo Guequierre, Hawai‘i Historic Places Review Board Tanya Gumapac-McGuire, Historic Hawai‘i Foundation Frank Haines , Architects Hawai‘i Anthea Hartig, National Trust for Historic Preservation Ken Hays, Hawai‘i Historic Places Review Board Wendie McAllaster, Helber Hastert & Fee Glenn Mason , Mason Architects, Inc. Polly Cosson Tice, Mason Architects, Inc. Lorraine Minatoishi, Historic Hawai‘i Foundation Virginia Murison, Murison Architects LisaMaria Priester, WCIT Architecture Dee Ruzicka, Mason Architects Inc. Sid Snyder, Ossipoff Snyder Hawaii Modernism Context Study MODERNISM IN HAWAII, 1939-1979 WITH EMPHASIS ON 1947-1967 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements and Contributors 1 Executive Summary 1-1 Modernism Time Chart 1-5 2 Introduction 2-1 2.1 Background 2-2 2.2 Objectives 2-2 2.3 Methodology 2-3 2.3.1 Scope of Project 2-3 2.3.1.1 Background Research/Data Collection 2-3 2.3.1.2 Data Analysis 2-4 2.3.1.3 Limitations 2-4 2.4 Project Team 2-5 3 Architectural History 3.1 National Context 3.1.1 The Birth of Modern Architecture 3-1 3.1.2 Modern Architecture in the U.S. 3-3 3.1.3 War-Time and Postwar Development 3-6 3.1.4 The Triumph of the International Style 3-9 3.1.5 Alternative Trends 3-12 3.1.6 Popular and Utilitarian Forms 3-14 3.1.7 Modernism in Hawaii 3-17 3.2 Hawaii Overview 3-24 4 Modern Resources 4.1 Specific Building Types 4.1.1 Low and Mid-Rise Commercial and Office Buildings 4-1 4.1.2 Shopping Centers, Malls and Supermarkets 4-10 4.1.3 Low Rise, Walk Up Apartments 4-14 4.1.4 Low and Moderate Income Housing 4-24 4.1.5 High Rise Buildings 4-28 4.1.5.1 High Rise Apartments 4-30 Hawaii Modernism Context Study 4.1.5.2 High Rise Office Buildings 4-36 4.1.6 Educational Buildings 4-39 4.1.7 Government Buildings 4-41 4.1.8 Hotels and Resorts 4-43 4.1.9 Religious Buildings 4-45 4.2 Impact of Technology and New Materials in Modernism 4.2.1 Air Conditioning 4-51 4.2.2 ByPass Sliding Aluminum Doors 4-52 4.2.3 Commercial Storefront Doors 4-53 4.2.4 Brise-soleils 4-53 4.2.5 Canec 4-54 4.2.6 Concrete Masonry Units (CMU), Concrete Block, Cinder Block, 4-54 Hollow Tile 4.2.7 Jalousie Windows 4-57 4.2.8 Precast Concrete 4-58 4.2.9 Prestressed Concrete 4-59 4.2.10 Terrazzo 4-60 4.3 Urban, Suburban and Resort Planning and Development 4.3.1 Urban Planning 4-61 4.3.2 Suburban Development 4-66 4.3.2.1 Niu Valley 4-68 4.3.2.2 The Resource 4-71 4.3.3 Resort 4-74 4.4 Transportation, Public Works and Engineering Development 4.4.1 World War II 4-81 4.4.2 Highways and Roads 4-82 4.4.3 Signals 4-86 4.4.4 Parking 4-87 4.4.5 Fueling 4-88 4.4.6 Car Disposal 4-88 4.4.7 Water 4-89 4.4.8 Food Control 4-89 4.4.9 Waste Disposal 4-92 4.4.10 Sewage 4-93 4.5 Landscapes, Parks and Public Spaces 4.5.1 Landscape Architecture 4-95 4.5.2 Landscape Architecture’s Early Years 4-96 4.5.3 Innovations of the 1920s and 1930s 4-98 4.5.4 The Postwar Years and Modernism 4-100 4.5.5 American Landscapes in the Postwar Era 4-103 4.5.6 Landscape Architecture in Hawaii 4-107 Hawaii Modernism Context Study 4.5.7 Public Parks 4-107 4.5.8 Beach Parks 4-108 4.5.9 Zoo 4-108 4.5.10 Recreation and Playgrounds 4-109 4.5.11 Beautification & Memorials 4-110 4.5.12 Golf Courses 4-110 4.5.13 Expansion 4-110 4.5.14 Street Trees 4-111 4.5.15 Parks Department 4-111 