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Distribution of the Mucus Glands in the Mantle Tissue of Bivalve Mollusks

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Distribution of the Mucus Glands in the Mantle Tissue of Bivalve Mollusks Distribution of the mucus glands in the mantle tissue of bivalve mollusks Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hodgkin, Norman Morrison, 1925- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 15:06:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565199 DISTRIBUTION OF THE MUCUS GLANDS IN THE MANTLE TISSUE OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS by Norman Morrison Hodgkin A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ZOOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 .0 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Norman M Hodgkin____________________________________ entitled Distribut ion of the mucus qlands in the mantle tissue bivalve mo Husks be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of doctor of philosophy Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part by any means, includ­ ing negative and positive microfilm, must be obtained from the copyright holder. SIGHED; COPYRIGHTED BY m m m m m i s o n hodgrxb 19,To ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. v LIST OF TABLES ................ ix ABSTRACT . .................. x 1. INTRODUCTION ................. 1 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ............. 4 Collections Maintenance, and Preparation of Animals . ......... 4 Calculation of the Mucus Index ...... 5 3. GROSS MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY ........ 3 4. STAINING REACTION AND THE CHEMISTRY OF MUCUS . 19 5. LOCATION AND AMOUNT OF MUCUS IN RELATION TO HABITAT ......... 3S Key to the Abbreviations in the Figures . 38 Schemes of Bivalve Classification . .... 42 Rejection Tracts in Relation to Mucus Glands ............. 82 6. DISCUSSION ........... 92 Summary .................. 97 APPENDIX ' I: FIXATIVE SOLUTIONS ....... .99 APPENDIX II: STAINING TECHNIQUES . ....... 101 APPENDIX III: MISCELLANEOUS SOLUTIONS .... 106 REFERENCES .................. ....... 107 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1* Stylized edge of a general clam mantle...... 9 2. Gregariella coarctata - m r -------- - m r ..... ............. 12 3. Protothaca tumida “ 759 Sra.....__ ................... 14 4. Mytilus califomianus ____________________ 15 5. Pododesmus sp. 16 6. Crassostrea gigas "“^2X7 e r a ....... 17 7. Gregariella coarctata xSTE C r a -- ................... 18 8. Hytella guyanensis 9. Modiolus demissus rarsT" sra........................... 25 10. Modiolus demissus r a n r -r a n . ......... 26 11. Adula falcata Ab -PAS ..... ........... 27 12. Grassestrea gigas r a w ^ e r a . .......... 29 13. Dosinia ponderosa r a n r - rara. ........ 30 14. Dosinia ponderosa r a O T " tfrg,,......................... 31 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 15. Dosinia ponderosa x B 5 a b -M s ...... ....... 32 16. Dosinia ponderosa x'23i CI-H... ......... 34 17. Dosinia ponderosa x272 AB-H. ..... ........ 35 18. Dosinia ponderosa xfT2 AB-PAS................ 36 19. Brachidontes sp. AB-PSs.......... 37 20. Lima pacifica Orbigny, 1846 xZB. ............... 46 21. Brachidontes sp. — B M T T . ... .77....... ........ 47 22. Anomia adamas Gray, 1849 — m x ..... ............. 48 23, Ostrea palmula Carpenter, 1856 2^^.7777777.. 49 24. Pododesmus sp. "■'xTII.... .77.... ............. 50 25. Lithophaga plumula (Hanley) 1843 51 26. Isognomon chemnitzianus (Orbigny, 1853) x2W. ................ ....... '1 52 27. Modiolus demissus x94\ . ..... ........... ...... 53 28. Gregariella coarctata (Carpenter) 1856 x9l. ........... ..... 54 29. Adula falcata (Gould) 1851 xll5. .... .... ......... ..... 55 - vii ■ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 30. Mytiilus califomianus Conrad 1837 "^HfTr.TrrrrrrrTTTr:... ............. 56 31. Modiolus capax (Conrad) 1837 ..................... 59 32. Crassostrea gigas “iniiBTrrrr.T^rr. ........ eo 33. Mytella guyanensis (Lamarck) 1819 34. Barbatia lurida (Sowerby, 1833) "-iEOTT.Trrrr:. ............ 62 . 35. Cardita affinis Sowerby, 1833 ^7377.7777777. .................. 63 36. Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby, 1835) x64. ................. 