Network Troubleshooting
by Othmar Kyas
K Index
An Agilent Technologies Publication
Agilent Technologies Index K
10 Mbit/s Ethernet Networks 173 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 297, 301 100Base-T Full-Duplex Connections 177 Asynchronous transmission 277 100Base-T Switch Links 179 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 346 100Base-T Uplinks 179 ATM addressing 367 10Base-T 174 ATM and DXI interfaces 323 2B1Q (two binary, one quaternary) 97 ATM cell 328 2B1Q coding 441 ATM cell streams at 25.6 Mbit/s 323 2B1Q lines 442 ATM cell streams over FDDI infrastructures (TAXI) 322 4B3T lines 442 ATM cell streams over V.35, EIA/TIA 449/530, HSSI, 322 4B5B encoding 123 ATM cell types 335 55555555 197 ATM data rates 307 802.2 LLC XID Test Packet 191 ATM forum signaling: UNI 3.0 372 8B6T encoding 123 ATM forum signaling: UNI 4.0 373 ATM forum UNI signaling: UNI 3.0, 3.1, 4.0 369 A ATM in heterogeneous LAN environments 299 A/C Error (Isolating) 247 ATM in homogeneous private networks 298 AAAAAAAA 197 ATM in PDH networks 307 AAL Type 0 347 ATM in public wide-area networks 301 AAL Type 1 347 ATM in SDH and SONET networks 314 AAL Type 2 349 ATM interface cards 417 AAL Type 3/4 353 ATM interworking 375 AAL Type 5 353 ATM layer 328 AAL2 error messages 351 ATM layer model 303 Abort error (isolating) 247 ATM layer OAM functions 341 Abstract Test Suite (ATS) 118, 119 ATM over 100 Ohm copper cable 320, 321 Acceptance testing 37 ATM over 150 Ohm Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 321 Accounting management 46 ATM over 6.312 Mbit/s and 97.728 Mbit/s 311 Active Line State (ALS) 267 ATM over 75 Ohm coaxial cable 319 Active Monitor Present (AMP) 235 ATM over DS3: 44.736 Mbit/s 309 Active optical stars 199 ATM over E1: 2.048 Mbit/s 308 Address recognized error 255 ATM over E3 34.368 Mbit/s 308 Address table (forwarding table) 207 ATM over E4: 139.264 Mbit/s 311 Adjusted Ring Length (ARL) 240 ATM over multimode fiber 318 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 97 ATM over Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) 318 Aging 118 ATM over single-mode fiber 316 Aging algorithm 207 ATM performance parameters 401 Aging of materials 49 ATM physical layer 305 Air gap 163 ATM routing label field (VPI-VCI) 329 Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) 316 ATM signaling 359 Alexander Graham Bell 102 ATM: symptoms and causes 418 Alignment errors 189 Attachment Universal Interface (AUI) 173 Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) 442 Attenuation 99, 136 Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) codes 93 Attenuation budget 164 Alternate Space Inversion (ASI) 440 Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) 136 Analog and digital data communications 85 AU AIS 527 Analog data communications 87 AU alarm indication signal 527 Analyzing physical layer OAM information flows 397 AU LOP 527 Annual Failure Rate (AFR) 30 AU NDF 527 Application classes for structured cabling 146 AU pointer–New data flag 527 Application looping 622 Automatic error reaction systems 37 Application slow 623 Availability 32 Asymmetrical load distribution 426 Availability levels and downtime 36 Asynchronous data communication 101 Available time 110 SECTION V APPENDIX 988 INDEX K
B Carrier sense failures 191 Carrierless Amplitude Modulation (CAM) 320 B-channel 440 Catastrophe theory 25 B-ISUP signaling 373 Category 7 cabling 155 B1 526 Cause-effect diagram 57 B2 526 Causes of network failure 27 B3 527 Causes of system failures 29 Backup browse servers 621 Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 405 Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) 470 Cell Error Ratio (CER) 402 Baseband principle 86 Basic rate access 435 Cell Loss Priority (CLP) 331, 340 Baud rate 86 Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 404 Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC) 443 Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 405 Beacon (BCN) 235 Cell switching 127 Beacon error (Token-Ring Protocol) 247 Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) 405 Beacon frame 236 Cell-based physical layer 305, 321 Beacon process 278 Change management 54 Bias distortion 112 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) 491 BIP 2/B3 527 Character-oriented control systems 102 Bipolar codes 93 Cheapernet 147 Bipolar with Eight-Zero Substitution (B8ZS) 442 Checklist for cable testers 65 Bit rate 86 Checklist for hardware-based protocol analyzers 75 Bit rates in