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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Economia

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Economia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA JOÃO PEREIRA DOS SANTOS DO EXTRATIVISMO À INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO DA AMAZÔNIA: UMA ANÁLISE INSTITUCIONALISTA-PÓS-KEYNESIANA Porto Alegre 2017 JOÃO PEREIRA DOS SANTOS DO EXTRATIVISMO À INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO DA AMAZÔNIA: UMA ANÁLISE INSTITUCIONALISTA-PÓS-KEYNESIANA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Economia, da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Economia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Ferrari Filho Porto Alegre 2017 JOÃO PEREIRA DOS SANTOS DO EXTRATIVISMO À INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO DA AMAZÔNIA: UMA ANÁLISE INSTITUCIONALISTA-PÓS-KEYNESIANA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Economia, da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Economia. Aprovada em: Porto Alegre, 27 de novembro de 2017. BANCA EXAMINADORA: ________________________________________________ Dr. Fernando Ferrari Filho - Orientador PPGE – UFRGS ________________________________________________ Dr. Danilo Araújo Fernandes PPGE – UFPA _________________________________________________ Dr. Francisco de Assis Costa NAEA – UFPA __________________________________________________ Dr. Octávio Augusto Camargo Conceição PPGE - UFRGS Ao meu Pai Alberto e à minha mãe Celsa. A minha esposa Zilda e ao meu filho Benjamin AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por ter razões para acreditar na sua existência. Ao meu pai, Alberto, que deu a vida para educar os filhos e à minha mãe, Celsa, uma mulher que jamais se curvou diante de qualquer obstáculo e que foi a minha grande inspiração para superar todos os desafios enfrentados nesta pesquisa. À minha esposa Zilda, pelo apoio, pelo carinho, pelo incentivo e pelas conversas sobre a tese. Ao meu filho Benjamin, pela alegria, pelas apresentações de teatro, pelas brincadeiras de “briga” na cama, pelos filmes infantis e pelo amor incondicional, mesmo quando eu estive ausente. Aos meus sogros Ivan e Ordoênia por toda ajuda. A minha família foi o meu porto seguro durante a tese. Ao prof. Fernando Ferrari Filho, por ter aceitado orientar um tema sobre a Amazônia, pela sua dedicação, profissionalismo, pontualidade, conselhos, orientações e sugestões. Uma grande referência para o meu futuro profissional. Aos professores da Pós-Graduação em Economia da UFRGS: Ronaldo Herlleing Jr., Octávio Conceição, Pedro Fonseca, Ricardo Dathein, Sérgio Monteiro, André Cunha, Marcelo Milan, Eduardo Maldonado Filho e Luiz Estrella Faria. Aos amigos que formei durante o curso, particularmente, Bianca Rockembach, Claucir Schmidtke, José Miguel Villagomez e a Jaqueline Silveira do PGDR. Aos amigos inesquecíveis de Porto Alegre, em especial: Viviane, Olinda Allessandrini e Luiz Brandenburger, Silvia Dall’igna, Karina Locateli e Cris, a pequena Diuly, Glória e José, Oraides e Irineu, a turma do restaurante do Lédio, o Zé do mercadinho e as amizades do Colégio Rainha do Brasil. Aos secretários e secretárias do PPGE da UFRGS, principalmente, Maria Delourdes da Fonseca. Aos funcionários do CENTUR (Fundação Cultural do Pará-FCP), pela disponibilização das obras raras dos estados do Pará e do Amazonas, em especial ao Alan e à Josefa. Agradeço à Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA), pela bolsa de pesquisa. RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta uma análise institucionalista-pós-keynesiana da História Econômica da Amazônia, desde 1615 até o final das políticas desenvolvimentistas na década de 1980. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é apresentar e analisar, à luz do referido referencial teórico, os motivos pelos quais a Amazônia não teve uma dinâmica de crescimento e desenvolvimento relativamente estável, mas, muito pelo contrário, foi caracterizada pelo subdesenvolvimento. Para identificar as causas do subdesenvolvimento atual da Amazônia foram utilizadas as seguintes categorias/conceituações analíticas convergentes entre Veblen, Commons e Keynes; racionalidade limitada, incerteza, hábito, convenção, instituições (sistema monetário) e demanda efetiva. Para apresentar e analisar as modificações ocorridas nas instituições e na estrutura econômica da Amazônia foram utilizados e interpretados dados quantitativos dos relatórios dos governos estaduais da época, dos Anuários Estatísticos editados pelo IBGE e do banco de dados do IPEADATA. Palavras-chave: Amazônia. Instituições. Estrutura econômica. Desenvolvimento. Racionalidade Limitada. Incerteza. Hábito. Convenção. Sistema Monetário. Demanda Efetiva. ABSTRACT This thesis presents an Institutionalist and Post-Keynesian analysis of the Economic History of Amazonia from 1615 to the end of development policies in the 