Analysis of Constructive Systems, Building Typology and Proposition of Innovative Conceptions

SB&WRC Project

Analysis of constructive systems, building typology and proposition of innovative conceptions

November 2017

Abstract of the project

The SB&WRC (Sustainable Bio&Waste Resources for Construction) project, an undertaking of more than two years, aims to conceive, produce and test three innovative, low-carbon, thermal insulation materials from agricultural co-products and recycled waste. The project is supported by the development program Interreg VA France (Channel) England and its budget, estimated to be 1.8M€, is co-financed by the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) for 69% (1.26M€ contribution).

This project, led by Nomadéis, is carried out by a cross-channel partnership which gathers academic research laboratories, private research and consulting companies, manufacturers and professional non-profit organisation of the building sector:

− Nomadéis; − Veolia Propreté Nord Normandie; − University of Bath; − Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs des Travaux de la Construction de Caen (ESITC Caen); − Construction21; − UniLaSalle; − University of Brighton; − Alliance for Sustainable Building Products.

Nomadéis 120, boulevard Amiral Mouchez • 76600 Le Havre 4, rue Francisque Sarcey • 75116 Paris Phone: +33 (0)1 45 24 31 44 www.nomadeis.com

Project team: Nicolas DUTREIX, Associate Director, Nomadéis Cédric BAECHER, Associate Director, Nomadéis Barbara PIANU, Project Manager, Nomadéis Aurore UNGERER, Project Manager, Nomadéis Rémi GUIDOUM, Project Manager, Nomadéis Isabelle MARX, Consultant, Nomadéis Martin HABASQUE, Consultant, Nomadéis

Edition and diffusion: Guillaume LAULAN, Project Manager Adrien DUCHADEUIL, Analyst

Copyrights

The text of this publication may be reproduced whole or in parts for educational and non-monetary purposes without prior consent of the copyright holder, to the condition that the source is mentioned. Nomadéis and the partners of the SB&WRC project would be grateful to receive a copy of all the publications that have used the present as a source material. The present publication may not be reproduced, transmitted or used in any manner whatsoever for commercial uses without the prior written permission of the authors.

Contents

Acronyms ...... 5 1. Presentation of the objectives of the Activity 3.4 ...... 6 2. Methodology ...... 6 2.1 Geographic perimeter considered...... 6 2.2 General procedure ...... 7 2.2.1 Source of information ...... 7 2.2.2 Structure of the study report ...... 7 3. Presentation of the France-England Interreg zone ...... 9 3.1 A majority of rural territories in France and urban territories in England ...... 9 3.2 An increasing population ...... 14 3.3 A structural ageing of the population ...... 17 3.4 An increase of small households (1 or 2 persons) strongly impacting the accommodation needs ...... 19 Inventory of the residential park ...... 25 4.1 Structure of the residential park ...... 25 4.1.1 A majority of principal residences ...... 25 4.1.2 A majority of homeowner occupants ...... 27 4.2 Comparison of the residential park structure between 1990 and 2014 ...... 31 4.2.1 A residential park increasing faster than at the national scale ...... 31 4.2.2 A constant number of principal residences and an increasing number of vacant housings at the scale of the France Interreg zone ...... 31 4.3 Housing typology ...... 34 4.3.1 A majority of individual houses ...... 34 4.3.2 A majority of large houses ...... 36 4.3.3 A majority of old houses...... 37 4.3.4 A majority of housing relatively inefficient on an energetic level ...... 40 4.3.5 A park of social accommodation relatively constant over time ...... 43 4.4 Profile of the housings: typological matrices available on national scales...... 44 Dynamics of the new construction ...... 49 Conclusion ...... 54 6.1 Renovation - rehabilitation ...... 54 6.2 New construction ...... 55 Bibliography ...... 57 List of figures...... 58

List of charts ...... 59

Acronyms

ADEME : Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie

BRE : Building Research Establishment CGET : Commissariat Général à l’Egalité des Territoires DPE : Diagnostic Performance Energétique EPCI : Etablissement Public de Coopération Intercommunale INSEE : Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques INTERREG FMA : Programme Interreg France (Manche) Angleterre MTES : Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire NUTS : Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques (découpage territorial) ONS : Office for National Statistics PACTE : Programme d'Action pour la qualité de la Construction et la Transition Energétique RP : Recensement de la population SOeS : Service de l'Observation et des Statistiques

UA : Unité Autoritaire (statut administratif anglais)

1. Presentation of the objectives of the Activity 3.4

The partners wish to design and produce 3 sustainable thermal insulation prototypes presenting a real development potential. The partners therefore want to analyse the built environment of the INTERREG FMA zone in order to fuel the reflexion concerning the conception of the prototypes, to design materials specifically adapted to the characteristics of the INTERREG FMA zone, in order to facilitate the subsequent massification of the products.

2. Methodology

2.1 Geographic perimeter considered

The analyses were performed on the scale of the Interreg France-England perimeter, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Geographic perimeter of the analysis

Source: France – England Interreg Program

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More precisely, the following counties and departments enter the field of the analysis:

Perimeter Interreg England: Perimeter of Interreg France:

Counties Department number Department name

Bournemouth 14 Calvados Brighton and Hove 22 Côtes-d'Armor Cambridgeshire 27 Eure Cornwall 29 Finistère Devon 35 Ille-et-Vilaine Dorset 50 Manche East Sussex 56 Morbihan Essex 60 Oise Hampshire 61 Orne Isle of Wight 62 Pas-de-Calais Isles of Scilly 76 Seine-Maritime Kent 80 Somme

Medway Norfolk Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Somerset Southampton Southend-on-Sea Suffolk Surrey Swindon Thurrock Torbay West Sussex Wiltshire

2.2 General procedure 2.2.1 Source of information The information provided in this report is based on a thorough bibliographic review (institutional reports, scientific articles and grey literature: see the list of bibliographic sources on page 56).

2.2.2 Structure of the study report This report is organized in three parts:

• The first part provides an overview of the France-England Interreg zone: population count, population density analysis on the scale of the two zones, identification of the principal urban poles, analysis of the demographic evolution (population growth, dynamic of the evolution of the age pyramid and the household structure, etc.). This part aims both to highlight the specificities of the Interreg zone in terms of spatial organization, and to analyze the trends likely to have a long-term

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impact on building activity (evolution of the population, household end of cohabitation dynamics, etc.), and thus the demand in building materials;

• The second part draws an inventory of the residential park at the scale of the France-England Interreg zone, through the analysis of the structure of the residential park and its recent evolution and of the typology of the buildings (profile of the accommodations, their size, the energy efficiency, etc.);

• Finally, the third part presents an analysis of the recent new construction dynamic at the scale of the France-England Interreg zone.

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3. Presentation of the France-England Interreg zone

3.1 A majority of rural territories in France and urban territories in England

The France Interreg zone counts 6 500 communes, belonging to 12 departments, representing 9 721 171 habitants for an area of 75 816,4 km². The density of the population of the zone is therefore of 128,2 habitants/km2 (against 105,3 habitants / km2 average on the national scale in 2015 according to the Eurostat figures1).

Chart 1. Perimeter of the France Interreg zone Sources: Insee, Population survey 2014, updated in March 2017, Insee, RP2009 et RP2014 Principal exploitations in geography on the 01/01/2016.

Number of Department number Department name Number of habitants Surface (km2) communes

14 Calvados 621 708 407 5 547,9

22 Côtes-d'Armor 362 617 413 6 877,6

27 Eure 617 616 076 6 039,9

29 Finistère 281 935 393 6 733,0

35 Ille-et-Vilaine 351 1 060 051 6 774,7

50 Manche 516 518 322 5 938,0

56 Morbihan 256 764 338 6 822,6

60 Oise 690 838 646 5 860,2

61 Orne 413 297 109 6 103,4

62 Pas-de-Calais 893 1 497 668 6 671,4

76 Seine-Maritime 718 1 284 107 6 277,6

80 Somme 782 583 641 6 170,1

The principal urban poles of the France Interreg zone are the communes of Rennes (213 454 habitants), Amiens (132 479 habitants), Rouen (110 618 habitants), Caen (106 538 habitants), Quimper (63 513 habitants), Vannes (53 036 habitants), Evreux (49 461 habitants), Arras (40 970 habitants), Alençon (26 028 habitants) and Saint-Lô (19 426 habitants).

1 Source : Eurostat, (2016), « Population density ». See : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00003&plugin=1

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Large'poles

Outskirts'of'large'poles

Multipol.'Com.'Of'large'urban'poles

Medium'poles

Outskirts'of'medium'poles

Small'poles

Outskirts'of'small'poles

Other'multlipolarised communes

Isolated'Com.'out'of'influence'of'the'poles

Figure 2. Identification urban areas of the France Interreg zone in 2010

Source: INSEE, Urban areas, 2010.

The England Interreg zone counts 14 698 005 habitants (2016), on an area of 49 431 km². The density of the population of the area therefore is of 297,3 habitants/km2 (against 268,6 habitants/km2 in average at the national scale in 2015 according to the Eurostat figures). The England Interreg zone is deployed on 28 administrative units (Chart 2).

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Chart 2. Perimeter of the England Interreg zone Source: Office for national statistics, 2016.

Density (number of Counties Number of habitants (2016) Surface (km2) habitants / km2)

Kent 1 541 893 3 545 435

Essex 1 455 340 3 464 420

Hampshire 1 360 426 3 679 370

Surrey 1 176 549 1 663 707

Norfolk 892 870 5 380 166

West Sussex 843 765 1 991 424

Devon 779 834 6 564 119

Suffolk 745 274 3 801 196

Cambridgeshire 651 940 3 046 214

Cornwall 553 687 3 546 156

Somerset 549 447 3 451 159

East Sussex 547 797 1 709 321

Wiltshire 488 409 3 255 150

Dorset 422 727 2 542 166

Brighton and Hove 289 229 83 3 485

Medway 278 542 194 1 436

Plymouth 264 199 80 3 302

Southampton 254 275 50 5 086

Swindon 217 905 230 947

Portsmouth 214 832 40 5 371

Bournemouth 197 657 46 4 297

Peterborough 197 095 343 575

Southend-on-Sea 179 799 42 4 281

Thurrock 167 025 163 1 025

Poole 151 500 65 2 331

Isle of Wight 139 798 380 368

Torbay 133 883 63 2 125

Isles of Scilly 2 308 16 144

The Figure 3 allows us to see the distribution of the population of the English zone of the study according to the urban/rural classification established by the Office for National Statistics (Sidebar 1).

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Sidebar 1. Urban/rural 2011 Classification established by the Office for National Statistics The urban/rural 2011 classification established by the Office for National Statistics2 establishes the classification of the districts as follows: - The predominantly rural districts: it is districts where more than 80% of the population lives in cities of less than 10 000 habitants ; - The largely rural districts: it is districts where 50 to 79% of the population lives in cities of less than 10 000 habitants ; - Urban districts with a significant part of rural zones: it is districts where 26 to 49% of the population lives in cities with less than 10 000 habitants ; - Urban districts with the presence of an agglomeration; - Urban districts with the presence of a large conurbation.

According to this classification, in 2011, more than a third of the population of the England Interreg zone (38,5%) lives in districts qualified as rural (against 18,43% of the population on the national scale3 in 2011).

4% DistrictsPredominantly principalement rural districts ruraux 19% DistrictsLargely largement rural districts ruraux

39% DistrictsUrban urbainsdistricts avec with une a significant part significative part of derural zones zones rurales 20% DistrictsUrban urbainsdistricts avec with la the présence presence d’une of an agglomeration agglomération 18% DistrictsUrban urbainsdistricts avec with la the présence presence d’une of a conurbation large conurbation importante

Figure 3. Distribution of the population in the rural and urban zones

Source: Office for National Statistics, 2011.

In addition, within the zone, the predominantly rural4 counties5 are Dorset (60%), Suffolk (60%), Norfolk (62%), Cambridgeshire (65%), Wiltshire (67%), Devon (70%), Somerset (71%), Cornwall (83%), Isles of Scilly and Isles of Wight (100%). We can see on Figure 4 that the main urban poles of the Interreg zone are located on the outskirts of Greater London.