the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 487 Checklist for oscilloscopes 68 Bit-error-rate measurement 107 Checklist for portable OTDRs 65 Bit-error-rate test setup 112 CIFS (Common Internet File System) 616 Bit-error-rate testers 70 CIR (Committed Information Rate) 483 Bit-oriented control 102 Claim initiator identification 288 Block-error rate 108 Claim token (Token-Ring protocol) 247 BNC connectors 148 Claim token (FDDI protocol) 278 BPDU transmission delay 202 Clamp-on probe 104 Bridge filters 203 Class 1 repeaters 179 Bridge latency 202 Class 2 repeaters 179 Bridge loops 429 Classical IP and ARP over ATM (RFC 2225) 376 Bridge problems 204 Clock synchronization 102 Bridges 200 Clustering 37 Bridging amplifier 104 Coaxial cable 147 Bridging protocol 201 Codeset extensions (message sets) 453 British Naval Connector (BNC) 443 Cold backups 47 Broadband principle 85 Collision domains 196 Broadband signal level meters 72 Collisions 187 Broadband systems 87 Color coding 159 Broadcast addresses 561 Committed Burst Size (B ) 471 Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) 377 C Committed Information Rate (CIR) 471 Broadcast principle 124 Committed Rate Measurement Interval (T ) 471 Broadcast storms 430 C Burst error (isolating) 247 Common Channel Signaling (CCS) 491 Burst errors 255 Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 48 Business processes 21 Computer hardware problems 29 Concatenation of VC-4 containers 508 C Configuration Element Management (CEM) 280 Cable audits in Local-Area Networks 50 Configuration management 46 Cable audits in Wide-Area Networks 50 Conformance testing 118 Cable documentation 45 Congested frame relay 483 Cable length 137 Connecting LAN protocol analyzer systems 133 Cable testers 62 Connecting test instruments 105 Cable testing 135 Connection rules for SAS and DAS nodes 283 Calculating the costs of network downtime 35 Connectionless Network Access Protocol (CLNAP) 301 Call reference 451 Connectionless Network Interface Protocol (CLNIP) 301 Campus backbone 145 Consequential costs 34 CAP (Carrierless Amplitude/Phase) 97 Continuity Checks (CC) 343 CAP-64 encoding 123 Control connection 606 Capacity of data lines 86 Corporate guidelines for data processing systems 41 SECTION V APPENDIX 989 INDEX K
Corrected header ratio 398 E Correlation diagram 58 E-Mail 591 Costs incurred due to network failures 32 E1 interface 490 Costs of availability 36 E3 interface 492 Costs of network failure 22 E4 interface 497 Critical cable lengths for X.21 541 Echo Frame (ECF) 282 Crossed wires (in BRI) 464 EIA/TIA 568A 145 Crosstalk 116 Elasticity buffer 268 Crosstalk and Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) 136 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) 139, 158 CSMA/CD 125, 169 Employment patterns 22 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 29 Emulated LANs (ELANs) 299 Cusp graph 25 EN 50173 145 Cut-through 423 Encryption in IPv6 570 D Entity Coordination Management (ECM) 279 Error management 39, 46 D channel 443 Error symptoms in Ethernet 187 Data Communication Equipment (DCE) 531 Error symptoms in FDDI 288 Data communications by modem 88 Error symptoms in IP Networks 580 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 599 Data field scrambling 332 Error symptoms in ISDN 461 Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) 469 Error symptoms in PDH 520 Data link layer audit 52 Error symptoms in SDH/SONET 528 Data storage management 47 Errored Second (ES) 109 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 531 Errored Second Ratio (ESR) 109 Data transmission technologies 24 Ethernet 169 dBm 103 Ethernet Configuration Test Packets (CTPs) 191 Dead zone 165 Ethernet frame format 170 Decibel 102 Ethernet interface cards 190 Default gateway 213 Ethernet network topologies 172 Defective concentrators 252 Ethernet standards 181 Demux error ratio 399 Ethernet v2.0 AUI cabling 193 Design guidelines for FDDI networks 283 Excessive TCP retransmissions 586 Design guidelines for ISDN 456 Exchange Termination (ET) 436 Design guidelines for switched LANs 425 Executable Test Suite (ETS) 119 Design rules for ATM networks 385 Expert systems 76 Diagnostic tools 48, 61 Extended Service Frame (ESF) 283 Differential manchester encoding 123, 225 Extended Superframe (ESF) 307 Digital data communications (baseband systems) 90 Discard Eligibility (DE) 470 F Discarded cell ratio 399 F4 and F5 OAM cell format 342 Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation 97 Failed insertion 256 Diskless stations