IRON AGE POTTERY FROM THE GRESS LODGE EARTH-HOUSE, , LEWIS by EUA . MAcKIENW , F.S.A.SCOT.

SITE ETH IN 194 r Gilber6M t Holme sHunteriae senth o t n Museum, Universit Glasgowf yo , collectioa potteryf no animad an l bones obtained during excavations int earthe oth - hous fronn ei Gresf o t s Lodge, near Stornoway (approx. N.G.R 494419)B N . . This underground structure, situated under the lawn in front of the Lodge, was described in 1874 by Peter Liddell of Gress as a circular chamber about 9 ft. in diameter with a masonry centrpillaits in re supportin flaggegthe reached a roofwas It by d. slightly curved, narrow passage (presumably lintelled) 2 ft. wide which had a 'recess of 2 ft. 6 in.' in the wall on each side just before the chamber. The chamber was full of san t weri d n whici e rooe blowd d founth hha an f n througn i dni p 'largga ha e quantities of split bones and shells of the edible molluscs, among which there are a number of the large whelk (Fusus antiquus) which seem to have been used as lamps'.1 Forty years later LiddelM r l describe earth-house dth e- whic thes - nin hwa accessible under sand - to the Investigators of the Royal Commission and more of the structure had apparently been discovered in the intervening years.2 From the circular, pillared chambe narroe . th r NW w a passagn i . ft e0 5 continue r o 0 4 r dfo direction toward Lodge th s reaco et h another circular cell. 'From thi passaga s e branched off towards the north-east, forming an angle of less than 90° with the thif entranco s d brancen e eth h gallery t thera anothe s d ewa an , r circular chamber.' dow Liddeldug Mr leas nat had tl 1fro 5surfacft. mthe reaceto h this last feature. The original entrance was only a few feet above high water mark and about 38 yds. frohousee frone th m th f o t . r HolmeM s discovere entrancn da n 194ei 6 about 14-1 . abov5ft e high water mark wit ha smal e foun H e traco l th fee . n d w chambe f in tefe o lefe a th t n o r circular pillared chamber and was presumably exploring another part of what seems havo t e bee extensivn na e underground structure. heare H 3 d from local people that when the Lodge was built (probably towards the end of the eighteenth century) a passage was found running under the house with an entrance somewhere near the public road. Mr Holmes inferred two separate occupations on the site from the relative positions of the relics he found. On the roof of the passage were charcoal fragments, fire-fractured stones and midden material and, about 8—10 ft. above this in the sand, another midden layer with bones and shells. Most of the potsherds and artifacts apparently came from the lower level, on the passage lintels, and included

1 P.S.A.S., (1872-4)x , 741. 2 R.C.A.M.S., Inventory of the , Skye and the Small Isles (1928), No. 58. 3 Information fro r GilbermM t Holme lettey sb r (28th Oct. 1946). 2OO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 some stone 'mortars' and 'smoothers' and a 'large quantity' of pottery of which e 15th sherd Museuse senth o t t m mussmala e b t l proportion. THE POTTERY (fig. i: Museum numbers A. 1946.1-8) sherde Th numberee sar figure th n ed o accordin theio gt r museum numberd san two distinct wares are apparent. Most are hard-fired, light brown, buff or grey with numerous small white grits, while thre thinnee ear smoothed ran r 6)(Nosd .an .5 1. Two rim sherds of vessels with nearly vertical, slightly concave, flaring lips: hard, gritty, grey pottery with buff inside surfaces grey-mottledd an , , buf r ligho f t brow lighd nan t grey exteriors ring-buildine Th . g fracture vere ar sy clear i/n o :i seemm ri havo e st th e been adde separata s da e rinthid vergs san i y clea in n /ro 2o whic nece hth k rinbees gha n worked righ ove p outside u t flarine th r th f eo g lip. . i/lightls i iNo y decorated wit incisen ha d line. 2. One of two sherds probably of the same type of flaring-rim vessels as i but with an applied cordon in the angle of the rim and neck: made of a similar, hard, light grey, gritty ware with light, brown-buff surfaces. The ring fracture is clear and shows that the lip ring was inserted into the split edge of the neck ring which was then draw botoven p no u t hri face mako st secur ea . 1/ 2No above)en i joi s n(a . e cordo Th applies nwa ropa s claf afterwardd a eo yan s impressed int ozigzaa g (no2 2/ t . illustrateddesignNo n O . impresse e th ) d decoratio crudens i probabld ran y done wit hfinger-naila . 3. Rim sherd of an incised-line-decorated, everted-rim vase of hard, light brown clay with small white grits: diameter about 5-2 in. thref o o e cordoneTw . 4 d wall sherdsame th f eso typ vesself eo , Noss 2 sa d . an i a hard, light brown, gritty ware with buff-grey exterior. No. 4; lisa 'sandwich' ware with grey inner hallighd an f t brow ndecoratee ar outer l Al . d wit appliedn ha , horizontal, finger-pressed cordon. 5. Two wall sherds of smoother fabric. No. 5/1 is a buff-coloured ware with a smooth exterior surface decorated with a row of light finger-nail impressions: 5/2 idark-greysa , hard, smooth-surfaced ware slightly burnishe exteriore th n do . fineA . ,6 thin sher f lighdo t grey-brown hard clay with tiny white gritse th : exterior is smooth, slipped and dark grey with a decoration of lightly channelled lines: diameter about 5. !in 7/1 basA . e sher ring-buila f do r wittja hnon-footea d bassimilaa f eo r waro et the cordoned sherds described above; a light, orange-brown, sandy textured clay with small white grits. 7/2. Originally classified as a base this sherd now seems as likely to be an unusual witm internan ri ha l flange which probably supporte lidda simila:a r example comes from , Lewis. ware vera Th s ei y hard 'sandwich', light orange-brows it n i