2 Office for National Statistics, (2016), « 2011 Rural-Urban Classification of Local Authorities and other geographies ». See : https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/2011-rural-urban-classification-of-local-authority-and-other-higher-level-geographies- for-statistical-purposes 3 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/united-kingdom/rural-population 4 These are counties where there is a majority of the population living in districts « predominantly » and « largely » rural. 5 The 6 authoritarian units are both a county and a non-metropolitan district. Also, the name « county » will be used to designate all the administrative units to facilitate reading.

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Urban :)

Presence of)a)significant conurbation Presence of)a)minor)conurbation

Presence of)an)agglomeration

Rural):

Town and)outskirts Village

Hamlet,)isolated houses

Figure 4. Identification of urban poles of the England Interreg zone in 2011

Source: Office for National Statistics, 2011

SYNTHESIS

In general, at the scale of the France and England Interreg zone, we can see that the territories are intermediate with more rural territories for France and urban territories for England. On another hand, on the whole area, the territories are in majority densely populated.

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< 2 628,0 < 362,7 Essentially urban regions < 135,5 Intermediate regions < 66,1 Essentially rural,regions < 22,8

Figure 5. Typology of urban zones and rural Figure 6. Density of the population by zones on the scale of the Interreg zone region

Source: Eurostat, 2013

3.2 An increasing population

At the scale of the France Interreg zone, the population has increased by 7% on the 2000 – 2016 period, against 10% at the national scale on the same period6. The Figure 7 represents graphically the demographic evolution of the France Interreg zone between 2000 and 2016. In this zone, it should be noted that: - Most of the departments have known an increase of their population inferior or equal to the average of the zone: This concerns Calvados (7%), the Finistère (6%), the English Channel (3%), the Oise (7%), the Pas-de-Calais (2%), the Seine-Maritime (3%) and the Somme (3%); - Other departments have known a more significative increase, like the Côtes-d’Armor (10%), the Eure (11%), the Ille-et-Vilaine (15%) and the Morbihan (20%); - The Orne is the only department that suffered a decline in its population, of the order of 3%. For the 2009 – 2014 period7, the noted evolutions in the departments of the France Interreg zone can be attributed: - To the variation of the natural balance, which rises in average every year of 0,3% for the Calvados, 0,4% for the Eure, the Pas-de-Calais and the Seine-Maritime and 0,6% for Oise; - To the variation of the migratory balance, whether it is positive as it is the case for the English Channel (0,1% average per year), the Finistère (0,3%), the Côtes d’Armor (0,4%) and the Morbihan and Ille-et-Vilaine (0,6%) or negative as it is the case for Orne (-0,3%); - In the case of the Somme, the natural and migratory balance cancel each other, the first one being +0,2% and the second -0,2% per year, during the period.

6 Insee, (2016), « Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge » 7 In terms of evolution of natural and migratory balances, the data is not available for the same dates as the counting of the population. Source: Insee, (2016), « RP2009 et RP2014 ». See :https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=DEP-80+DEP-27+DEP-22+DEP-29+DEP-35+DEP-50+DEP-56+DEP- 60+DEP-61+DEP-62+DEP-76+FRANCE-1

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At the national scale, it should be noted that the evolution of the population is mainly attributed to the positive evolution of the natural balance (+0,4% per year, during the period).

9 600 000

9 400 000

9 200 000

9 000 000

8 800 000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 7. Demographic evolution between 2000 and 2016 on the France Interreg zone

Source: Insee - Estimations of the population (provisional results finalized at the end of 2016)

At the scale of the England Interreg zone, the population has increased of 12,7% on the 2000 – 2016 period (against 11% at the national scale for the same period8). Within the studied zone, several profiles take shape:

- The majority of the counties have known an increase of their population similar to the average of the Interreg zone; Medway, West Sussex, Suffolk, Essex, Norfolk, East Sussex, Surrey, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Hampshire and Southend-On-Sea, which population increase between 2000 and 2016 is between 10 and 12,5%.

- Other counties present a demographic growth inferior to the average of the Interreg zone: Torbay (4.2% growth of its population for the given period), Isles of Wight (6,4%), Dorset (8,5%), Plymouth (9,3%), Poole and Isles of Scilly (9,5% each);

- Finally, Plymouth (14,4%), Brighton and Hove (16,6%), Southampton (17%), Thurrock (18%), Kent (16,4%), Cambridgeshire (18,2%), Swindon (21,3%) and Bournemouth (21,5%) have known a population growth rate superior to the average, and Peterborough is the county which population growth is the most significant with 25% increase for the period.

8 Office for National Statistics, (2017), « United Kingdom population mid-year estimate ». See : https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/ukpop/pop

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15 000 000

14 500 000

14 000 000

13 500 000

13 000 000

12 500 000

12 000 000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 8. Demographic evolution between 2000 and 2016 on the England Interreg zone

Source: Office for National Statistics, 2016

The demographic growth for most of the counties is mainly linked:

• To the positive intern migratory balance. This factor is particularly influent for the counties of the East Sussex (115%), Essex (53%), Devon (95%), Somerset (96%), Dorset (134%), West Sussex (66%), Cornwall (114%), Norfolk (62%), Suffolk (89%), Torbay (166%), Wiltshire (99%), Isles of Wight (190%) and of Southend-On-Sea (58%).

• To the positive international migratory balance. This factor is particularly influent for the counties of Brighton and Hove (96%), Plymouth (78,8%), Southampton (75,6%), Bournemouth (74%), Cambridgeshire (67%), Peterborough (63%), Portsmouth (61,7%) and of Surrey (60%).

Finally, in the case of Medway, Thurrock and Swindon it is the variation of the natural balance that mainly explains the total demographic variation, up to 71% in the first two cases and 147,5% for Swindon. For Plymouth, Cambridgeshire, Surrey and Peterborough, although it is not the most important factor, it remains determinant, representing respectively 45%, 47,5%, 46% and 54% of the global population growth.

SYNTHESIS

At the scale of the global Interreg zone, we can see that the English territories experience a rise in their population on the 2000 – 2016 period greater than the growth of the French territories.

Otherwise, we can see that for the English territories, the observed demographic variation is mainly due to a positive evolution of the migratory balance. Regarding the French territories, the departments of the region of Britain seem demographically more sensitive to the variation of the migratory balance, whereas for the rest of the France Interreg zone the growth of the natural balance is the main engine of the demographic evolution.

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< 13,2 < 7,6 < 5,8 < 1,7 < 1,7 < -0,7 < -1,6 < -3,1 < -7,5 < -6,5

Figure 9. Migratory balance in 2015 over the Figure 10. Population natural variation rate, entire Interreg zone over the entire Interreg zone, in 2015

Source: Eurostat, updated data in 2017.

3.3 A structural ageing of the population

The question of the reception of the population should arise under the angle of the age pyramid: at the scale of the France Interreg zone, in 2016, the distribution of the population is balanced among the different age categories. This distribution follows, moreover, the one observed at the national scale9.

Chart 3. Comparison board of the population structure by age groups at the Interreg and national scales for France in 2016 Source: Insee – Population estimations (provisional results finalized at the end of 2016).

% of the % of the % of the % of the % of the population aged population aged population aged Geographic zone population aged population aged 20 to 39 years 40 to 59 years 60 to 74 years 0 to 19 years old 75 and more old old old

Interreg 24,79 22,66 26,65 16,41 9,49

Metropolitan France and 24,29 23,96 26,58 15,89 9,27 overseas France

In terms of evolution of the population structure, we can see that at the scale of the France Interreg zone, the proportion of the population aged over 60 is progressing significantly, going from 21% of the population in 2000 to 26% in 2016. Once more, this tendency is similar to the one observed at the national scale (21% in 2000 against 25% in 2016).

9 Insee, (2017), « Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge »

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35,0 30,0 26,8 27,2 24,8 25,3 26,6 25,0 22,7 20,0 16,4 13,7 15,0 9,5 10,0 7,0 5,0 0,0 0 à 19 ans 20 à 39 ans 40 à 59 ans 60 à 74 ans 75 ans et plus

2000 2016

Figure 11. Structure of the population by age groups on the France Interreg zone, in 2000 and in 2016

Source: Insee – Population estimations, (provisional results finalized at the end of 2016).

For the England interreg zone, in 2016, more than a quarter of the population is aged over 60 (26,6%), against 23% at the national level. The proportion of the population aged over 60 has significately progressed between 2000 and 2016, going from 23% to 26,6%. This tendency is greater than at the national scale (21% in 2000 then 23% in 2016). For fourteeen counties of the Interreg zone, the population over 60 is superior to the average observed in the zone: Hampshire (26,7%), Wiltshire (26,8%), Poole (27,8%), West Sussex (28,4%), Suffolk (28,7%), Norfolk (30%), Somerset (30,4%), Cornwall (31%), Devon (31%), East Sussex (31,6%), Isles of Scilly (32%), Torbay (32,7%), Isles of Wight (34%) and Dorset (35%).

30,00 26,28 26,4727,08 24,23 25,00 22,84 23,45

20,00 17,11 14,28 15,00 9,53

10,00 8,75 Pourcentages

5,00

0,00 0 à 19 ans 20 à 39 ans 40 à 59 ans 60 à 74 ans 75 ans et plus

2000 2016

Figure 12. Structure of the population by groups of age for the England Interreg zone, in 2000 and 2016

Source: Office for National Statistics, Mid-2000 Population Estimates, 2012 and Mid-2016 Population Estimates, 2017

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SYNTHISIS

At the scale of the global Interreg zone, the proportion of population over 60 progresses significantly.

177 864 177 864 79 260 79 260 48 377 48 377 27 313 27 313 12 099 12 099

Figure 13. Population 65 years old or more Figure 14. Population 65 years old or more on the 1st January 2006 on the 1rst January 2015

Source: Eurostat,data updated in 2017

3.4 An increase of small households (1 or 2 persons) strongly impacting the accommodation needs

Between 2001 and 2011, the France Interreg zone has seen the average number of persons per household decrease and the average number of households increase.

The number of households has indeed gone from 3 509 432 households in 2001 to 4 115 107 in 2014, therefore increasing by 17% (against 21% at the national scale). This evolution strongly impacts the accomodation needs on the territory. More sepcifically, between 2001 and 2014 the Morbihan and l’Ille-et- Vilaine have known an increase greater than that of the zone with respectively 20,76% and 21,64% increase on the period. On the opposite, the Orne is the department which increase of household number is the lowest, reaching 7,78% between 2001 and 2014.

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750 000

600 000

450 000

300 000

150 000

2001 2009 2014

Figure 15. Evolution of the number of households between 2001 and 2014 in the French departments of the analyzed zone

Source: Insee, RP2009 RP2014, complementary exploitations and Eurostat, 2001, Private households by composition and size

In terms of household composition in the France Interreg zone, we can see that between 2001 and 2014, the proportion of small households has increased while in parallel, the one of the households with more persons has decreased. Indeed, for all the departments of the zone, the proportion of the single-person households has increased in average of 4,9 points, the one of households of 3 or 4 persons has decreased of 4,8 points in average. More precisely, the Figure 16 and the Figure 17 present, by department, the distribution of the households according to their size in 2001 and 2014.

Somme 26,61% 31,87% 31,89% 9,63% Seine-Maritime 29,29% 31,25% 30,95% 8,51% Pas-de-Calais 24,81% 30,22% 32,55% 12,42% Orne 30,01% 33,19% 28,64% 8,16% Oise 23,37% 30,56% 35,16% 10,92% Morbihan 31,74% 31,44% 28,99% 7,82% Manche 29,18% 32,85% 29,64% 8,33% Ille-et-Vilaine 32,26% 30,38% 29,18% 8,18% Finistère 33,94% 30,43% 28,35% 7,28% Eure 24,87% 31,86% 33,90% 9,37% Côtes-d'Armor 32,27% 33,26% 27,31% 7,17% Calvados 30,01% 30,97% 30,31% 8,71%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ménages 1 personne (%) Ménages 2 personnes (%) Ménages 3 ou 4 personnes (%) Ménages 5 personnes et plus (%) Single person 2 persons households (%) 3 or 4 persons households (%) 5 persons and more households households (%) (%) Figure 16. Distribution of the households according to their size in 2001 at the scale of the France Interreg zone.

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Source: Eurostat, 2001, Private households by composition and size.