unable to boot 586 Failure of a segment 152 Distance limitations for IEEE 802.3z gigabit ethernet 180 Far End Receive Failure (FERF) 316 Distributed Feed Back (DFB) laser 101 Far-End Crosstalk (FECT) 116 Distributed Sample Scrambling (DSS) 332 Fault tolerance 35 Distribution of data network problems 31 Fault tolerance in FDDI 263 DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone modulation) 97 Faulty MAUs 192 Documentation of network problems 59 Faulty subnet masks 213 DS1 (Digital Signal level 1) 487 FCS errors 189 DS3 frame format 496 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 263 DS3 signal 495 FDDI data format 269 DSL technology 97 FDDI frame 270 Dual homing 264 FDDI frames with the error bit set 294 Dual port measurements 76 FDDI interface cards 291 Dual-Attachment Stations (DAS) 264 FDDI MAC layer 269 DUP (Data User Part) 439 FDDI protocol 265 Duplicate Address Test (DAT) 234 FDDI Station Management Specification (SMT) 279 Duplicate FDDI address 292 FDDI token 270 Duplicate TEI assignment 464 FECT (Far-End Crosstalk) 116 Duplicate Token-Ring address 251, 254 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 263 Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) 574 Fiber-optic cable 163 SECTION V APPENDIX 990 INDEX K
Fiber-optic cabling and connectors 164 HP REI (Higher-order Path Remote Error Indication) 527 Fiber-Optic, Inter-Repeater Links (FOIRLs) 173 HP TIM (Higher-order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527 Fiber-optic media and light sources 100 HP UNEQ (Higher-order Path Unequipped) 527 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 606 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 610 Fishbone diagram 58 HTTP messages 614 Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) 470 HUNT state 332 Forward zone 565 Forwarding table 200 I Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) 490 ICP (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol) 313 Frame copied error 256 ICP cell format 312 Frame copy error (non-isolating) 248 Idle cells 305, 335 Frame Relay 467 Idle Line State (ILS) 267 Frame Relay forum 476 IEC 874-1 165 Frame Relay multiprotocol encapsulation 474 IEEE 802.2 LLC test packet 191 Frame Relay SVC connection setup 472 IMA (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM) Control Protocol 313 Frame switching 127 IMA Control Protocol cells 336 Frequency error 256 Immediate costs 33 Frequency error (non-isolating) 248 Impedance 137 Frequency shifts 117 In-channel signaling 470 Frequent ring re-initialization 293 In-service testing 104 FTP/Telnet connection timeouts 623 Incorrect input of Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) 464 Full-duplex connections 129 Incorrect ring speed 251 Functional tests 119 Indirect HTTP connections 612 Fundamental frequency 92 Individual distortion 112 INFO 1, INFO 2, INFO 3, INFO 4 440 G Information elements (Q.931) 452 G.832 E3 frame format 495 Insertion loss 163 G.832 E4 frame format 311 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 435 Gateway connections 611 Intentional error 28 Generic Flow Control Field (GFC) 329 Inter-frame gap 198 Grounding twisted-pair cable 157 Inter-Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 211 Inter-packet shrinkage per segment in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175 H Interface tester 50
H0 channel 443 Interface testers (break-out boxes) 69
H11 channel 443 Interference measurements 116 Halt Line State (HLS) 267 Intermodulation noise 116 Hardware-based analyzers 74 Internal error (Isolating) 248 Harmonic frequency 92 Internet 23 Hash function 570 Internet addresses 559 HDSL (High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 560 Header Error Control (HEC) 331 Internet Domain Name System (DNS) 564 HEC cell synchronization algorithm 331 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP-4) 592 High availability 35 Internet news 602 High Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 419 Internet Protocol (IP) 550 High Cell Error Rate (CER) 418 Internet protocol family 549 High Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 418 Interoperability testing 140 High Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 419 Interoperability tests 119 High Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3) 443 Interruptions 117 High Mean Cell Transfer Delay (MCTD) 419 Intranets 23 High-availability infrastructure 36 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 313 High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) 437 