66 37. Macoma nasuta 777777.............................. 67 38. Chione cortezi (Carpenter, 1864, ex Sloat~E57~~xl29.................. 68 39. Periglypta multicostata (Sowerby, 1835) ~^§7^777.777777777777. ... :.......... 69 40. Protothaca metodon (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932) “^5377777.7777777.......... _________________ 70 41. Protothaca grata (Say, 1831) “inMTrrr.'frrrr. ............. 71 42. Protothaca tumida (Sowerby, 1853) “T7T77.T7.7 7 7 7 7 7 . ___________ 72 43. Clinocardium nuttallii "" xl677.........7.--- -............... 73 44. Petricola dentleulata Sowerby, 1834 x92. ___________________ 74 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS”-Continued Figure Page 45. Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833) — ai.T:.'— .7.':.":.. ...... 75 46. Dosinia ponderosa (Gray, 1838) 76 47. Mya arenaria Linne %133T— ..... 79 48. Sphenia fragilis Carpenter, 1856 80 49. Adula falcata .......... ........... 84 50. Mytilus californianus .......... 84 51. Modiolus demissus .................... 85 52. Pododesmus sp. ....................... 86 53. Crassostrea gigas .................. 87 54. Protothaca staminea ......... ....... 88 55. Protothaca tenerrima ................. 88 56. Macoma nasuta ........ ............. 89 57. Clinocardium nuttallii .......... .. 90 58. Mya arenaria..................... 91 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Clams belonging to the "Sessile Branch" of Douville ......... 44 2. Clams belonging to the "Normal Branch" of Douville .......___.............. 65 3. Clams belonging to the "Deep-burrowing Branch" of Douville. ............. 78 4. Comparative classification of Mollusca based upon the Mucus Index.............. 93 ix ABSTRACT The amount of mucus in the mantle tissue of a series of clams was correlated with the habitat in which each clam lived. The general chemical nature of the mucus was shorn to be acidic glycosaminoglycano Since mucus in the mantle tissue is either highly concentrated in one area of the mantle or is diffused over the general mantle surfaces it was necessary to derive a figure which would be directly proportional to the amount of mucus in any clam* regardless of size, and ale© to' relate to the area of mantle surface« . It is the mantle surface which is functional in regards to removal of sediment. This figure 1 call the ’’Mu c u s Indez" and is the average thickness of mucus over the surface of the inner side of the mantle lobe. The resultant data from 30 species* 27 genera* and 14 families show that those clams .that are normally in a less silty environment have a lower mucus index than those animals which live in a sandy or muddy environment or one Which can easily be stirred up by wave action.. xi If the entire list of species be arranged in order of ascending mucus index» it is possible to discern a gen­ eral trend in habitat from less to more silty environments. The Pectinacea, Pteriacea, and Anomiacea all have a low mucus index. These superfamilies are also found exclusive­ ly in areas of low sediment, such as protected outer coast- rocky surface or swimming. The Cardiacea, Arcaceas and Carditacea are either shallow borrowers in sand or mud or are attached to the under surface or sides.of rocks in close proximity to sand or mud, These latter three super­ families are exclusively those with a high mucus index. The Veneracea range from the middle of the list down to the highest mucus index figure. The venus clams are those which are known to inhabit sandy or muddy substrata at shallow depths. The Mytilacea, which are probably the most highly adapted of all the Bivalvia, are found throughout the entire range from low to high mucus index numbers. The habitats of the mytilids range from protected outer coast-rocky surface, with the mucus index of zero, to a genus that lives bay and estuary-mud-burrowing, with a high mucus index. I believe the situation in Mytilacea simply points out another example of a high degree of adaptive radiation shown by a successful group of animals. In all cases studied the mucus was colored by alcian blue, colloidal iron, and magenta by the periodic aeidbSehiff technique. These were also acidic enough to be colored by hematoxylin, By the use o£ radioactive sulfur I was able to determine
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