Somme 32,10 % 34,30 % 27,40 % 6,20 % Seine-Maritime 34,80 % 33,50 % 26,00 % 5,70 % Pas-de-Calais 29,80 % 33,40 % 28,90 % 7,90 % Orne 35,30 % 36,40 % 22,80 % 5,50 % Oise 28,60 % 32,80 % 30,70 % 7,90 % Morbihan 36,40 % 35,00 % 23,30 % 5,30 % Manche 34,60 % 36,30 % 23,90 % 5,20 % Ille-et-Vilaine 36,20 % 32,40 % 25,40 % 6,00 % Finistère 38,80 % 33,10 % 23,30 % 4,80 % Eure 29,30 % 34,60 % 29,20 % 6,90 % Côtes-d'Armor 36,00 % 35,90 % 22,80 % 5,30 % Calvados 35,30 % 33,80 % 25,30 % 5,60 %

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Single person 2 persons households 3 or 4 persons households (%) 5 persons and more households Ménageshouseholds 1 personne(%) Ménages 2 personnes Ménages 3 ou 4 personnes Ménages 5 personnes ou plus (%) (%) Figure 17. Distribution of the households according to their size in 2014 at the scale of the France Interreg zone.

Source: Insee, RP2009 RP2014, complementary exploitations

A similar dynamic has been observed at the scale of the England Interreg zone, as the number of households went from 5 482 257 in 2001 to 5 941 476 in 2011 (dates of the two last population countings) 10, therefore an increase of 8,4% (against 8% at the national scale).

The Figure 18 enables to get a detail of this increase per county. We can thus observe that the majority of the counties have experienced an increase of the number of households superior to the average of the zone: Swindon (+17,6%), Peterborough (+13,2%), Cambridgeshire (+12,7%), Bournemouth and Poole (+11,2%), Kent (+10,8%), Suffolk (+10,5%), Wiltshire (+9,9%), Portsmouth (+8,6%), Hampshire (+8,5%) and Norfolk (+8,4%)

10 Office for National Statistics, (2013), « 2011 Census: Households with at least one usual resident, household size and average household size, unrounded estimates, local authorities in the United Kingdom », et Eurostat, (2014), « Private households by composition, size, census 2001 »

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750 000

600 000

450 000

300 000

150 000

NombreNumber deof householdsménages en in 2001 NombreNumber deof ménageshouseholds en in 20112011

Figure 18. Evolution of the number of households between 2001and 2011 for the different counties of the England Interreg zone

Source: Eurostat, 2014.

In terms of household composition, the Figures 14 and 15 show that at the scale of the England Interreg zone, the proportion of small households has increased between 2001 and 2011, whilst the proportion of households with more habitants has decreased (+0,3 points for single-person households, -0,2 points for two- persons households, +0,1 points for households with 3 or 4 persons and -0,2 points for households with 5 or more habitants).

Thirteen counties have registered a rise higher than average from single-person households: Bournemouth and Poole and Swindon (+1,5 points each), Isle of Wight and Devon (+1,3 points each), Dorset and Hampshire (+1 point each), West Sussex (+0,8 points), Medway, Somerset and Kent (+0,7 points each), Torbay (+0,5 points) and finally Essex and Cambridgeshire (+0,4 points each).

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Bournemouth and Poole 32,4% 36,5% 25,5% 5,6%

Brighton and Hove 39,3% 33,5% 22,2% 4,9%

Cambridgeshire 27,0% 37,0% 29,4% 6,6%

Cornwall and Isles of Scilly 30,0% 37,5% 26,7% 5,8%

Devon 29,1% 39,0% 25,8% 6,1%

Dorset 28,8% 40,6% 25,1% 5,5%

East Sussex 32,5% 37,0% 24,5% 6,0%

Essex 28,0% 35,9% 29,6% 6,5%

Hampshire 25,7% 37,2% 30,6% 6,6%

Isle of Wight 31,4% 38,3% 24,8% 5,6%

Kent 28,1% 35,8% 29,2% 6,9%

Medway 27,0% 32,8% 32,1% 8,2%

Norfolk 29,2% 38,9% 26,6% 5,3%

Peterborough 30,1% 34,5% 28,1% 7,3%

Plymouth 32,1% 34,2% 27,7% 6,0%

Portsmouth 32,9% 32,7% 27,7% 6,7%

Somerset 29,1% 38,0% 27,2% 5,8%

Southampton 34,5% 31,4% 26,3% 7,8%

Southend-on-Sea 35,2% 33,2% 25,5% 6,1%

Suffolk 28,7% 37,3% 27,8% 6,2%

Surrey 28,3% 35,3% 29,5% 6,9%

Swindon 28,0% 35,2% 30,4% 6,4%

Thurrock 27,4% 33,4% 31,9% 7,3%

Torbay 33,7% 36,8% 24,1% 5,5%

West Sussex 30,1% 37,1% 26,8% 6,0%

Wiltshire 26,8% 37,3% 29,7% 6,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

MénagesSingle person 1 personne households Ménages2 persons 2 householdspersonnes Ménages3 or 4 persons 3 ou 4 households personnes Ménages5 persons 5 andpersonnes more households ou plus

Figure 19. Household distribution according to their size in 2001 at the scale of the England Interreg zone

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Source: Eurostat, 2001, Private households by composition and size.

Bournemouth and Poole 33,9% 35,0% 25,4% 5,6% Brighton and Hove 36,4% 32,8% 25,1% 5,7% Cambridgeshire 27,4% 36,5% 29,8% 6,4% Cornwall and Isles of Scilly 30,1% 38,1% 26,1% 5,7% Devon 30,4% 38,7% 25,3% 5,6% Dorset 29,8% 40,1% 24,9% 5,2% East Sussex 32,8% 36,9% 24,7% 5,6% Essex 28,4% 35,5% 29,8% 6,3% Hampshire 26,7% 37,5% 29,7% 6,1% Isle of Wight 32,7% 38,4% 23,8% 5,2% Kent 28,8% 35,4% 29,0% 6,8% Medway 27,7% 32,8% 31,9% 7,6% Norfolk 29,3% 39,4% 26,1% 5,2% Peterborough 28,7% 33,1% 29,5% 8,6% Plymouth 31,4% 35,2% 27,0% 6,4% Portsmouth 32,1% 32,1% 28,3% 7,4% Somerset 29,8% 38,1% 26,5% 5,6% Southampton 33,8% 31,6% 26,8% 7,8% Southend-on-Sea 32,7% 33,3% 27,7% 6,4% Suffolk 29,0% 38,3% 27,1% 5,7% Surrey 27,3% 34,4% 31,6% 6,8% Swindon 29,6% 34,5% 29,7% 6,2% Thurrock 26,3% 31,4% 34,2% 8,2% Torbay 34,2% 37,2% 23,4% 5,1% West Sussex 30,9% 35,7% 27,7% 5,7% Wiltshire 26,7% 38,2% 29,2% 5,9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

MénagesSingle person 1 personne households Ménages2 persons 2 householdspersonnes Ménages3 or 4 persons 3 ou 4 households personnes Ménages5 persons 5 andpersonnes more households ou plus

Figure 20. Household distribution according to their size in 2011 at the scale of the England Interreg zone

Source: Office for National Statistics, (2013), 2011 Census: Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom.

SYNTHESIS

At the scale of the global Interreg zone, the proportion of small households has increased along the last decades, while the average number of households has increased.

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4. Inventory of the residential park

4.1 Structure of the residential park

4.1.1 A majority of principal residences

France Interreg zone

The France Interreg zone includes a total of 4 929 366 housings, spread out in the following manner: • 4 084 968 principal residences (83%), that is, housings habitually occupied and primarily by one or more persons • 485 805 secondary residences and occasional residences (10%), that are housings used for week- ends, leisure or holidays; • 358 379 vacant residences (7%) that are unoccupied housings (dilapidated building, for sale or renting for example).

7,3% 9,9% RésidencesPrincipal residences principales

Secondary residences and Résidences secondaires et occasional housings logements occasionnels LogementsVacant housings vacants 82,9%

Figure 21. Structuration of the accommodation park at the scale of the France Interreg zone in 2013

Source: INSEE, 2013.

The same distribution can be observed at the national scale, insofar as in France, in 2016, 35 425 000 housings have been recorded with 82,3% of principal residences, 9,4% of secondary and occasional residences and 8,3% of vacant residences.

The proportion of principal residences is relatively homogeneous at the scale of the France Interreg zone: 6 departments are under the average observed at the scale of the zone (the Calvados, the Côtes-d’Armor, the Finistère, the English Channel, the Morbihan and the Orne), while the 6 others are over it (the Eure, the Ille- et-Vilaine, the Oise, the Pas-de-Calais, the Seine Maritime and the Somme). More precisely, the Calvados presents the lowest proportion of principal residences within its residential park (75,96%), while the Seine- Maritime is the department with the highest rate of principal residences, representing 89,35% of its residential park.

In terms of secondary and occasional residences, three littoral departments with natural amenities are above the average of the Interreg zone and above the French average (9%11): the Morbihan (18% of secondary residences recorded on the integrity of the residential park). The Calvados (17,8%) and the Côtes-d’Armor (15,7 %). On the opposite, the Oise and the Seine-Maritime, departments among the most densely populated of the zone, are under, with respectively 2,5% and 3,5% of their residential park consisting in secondary or occasional residences.

The France Interreg zone is slightly under the national average in terms of vacant housings (7,3% of the park, against 8% of the park in average at the national scale). The distribution of vacant residences partly expresses

11 Observatory of territories, 2017. The residential park - Analysis sheet of the Observatory of territories 2017.

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the lack of dynamism and attractivity in certain areas. The vacancy indeed mainly affects the small urban poles and to a smaller extent the isolated communes (Figure 22). The vacancy rate is particularly high in the Orne (10,4%), territory that is characterized by a lack of activity. On the opposite, the vacancy is particularly low on the littorals.

79 28 25 10 9 8 0 1

Data(not( Data(not( available available

Figure 22. Distribution of the secondary and occasional residences (left) and vacant residences (right) in France, in 2014

Source: Observatory of territories, 2017. The residential park – Analysis sheet of the Observatory of territories, 2017.

England Interreg zone

The England Interreg zone of the study includes a total of 6 932 040 housings. The available data for the zone suggests a different housing typology. Indeed, the Eurostat data enables us to establish a distinction between:

- Occupied residences, defined as habitual residences of one or several persons at the moment of the census. This category is therefore similar to principal residences of the France Interreg zone; - Unoccupied residences.

Thus, in 2011, for the Interreg zone, the majority of the housings are principal residences (95% of the residential park). This proportion is similar to the one obtained at the national scale at the same date (96%12).

4% 1%

LogementsOccupied classicalclassiques residences occupés

LogementsInoccupied classiques classical residences inoccupés

InconnuUnkown 95%

Figure 23. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the England Interreg zone in 2011

Source: Eurostat, 2015

Within the list, the different counties present as a whole the same trend. However, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly are an exception to the extent that the proportion of principal residencies on these territories is weaker (89% of principal residencies for both territories, and the proportion of unoccupied residencies reaches therefore 10,25% of the residential park, this being almost three times more than the national average: 3,6%). Torbay

12 Eurostat, (data updated in 2015), « Conventional dwellings by occupancy status, type of building at the NUT3 level ».

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and Dorset also present slightly lower proportion, with respectively 91,8 and 92,6% of the residential park consisting of principal residences.

4.1.2 A majority of homeowner occupants

France Interreg zone

In 2014, the majority of principal residences (61,5%) were occupied by their homeowners at the scale of the France Interreg zone.

1,6%

PropriétaireOwner 36,9% LocataireTenant

LogéFreely gratuitement accommodated 61,5%

Figure 24. Principal residences by status of occupation for the France Interreg zone, in 2014

Source: INSEE, 2014

More precisely, at the scale of the zone:

- The departments of the Côtes-d’Armor, the Finistère and the Morbihan present a high rate of principal residences occupied by their homeowners (respectively 71%, 69% and 68%);

- On the opposite, the Seine-Maritime, the Pas-de-Calais and the Calvados are three departments that are under the average obtained for the Interreg zone (respectively 53%, 57% and 57%).