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol (ICP) 313 Higher-order path alarms 527 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol cells 336 Higher-Order Path Overhead (HO POH) 503, 512 IP address space 560 Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch (HP PLM) 527 IPng 560 Higher-order Virtual Containers (HVC) 503 IPv6 560, 566 Horizontal cabling 145 IPv6 address formats 568 Host command 564 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 435 Hot backups 47 ISDN basic rate U-interface 442 HP BIP (Higher-order Path Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 527 ISDN BRI 441 HP PLM (Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527 ISDN connection setup 454 HP RDI (Higher-order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527 ISDN information elements 453 SECTION V APPENDIX 991 INDEX K
ISDN Layer 1 439 Loss of AU pointer 527 ISDN Layer 2: LAP-D 445 Loss of cell delineation rate 399 ISDN Layer 3: DSS1 448 Loss of connection 152 ISDN line blocked 464 Loss of Continuity (LOC) 343 ISDN primary rate interface 444 Loss of employee productivity 34 ISDN protocol 437 Loss of Frame alignment (LOF) 526
ISDN S0 bus 457 Loss of Signal (LOS) 526
ISDN S0/T interface 456 Loss of TU pointer 527 ISDN telephony numbering plan (E.164) 368 Lost frame (non-isolating) 248 ISDN wall jacks 456 Lost frame error 256 ISO NSAP addressing (ISO 8348/AD2) 368 Low TCP/IP performance 586 ISO/IEC IS 11801 145 Lower-order path alarms 527 ISUP (ISDN User Part) 439 Lower-order Path Overhead (LO POH) 503, 513 ITU-T X series recommendations 94 LP (Lower-order Path) BIP error 527 LP PLM (Lower order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527 J LP RDI (Lower order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527 Jabbers 189 LP REI (Lower order Path Remote Error Indication) 527 Jitter 137 LP RFI (Lower order Path Remote Failure Indication) 527 LP TIM (Lower order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527 K LP UNEQ (Lower order Path Unequipped) 527 Keep-alive frames 462 LSDV 176 Kinks 152 M L MAC layer Token-Ring frames 233 LAN Emulation (LANE) 377 MAC switching bridges 203 LAN Emulation Client (LE Client or LEC) 377 Mail Transfer Protocol (MTP) 592 LAN Emulation Configuration Server 377 Mail User Agent (MUA) 591 LAN Emulation Server (LE Server or LES) 377 Mapping tables 212 LAN switching 128 Mapping test 525 LANE 299 MARS (Multicast Address Resolution Protocol) 382 LAP-F transmission frame 468 Mass storage problems 28 LAP-D frame format 445 Master browse server 621 Late collisions 188 Master Line State (MLS) 267 Latency for valid signals on repeater ports 196 Mated connections 163 Length errors 189 MAU jabber lockup 197 Likelihood of collisions 169 Maximum data rate in bit/s 87 Line alarms 526 Maximum Segment Size (MSS) 553 Line attenuation 115 MD (Message Digest) 570 Line encoding 92 Mean loss of delineation duration 399 Line error (isolating) 248 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 28 Line Termination (LT) 436 Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 30, 58 Line testers 72 Measuring cable lengths 152 Line testing 114 Measuring electromagnetic interference 151 Link Access Procedure D (LAP-D) 437 Measuring resistance in coaxial cable 149 Link Integrity Verification (LIV) 470 Measuring the Voltage in Network Cabling 149 LLC encapsulation (RFC 1483) 375 Media Access Units (MAUs) 173, 192 Load balancing 203 Message Digest (MD) 570 Load tests 120, 140 Message Transfer Agent (MTA) 591 Local bridges 201 Microsoft browsing protocol 621 Local Management Interface (LMI) 470 MIL-C-17G 147 Localhost 565 Mini-network for Token-Ring simulation 251 LOF (Loss of frame alignment) 526 Mini-networks for 10Base2 and 10Base5 193 Logic analyzers 72 Mission-critical systems 38 Long packets 189 Modal dispersion 101 Long response times 625 Modified Alternate Mark Inversion (MAMI) 440 Loopback address 127 562 MS AIS (Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal) 526 Loopback cells 344 MS RDI (Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication) 526 LOS (Loss of Signal) 526 MS REI (Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication) 527 Loss at connectors 118 Multi-Level Transition–Three-Level Technique (MLT-3) 265 Loss at splices 118 Multi-Station Access Unit (MSAU) 226 Loss of ATM connections 420 Multi-Longitudinal Mode (MLM) lasers 316 SECTION V APPENDIX 992 INDEX K