outer hallighd an f t grey insid1 e with many small quartz gritsfeature y On . ma e favour its being a base rather than a rim, however. The light brown outer half of the clay does not extend into the 'flange' but runs straight up to the broken top of the

1 I am indebted to Mr R. B. K. Stevenson of the National Museum for the suggested diagnosis of the sherd and for the Bragar parallel: the Bragar sherd is No. HR 601 in the Museum's collections. IRON AGE POTTERY FROM GRESS LODGE 2OI supposed rim. This suggests tha 'flangee facn i th t s t buriewa ' d insid thicea k base plate and cut off from oxygen during the firing. . Smal8 l handle belongin incised-line-decoraten a o gt e samth f eo hardt dpo , light grey ware with light brown surfaces as the cordoned sherds. The broader end

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2/1

FIG pottere . iTh . y from Gress Lodge earth-house

handle oprojectina th f s eha g tongu claf eo y bondewhers wa t ei d int wale oth f o l vessele fracturee th Th . d surfac emarkea t hera s ei d alignmene anglth o e t th f to handle itsel gived impressioe an f th s attachens thawa t i t d either horizontallr yo diagonall inwardln a o yt y slopin t wallhorizontae po Th g.e partth f o l positios ni distinctle favoureth y b o y dto D-shape d sectio attaches handlee th wa f t ni o f n di :i this way the flatter surface would be downwards and provide a better grip. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