If we consider a longer time frame, we can observe that at the national scale the proportion of household owners of their principal residence has increased continuously between 1980 and 2010 before stabilizing to reach 58% in 2016 (Figure 25). More precisely, the buyer owners represent a third of the owners. This proportion has strongly increased in the 1980s before decreasing until the mid-2000s and stabilizing (20,1% in 2016). The rise of the proportion of owners with no refund charge is mainly linked to the structural aging of the population.

Furthermore, the proportion of household tenants of their principal residence maintained itself at 39,7% between 1986 and 2016. The distribution between public and private lessors, for the principal housings of the residential park, is respectively of 17% and 23% in 2016.

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70 57,9 60 53,1 50 37,8 39,7 39,7 40 28 30 25,1 24,5 23 20,1 16,8 Pourcentages 20 15,2 7,2 10 2,4 0 PropriétairesOwners Among dontwhich Amongdont accédants which TenantsLocataires Amongdont bailleurs which dontAmong bailleurs which Logés propriétaires à la propriété publics privés gratuitementFreely public lessors ownerssans withcharge no de acceding to private lessors accommodated refundremboursement charge ownership

1986 2016

Figure 25. Distribution of principal residences according to their occupation status (national scale)

Sources: INSEE, SOeS, yearly estimations of the residential park on the 1rst of January

The occupying property is the dominant model in almost all of France, its importance is strongly correlated with the degree of urbanization of the areas: it therefore represents a significant part of the principal residences in rural and peri-urban areas (Figure 26).

94 75 58 31

Figure 26. Proportion of occupying owners in France, in 2014

Sources: CGET, 2017.

England Interreg zone

Status of ownership and occupation of the housings

In 2015, at the national scale, the majority of housings was detained by private owners. More precisely, 62,7% of the housings were occupied by their owners.

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housing association 10,2%

local authority 7,0%

Total : 23,5 million private housings rented 20,1% owner occupied 62,7%

Figure 27. Distribution of the housings according to the status of the owner

Source: English Housing Survey, 2016.

This data is not available at the scale of counties. Indeed, for the counties, the exploitable data does not allow to distinguish, like in Figure 27 the owner-occupiers and the housings owned by a private owner; these two categories being reunited under the « private owners » category.

In 2016, for the England Interreg zone, the vast majority of housings (86,1% of the residential park o the zone) were owned by private owners13.

4,75% 8,79% Local authorities 0,38% Autorités locales AssociationsHousing associations de logement AutreOther secteur public sectorpublic Propriétaires privés Private owners 86,1%

Figure 28. Distribution of the housings at the scale of the England Interreg zone, by owner type, in 2016

Source: The Office for National Statistics, 2016 (provisional).

Status of ownership and occupation of households

Another distinction can be made, this time in terms of households. We can thus distinguish the households: - Owners, - Partial owners14 ; - Tenants of private housings; - Tenants of social housings; - Free accommodation.

13 For the England Interreg zone, it is possible to distinguish the housings suggested to renting by (i) private owners, defined as the group of goods non-occupied by the owner; (ii) the public owners, housings suggested by the housing associations for people in need (associations registered to the Housing and Community Agency (HCA), and the Unitary Authorities, that possess housings that can be rented (these are registered to the HCA)

14 Shared ownership system in the United Kingdom that consists for a household to buy a part of a residence, between 25% and 75%, and to rent the rest. The household has exclusive rights of habitation but shares the ownership of the good with another owner. See: ONS, « Affordable home ownership scheme»: https://www.gov.uk/affordable-home-ownership-schemes/shared- ownership-scheme

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In 2011 for the Interreg zone, the majority of households (68%) were owners of their housing (Figure 29). Southampton and Isles of Scilly are figure of exception at the perimeter scale, presenting a relatively low household owners rate (respectively 49,7% and 41,7%).

1% 1% PropriétairesOwners

14% LocatairesPrivate housing logements tenants privés 16% LocatairesSocial housing logements tenants sociaux

LogésFreely gratuitement accommodated 68% PropriétairesPartial owners partiels

Figure 29. Distribution of the housings at the scale of the England Interreg zone, by occupation of their residence status, in 2011

Source: The Office for National Statistics, 2017.

The available data at the national scale allows us to observe that the strong representation of household owners on the Interreg zone is also observed at the national level. Indeed, in 2016, in the United Kingdom, 63% of the households were owners of their residence. Between 1980 and 2016, we can note that the proportion of tenant households of social housing has diminished, while the proportion of tenant households of private residences has rised.

80 Propriétaires occupants Bailleurs privés Bailleurs sociaux 70

Pourcentage 30

1986 2001 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2008-09 Figure 30. Distribution of the households according to their housing occupation status, in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 2016

Source: ONS Labour Force Survey; English Housing Survey, 2016.

In terms of geographic distribution, we can observe that the urban zones densely populated are characterized by a significant rate of tenants, as shown in Figure 31. the map on the left is a projection of the distribution of owners/tenants, at equal population, meaning resized proportionally according to the number of households by geographic zone. The second map shows the same data on a classic map, for comparison.

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80%

70%

60%

50%

< 50 % - majorité de locataires

Figure 31. Proportion of homeowners, United Kingdom, 2011

Source: Office for National Statistics, 2016; realisation: Benjamin Hennig, (2016) “Home Ownership in Britain”, The Geographical Magazine

4.2 Comparison of the residential park structure between 1990 and 2014

4.2.1 A residential park increasing faster than at the national scale

France Interreg zone

At the France Interreg scale, the residential park per habitant has increased by 18,6% between 1991 and 2014, growth superior to that observed at the national scale (+14,8% on the same period). This trend is globally observed for all departments in the zone (the English Channel being the department having experienced the strongest growth, with a rate of 22,8%), only the departments of the Eure, Oise, and Ille-et-Vilaine having recorded a similar growth, or even lower, than that observed at the national scale (these departments have seen their residential park increase respectively by 12,2%, 14,5% and 15% on the period).

England Interreg zone

For the England Interreg zone, the data relative to the residential park at the scale of the county only go back to 2012 and are not available for the county of Wiltshire. However, if we look at the national trend, we find that the residential park per habitant has increased by around 4,4% from 1994 to 2014. At the scale of the Interreg zone (except Wiltshire), the residential park has grown by around 2,87% between 2012 and 2016. All counties for which the data is available, have known a weaker growth; these are Isles of Scilly (0,71%), Southend-on-Sea (0,98%) Portsmouth (1,61%) and Brighton and Hove (1,66%), and to the opposite Cambridgeshire (4,07%) and Peterborough (5,03%) have known a particularly marked growth.

4.2.2 A constant number of principal residences and an increasing number of vacant housings at the scale of the France Interreg zone

France Interreg zone

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At the scale of the France Interreg zone, the number of principal residences has remained relatively stable on the 2001 – 2013 period. The Eure and the Oise are the two only departments which proportion of principal residences has increased along the period (+0,4 and +0,82 points of percentage respectively).

In parallel, the number of vacant housings has globally increased during the period (5,4% in 2001 against 7,3% in 2013). This increase has been particularly marked in the departments of the Orne (+3,59 points), the Pas-de-Calais (+2,24 points), the Eure, the Finistère and the English Channel (+2,05 points each).

It should also be noted that the departments of Côtes-d’Armor and Finistère have experienced a slight progression from secondary residences on their territory (+0,10 and +0,65 respectively). It is reminded that these two departments present amongst the highest secondary residences rate in 2013; respectively 15,7% and 13% of their residential park (the highest being the Morbihan with 18%).

5% RésidencesPrincipal residences principales 11% Secondary residences and Résidences secondaires et occasional housings logements occasionnels LogementsVacant housings vacants 84%

Figure 32. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the France Interreg zone in 2001

Source: Eurostat, 2014.

The same trend is observed at the national scale on the 2001 – 2013 period: the proportion of principal residences has remained relatively stable (82,96% in 2001 against 82,86% in 2013), whilst the proportion of vacant residences has increased (6,94% in 2001 against 7,75% in 2013), at the expense of the secondary residences park (10,1% in 2001 against 9,4% in 2013).

England Interreg zone

For the England Interreg zone, when we consider the data on the structuration of the residential park in 2001, we notice that the proportion of principal residences was slightly higher (96% in 2001 against 95% in 2011), and that that of unoccupied residences15 was lower (4,0% in 2001 against 4,5% in 2011).

LogementsOccupied classicalclassiques housings occupés

LogementsUnoccupied classiques classical housings inoccupés

96%

Figure 33. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the England Interreg zone in 2001

Source: Eurostat, 2014.

Within the zone, we notice that the proportion of principal residences was greater in 2001 for all the counties of the zone, except for Peterborough, that records an increase by 0,8 points (going from 95,6% to 96,4%), Portsmouth (+0,06 points), Bournemouth and Poole (+0,04 points) and Plymouth (+0,03 points).

15 Here, the category « unoccupied residences » groups both the vacant housings and secondary residences.

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The counties of Cornwall and Isles of Scilly have recorded a marked decline of their principal residence park: -3,8 points each along the period (89% of the residential park of the territory in 2011, against 92,9% in 2011). The county of Torbay also records a marked drop (-3,25 points).

Regarding the vacant housings, it is difficult the adjudicate on their evolution as far as the data via Eurostat don’t use the same categorizations between 2001 and 201116.

However, at the scale of England, the Figure 34 shows us that unlike the French territories, the total number of vacant housings tends to diminish since the early 2000s.

120

100

En milliersEn 40

Inthousands 20

1992 2005 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1989 Figure 34. Evolution of the number of vacant housings in England between 1989 and 2016

Source: Local authority housing statistics returns, 2017.

Therefore, if we consider the Interreg zone, we notice that the French territories have more vacant housings than the English territories, proportionally to their respective residential parks.

16 The distinction between « secondary residences » and « vacant housings », established in 2001, has been modified to the benefit of the unique category « unoccupied residences » in 2011.

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> 30 20-<30 10-<20 5-<10 <5

Figure 35. Proportion of vacant housings on the integrity of the Interreg zone, in 2011

Source: Eurostat, 2011.

4.3 Housing typology

4.3.1 A majority of individual houses

France Interreg zone

The proportion of individual houses is of 71% in 2013 at the scale of the France Interreg zone, against 56% at the national scale

29,1% MaisonsHouses

AppartementsApartments

70,9%

Figure 36. Typology of the housings at the scale of the France Interreg perimeter Source: INSEE, 2013

The Figure 37 presents the detail per department. We notice that for all the departments of the zone, more than half of the housings are individual houses. This proportion is particularly significant in the departments of Eure, Pas-de-Calais, English Channel, Somme, Côtes-d’Armor and Orne, where individual houses represent more than three quarters of the residential park.

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Côtes-d'Armor 79,94% 3,23% 16,82% Manche 79,26% 2,49% 18,25% Orne 78,96% 2,18% 18,86% Pas-de-Calais 77,49% 1,58% 20,93% Eure 75,95% 2,24% 21,81% Somme 74,29% 1,73% 23,98% Morbihan 71,84% 3,52% 24,64% Finistère 72,37% 2,76% 24,87% Oise 66,34% 2,19% 31,47% Ille-et-Vilaine 60,23% 2,41% 37,36% Calvados 58,79% 2,48% 38,72% Seine-Maritime 55,82% 1,76% 42,42%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Individual houses Maisons individuelles BâtimentsResidential résidentiels buildings with avec two deux housings logements Bâtiments résidentiels avec trois logements ou plus Residential buildings with three or more housings Figure 37. Detail of the typology of the residential buildings at the scale of the France Interreg zone

Source: Eurostat, Accommodation per type of housing, building and region NUTS 3.

England Interreg zone

For the English zone, a further distinction is made. Are therefore distinguished (Figure 38): ▪ Individual houses; ▪ Semi-detached houses: a semi-detached house possesses a common wall with another house; ▪ Terraced houses: a terraced house belongs to a row of similar houses, reunited by lateral walls; ▪ Apartments.

In total, the proportion of houses of the England Interreg zone is slightly superior to that of the France Interreg zone (81% in England, against 71% in France). Within the residential park the individual houses are predominant (38%), in front of the semi-detached houses (34%) and the terraced houses (28%).

