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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t INSTITIIIE OF HYDAOIOGY I Repolt No 30 January 1976 I (reprlnred t979) I I t TITEPTTYSIOGRAPHY, DEPOSI1S AND VE@TATION OF I T1IE PLYNLI IiIol.I CATqI!.,!ENTS I (A synthesls of published work aJld lnltj-al flndings) I by H D Newson I LIBRARY INSTITUTEOF }IYDBOLOGY I,IACLEANBUILD{NG I CROWMANSHGIFFORD \,1'ALLINGFORD,OXON t ox10888 I I I 8AS C l'toxo'c, ' 680Jir. CNIC:; I leo-i i. t I PROLOGUE Fromhigh Plynlimon\ shagqy side I Tfueenrearm in tfueedirections glide Tiad. nynlrnon satofl lolty heiStlt, I surveyedhis lands and w.rninS mighl from a throne.carvedbould€r, though mistytears hesaw rhe endingofhis years. I Hi lonScloak torn, now frded bare Ms tuggedby breezesthat spreadhis hair from hisforehead in a wild, grey mlne streaninglike some squall ot rain. I No sonwould ever take his realm no proudheir could w€ar his helrn hehad, but nowhir daughtersttuee I andthey must sh.rc his territory. t fron ThcSons af't bee Rive (1968'74) Afterascending the hill andpassjng over its top we wentdown on ih wesiernside and soon €me to a black I frightfulbog b€lween two hilh. Beyondthe bogand at some dinanceto the westofthe lwo hilk rosea brownmountain nol abruptly,but grrdu ly, arrdlooking more like wharrhe I Welshcall a rhiwor sloperhan a mynyddor n1ountain. 'i! "That,Sir." said my 8uide, the srandPtynlimon. Thelbuntains of theSevern and the Wyeare in clo3e I proximity10 elch orher.Thir ol the Rleidolslands somcwhal spanfrom bo1h.............._........... lion MH rvales(1862) I GeorgeBormu) ...............-...nrany high lti esand ptenrifuU Springs. which warer I andmake fruilful thesoyle every where;whofe fearching illes with a iongingdefire hafte cver forward to Iind an incleaf€, ar'1lo augmentlheir SrowtI inro a biggerbody, whereof rh€ I Severneis the cluefe,and the fecondRivcr in the llnd: Whofehead rifing from the fpiredmountaine ptyn limon, I runnelhnot faf *irhour lhe receitsoforher riverel, inro Sryed'stapol t610 Montpmeryshite I "HynImon is oot a popularmountain, €xcepr in geographybooks, wlnch rill quirerecen y misledgenerarions of kiljsh youthwith rhe I preposlerousassertion rhar it wasrhe lfurd hjghestjn the }}icipalty, wh€.easthere are several,evcn in SouthWales. of considerably grealeraltitude. 8ut the ingcnuousgeographer, I thouAhridiculous as a slaristician.was durnbly andhali consciously.and wjih !?gueintenrions, gropinSafrersomelhinS like the rruth. If I imporrancehad be€n subst'!uted for elev.tion hewls nol far wrongin hisappraiscment of ihislonely humpy mass .........." I 1hetrre (1910) SuttonPalner & A.G.kddtey I I t CONTENIS t I TtiE PEYSIOGRJAPEYOF AIIE PLYNI,I!'ION CATCIII'CI\TS l I ]. Geomorphological historY I I Ibe Pleistocene 5 I The Post-9lacla1 7 I 2. Recent geomo4)holoqical studies f4 I 3. The Dorphometiy of the Severn and nye catchments t4 I ]I 'IIIE VEGETATION OF IltE PLYNIIMON CATTHMENTS 2',1 I l,'rNatulal'r vegetation 27 I 2, Artiflclal influences 32 Glazing and bulning 32 t Inproved pasture I Forestry 34 I III CONCLUSIONS - A I'IODELLING STRATEGY. 37 I BIBLIOGRAPI'Ib PART I 39 I BIBIJOGRAPIiY ?O P'RT II 43 t I t t I I FIGURES supelr.rlposeat profiles. E-W across the Plynlinon faclng t page I 2 I Locacion of plareal reDnan rs, PIynIiIFn exPerimenEal The originaf drainage pattem of wales (afterE H Brown, 1960) I Geology of Plynlinon e>Perinental catchnents The Pl)alinon area: average angLe o! slopei strean net\dolk and erod.ing peat sites; generalized vegetation I on tjte peat (after Taylor & Tucke!, 1968) Soil map of Ptynlimcn expelinental catchnents L2 (prepar:ed by C C Rudeforth. Soil Survey of England & Wales) I slope and cha.:rnel gradients, Plyntimon exPerinental r6 I lyp6omelric culves, cumulati\,'e and sj.nple, Plynlinon I7 experimental catchments strean frequency variabillty, grid sanPled from fluntings T9 I Alr survey of Plynlimon elperinental catchoeots (l:5ooo) !o Str:eam frequenq:/ relative to aUstance froo outlet, from 20 Hu.ntings Air survey of Plynlimon experinental I carchmenrs (1r5000) rt TiBe/alea slbdj.visi-on of P Lynlnmn experimental 2I I catchments (fron L:25,oOO map) 12 Dislance/alea and other di.stlibuted indices, Plynlinon 22 experinenlaL catchnents (fron l:25,CDO nap) I I3 stope type and cu.vature, Pl-ynlinon e)q)erl$ental 24 catch0ents (frorn l:25,@O nap) Long plof,ile of Severn (solid lines) and wye (dashed 25 I Iines) channels (froB liu$tings I:5OOO survey via | | Plogram sT8!A]4SLOPES ) L5 vegetation nEp of PlynLillon eryerj.nental catchne.ts 26 t prepared by Environnen LaI In fornatlon se rwices, Gallt-y-Bladdur. GIaspwU, !4achynlleth, r.lontgoroeryshire r5 vegetation rnap of Pl-ynllmon e)<perlnental catchnents 2A I prepared by R o l4i1]ar, Insr-itute of Terrestrj.al