1980s. The main objective is to present and analyze, in the light of the Institutionalist and Post-Keynesian approaches, the reasons why the Amazon region did not have a sustainable economic growth and development economic, but, on the contrary, its economic history was characterized by an underdevelopment process. In order to identify the causes of the current underdevelopment of the Amazon, it was considered the following convergent categories between Veblen, Commons and Keynes: bounded rationality, uncertainty, habit, convention, institutions (monetary system) and effective demand. To aim at analyzing the changes occurred in the institutions and in the economic structure of the Amazon, we used and interpreted the of regional governments’ revenues and expenditures of the State Governments, the Statistical Yearbooks edited by IBGE and statistical information of IPEADATA. Keywords: Amazon. Institutions. Economic structure. Development. Bounded Rationality. Uncertainty. Habit. Convention. Monetary System. Effective Demand. LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – Exportações de calçados de borracha para Estados Unidos e Europa (1836 – 1858), em pares .................................................................................................... 136 Gráfico 2 – Quantidades das exportações quinquenais de borracha do Pará e de Manaus de 1839 a 1889 (em toneladas) ............................................................................... 149 Gráfico 3 – Preço anual e média quinquenal da borracha exportadas pela Amazônia de 1839 a 1889 (em réis correntes) .......................................................................................... 149 Gráfico 4 - Quantidade quinquenal de borracha exportada pela Amazônia entre 1889/1929 .................................................................................. 165 Gráfico 5 - Preço anual e médio quinquenal da borracha exportada pela Amazônia entre 1889/1928, em réis, ano-base 1913 ........................................... 166 Gráfico 6 – Receita anual dos estados do Pará e Amazonas e da Amazônia (1891/1929) em réis, ano base 1913 ............................................................................................... 166 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Principais variáveis da economia colonial do Grão-Pará (1720/1780) ............... 118 Tabela 2 - Exportações da Amazônia brasileira 1839-1840 ................................................... 134 Tabela 3 - Declaração de custo dos produtos exportados pela Província do Pará aos Estados Unidos entre julho, agosto e setembro de 1842 - preços em centavos por libra (ortografia do documento original) ......................................... 135 Tabela 4 – Variação da renda geral da Província do Pará (1849/1889) ................................ 140 Tabela 5 – Taxas de variações da quantidade de exportações e dos preços quinquenais de borracha do Pará e de Manaus (1839 – 1889) .................................................... 150 Tabela 6 – Produção agrícola da Amazônia, 1863 ................................................................ 152 Tabela 7 – Rebanho bovino da Amazônia segundo as regiões pecuárias ............................. 154 Tabela 8 – Importação e exportação direta da Província do Pará demonstradas por quinquênios nos exercícios de 1849/1850 a 1878/1879 ..................................... 156 Tabela 9 – Comércio de cabotagem da Província do Pará (1851/1854) ............................... 159 Tabela 10 – Trocas por cabotagem da Província do Pará (1858-1864) ................................. 159 Tabela 11 - A pecuária bovina da Amazônia (1890, 1900, 1912, 1918, 1920) ..................... 163 Tabela 12 – A taxa de variação da saída, do preço médio da borracha e da renda média quinquenal da Amazônia (1889/1928) .............................................................. 167 Tabela 13 – Taxa de variação dos gastos de investimento fixo do Governo do Pará e intendência municipal de Belém entre 1893 e 1898 ............................................ 168 Tabela 14 – Produção relevante da agricultura da Amazônia em quilogramas ..................... 179 Tabela 15 – Indústria de transformação da Amazônia em 1919 ........................................... 182 Tabela 16 – Comércio exterior da Amazônia (1921/1930) ................................................... 188 Tabela 17 – Comércio interior interestadual (1921/1930) ..................................................... 189 Tabela 18 – Principais produtos da extração vegetal da Amazônia entre 1929 e 1934 ........ 194 Tabela 19 - Comércio exterior e de cabotagem da Amazônia entre 1924 e 1943 ................. 194 Tabela 20 – Taxa de crescimento da receita e da despesa pública na Amazônia em 1924 e 1943 ...................................................................................................................
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