Detail for the individual houses:

MaisonsIndividual (ou houses bungalow) (or bungalows) 19% individuelles 28% MaisonsHouses 38% MaisonsSemi-detached (ou bungalow) houses (or jumelées bungalows) AppartementsApartments Maisons (ou bungalow) Terraced housed (or bungalows) 81% 34% mitoyennes

Figure 38. Typology of the housings at the scale of the England Interreg perimeter

Source: Office for National Statistics, 2011.

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The detail of the composition of the residential park per counties is presented in Chart 4. Only the counties of Bournemouth et Brighton & Hove have residential parks evenly distributed between houses and apartments. For all the other counties, the proportion of houses is significantly greater: it represents almost two thirds of the residential park in the case of the county of Southampton (60%), near three quarters or more in the other counties (71% for Isles of Scilly and up to 89% for the county of Wiltshire)

Chart 4. Detail of the typology of principal residences at the scale of the France Interreg perimeter Source: Office for National Statistics, 2011.

Houses Administrative Individual houses (or Semi-detached houses Terraced houses (or Apartments authority bungalow) (or bungalow) bungalow) Number % Number % Number % Number % Bournemouth 26 989 31,0% 11 494 13,2% 5 429 6,2% 42 671 49,0% Brighton and Hove 12 897 10,2% 24 174 19,1% 26 001 20,5% 63 700 50,2% Cambridgeshire 93 644 36,0% 78 575 30,2% 51 876 20,0% 33 842 13,0% Cornwall 97 594 37,6% 63 331 24,4% 59 153 22,8% 34 974 13,5% Devon 123 207 35,2% 86 646 24,8% 82 205 23,5% 54 672 15,6% Dorset 79 079 40,5% 43 026 22,1% 38 467 19,7% 32 037 16,4% East Sussex 78 428 32,1% 59 238 24,3% 44 070 18,1% 60 914 25,0% Essex 183 880 30,4% 186 930 30,9% 128 720 21,3% 99 676 16,5% Hampshire 193 666 34,3% 149 048 26,4% 126 291 22,4% 90 588 16,1% Isle of Wight 23 164 34,2% 19 067 28,2% 10 573 15,6% 14 423 21,3% Isles of Scilly 442 31,8% 316 22,8% 226 16,3% 403 29,0% Kent 159 426 25,1% 193 930 30,6% 157 343 24,8% 118 436 18,7% Medway 15 031 13,6% 32 487 29,5% 44 980 40,8% 16 856 15,3% Norfolk 154 210 38,3% 114 641 28,5% 76 955 19,1% 50 185 12,5% Peterborough 20 851 27,1% 23 918 31,1% 19 376 25,2% 12 211 15,9% Plymouth 12 220 10,8% 33 245 29,3% 37 987 33,5% 29 775 26,2% Poole 26 101 39,2% 13 566 20,4% 8 236 12,4% 18 696 28,1% Portsmouth 3 667 4,1% 13 809 15,6% 39 699 44,8% 31 323 35,3% Somerset 77 435 32,3% 72 850 30,4% 56 775 23,7% 31 072 13,0% Southampton 13 336 13,2% 26 029 25,7% 21 324 21,1% 40 516 40,0% Southend-on-Sea 12 512 15,8% 24 457 30,9% 14 479 18,3% 27 644 34,9% Suffolk 114 335 34,8% 99 997 30,5% 72 301 22,0% 39 805 12,1% Surrey 155 969 32,9% 137 758 29,1% 74 156 15,7% 101 898 21,5% Swindon 19 273 21,1% 26 622 29,2% 29 103 31,9% 16 012 17,6% Thurrock 7 609 11,9% 21 022 32,9% 20 610 32,3% 14 466 22,6% Torbay 14 088 21,9% 15 012 23,3% 15 143 23,5% 19 909 30,9% West Sussex 107 608 29,9% 93 923 26,1% 76 739 21,4% 78 807 21,9% Wiltshire 70 890 35,1% 62 583 31,0% 44 213 21,9% 22 947 11,4%

4.3.2 A majority of large houses

France Interreg zone

The France Interreg zone has a large park of large houses: Near half of the housings (44%) has indeed at least five rooms (the proportion of large houses varies from 35% in Seine-Maritime to 50% for the Côtes- d’Armor and the Finistère).

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2000 000 1 806 312

1600 000

1200 000 1 014 645 745 279 800 000 396 222 400 000 153 017

- 11 pièceroom 22 roomspièces 33 rooms pièces 44 piècesrooms 5 5pièces of more ou rooms plus

Figure 39. Number of principal residences according to the living area at the scale of the France Interreg zone

Source: INSEE, 2014.

The average size of the households of the territories is located around 2,4, and this average tends to decrease over time, the housing supply seems relatively disconnected from the needs and characteristics of the population. This gap is not specific to the territory but is a real problem at the national scale, linked to the reduction of the size of the households under the combined effect of the aging of the population and the decohabitation (celibacy, divorce, single parent families, etc.).

England Interreg zone

For the English zone, the distinction is made in terms of number of rooms per residence. The England Interreg zone is also characterized by a park of large houses, while more than a third of the housings (40%) have 3 rooms or more. This fact is observed for all counties of the zone, except the counties of Brighton and Hove and Bournemouth, where the majority of the households have a house with 2 rooms (respectively 32,2% and 35,8%).

It should be noted that the average size of the households of the territory was around 2,3 persons in 201117.

2500 000 2 368 668

2000 000 1 622 782 1500 000 1 289 220

1000 000 660 806 500 000

- 1 chambre1 room 2 chambres2 rooms 3 chambres3 rooms 44 chambresor more rooms ou plus

Figure 40. Distribution of households according to the number of rooms per housing at the scale of the England Interreg zone

Source: Office for National Statistics, Labour market statistics, 2011.

4.3.3 A majority of old houses

France Interreg zone

More than a third of the principal residences of the France Interreg zone (38%) has been constructed before the first 1974 thermal regulation. The proportion of apartments constructed before 1970 is particularly high at the scale of the zone (42%).

17 Office for National Statistics, 2011.

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9% 12% 1919-1945 18% 1946-1970 26% 1971-1990 1991-2005 2006-2010 35%

Figure 41. Proportion of principal residences constructed per period at the scale of the France Interreg zone

Source: INSEE, 2013.

9% 9% 6% 14% 1919-1945 16% 19% 1919-1945 1946-1970 1946-1970 36% 22% 1971-1990 1971-1990 1991-2005 1991-2005 2006-2010 33% 2006-2010 36%

Detail for the houses Detail for the apartments

England Interreg zone

The residential park of the United Kingdom is relatively old because the majority of the housings (56%) has been built before 1965, dates of the first thermal regulation18.

8% Pré 1919 21% 8% 1919-1944 8% 1945-1964 1965-1980 16% 20% 1981-1990 1991-2002 19% Post 2003

Figure 42. Proportion of the constructed housings per period at the scale of the United Kingdom, in 2015

Source: Departement for Comunities and Local Government, English Housing Survey, Headline Report, 2015-16.

The Figure 43 makes us notice that it is particularly true for the private park. Indeed, the majority of homeowner housings have been built before the 1980s. For the residential park of the public sector, we notice that the majority of the housings have been built during the 1945-1980 period.

18 Department of Energy & Climate Change; United Kingdom housing energy fact file: 2013.

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40 39% 34% 35 33%

24% 25 23% 20% 19% 20% 20 18% 16% 17% 15% 14% Pourcentages 15 12% Purcentages 11% 10% 8% 9% 10 8% 8% 7% 8% 8% 7% 5% 4% 5 2% 1% 0 PréPre 19191919 1919-1944 1945-1964 1965-1980 1981-1990 1991-2002 Post 2003 PropriétairesHomeowners occupants LocationPrivate rentalprivée

LocationRental with auprès a local d'une authority autorité locale LocationRental with auprès an association d'une association

Figure 43. Age of the residences, per ownership status, in 2015

Source: Departement for Comunities and Local Government, English Housing Survey, Headline Report, 2015-16.

Lecture: 20% of the homeowner housings have been built before 1919.

It is now interesting to consider the construction of housings per geographic zone and over time. At the scale of the counties of the Interreg zone, the data on the construction of housings only goes back to 2005. However, it is possible to analyze the data at the scale of England as a whole, and the Chart 5 highlights that the majority of the housings built in an urban area are old buildings, and therefore likely to be less energy efficient; 43,5% have been built before 1919. The same goes for those built in a rural area (57,8% built before 1919). In these areas, a smaller proportion of housings have been built after 1965 (31,6% in a urban area and 20,6% in a rural area). On the other hand, for the peri-urban areas, the strongest construction period concerns the 1945-1980 period (70% of the constructions of the period have been lead in these zones).

Chart 5. Number of housings in England according to their construction date and their location Source: BRE, the age and construction of English homes: a guide to ageing the English housing stock, 2014.

Year of In a urban In a peri- In an isolated Village Total construction area urban area rural area

Before 1850 135 96 322 192 744

1850–1899 953 785 281 134 2 153

1900–1918 971 775 158 63 1 967

1919–1944 658 2 670 332 61 3 751

1945–1964 511 3168 634 84 4 397

1965–1980 690 3144 714 54 4 602

1981–2002 532 2407 645 66 3 650

2003–2010 274 636 192 19 1 122

Total 4 724 13 710 3 278 673 22 386

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4.3.4 A majority of housing relatively inefficient on an energetic level

France Interreg zone

The residential park of the France Interreg zone is relatively inefficient: 83% of the individual houses, 81% of the apartments and 55% of the collective houses19 have an energy efficiency label inferior or equal to the class D (229kWhep/m²/year > class D >150kWhep/m²/year).

LogementsCollective housings collectifs 2,48% A AppartementsApartments 1,48% MaisonsHouses 1,09%

LogementsCollective collectifs housings 6,15% B AppartementsApartments 2,70% MaisonsHouses 1,93% Collective housings 35,81% C Apartments 15,00% 14,29% Houses 37,55% D Collective housings Apartments 35,18% Houses 33,64%

14,82% E Collective housings 30,56% Apartments 30,92% Houses F 2,74% Collective housings 11,30% Apartments 13,55% Houses 0,44% G 3,79% Collective housings 4,59% Apartments Houses 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00 40,00

Pourcentages

Figure 44. Energy efficiency of the residential park of France Interreg, in view of the collected DPE (498 579 exploitable DPE labels), in 2010

Source: Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie, Espace DPE, 2017. Lecture: 1,5% of the apartments that have received the DPE label have been noted A.

At the national scale, according to a study carried out in January 2016, on the basis of 2 393 214 DPE, the 2 average energic efficiency of the French residential park is around 240 kWhEp/m .year, which corresponds to the letter E on the energy label.

The Figure 45 enables us to compare the residential parks at the Interreg and national scales in a more detailed manner. The residential park at the national scale is in average more efficient than the residential park of the France Interreg zone. At the national scale, near a fifth of the housings (18,9%) are labeled A or B, against 12,3% of the housings at the scale of the France Interreg zone. If two thirds of the French housings have an energy label inferior or equal to D, this proportion reaches 72% at the France Interreg zone.

19 The « Grenelle 2 » law has introduced the collective DPE concept, replacing the individual DPE for buildings equipped with collective heating. The collective DPE can replace an individual DPE in the case of a sale or rental; there is therefore only one DPE for condominiums, instead of a DPE per housing. Source: « DPE collectif et audit énergétique obligatoire », See: http://www.coproprieterre.org/comprendre/la-reglementation/copropriete/

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Figure 45. Energic efficiency of residential parks at the Interreg and national scales, in the view of the collected DPE, in 2015

Source: DPE Observatory 2015 and Environment and Energy Regulation Agency 2017.

England Interreg zone

The United Kingdom has a residential park amongst the least efficient of Europe20: more than 82% of the housings display energy efficiency equivalent to class D, or lower efficiency (> 230kWhep/m²/year).

The relative seniority of the residential park has repercussions in terms energy efficiency. We notice thanks to the Figure 46 that the housings concerned by a lower energy efficiency are mainly homeowners or private rental residences, that are principally built before 1980 (Figure 43), while the proportion of social housings labelled A, B or C is greater than for the other housing categories.