DISCUSSION t seemI s likel coarsee y th tha l al tr pottery described above came fro lowee mth r of the two midden deposits found at the Gress Lodge earth-house and that it was part of the debris lying on the lintels of the passage. Thus the material must have been deposited when the lintels were exposed or covered with only a little sand, assumin passagege thath f o t 'op ' nmeanto s mor r leseo s directl lintelse th t n I yo . assumee b y ma d thaearth-hous n rooe a f th t o f e passag designes ewa buriee b o dt d several feet underground, both for concealment and to prevent sand and rain filtering . Als in chambee oth presumabls wa r y higher tha passage nth musd ean t also have been completely buried. Thus it seems quite likely that any midden material on top passage ofth e lintel deposites swa d whe earth-house nth beins ewa g buil beford an t e the trench containing the passage had been filled in. The pottery could thus have belonged to the builders of the earth-house and this makes it of considerable interest. It is a pity that its precise relationship with the structure is not completely certain. sherde Mosth f welt o tsfi l int latee oth r phasHebrideae th f eo n Iron Agee Th . distinctive pot with a high, flaring, slightly concave and nearly vertical rim, some- times wit applien ha d cordo junctioe th t na n wit necke hth ,degenerata seeme b o st e version of the well known Clettraval pottery style. This consists of globular and situ- late jars with short, sharply everted rims and ornamented with a horizontal zigzag cordon with - in the classic form - concentric channelled arches above this1; they are associated wit brochthe h builder Tire on swit eand h wheelhousesomthe eof in s North and South Uist. Pottery very similar to the Gress material was found in Dun Cuier, Barra2 and at A Cheardach Mhor wheelhouse (Phase 3) in South Uist.3 The stratigraphy at the latter site supports the assumed degeneration of Clettraval ware e Gresth o st for whicr m fo name Cuien hth eDu r war s beeeha n suggested.e Th 4 pottery at the Allasdale wheelhouse seems to represent a halfway stage between the two styles.5 DATIN CULTURAD GAN L CONTEXT At A Cheardach Mhor (Phase 3) and Dun Cuier the pottery was associated with ornamental-headed bone pins which are unlikely to have reached Atlantic befor fourte th e r fiftho h centuries A.D.n CuieDu 6 r indeecomposita d dha e bone comb which probably belongs to the sixth or even seventh century but this was probably contemporary with the latest pottery at the site, a coarse plain ware quite distinc n CuietDu frore mstyleth t AllasdalA . e half-formeth e t dno styls wa e accompanie thesy db e distinctive pint thibu ss nee t meadno n much sinc l boneal e at that site had been destroyed, probably by the acid soil. One may assume that fully develope Cuien dDu r war evolved eha d mortime bone th lesr eth eo y esb pins appeare Hebridese th n di , probabl fifte th h y centuryyb tha d Grese an ,th t s Lodge material is of a similar age. The fine channelled sherd from the earth-house is 1 Antiquity, xxxix (1965), fig. i, p. 269: P.S.A.S., xcm (1959-60), fig. 6, p. 145: P.P.S., xrv (1948)* PI. VIII, p. 62. a P.S.A.S., LXXXIX (1955-6), 290-328. 3 P.S.A.S., xcin (1959-60), 135-73. * P-P-S., xxxi (1965), Section v, 114 ff. 5 P.S.A.S., LXXXVII (1952-3), 80-105. 6 P-P-S., xxi (1955), 282-94. IROE POTTERNAG Y FRO3 M 20 GRESS LODGE distinc perhapd an t parallelo n susuas e laterth ha t n sli I Irowarearea.e e th nAg f . so The earth-house itself may thus have been constructed in the fifth or fourth cen- tury if its relationship to the pottery is that suggested above. It is unlikely to be much earliedevelopmene th s a r chronologd an t Hebrideaf yo n Irowaree nAg s from 100 B.C. to A.D. 500 are now reasonably well known.1 From the incomplete descriptions availabl earth-house eth t remotelno s ei y simila smale th o lrt souterrains associated witearlieo htw r Hebridean wheelhouses pillaree th d dan 2 chamber doe t seesno m havo t e been note othen di r comparable Hebridean structures. Neither doee th s group of souterrains around the Firth of Tay resemble 3it in any way. The clearest 4 analogies are in fact with Orkney where pillared earth-houses — with orthostats in their chambers supporting flattish roof overlappinf so g flags (not beehive corbelling) - are quite common: Rennibister and Grainbank are good examples.5 It may be that Gress Lodge illustrate furthesa lated an rr exampl transplantatioe th f eo a f no dry-stone structure design fro northere mth n islandHebridee th o st s analagouo st to the adoption in the west of the solid-based broch and the wheelhouse two or three centuries earlier. Gres o alss y f oI sma exhibit another exampl whaf eo t a seem e b o st 6 characteristic phenomeno Atlantin i c IroScotlane nAg d wherei exotin na c dry-stone structure is adopted by an established local population. There is no doubt that the pottery style is local and quite alien to Orkney. June 1966

P.P.S., xxxi (1965), 118: The development of Hebridean Iron Age pottery is fully discussed in the excavatio1 n reporVaue th f l to broc "P.S.A.S.,hn i . (forthcoming)"c littl.a Therw e evidencno s ei e from that site that the Dun Cuier style may have evolved slightly earlier than suggested above, perhaps in the third century A.D.

2 Clettraval, North Uist (P.P.S., xrv, Ipc. cit.Allasadaled an ) , Barra (P.S.A.S., LXXXVII, loc. cit.). exampler R.C.A.M.S.e th Fo 3 n i 6 , 55 Nos d Inventory;.an 4979 52 , man'earth-housese th f yo ' e listeth y db Commissio Nortn i Soutd han courshf o Uis e totallear ta y different typ circulaf eo r structure knoww no , s na wheelhouses. 4 Wainwright, F. T., The Souterrains of Southern Pictland (1963), 3-9 and also in Antiquity xxvn (1953), 219-32. e Roya6Th l Commission's Inventory Orknef o y (1946) 409d , an Nos .5 32 . 6 P.P.S., xxxi (1965), 112-1 127-30d 3an .