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Cyphorhinus Arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae)

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Cyphorhinus Arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) Fernanda Bocalini Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do complexo Cyphorhinus arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) A taxonomic review and phylogeny of the Cyphorhinus arada complex (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) São Paulo 2013 i Fernanda Bocalini Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do complexo Cyphorhinus arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) A taxonomic review and phylogeny of the Cyphorhinus arada complex (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Luís Fábio Silveira São Paulo 2013 ii Bocalini, Fernanda Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do complexo Cyphorhinus arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) ix + 227p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Cyphorhinus 2. Taxonomia 3. Filogenia. I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira Orientador iii Epígrafe Uirapuru Compositor: Jacobina e Murilo Latin Uirapuru, Uirapuru Seresteiro, cantador do meu sertão Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Seresteiro, cantador do meu sertão Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Fez no canto as mágoas do meu coração A mata inteira fica muda ao seu cantar Tudo se cala para ouvir sua canção E vai ao céu numa sentida melodia Vai a Deus em forma triste de oração Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Seresteiro, cantador do meu sertão Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Fez no canto as mágoas do meu coração Se Deus ouvisse o que lhe sai do coração Entenderia que é de dor sua canção E dos seus olhos tanto pranto rolaria Que daria pra salvar o meu sertão Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Seresteiro, cantador do meu sertão Uirapuru, ô Uirapuru Fez no canto as mágoas do meu coração iv Agradecimentos Ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), a todos seus funcionários, docentes e alunos, pelas grandes amizades construídas e por ter oferecido as condições necessárias para que este projeto pudesse ser desenvolvido. Ao meu orientador Luís Fábio Silveira, que há mais de cinco anos me acolheu em seu laboratório, ainda na iniciação científica. Agradeço a confiança depositada em mim ao longo desses anos, ao apoio e incentivo nos projetos que desenvolvi, às oportunidades de ir a viagens de campo e de contribuir com a curadoria da coleção de aves. Todos esses fatores, além dos muitos ensinamentos diários, tiveram grande contribuição em minha formação como zoóloga. Aos meus pais, Renato e Roseli, pelo apoio, incentivo e compreensão desde que decidi ser bióloga. Pela contribuição financeira em diversas das minhas viagens de visitas a museus e por tentarem entender as várias vezes que estive ausente em viagens de campo. Ao meu namorado, Gustavo, pelo companheirismo, estímulo, confiança e também por compreender minhas ausências, que está ao meu lado desde que decidi entrar nesse mundo ornitológico. A Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pela bolsa de mestrado concedida, aos recursos da reserva técnica que muito auxiliaram nas visitas aos museus e ida ao congresso. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa concedida nos primeiros quatro meses de mestrado. Ao American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) por me disponibilizar auxílio financeiro (Collection Study Grant Award) para minha visita a coleção. Ao Alexandre Aleixo e a Fátima Lima por me receberem e ajudarem durante a visita ao MPEG. Ao Paul Sweet e a Lydia Garetano por me receberem no AMNH, a Lydia por sempre me ajudar a encontrar o que precisava na coleção e no AMNH. Ao John Bates e Shannon Hackett do Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) por enviarem todos os espécimes que requisitei ao AMNH para que eu pudesse analisá-los sem precisar ir a Chicago. v Ao Steve Rogers do CMNH por prontamente se disponibilizar a enviar fotos dos tipos e de outros espécimes depositados no CMNH. A Margarida Martinez da COP por me enviar as informações dos espécimes lá abrigados. A Anne Previato pelo envio de informações sobre o tipo depositado no MNHN. Ao Vagner Cavarzere pelas inúmeras fotografias de espécimes depositados em diversos museus que foram visitados por ele durante as viagens de seu doutorado. Muito obrigada Vagner, por perder um