Multimeters 62 OAM-F3 cell fields 327 Multimode cables 101 OC-1 interface 500 Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal (MS AIS) 526 One-point cell delay variation 405 Multiplexer Section BIP error 526 OOF (Out of Frame) 526 Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) 510 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 211 Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication (MS RDI) 526 Operational MTBF 28 Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication (MS REI) 527 Operator error 28 Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) 299, 382 Optical components in Ethernet networks 199 Multiprotocol PC 76 Optical data communications 99 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 591, 596 Optical power problems 199 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) 64 N Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) 476 N-type connectors 148 Oscilloscopes 66 Neighbor Information Frame (NIF) 281 OSPF routing problems 587 Neighbor notification 238 OTDR measurements 165 Neighbor notification error 259 Out of Frame (OOF) 526 NetBEUI 572 Out-of-service testing 107 NetBIOS 571 Network audit 49 P Network downtime 32 Pairs in Metal Foil (PIMF) 155 Network layer audit 53 Parameter Management Frame (PMF) 283 Network Layer Protocol ID field (NLPID) 475 Passive stars 199 Network Management Systems (NMS) 46, 84 Path delay components in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175 Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) 603 Path overhead bytes 512 Network performance 625 Payload Type field (PT) 330 Network planning 44 PCM-30 system 490 Network problems 31 PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) alarms 521 Network simulation tools 54 PDV (Path Delay Value) 176 Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 606 Peak distortion 112 News readers 602 Performance management 46 NEXT 116 Permanent Frame Relay Connections (PVCs) 471 Next Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN) 235 Phantom addresses 197 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 385 Phase jitter 117 Nibble-aligned 309 Phase jumps 117 NNI header 334 Physical Connection Management (PCM) 279 NNI signaling 373 Physical layer audit 49 No connection over a PVC 418 Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) 309 No connection over Emulated LAN (ELAN) 419 Physical Layer OAM cells 335 No connection over PNNI network 420 Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (PL-OAM) 306 No connection over SVC (UNI signaling problems) 418 Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (OAM F1-F3) 325 No connection to FTP, Telnet server 623 Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer 304 Noise 116 Pin layout of Media Access Units (MAUs) 194 Noise errors 189 Pipelining 615 Noise Line State (NLS) 268 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 94, 487 Non-Browse Servers 621 PNNI (Private Network to Network Interface) Signaling 415 Non-Linear Distortion 117 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 556 Not Frame Alignment Signal (NFAS) 490 Pointers in SDH/SONET 513 NRZ encoding 123 Polar codes 92 NSAP (Network Service Access Point) 567 Potential browse servers 621 NT-1, NT-2 437 Power measurements in decibels 103 Nyquist 86 Power splitter 104 PPP encapsulation 557 O PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 558 O.191 test cells 402 PPP network control protocol for IP 558 OAM cell format 341 Practice drills 37 OAM F1-F3 for cell-based physical layer 326 Preamble 171 OAM F1-F3 for PDH-based ATM systems 326 PRESYNC state 332 OAM F1-F3 for SDH/SONET-based ATM systems 325 Primary rate access 435, 442 OAM fault management (AIS/RDI) 343 Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 443 OAM performance management 344 Principles of ATM 302 OAM-F1 cell fields 327 Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) 599 SECTION V APPENDIX 993 INDEX K
Private hosts 560 Ring delay 269 Proactive error management 48 Ring lengths 225 Problem documentation form 60 Ring Management (RMT) 280 Procedure for problem solving 56 Ring poll 235 Product life cycles 24 Ring purges 260 Propagation delay in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175 Ring resetting 260 Propagation delay in 100 Mbit/s Ethernet 176 RIP problems 587 Protected mode 207 RMON (Remote Monitoring) systems 79 Protocol analysis 106, 132 RMON 1, RMON 2 80 Protocol analyzer systems in switched LANs 134 RMON probes 79 Protocol analyzers 73 Robbed bit signaling 488 Protocol discriminator 449 Route selection in MPOA networks 383 Protocol Identifier (PID) 476 Router problems 