Ecology, Bango! r'7 vegetational guides to hydi.ol.ogy of llye catchment 30 t (preparedbyMDNewson) t8 The severn experibentat catchnent, its affolestatioi, 35 I roads and &ains I I I I I I PREFASE rtlis lepolt is inteDiled as an introduclotry backglound fo! vlsltols or. t researchels at PllmlitooD as ]tel]. as a leference for analysts seeking backgrormd to the hyalrological alata. It atralds no! drly on the autior's orrtn work but on the pubushed anal unpubllshed lesults of othels. of the t forner type, the work of oeEbers of the Depaltnent of GeoglaPhy, univelsity coll-ege of Wales, Aberystqrth plealoolnates (Dr.s Watscn, Bowen, Taylorr l,ewin et al). thpubLlshed help was ln the forn of Catchx0enl Sectlon napwolk superviseil b,y Dr ,J C Rodala and Mr S W Stolth prlor !o lalnfall I donain selection, speclf,lc Dapplng of soils by u! c c Rudeforth (SolL survey of England and wales) and vegetatj.on by !'|! R o ltillar (Instltute of Tej.lestlj-al Ecol-ogy, The Vegetatlon surrey of llales was consulted I !n cooperatj.on with M::,J A Taylor, University CoLlege of WaLes, -Aberystwyth and the Natlonal Llbraly of Wales, Seconal Lanal UllLisatidr Survey naps of vegetation were obtalneal f,loxo Mr G A Slnc1a1r, Envlronnenlal Inforroa- I tion Servlces who also gave the author fielal advice on vegetation as dl.d J U M Munlo, neLsh Plant Breedlng Station. Ilr: Sinon Benne!!-Evans t kindly advised on land-use Ln the tiye catclbent, t& R Rogets in the In connectlon with t}|e flnaLlty of this report, lt should.be stressed that reflnenents are proceeallng, particuLarly ln respect of, so1l.s napping I and for the detalled hydBotoqj.cal lnte4)retatlon of Plynlinon solls t}Ie readel is referred to the irork of l.|r J P Be]'l (Institute of Eytlrolog.j Report No. 8). My tianks 9o to ;lohn Bell for critlcalLy revield.ng tils t lepoltt Flnall-y the author's own motlve for ploducing thls -eport ras to Lnv€sti- I gate tJre spaual organl-zatlon of the catchnEnts in oraler to follnulat'e stlategy for the lntegratlon of process studies anal eventual str:eaDf,Lolt nodelLlng. This .ls seen as the geographlcal contrlbutiao to scj.enLific hydlology, he&j.og to counter tlte llbel of PalBe! anal BradLey (see I Prol.ogue). AII maps of t}1e catchdEnts except Algules 2, 4, 5, II and 17 e,ere dral1] I at a scale of I:25,OOO anal then reiluced durj,ng printing by 20 pet cenc. I t I I I I I I t 3.s I I i=F I t I B I o t F 3 t E 2 L il : I 2 3 I A I I I I 3e t? I 3g 3€ I I. THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PLYNIJMON CATCHMENTS Two aspects are investigated - the geomorphological history and deposits of the catchments and their quantitative description in terns of morpho- metry. The former provides information helpful to an undexstanding of hydrological processes and their applicability elsewhere, whilst the latter yields numerical data for comparisons wf thin, between and outside the Wye and Sevem. The general physiography of the two catchments is similar, axiomatic from their choice for the Institute's Plynlimon experiment. There are differences , best expressed in rnorphometric terms, but a shared geomorpho- logical history (even as far as being part of the same Textiary river system!) has meant that aspects of the fixst section have a joint rele- vance. 1. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HI STORY Writers on the physique of Wales have been generally concerned with one of two dominating aspects: the evolution of Tertiary and older erosion surfaces (now elevated as widespread, level, rather monotonous upland country due to base-level changes), ox the impact of Quaternary glacia- tions. Tertiary evolution This approach has culminated in the thorough treatment by Brown (1957,1960). Brown takes the view from Plynlimon as demonstrating the widespread High Plateau between 1700 and 2000 feet (520 m - 610 m) . Plynlimon peaks rise above it (see Figure 1) as 'I the textbook monadnock" (a remnant of land surface not reduced to the peneplain level of the High Plateau). Plynlimon's prominence is in part due to the exposure of more resistant Ordovician rocks in the coxe of a structural dome, Brown suggests that the summits like Plynlimon may themselves be part of a warped "Summit Plain", an erosion surface whose projectim envelopes the whole modem landscape, cutting its surface through the higher summits which represent its sole remnants. Below it, the High Plateau is found throughout Wales and is not wqed as would be the case if it had been affected by inid-Tertiary earth movements, Below it are the Middle Peneplain at 1200-1600 feet (365 m - 490 m) , the Low Peneplain at 800-1000 feet (245 m- 305 dand a suecessi~of coastal marine surf aces resulting from Pleistocene sea level changes.
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