20 IDDRI, 2014. The British Green Deal: What teachings for the renovation policy of the housings in France

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PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 1,0% A/B LocationPrivate rentalprivée 1,2% LocationSocial sociale rental 2,2%

PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 22,7% C LocationPrivate rentalprivée 25,2% LocationSocial sociale rental 46,2%

PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 52,4% D LocationPrivate rentalprivée 48,7% LocationSocial sociale rental 44,1%

PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 18,7% E LocationPrivate rental privée 18,6% LocationSocial rentalsociale 6,6%

PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 4,2% F LocationPrivate rentalprivée 4,5% Social rental Location sociale 0,7%

PropriétaireHomeowner occupant 1,0% Private rental G Location privée 1,8% LocationSocial sociale rental 0,1%

Figure 46. Energy efficiency of the housings, according to the ownership status, 2015 (national scale)

Source: Department for Communities and Local Government, English Housing Survey, Headline Report, 2015-16. Reading key: 1% of the owner-occupied housings that received a DPE label have been noted A or B.

At the scale of the England Interreg zone, we notice that in 2015 near a third (31,9%) of the housings were noted D (Figure 47). Only 13,1% of the housings are noted A or B, corresponding to almost the same proportion than for the very low performance housings noted F and G (11,4%).

A 0,9% B 12,2% C 17,2% D 31,9% E 26,4% F 9,5% G 1,9%

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 PourcentagesPurcentages

Figure 47. Energy efficiency of the housings of the England Interreg zone, in 2015

Source: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2017.

More specifically, during the first trimester of 2017, the average energy consumption reached 261,11 kWh/m2, corresponding to an E label. We can find a similar energy performance for the houses (250,14 kWh/m2, being

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also an E label), and lower for the apartments (433,13 kWh/m2, that is a F label). Thus, the residential park of the Interreg zone seems representative of the low performance observed at the national scale.

4.3.5 A park of social accommodation relatively constant over time

France Interreg zone

At the scale of the France Interreg zone, the social housings park represented 14,4% of the residential park in 2014, a relatively constant number since 2012. This number was then above the national French average (13,7%).

Within the zone, we can notice that:

- Three departments have a relatively small social housings park: in the Côtes-d’Armor, the Finistère and the Morbihan, the social housings park represented respectively 6%, 8,6% and 7,7% of the residential park in 2014;

- Three departments had a social housings park greater than the average: in the Oise, the Pas-de- Calais and the Seine-Maritime, the social housings park represented respectively 17,5%, 22,7% and 21,9%of the residential park in 2014.

Number of)social)housing for)1)000) habitants 910,0'or'more From 669'to less than 910,0' From 447'to less than 669,0 Less than 477,0

Figure 48. Comparisons of the number of social housings in the French departments

Source: Minister in charge of housing, Repertoire of rental housing of social lessors, INSEE – Population estimations, 2015

In 2014, at the scale of the zone, the majority of the social housings (69%) were collective housings, a weaker proportion than at the national scale (84%). Only the Pas-de-Calais department is characterized by a predominance of individual social housings (57,2%).

At the end of 2015, more than 1,8 million of housing demands were recorded in France. For the Interreg zone, this figure reaches 209 301 demands21. Three departments capitalize near half of the social housing demands in the Interreg zone: the Ille-et-Vilaine (10,8%), the Pas-de-Calais (19%) and the Seine-Maritime (17,6%).

21 Ministère de la cohésion des territoires, (2017), « Chiffres clés sur la demande de logement social ».

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In 2015, 84 406 households were accommodated in social housings at the scale of the Interreg zone (representing 40% of the recorded demands). Furthermore, in 2015, the satisfied demands were demands which average age was 9 months (against 13 months at the national scale). This number was more significant for the departments of the Calvados (13 months), the Somme and l’Ille-et-Vilaine (11 months) and finally the Morbihan (10 months).

England Interreg zone

The data relative to the number of households accommodated in social housings is not available at the scale of the county.

At the national scale, the percentage of the population living in social housings has diminished since the 1980s, going from near 35% in the 1980s to 16% in 2011.

Figure 49. Proportion of the English population living in social housings

Source: UK Department for Works and pension, Family Expenditure Survey and Family Resources Survey, 2015

Otherwise, in 2014, the social housing tenants in the United Kingdom are mainly households with low incomes, inferior to half of the national average, namely because of a high unemployment rate characteristic to these households. Furthermore, it concerns mainly single people or single parent families.

4.4 Profile of the housings: typological matrices available on national scales

No typological analysis of building has been identified in the literature at a local scale. In fact, the typological analysis of the built park is available on a national scale, for France and England.

France

The study of the PACTE22 program offers a typology of the detached French houses (Figure 50). The park of detached houses has been split in three big construction periods, a separation that is explained both by the evolution of the construction modes and by the evolution of the thermal regulations. The energy weight of the buildings built after 2000 has been considered not a priority in the PACTE study, that does not offer a characterization for this profile of housing.

The « old » houses (i.e. built before 1948) represent 39% of the park of French detached houses. Within this category, the town houses are more strongly represented, just ahead the rural houses and the suburban pavilions. The pavilions « recent and non-isolated » built between 1948 and 1947 represent 23% of the park

22 Source : Programme PACTE - Analyse détaillée du parc résidentiel existant Juillet 2017 – Version 2.0.

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of French detached houses. The « recent and isolated » pavilions, built after 1974, represent 37% of the detached houses.

16% 13% 13% 13% 12% 12% 11% 12% 10% 10%

8% 4% 4% 1%

1974 1981 1989 2000

1974 1974 1989 2000

rurale

1981

house

– – – –

- - -

Villa

Maison

pavilion pavilion pavilion pavilion pavilion

de bourg de

Maison

Mansion pavilion

Pavillon

éclectique

Pavillon Pavillon Pavillon Pavillon

bourgeoise

de banlieue de

1968 1968 1975 1982 1990

1968 1968 1982 1990

Rural house Rural

Eclectic villa Eclectic

Town

1975 1975

Pavillon de Pavillon

Reconstruction Reconstruction la reconstruction la

« Ancien » - avant 1948 Suburban « Récent non isolé » « Récent isolé » « Old » - before 1948 « Recent and non- « Recent and isolated » isolated1948 » 1948– 1974 – 1974

Figure 50. Identification of the types of detached houses present in the residential French park

Source: PACTE Program - Detailed analysis of the residential park existing July 2017 – 2.0 Version

The different types of detached houses are presented as follows:

• « Old » - before 1948: o Rural house: Built before 1914, the rural houses are located in rural zones (outside rural villages); o Burgher house: Built before 1914, the burgher houses are located in rural villages and urban areas (center of medium or big towns); o Town house: Built before 1914, the town houses are located in the rural villages and urban areas (old center of small, medium and large towns); o Eclectic villa: Built before 1948, the eclectic villas are located in rural towns and urban areas (old center of small, medium and large towns); o Suburban pavilion: built before 1948, the suburban pavilions are located in rural villages or in urban areas (medium or large towns). The suburban pavilions have an average surface of 50m2; • « Recent and non-isolated » 1948 – 1974: o Reconstruction pavilion: Built between 1948 and 1967, the reconstruction pavilions are located in urban and rural areas (outside the old center). The reconstruction pavilions have an average surface of 75 to 94 m²; o 1968 – 1974 Pavilion: These pavilions are located in rural areas or on the outskirts of urban areas. These pavilions have a surface of at least 95m2.

• « Recent and isolated »: o Pavilions: The pavilions are located in rural areas or on the outskirts of urban areas. The pavilions built from 1975 are characterised by the existence of thermal insulation, unlike other buildings: o Pavilion 1975-1981: R=2,3 for vertical walls; R=4,8 insulation under inclined surfaces o Pavilion 1982-1989: R=2,4 for vertical walls; R=4,8 insulation under inclined surfaces o Pavilion 1990-2000: R = 3,0 for vertical walls; R=6,0 Insulation under woodwork, inclined surfaces or on high floor

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The same segmentation exercise has been carried out for the buildings of collective housings (Figure 51). The « old » buildings (i.e.built before 1948) represent 29% of the French collective buildings park. Within this category, the town building and the Haussmann or assimilated type buildings are the most strongly represented. The « recent and non-isolated » buildings, built between 1948 and 1947, represent 41% of the French collective buildings park. The « recent and isolated » buildings built after 1974 represent 32% of the French collective buildings park.

25% 20% 20%

15% 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 8% 6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%

» »

1981 1974 1974 1981 1989 2000

– – – – – –

1981

pastiche

Tours Tours

1974 1981

de bourg de

Barres Barres

Immeuble Immeuble

Immeuble

éclectique

–

– –

Immeuble

« «

Immeuble

Immeubles Immeubles

Immeuble

1975 1975 1948 1948 1948 1975 1982 1990

de type HBM type de

et assimilés et

« bourgeois » « bourgeois

Haussmannien 1948-1974

1975 1975

1968 1968 1975

Petit collectif divers collectif Petit

Habitat intermédiaire Habitat intermédiaire Habitat « Ancien » - avant 1948 « Récent non isolé » « Récent isolé » 1948 – 1974

Figure 51. Identification of the families of collective building present in the residential park

Source: PACTE Program – Detailed analysis of the residential park existing July 2017 – 2.0 Version

The different types of collective buildings are represented as follows:

• « Old » - before 1948: o Town building: Built before 1914, the town buildings are present in rural villages and in historic centers of small, medium and large towns o Haussmann and assimilated building: built before 1948, the Haussmann and assimilated buildings are present in the center of large cities o Eclectic building: Built before 1948, the eclectic buildings are present in small, medium and large towns o Low-cost housing type building: Built before 1948, the low-cost housing type buildings are present in large towns. • « Recent and non-isolated » - 1948 – 1974: o Pastiche building: built between 1948 and 1967, the pastiche buildings are present in the city centers and in small towns; o Building « bourgeois »: Built between 1948 and 1967, the « bourgeois » buildings are present in large towns; o 1968 – 1974 Intermediate housing: The intermediate housings are present in urban areas; o 1948 – 1974 Small diverse collectives: the diverse « small collectives » are principally present in urban areas; o 1948 – 1974 « Bar »: These « bars » are only present in Priority Urban Development Zones of very large cities; o 1948 – 1974 towers: The towers are punctually present in very large cities.

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• « Recent and isolated »: o 1975 – 1981 intermediate habitat: The intermediate buildings are present in urban areas. The ones built between 1975 and 1981 are characterized by a thermal insulation corresponding to R=2,3 for vertical walls, R=2,3 for the lofts and 1,4 for the terraced roofs; o 1975 – 1981 Small diverse collectives: These small collectives are mainly present in urban areas. The small collectives built between 1975 and 1981 are characterized by a thermal insulation equivalent to R=2,3 for vertical walls, R=3,2 for lofts and 1,4 for terraced roofs o 1975 – 1981 « Bars »: These « bars » are only present in Priority Urban Development Zones of very large cities. The « bars »built between 1975 and 1981 are characterized a thermal insulation equivalent to R=2,3 for vertical walls and 1,4 for terraced roofs; o 1975 – 1981 Towers: The towers are punctually present in very large towns. The towers built between 1975 and 1981 are characterized by a thermal insulation equivalent to R=2,3 for vertical walls, and 1,4 for terraced roofs; o 1982 – 1989 Buildings: These buildings are located in urban or little urbanized areas. The buildings built between 1982 and 1989 are characterized by a thermal insulation equivalent to R=2,4 for vertical walls, R=4,8 for lofts and 1,7 for terraced roofs; o 1990 – 2000 Buildings: These buildings are located in urban or little urbanized areas. The buildings built between 1990 and 200 are characterized by thermal insulation equivalent to R=3,0 for vertical walls and R=6,0 for high floors and roofs.

Most of the individual or collective housings dating before 1914 are built with local stones, rubble, cut stone, or solid terracotta bricks, hung with aerated lime.

The walls of the residences built until 1948 are mainly heavy continuous (solid bricks or rubble). If the buildings with concrete structure and brick, rubble, millstone filling have appeared in France since the end of the 19th century, these have stayed very marginal until 1948.

Between 1949 and 1962, the construction of heavy walls stays predominant, but the concrete framework (with a filling of rubble or plastered bricks) has progressively developed itself (a study carried out in 1981 estimates that the concrete framework represents 20% of the constructions of the period). The prefabricated systems start to develop themselves, mostly in the collective habitats, with the use of shuttered walls and concrete panels on concrete framework.