4.5.16 City and County Parks and Recreation Buildings 4-113 4.6 Influential Architects/ Designers 4-117 5 Evaluating Eligibility 5-1 5.1 Properties Identified in the Report as Having High Preservation 5-3 Value 6 Recommended Future Studies 6.1 Inventory 6-1 6.2 Expanded Contexts and Documentation 6-3 6.3 Oral History 6-3 6.4 Education 6-4 7 Bibliography 7-1 8 Appendices A. Styles Mid Century Modern A-1 International Modernism or Bauhaus Modernism A-2 Miesian A-4 Neo-Formalism A-6 Brutalism A-8 Organic A-10 Neo-Expressionist or Expressionist Modern A-12 “Contractor” Modern or Hawaii Ranch House A-14 Pop Architecture A-16 Regional Modernism A-18 A-Frame A-20 Utilitarian Vernacular A-20 Hawaii Modernism Context Study B. Historic, Social and Cultural Influences of the Mid-Twentieth Century in Hawaii B.1 Hawaii and “Recent Past” B-1 B.2 Hawaii before World War II B.2.1 The Kingdom of Hawaii B-3 B.2.2 The Early 20th Century B-5 B.3 World War II and After B.3.1 The War Years B-9 B.3.2 Post War Developments B-12 B.4 Hawaii in the 1950s B.4.1 Labor and Politics B-13 B.4.2 The Move toward Statehood B-15 B.5 The 1960s and Statehood B.5.1 Economic and Social Change B-17 B.5.2 The New Role of Government B-21 B.5.3 The Image of Hawaii B-22 B.6 The Conflicted 1970s B.6.1 War and Resistance B-24 B.6.2 Historic Preservation B-25 B.6.3 The Hawaiian Renaissance B-27 B.7 Envisioning the Recent Past B-28 Hawaii Modernism Context Study LIST OF FIGURES All photos are taken by Don Hibbard and Fung Associates, Inc. unless noted otherwise 3 – Modern Resources Page 3.2 Hawaii Overview 3-1 State of Hawaii Map 3-24 3-2 Church of the Crossroads 3-25 3-3 Topping Residence 3-26 3-4 Thurston Memorial Chapel 3-26 3-5 Board of Water Supply Administration Building 3-26 3-6 Soto Zen Temple 3-27 3-7 Bachman Hall 3-28 3-8 Laupahoehoe School 3-28 3-9 Liberty Bank Building 3-28 3-10 St. Luke’s Episcopal Church 3-29 3-11 United Chinese Society Building 3-29 3-12 Concrete Pagoda 3-29 3-13 Kinkaku-Ji 3-29 3-14 First United Methodist Church 3-30 3-15 University of Hawaii, East-West Center 3-32 3-16 Queen Emma Gardens 3-32 3-17 IBM Building 3-32 3-18 320 Ward Ave. 3-32 3-19 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel 3-32 3-20 Financial Plaza 3-33 3-21 Marco-Polo 3-33 3-22 First Hawaiian Bank, Kapiolani Branch 3-34 3-23 First Hawaiian Bank, Mapunapuna Branch 3-34 4.1.1 Low and Mid-Rise Commercial and Office Buildings 4-1 Hawaiian Life Building in 2006 4-2 4-2 Kenrock Building 4-2 4-3 Boysen Paint Store 4-2 4-4 Flamingo’s 4-3 4-5 Seabord Finance Building 4-3 4-6 Medical Arts Building 4-3 4-7 Occidental Life Insurance Building 4-4 4-8 1365 Nuuanu Ave. 4-4 4-9 Professional Building 4-4 4-10 Varsity Building 4-4 4-11 Plumbers and Fitters Union Building 4-5 4-12 1165 Bethel St. 4-5 4-13 Yee Mun Wai Ltd. Building 4-5 4-14 Trophy House 4-5 4-15 1269 King St. 4-5 4-16 Corner of King and Pensacola 4-5 4-17 1026 S. King St. 4-6 4-18 1125 S. King St. 4-6 4-19 View of Liliha Sreet, Between Vineyard and Entrance to the Lunalilo Freeway 4-6 4-20 Close up view of Liliha Street, between Vineyard and Entrance to the Lunalilo 4-6 Freeway 4-21 1408 Liliha St. 4-7 4-22 Lung Kong Kung Shaw Society Hall 4-7 4-23 1436 Liliha St.
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