212, 213 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) 119 Routers 209 Protocol Implementation Routing Internet Protocol (RIP) 210 Extra Information for Testing (PIXIT) 119 Routing tables 212 Proxy connections 611 RS TIM (Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch) 526 Pulse interference 117 RS-232C 532 Purge (PRG) 237 RS-422A 536 Purge (Token-Ring protocol) 248 RS-423A 536 Q RS-449 536 RSA 599 Q.2931 message format 360 Runts 189 Q.931 437 Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters 339 S Quantizing noise 116 S-bus 440 Quiet Line State (QLS) 267 S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail) R Extensions 599 S/T reference point 439 RADSL (Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) 97 S2M interface 437 Receive ready frames 462 SAAL connection setup 358 Receiver congested 260 SABME command Receiver congestion error (non-isolating) 248 (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended) 447 Redundant components 37 Sampling rate 67 Reflections (return loss) 137 Screened STP (S/STP) 155 Refraction index 101 SDH/SONET bit rates 506 Regenerator section 526 SDH/SONET interface tests 527 Regenerator section BIP (Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 526 SDH/SONET network 499 Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) 512 SDH/SONET overhead tests 526 Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch (RS TIM) 526 SDH/SONET pointer tests 525 Remote and local collisions 188 SDH/SONET transport tests 524 Remote bridges 203 SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) 97 Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) 316 Search for defects in coaxial cable 151 Repeat filter 269 Section alarms 526 Repeater grounding problems 198 Section overhead bytes 510 Repeater problems 196 Security management 46 Replicated databases 37 Segment switching 128 Report neighbor notification incomplete 259 Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) 349 Request Denied Frame (RDF) 282 Selected Multicast Server (SMS) 377 Request station removed 261 Selection of a RMON probe system 81 Reserved header bytes and VPI/VCI values 333 Selective discarding of cells 340 Resistance 137 Selective signal level meters 72 Resource Allocation Frame (RAF) 283 Self-Synchronizing Scrambling (SSS) 309, 314, 332 Response time measurements 625 Sendmail 595 Response times over ISDN 464 Sequence numbers 552 Retrieval of news articles 605 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 555 Reverse localhost 565 Server Message Block (SMB) protocol 616 Reverse zone 565 Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) 446 RG-6, RG-11 147 Service classes and AAL types 347 RG-62 coaxial cable 147 Service level agreements 43 SECTION V APPENDIX 994 INDEX K
Service management 39 Strategic test systems 76 Severely Errored Second (SES) 109 Streaming 256 Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR) 109 Stress tests 52 Shannon 87 STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal 1) 500 Shared bandwidth 126 STS-3 structure 503 Shared medium 126 STS-3c/STM-1 frame 503 Shielded twisted pair (STP) 155 Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) 476 Short circuit 152 Subnetwork address mask 562 Short inter-frame gap 198 Switched LANs 423 Short packets 188 Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) 301 Shortest Path First (SPF) routing 210 Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) 467 Signal condition measurements 106, 132 Switching delay measurements 106 Signal distortion 112 Switching systems 125 Signal distortion measurement 112 Symbol encoding in FDDI 266 Signal level meters 72 Symbol synchronization 102 Signal Quality Error (SQE) 190 Symmetrical load distribution 426 Signal Quality Error problems 193 Synchronous communication 101 Signal reflection 115 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 96, 485 Signal shapes 92 Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) 485 Signal shapes in digital data transmission 91 Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 305, 314, 501 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 87, 137 Synchronous transmission 277 Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) 355 Synchronous Transport Module (STM-1) 502 Signaling in ISDN 438 Systematic troubleshooting 186 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) 439 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 592 T Simple manchester encoding 123 T1 interface 487 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 