The walls of accommodation built until 1962 are not originally insulated.

In the 1981 – 1989 period, the thermal regulation was executed in a more systematic manner, and the reported insulation of walls becomes common. The concrete walls, cement block, hollow brick, with insulated doubling characterize the whole construction of walls, in individual or collective habitat. The use of prefabricated systems knows a strong decline, linked to the diminishment of costs of implementation of cement, shuttered walls or concrete block products.

On the 1990 – 2000 period, the use of concrete (agglomerated or shuttered blocked) is predominant. The hollow bricks (more performant than those developed in mid-century) know a new popularity.

England

As presented in the Figure 52, the majority of the housings dating from before 1850 have been built in solid masonry walls (brick, stone, flint, cob), or have a wooden framework.

At the Victorian time, the industrialization of the brick and carpentry production combined with the rail transport, has standardized the constructive systems and the construction materials used. This period has

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been dominated by the construction of solid masonry walls, typically standard bricks manufactured in the factory.

The hollow masonry walls have been introduced after first World War and developed themselves rapidly to become the most common wall construction type. Since the 1990s, the hollow masonry walls have doubled of one insulant layer. The BRE study estimated that about 30% of the masonry walls built before the 1990s have since been insulated.

After the second World War, because of the significant need of reconstruction, new construction techniques have been adopted, namely by the local authorities and other public institutions. These new methods (namely some prefabrication procedures) have however lead to defaults. Following an analysis of these defaults lead in the early 1980s by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), the Government has established in 1984 a support for owners that had involuntarily bought goods identified as « defective » to a public authority (Housing Defects Act). The local authorities have estimated that the owners of more than 30 000 residences were eligible to this device. In February 1994, 90% of the eligible owners have benefited from support from this program.

Concrete (poured, prefabricated) has become the predominant structural material for large buildings after the Second World War. The steel also tends to be more and more used in large buildings. The BRE also notes that the wooden framework construction tends to develop itself again (this one is generally not apparent).

100% 90% 80% 70% OssatureMetal framework métallique 60% BétonPoured coulé concrete 50% BétonPrefabricated préfabriqué concrete 40% OssatureWooden bois framework 30% 20% MursHollow de maçonnerie masonry walls creux 10% MursSolid de masonry maçonnerie walls pleins 0%

Figure 52. Housings per age and type of construction, 2010

Source: BRE, 2014. The age and construction of English homes. A guide to ageing the English housing stock.

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5. Dynamics of the new construction

France Interreg zone

After a long fallback period, first signs of recovery have been observed in the construction sector in France. In a year, from November 2016 to October 2017, 503 700 housings have been authorized for construction and 418 300 housings have been started, which is an increase by respectively 12,4% and 17,2% compared to the accumulation of the twelve previous months23. This growth followed a strong contraction of the activity lead off in 2009. The impact of the crisis remained consequent at the end of 2015, with levels of construction still very far from those observed at the highest point of the sectors activity in 2006- 2007 (Figure 53).

600 000 9,0 8,0 7,9 7,6 8,0 500 000 6,9 6,8 6,4 6,6 6,1 6,1 7,0 5,7 5,7 5,7 5,5 5,8 5,7 400 000 5,2 5,2 6,0 5,0 300 000 4,0 200 000 3,0 2,0 100 000 1,0 0 0,0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

NombreNumber de logementsof started commencés housings (accumulation(cumul sur un an) over a year) Nombre de logements commencés par an pour 1 000 habitants Number of housings started per year for 1000 habitants Figure 53. The construction variations in France since 2000

Sources: Housing score 2015 according to SOeS estimations Sit@del2, housings started at the real date (situation at the 4th semester); Insee, population estimations on 1rst January

The construction index is at its highest mainly for areas of high demographic growth, to absorb the migration flow and answer to the endogenous needs of the population (decohabitation, park renewal, etc.). The level of the construction index is however not systematically correlated to the evolution of the population. In some intercommunities, the growth of the park is mainly justified by the construction of secondary residences destined to vacationers24.

At the scale of the France Interreg zone, the construction index is particularly high in most of the intercommunities of the Atlantic littoral (Figure 54). The construction index is quite low in Britain and in the Orne, territories that record a low demographic growth and that are characterized by a lack of attractivity.

23 Minister of the Ecological and Solidary Transition, 2017. Termly Journal of statistics on housing.. 24 Observatory of territories, 2017. The residential park – Analysis Chart of the Observatory of territories 2017.

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8,3$to$34,9 6,6$to$8,3 5,2$to$6,6 4,0$to$5,2 1,4$to$4,0

Figure 54. Number of housings started per year for 1 000 habitants between 2006 and 2015 per EPCI (perimeter at the 1st January 2017)

Source: Observatory of the territories, 2017. The residential park – Analysis Chart of the Observatory of territories 2017

On the 2014 – 2016 period, the France Interreg zone has recorded a fallback in the number of housings authorized for construction of more than 20% compared to the 2011 – 2013 period. The proportion of individual housings authorized for construction remained relatively stable over these two periods (about 60%).

Chart 6. Comparison of the number of authorized housings on the 2011 – 2013 and 2014 – 2016 periods Source: Sit@del2 – Data relative to the housing construction

2011 - 2013 2014 - 2016

Authorized Evolution TOTAL TOTAL housings for Per.1 - Individual Collective Residence Individual Collective Residence Housings Housings 1 000 Per.2 habitants

Interreg 100 293 60 080 9 478 169 851 75 078 48 641 9 937 133 656 14 -21% France

Entire 587 224 621 291 83 748 1 292 263 468 380 600 082 84 759 1 163 221 18 -10% France

The most dynamic departments in terms of authorized housings on the 2011 – 2016 period are the Ille-et- Vilaine, Seine-Maritime and Pas-de-Calais departments (Chart 7).

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Chart 7. Number of housings authorized for construction on the 2011 – 2016 period at the scale of the France Interreg perimeter Source: Sit@del2 – Data relative to the construction of housings

Number of Proportion in the authorized housings France Interreg zone on the 2011 – 2016 period Ille-et-Vilaine 50 588 17% Seine-Maritime 42 381 14% Pas-de-Calais 36 966 12% Morbihan 29 760 10% Calvados 28 208 9% Finistère 27 649 9% Oise 20 557 7% Côtes-d'Armor 19 301 6% Somme 15 949 5% Eure 15 802 5% Manche 12 379 4% Orne 3 967 1%

TOTAL 303 507

In 2015, 36 774 housings have been started at the scale of the France Interreg zone, that is 4 housings for 1 000 habitants in average (against 5,2 at the national scale). The started housings are mainly pure individual housings (41,2%) and collective housings (40,7%).

The most dynamic departments in terms of start of construction are Ille-et-Vilaine (7 housings started for 1 000 habitants), the Morbihan (4,7 housings), the Calvados (4,6 housings) and the Seine-Maritime (4,4 housings).

Chart 8. Number of housings started per type and per department, in 2015 Source: Sit@del2 – Data relative to the construction of housings

Number of Number of pure Number of Number of grouped Total number of individual collective housings in individual housings housings started housings started residence started housings started Côtes-d'Armor 1 337 281 415 5 2 038 Finistère 1 761 522 1 006 194 3 483 Ille-et-Vilaine 2 141 530 4 298 417 7 386 Morbihan 1 832 323 1 142 264 3 561 Pas-de-Calais 1 547 799 1 196 148 3 690 Oise 719 289 971 88 2 067 Somme 744 219 809 401 2 173 Calvados 1 096 368 1 781 0 3 245 Manche 1 025 116 135 0 1 276 Orne 263 26 94 7 390 Eure 1 038 306 416 60 1 820 Seine-Maritime 1 650 502 2 717 776 5 645 TOTAL France 15 153 4 281 14 980 2 360 36 774 Interreg zone England Interreg zone

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The English construction sector has also known a long fallback period consecutive to the 2008 economic and financial crisis. Despite the fluctuations, the number of started and finished housings progressively increases since 2010 (Figure 55).

250 000

200 000

150 000

100 000

50 000

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

StartedMises en housings chantier LogementsFinished housings achevés

Figure 55. Average number of started and finished housings per trimester, in the United Kingdom

Source: Department for Communities and Local Government, Mai 2017. House building; New build dwellings, England: March Quarter 2017.

At the scale of the England Interreg zone, 45 140 housings have been started in 2016 (29,3% of the housings started in England), and 40 730 housings have been finished (28,9% of the finished housings in England). In average, this is 3,1 housings for 1 000 habitants that have been started at the England Interreg zone (against 2,8 in average at the scale of England), and 2,8 housings for 1 000 habitants have been finished (against 2,5 in average at the scale of England).

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Chart 9. Number of started housings and finished housings in 2016 Source: Department for Communities and Local Government, August 2017. Live tables on house building: new build dwellings.

Started housings Finished housings Kent 5 520 4 660 Hampshire 4 490 4 220 Essex 4 210 3 850 Devon 3 440 3 190 West Sussex 3 570 2 980 Norfolk 3 200 2 740 Surrey 2 390 2 590 Somerset 1 960 2 110 Cambridgeshire 2 960 2 080 Wiltshire UA 2 160 1 930 Cornwall UA 1 890 1 600 Suffolk 1 840 1 580 Dorset 980 990 Swindon UA 1 120 920 East Sussex 1 180 920 Peterborough UA 730 760 Plymouth UA 670 760 Thurrock UA 430 680 Torbay UA 350 290 Portsmouth UA 290 280 Isle of Wight UA 250 270 Poole UA 180 270 Southend-on-Sea UA 210 240 Southampton UA 300 240 Medway UA 430 220 Bournemouth UA 180 200 Brighton and Hove UA 210 160 Isles of Scilly UA 0 0 England Interreg zone 45 140 40 730 England 154 280 140 840

The most dynamic counties in terms of start of construction are Swindon (5,1 start of construction for 1 000 habitants), Cambridgeshire (4,5), Wiltshire (4,4), Devon (4,4) and West Sussex (4,2). The most dynamic counties in terms of construction are Swindon (4,2 finished housings for 1 000 habitants), Devon (4,1) and Thurrick (4,1).

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Conclusion

6.1 Renovation - rehabilitation The residences of the France and England Interreg zone are mainly old and rather energy inefficient (these are less performant than the national average).

In France and in England, the building sector represents a significant reservoir of energy economies and constitutes one of the main targets of the public policies of fight against global warming.

In France, various financial devices have been established by the State and several collectivities with the objective to encourage and support the execution of energy efficiency work in the building sector, such as the zero interest eco-loan25 (éco PTZ) or the Energy Transition Tax Credit26. The households can besides be supported in their procedure for the energy efficiency of their building through Energy Info Areas, among the 251 existing in the whole French territory27,and through Territorial Platforms on the Energy Renovation (103 existing in France).

Regulatory dispositions have recently been adopted in order to make some thermal renovation works mandatory. In the collective residential, a decree published on the 30th May 2016 now obliges the condominium trustees to carry out insulation works in case of so-called current work: façade renovation, roof repair, arrangement of premises to make them habitable.

Linked to these different levers, the French Building Federation (FFB) anticipates a slight growth of the maintenance and improvement market in 2015 – 202128.

In the United Kingdom, the Green Deal is a British Government measure integrated in the 2011 Energy Act aiming to promote the energy renovation of the housings. Officially launched in January 2013, the Green Deal is based on a mechanism of third-funding and on the following golden rule: the borrowed funds for the housing renovation are directly reimbursed by the energy economies generated on the bills. Near 25 types of works are eligible to the Green Deal, decomposed in 5 categories: heating, hot water, insulation, doors and windows, micro-generation and renewable energies. In order to fund the more significant renovation works, the Program Energy Company Obligation (ECO)29 intervenes in addition to the Green Deal.