pouco de seu tempo para tirar essas fotografias, elas com certeza tiveram grande contribuição no meu trabalho. Também ao Vitor Piacentini por fotografar os espécimes do INPA. A Macaulay Library pelo envio das gravações de seu arquivo. Ao site Xeno-Canto da América por disponibilizar gravações no site para download. Agradeço em especial a todos os autores das gravações utilizadas por disponibilizá-las em bibliotecas de sons naturais o que possibilitou o fácil acesso a elas. Ao André Grassi, Luís Gabriel Mazzo e Kleber Evangelista pelo envio de gravações e vídeos de regiões cuja minha amostra era bastante reduzida, o que muito contribuiu para melhorar minhas análises de vocalizações. Ao André de Luca, Thiago Vernaschi e Bruno Rennó pelo auxílio para conseguir gravações, indicando pessoas que talvez tivessem gravações das localidades que precisava. Ao Fabio Schunk pelo envio de fotos de espécimes vivos capturados em rede durante as expedições que esteve. Ao Marco Rego por me ajudar com os mapas e principalmente por fazer um shape de rios especialmente para mim. Ao meu irmão Renato Thiago Bocalini por me acompanhar durante a viagem ao AMNH e por sempre me ajudar com dúvidas com relação à informática, edição de imagens e revisão do inglês. A Laura Montserrat e a Michelle Konig do Núcleo de Ilustração científica da USP por terem feito as ilustrações desta dissertação, mesmo com o prazo um pouco apertado que eu dei. A Glaucia Del Rio por ter me indicado artistas tão talentosas. Um agradecimento especial a todos os alunos e colaboradores do laboratório de ornitologia do MZUSP (Aline, Anna Ferraroni, Ana Leite, Cristiane, Chico, Deborah, Erica Pacífico, Erica Machado, Fábio Schunck, Fernanda Alves, Glaucia, Gustavo, Jeremy, Léo, Luciano, Marco, Marina Somenzari, Marina Lima, MarceloFélix, Natalia Lucheti, Natalia Aristizábal, Rafael, Sergio, Thiago Vernaschi, Thyago Santos, Vagner, Vitor), mais do que colegas de profissão eu fiz grandes amigos e aprendi um pouco com vi cada um de vocês e podem ter certeza que esta dissertação tem um pouco de cada um de vocês, seja quando vocês dão opinião sobre alguma coisa, quando estão sempre dispostos a tirar minhas diversas dúvidas ou simplesmente me fazem companhia. Queria agradecer em especial a Glaucia Del Rio e ao Rafael Marcondes pela amizade e estarem sempre me ajudando quando precisei, ensinando usar programas, enviando artigos, sempre dando sugestões em que poderia melhorar. Ao Vagner Carvarzere, Marco Rego, Vitor Piacentini, Marina Somenzari, Thiago Vernaschi e Fernanda Alves por terem me ensinado muito do que sei hoje sobre ornitologia, principalmente quanto à identificação e taxonomia de aves. Ao Gustavo Bravo por ter criado o grupo de discussões do laboratório, o que contribuiu de alguma forma na elaboração dessa dissertação e por me ajudar com os registros da Colômbia. Todos que me fizeram companhia todos os dias no museu nessa reta final quando estava escrevendo (principalmente Sergio, Debora, Gustavo, Natalia, Rafael, Glaucia, Aline, Anna, Ana Leite, Vagner, Vitor). Não poderia esquecer de agradecer a todos os coletores e taxidermistas que se não mediram esforços para coletar e preparar os mais de 600 espécimes analisados neste estudo desde o século XIX até hoje e que sem esforço e dedicação deles em inúmeras viagens de campo este trabalho nunca poderia ser feito. vii Índice Introdução Geral ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Revisão taxonômica e biogeografia do complexo Cyphorhinus arada (Hermann, 1783) (Aves: Troglodytidae) com base em caracteres morfológicos e vocais. .................................................................. 9 1.1. Introdução .......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.2. Histórico taxonômico ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.3. O problema do conceito de espécie ...................................................................................................... 18 1.2. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................................. 19 1.3. Material e Métodos ..................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1. Morfologia .............................................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1.1. Espécimes examinados ...................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1.2. Coloração de plumagem ............................................................................................................. 21 1.3.1.3. Caracteres
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