48 T3 interface 495 Single Longitudinal Mode (SLM) laser 316 Tactical test systems 62 Single-Attachment Stations (SAS) 264 TCP port numbers 555 Single-MAC switches 424 TCP ports 554 Single-mode cables 101 TCP window size drops 587 SLA monitoring system 83 TCP window size too large 587 Slot time 169 TCP window size too small 587 Slow network 625 TE1, TE2 437 Slow server 625 Telemetry exchange systems 101 SMB commands 617 Teletype machines 101 SMB error codes 617 Telnet 609 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services) 301 Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI) 446 Smoothing 268 Test ports 104 SMT agents 281 Testing coaxial LAN cables 138 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 592 Testing fiber-optic lines 139 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 48 Testing methods in LAN switching environments 428 SNMP and Management Information Bases (MIBs) 77 Software agents 83 Testing the terminating resistor 150 Software problems 30 Testing twisted-pair cables 135 Software-based analyzers 73 Theoretical MTBF 28 Solid wire 162 Thermal noise 116 Source-routing bridges 252 Thick Ethernet 147 Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) 201 Thin Ethernet 147 Spectrum analyzers 69 Thom 1975 25 SPID values 462 Throughput capacity of bridges 205 SSCOP error messages 358 Throughput measurements 628 SSCOP timers 357 Throughput rates for Ethernet 629 Staff training 59 Time to Live (TTL) 551 Standby Monitor Present (SMP) 235 Timer Active Monitor (TAM) 238 Start-stop distortion 112 Timer Holding Token (THT) 237 Statistical multiplexing 468 Timer No Token (TNT) 238 Status Information Frame (SIF) 281 Timer Queue PDU (TQP) 237 Status Report Frame (SRF) 282 Timer Return to Repeat (TRR) 237 Store-and-forward 423 Timer Standby Monitor (TSM) 233, 238 Stranded wire 162 Timer Valid Transmission (TVX) 237, 275 Strategic diagnostic tools 48 Timers for UNI signaling processes 370 SECTION V APPENDIX 995 INDEX K
Timers in Token Ring 237 V Token 228 V.10, V.11 536 Token direction change 261 V.24 532 Token error 261 V.35, V.36, V.37 534 Token error (non-isolating) 248 V.90 90 Token Holding Timer (THT) 275 Vampire tap 152 Token Ring 223 VDSL (Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97 Token Rotation Timer (TRT) 275 Vector distance (Bellman-Ford) routing 210 Token-passing principle 223 Verifying ATM cell transmission 397 Token-Ring bridges 252 Vertical backbone 145 Token-Ring design 240 Violation frames 295 Token-Ring interface cards 250 Virtual Channel Connections (VCCs) 328, 337 Tolerances for bit-error rates 109 Virtual Path Connections (VPCs) 328, 338 TRACERT 627 Void frames 290 Traffic shaping 340 VP-OAM and VC-OAM cells 336 Translation bridging 204 VP/VC cells 336 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 552 VP/VC-RM cells 336 Transmission Convergence (TC) sublayer 304 Transmission delays 626 W Transmission frequencies and sampling rates 68 WAN bridges 201 Transparent bridging 200 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 99 Transport Overhead (TOH) 501 Wedged interface 295 Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) 119 Window size 552 Tributary Unit (TU) 504 Wiring errors 159 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 608 Workgroup switches 424 Troubleshooting ATM 394 Troubleshooting coaxial cable 149 X Troubleshooting E-Mail 600 X.20, X.21 537 Troubleshooting fiber-optic cable 164 X.25 539 Troubleshooting FTP 608 X.70 Network - Network interface 531 Troubleshooting News 605 X.71 Network - Network interface 531 Troubleshooting SMB 621 X.75 Network - Network interface 531 Troubleshooting Telnet 610 xDSL technologies 97 Troubleshooting the ATM layer 399 Troubleshooting twisted-pair cable 158 Y Troubleshooting X and V series interfaces 539 Y adapter 104 Trunk Coupling Unit (TCU) 226 Yellow cable 147 TSB 67 Level I, TSB 67 Level II 64 TU AIS (TU Alarm Indication Signal) 527 Z TU LOM (TU Loss of Multiframe alignment) 527 Zone databases 565 TU LOP (TU Loss of Pointer) 527 TU NDF (TU pointer–New Data Flag) 527 TU pointer adjustment 515 TU pointer–New data flag (TU NDF) 527 Tunneling connections 611 TUP (Telephone User Part) 439 Twisted-pair cable 155 Two-point cell delay variation 406 U U reference point 436, 441 Unassigned cells 305, 335 Unavailable time 110 UNI cell header 329 UNI signaling 410 Unipolar codes 92 Unmated connections 163 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) 155 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 555