Several specificities of the France and England Interreg zone are to take into account to anticipate the future dynamic in matters of renovation and insulation material needs:

• The specificity of the high proportion of individual houses in France and England (Figure 56) This proportion is even higher at the scale of the Interreg zone (71% for the France Interreg zone; 81% for the England Interreg zone – of which 38% of pure individual houses30), a feature that directly impacts the need in insulation materials in case of work;

• The proportion of owner-occupant is also dominant in the two countries. The high proportion of owner-occupants at the scale of the Interreg zone can promote the realization of renovation works of the habitat. In case of works, the owners directly benefit from the reduction of energy charges and

25 Adopted in the 2009 finance law 26 The CITE, that replaces the Crédit d’Impôt Développement Durable (CIDD), enables to cover 30% of the eligible thermal renovation works. 27 The Energy Info Spaces have been initiated by the ADEME in 2011, and are cofounded by the ADEME and the local authorities. 453 Energy Info consultants support particulars in their procedures. 28 Source: FFB, Prospective Building at the horizon of 2025, June 2016. 29 The Energy Company Obligation Program (ECO) replaces the programs Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT, obligation for the energy suppliers to help their clients to do energy economies) and Community Energy Saving Program (CESP, obligation for the energy suppliers to fund the energy efficiency measures for households in fuel poverty), that have ended in 2012. 30 The remaining part corresponds to the semi-detached houses and the terraced houses.

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the valuation of housing at the sale generated by the works, and are therefore more encouraged to carrying out these works than landlords;

• The France and England Interreg zones are characterized by a big park of large housings, that seems uncorrelated to the needs and characteristics of the populations. The adaptation works are thus to be anticipated to take into account the dynamic of reduction of household size under the combined effect of population ageing and decohabitation (celibacy, divorce, single-parent families, etc.);

• In France and in England, most of the individual or collective residences dating from before 1914 are built in local stone, rubble or large rock, or solid clay bricks. Several studies have shown the relevance of the use of bio sourced insulation materials for the renovation of old walls, because of their characteristics in terms of management of moisture transfer in the walls31.

Figure 56. Comparison of the typology the housings at the scale of several European countries

Source: Constructys / FFB, 2013 6.2 New construction After a long fallback period, the first signs of recovery have been observed in the construction sector, in France and in England.

If the construction index of the France Interreg zone is slightly inferior to the average index calculated at the national scale (4 housings for 1 000 habitants in average have been started in the France Interreg zone against 5,2 at the national scale), some departments are particularly dynamic in terms of start of construction, like the Ille-et-Vilaine (7 started housings for 1 000 habitants), the Morbihan (4,7 housings), the Calvados (4,6 housings) and the Seine-Maritime (4,4 housings).

In France, the French Building Federation (FFB) predicts a recovery of the building activity of 2,1% on the 2015 – 2021 period in the construction sector, more precisely for the new construction32. In the new construction,

31 Cerema, Octobre 2016. Synthèse bibliographique des études sur la rénovation thermique du bâti ancien à l’aide de matériaux isolants biosourcés. 32 Source: FFB, June 2016. Prospective Bâtiment à l’horizon 2025.

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several measures taken by the Government as part of the construction boosting plan, adopted in 2014, aiming indeed to respond to the main demand brakes. It is however impossible at this stage to evaluate the possible impacts.

The construction in the England Interreg zone is on the opposite more dynamic than the average observed at the national scale (3,1 housings for 1 000 habitants at the scale of the Interreg zone against 2,5 in average at the scale of England). In 2016, the most dynamic counties in terms of start of construction was Swindon (5,1 start of construction for 1 000 habitants), Cambridgeshire (4,5), Wiltshire (4,4), Devon (4,4) and West Sussex (4,2).

All countries of the European Union have evolved their thermal regulation and application of the 2002 European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), revised in 2010. This one requires the States to develop a series of tools to limit the buildings consumption – by namely establishing minimal requirements for the new constructions. The national thermal regulations thus fix energy efficiency thresholds, expressed in primary energy and in kWh/(m². year).

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6. Bibliography France ADEME, 2015. Observation climat, air & énergie : chiffres clés 2015. Compte du logement 2016. Rapport de la Commission des comptes du logement, Datalab n° 22, juillet 2017 Insee, 2016. Le parc de logements en France au 1er janvier 2016. Insee, 2017. Les conditions de logement en France. Ministère de la cohésion des territoires, 2017. Chiffres clés sur la demande de logement social. Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire, 2017. Bulletin trimestriel des statistiques sur le logement et la construction. Observatoire des territoires, 2017. Le parc de logements - Fiche d’analyse de l’Observatoire des territoires 2017. Programme PACTE, 2017. Analyse détaillée du parc résidentiel existant. Projet européen TABULA, 2015. Bâtiments résidentiels. Typologie du parc existant et solutions exemplaires pour la rénovation énergétique en France. England BRE, 2014. The age and construction of English homes - A guide to ageing the English housing stock. Projet européen TABULA, 2014. Building Typology Brochure England. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2017. Energy consumption in the UK. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2017. English Housing Survey 2015 to 2016: headline report. Departement of Energy and Climate Change, 2014. United Kingdom housing energy fact file: 2013. Department for Communities and Local Government, Août 2017. Live tables on house building: new build dwellings. IDDRI, 2014. Le Green Deal Britannique : quels enseignements pour la politique de rénovation énergétique des logements en France. Office for National Statistics, 2013. 2011 Census: Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, 2017. The 2011 Rural-Urban classification for Local Authority Districts in England

Data base: France: • Insee - Enquêtes Annuelles de Recensement de la population (EAR) logements et fichier détail logement Description du parc de logements et des conditions d'occupation par les ménages de leur résidence principale. • Sit@del2 - Données détaillées sur les logements et les locaux Sit@del2 est la base de données du système statistique public relative à la construction neuve de logements et de locaux non résidentiels : http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/donnees-ligne/r/sitdel2- donnees-detaillees-logements.html • ADEME – Site de recensement des diagnostics de performance énergétique :http://www.observatoire- dpe.fr/index.php/ • Ministère du logement et de l’habitat durable Rubrique « Statistiques » du portail national de la demande de logement social. England: • Local authority housing statistics returns, 2017. • Office for National Statistics, Labour market statistics, 2011. • Department for Communities and Local Government, 2017. Domestic Energy Performance Certificates Lodged on Register - By Environmental Impact Rating • Department for Communities and Local Government, Mai 2017. House building; new build dwellings, England: March Quarter 2017. • Department for Communities and Local Government, Août 2017. Live tables on house building: new build dwellings. Europe: • Eurostat: • Recensement de la population et du logement • Eurostat, Logements par type d'habitation, de bâtiment et région NUTS 3.

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List of figures

Figure 1. Geographic perimeter of the analysis ...... 6 Figure 2. Identification urban areas of the France Interreg zone in 2010 ...... 10 Figure 3. Distribution of the population in the rural and urban zones ...... 12 Figure 4. Identification of urban poles of the England Interreg zone in 2011 ...... 13 Figure 5. Typology urban zones and rural zones on the scale of the Interreg zone...... 14 Figure 6. Density of the population by region ...... 14 Figure 7. Demographic evolution between 2000 and 2016 on the France Interreg zone ...... 15 Figure 8. Demographic evolution between 2000 and 2016 on the England Interreg zone ...... 16 Figure 9. Migratory balance in 2015 over the entire Interreg zone ...... 17 Figure 10. Population natural variation rate, over the entire Interreg zone, in 2015 ...... 17 Figure 11. Structure of the population by age groups on the France Interreg zone, in 2000 and in 2016 ...... 18 Figure 12. Structure of the population by groups of age for the England Interreg zone, in 2000 and 2016 ...... 18 Figure 13. Population 65 years old or more on the 1rst January 2006 ...... 19 Figure 14. Population 65 years old or more on the 1rst January 2015 ...... 19 Figure 15. Evolution of the number of households between 2001 and 2014 in the French departments of the analyzed zone ...... 20 Figure 16. Distribution of the households according to their size in 2001 at the scale of the France Interreg zone...... 20 Figure 17. Distribution of the households according to their size in 2014 at the scale of the France Interreg zone...... 21 Figure 18. Evolution of the number of households between 2001and 2011 for the different counties of the England Interreg zone ...... 22 Figure 19. Household distribution according to their size in 2001 at the scale of the England Interreg zone ...... 23 Figure 20. Household distribution according to their size in 2011 at the scale of the England Interreg zone ...... 24 Figure 21. Structuration of the accomodation park at the scale of the France Interreg zone in 2013 ...... 25 Figure 22. Distribution of the secondary and occasional residences (left) and vacant residences (right) in France, in 2014 ...... 26 Figure 23. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the England interreg zone in 2011 ...... 26 Figure 24. Principal residences by status of occupation for the France Interreg zone, in 2014 ...... 27 Figure 25. Distribution of principal residences according to their occupation status (national scale) ...... 28 Figure 26. Proportion of occupying owners in France, in 2014 ...... 28 Figure 27. Distribution of the housings according to the status of the owner ...... 29 Figure 28. Distribution of the housings at the scale of the England interreg zone, by owner type, in 2016 ...... 29 Figure 29. Distribution of the housings at the scale of the England Interreg zone, by occupation of their residence status, in 2011 ...... 30 Figure 30. Distribution of the households according to their housing occupation status, in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 2016 ...... 30 Figure 31. proportion of owner households, United Kingdom, 2011 ...... 31 Figure 32. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the France Interreg zone in 2001 ...... 32 Figure 33. Structuration of the residential park at the scale of the England Interreg zone in 2001 ...... 32 Figure 34. Evolution of the number of vacant housings in England between 1989 and 2016 ...... 33 Figure 35. Proportion of vacant housings on the integrity of the Interreg zone, in 2011 ...... 34 Figure 36. Typology of the housings at the scale of the France Interreg perimeter ...... 34 Figure 37. Detail of the typology of the residential buildings at the scale of the France Interreg zone ...... 35 Figure 38. Typology of the housings at the scale of the England Interreg perimeter ...... 35 Figure 39. Number of principal residences according to the living area at the scale of the France Interreg zone ...... 37 Figure 40. Distribution of households according to the number of rooms per housing at the scale of the England interreg zone 37 Figure 41. Proportion of principal residences constructed per period at the scale of the France Interreg zone ...... 38 Figure 42. Proportion of the constructed housings per period at the scale of the United Kingdom, in 2015 ...... 38 Figure 43. Age of the residencies, per ownership status, in 2015 ...... 39 Figure 44. Energy efficiency of the resiential park of France Interreg, in view of the collected DPE (498 579 exploitable DPE labels), in 2010 ...... 40 Figure 45. Energic efficiency of residential parks at the Interreg and national scales, in the view of the colected DPE, in 2015 ...... 41 Figure 46. Energy efficiency of the housings, according to the ownership status, 2015 (national scale) ...... 42 Figure 47. Energy efficiency of the housings of the England Interreg zone, in 2015 ...... 42 Figure 48. Comparisons of the number of social housings in the French departments ...... 43 Figure 49. Proportion of the English population living in social housings ...... 44 Figure 50. Identification of the types of detached houses present in the residential French park ...... 45

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Figure 51. Identification of the families of collective building present in the residential park ...... 46 Figure 52. Housings per age and type of construction, 2010 ...... 48 Figure 53. The construction variations in France since 2000 ...... 49 Figure 54. Number of housings start per year for 1 000 habitants between 2006 and 2015 per EPCI (perimeter at the 1st January 2017) ...... 50 Figure 55. Average number of started and finished housings per trimester, in the United Kingdom ...... 52 Figure 56. Comparison of the typology the housings at the scale of several European countries ...... 55

List of charts

Tableau 1. Perimeter of the France Interreg zone ...... 9 Tableau 2. Perimeter of the England Interreg zone ...... 11 Tableau 3. Comparison chart of the structure of the population by age groups at the Interreg and national scales for France in 2016 ...... 17 Tableau 4. Detailof the typology of principal residences at the scale of the perimeter of France Interreg ...... 36 Tableau 5. Number of housings in England according to their construction date and location ...... 39 Tableau 6. Comparison of the number of authorised housings on the 2011 – 2013 and 2014 – 2016 period ...... 50 Tableau 7. Number of housings authorised for construction on the 2011 – 2016 period at the scale of the France Interreg perimeter ...... 51 Tableau 8. Number of started housings per type and per department, in 2015 ...... 51 Tableau 9. Number of started housings and finished housings in 2016 ...... 53

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The SB&WRC project is part of the Cross Border European Territorial Cooperation (ETC) Programme Interreg VA France (Channel) England and benefits from financial support from the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund).