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Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials

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Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials Lijin Xia [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biology and Biomimetic Materials Commons, and the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons Recommended Citation Xia, Lijin, "Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1373 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lijin Xia entitled "Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Biomedical Engineering. Mingjun Zhang, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: William R. Hamel, Wei He, Ramón V. León, Siqun Wang Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Characteristics and Functionalities of Natural and Bioinspired Nanomaterials A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Lijin Xia May 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Lijin Xia All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Mingjun Zhang, for his support, guidance, and encouragement during this endeavor. Without his insightful and constructive guidance on the research topics, I would not have been where I am now. I gratefully acknowledge other professors in my doctoral committee, Dr. William R. Hamel, Dr. Wei He, Dr. Ramón V. León, and Dr. Siqun Wang for taking their precious time to serve on my committee and giving insightful suggestions. I would also like to extend my appreciation to my other colleagues and friends for their assistance and generous support on my research. I would also like to recognize the Army Research Office and the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee for their financial support. Finally, I would like to thank my families. Their best wish is always my best gift. iii ABSTRACT Green nanoscience is a rapidly emerging field that aims to achieve the maximum performance and benefits from nanotechnology, while minimizing the impact on the environment. In this study, several methods for the green nanomanufacturing of biomedically important nanomaterials, specifically through the use of natural plants, have been extensively investigated. It was found that natural nanomaterials are inherent within plants, and can be further manipulated for potential biomedical applications. In addition, the metabolites and reductive capacity of plant extracts can be used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles with advantages over semi-conductor based nanomaterials. Nanoparticles were found to exist in the extracts produced from tea leaves, the adventitious roots of English ivy (Hedera helix), the adhesive of the sundew (Drosera sp.), and the rhizome of the Chinese yam (Dioscoera opposite). These nanoparticles showed highly uniform repeating structures varying in size from 50-200 nm. Plant-derived nanofibers were also observed in the traditional Chinese medicine, Yunnan Baiyao, and from the polysaccharide components of the sundew adhesive and the viscous pulp extract from the Chinese yam. The nanofibers observed from the dried polysaccharides of the sundew and Chinese yam formed network structures with various pore sizes and fiber diameters. Due to their organic backbone, advantageous material properties, and biocompatibility, these natural nanomaterials offer significant advantages for biomedical applications. As such, these natural nanomaterials were further tested from medical prospects. Ivy iv nanoparticles were found to have unique optical property, blocking the transmission of ultraviolet light, which has potential for sunscreen and cosmetic applications. Nanofiber networks created from the sundew and Chinese yam showed strong cell attachment and proliferation with multiple cell lines, indicating their potential use as coatings for implants in the field of tissue engineering. Finally, gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the extracts from homogenized ivy rootlets, by live sundew plant, or by herbicide additive. Through this study, the potential of plants has been demonstrated to vastly expand the current field of nanomanufacturing, and to reduce the environmental concerns associated with synthetic nanomaterials. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................ 7 CHAPTER II. Identification of nanofibers in the Chinese herbal medicine: Yunnan Baiyao ................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 15 Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 18 Yunnan Baiyao ............................................................................................ 18 Sample preparation ..................................................................................... 18 AFM imaging ................................................................................................ 18 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III. Evaluation of nanofibrillar structure of Dioscoera opposite extract for cell attachment ................................................................................... 27 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 28 Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 32 Extraction of soluble and insoluble components .......................................... 32 Atomic force microscopy imaging ................................................................ 33 Cell culture ................................................................................................... 33 Substrate coating ......................................................................................... 34 Cell attachment ............................................................................................ 35 Soluble extract and cell interactions ............................................................ 35 Biomolecules in soluble extract .................................................................... 35 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 36 Nanofiber-based scaffold from the Dioscorea opposite soluble extract ....... 36 Formation of nanofibers from insoluble components ................................... 38 HeLa cell attachment and growth on soluble extract formed scaffolds ........ 40 MC3T3 attachment and growth on soluble extract formed scaffolds ........... 41 Soluble components and cell surface interactions ....................................... 44 Biomolecules in soluble extract .................................................................... 46 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER IV. Nanofibers and nanoparticles from the insect-capturing adhesive of the sundew (Drosera) for cell attachment ........................................ 49 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 50 Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 53 Plants ........................................................................................................... 53 Sample preparation ..................................................................................... 54 Atomic force microscopy .............................................................................. 56 Transmission electron microscopy ............................................................... 56 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 57 Nanostructure of the sundew adhesives ...................................................... 57 Polysaccharides in the nanostructured sundew adhesives .......................... 59 vi Nanoparticles in the fibrous adhesives ........................................................ 61 Chemical characterization of metal components in adhesives ..................... 61 Mechanical properties of sundew adhesives ..............................................
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