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World History and Geography 2 - Flashcards

Around 1500 A.D. New intellectual and artistic ideas that the modern world developed during the marked the beginning of:

Around 1500 A.D. "Rebirth" -- of classical knowledge, "birth" of What does Renaissance mean? the modern world.

Around 1500 A.D. The Renaissance lasted from 1350 to 1600. The 1500s When was the height of the Renaissance?

Around 1500 A.D. The Renaissance was characterized by a classical (ancient Greek and Roman) revival of ___ influence in the arts, architecture and literature.

Around 1500 A.D. The Renaissance marked the beginnings of secular modern science and an increasingly ____ (worldly as opposed to religious) society.

Around 1500 A.D. Renaissance artists and sculptors depicted realistically the human form more ____ and subjects were landscapes shown in realistic settings like ____ .

1 Around 1500 A.D. It spread from the Italian city states in Where was the Renaissance? southern to northern Europe

Leonardo da Vinci Around 1500 A.D.

Two Renaissance artists: Michelangelo

Around 1500 A.D. Shakespeare Renaissance playwright:

Around 1500 A.D. Erasmus Renaissance humanist:

The chief intellectual movement of the Around 1500 A.D. Renaissance. Emphasized secular (not What is "humanism"? religious) concerns and education.

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Around 1500 A.D. Hinduism What were the world’s five major religions?

Around 1500 A.D. There were five major world religions. Where Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East was Judaism located?

2 Around 1500 A.D.

There were five major world religions. Where Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East was Christianity located?

Around 1500 A.D. There were five major world religions. Where Parts of Asia, , and southern Europe was Islam located?

Around 1500 A.D. There were five major world religions. Where and part of Southeast Asia was Hinduism located?

Around 1500 A.D. There were five major world religions. Where East and Southeast Asia was Buddhism located?

Around 1500 A.D. What were some of the technological and Paper, compass, , porcelain scientific advancements made in China and exchanged along trade routes?

Around 1500 A.D. What were some of the technological and Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle scientific advancements made in India and East) the Middle East and exchanged along trade routes?

Around 1500 A.D. Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, In what areas were scientific advancements mathematics made and exchanged along trade routes?

3 Around 1500 A.D. For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little in religious thought and the Protestant Reformation action. The resistance of the church to change led to:

Around 1500 A.D. • Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view What were the problems and issues that of usury. provoked religious reforms in Western • German and English disliked Italian domination of the Church. Christianity? • The Church’s great political power and wealth Conflicts that challenged the authority of the caused conflict. Church in Rome • Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Around 1500 A.D. The Reformation began as a against The Catholic church revenue by selling indulgences - a substitution for punishment for sin. People could certain practices of the Catholic Church, essentially "buy their way into heaven", or so they including the selling of indulgences. What are thought "indulgences"?

Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) Opposed sale if indulgences - believed Around 1500 A.D. salvation would come by faith alone, Bible as What were the beliefs of Martin Luther? the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

Around 1500 A.D. In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door. They criticized the sale of indulgences and What were the Ninety-Five Theses? other church abuses.

Believed in predestination - the belief that God had determined in advance who would be "saved" Around 1500 A.D. and who would be "damned". Faith revealed by What were the beliefs of John Calvin? living a righteous life, work ethic

Calvinism spread through northern Europe

• King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition) • Vie ws —Dismissed the authority of the Around 1500 A.D. Pope in Rome What were the beliefs of Henry VIII? • Actions—Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

4 • Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states. Around 1500 A.D. • The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Describe the Reformation in Germany. Holy continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. • Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

• Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Around 1500 A.D. . Describe the Reformation in England. • The Reformation contributed to the rise of .

• Catholic granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Around 1500 A.D. Nantes (later revoked).

Describe the Reformation in . • Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Around 1500 A.D. Gutenberg's invention of the ______in 1450 printing press was one of the most important events of the period.

Around 1500 A.D. The printing press revolutionized the literacy publishing industry by mass producing books. This caused ___ to spread.

• Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority. Around 1500 A.D. • Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to Describe the Catholic Counter Reformation spread Catholic doctrine around the world. • Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Around 1500 A.D. At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious What was the impact of the Reformation on intolerance. But, gradually religious toleration Western civilization? emerged, along with democratic thought.

5 Around 1500 A.D. The Reformation led to growth of: s______secularism, individualism, and religious tolerance i______r______t______

Promoted literacy Around 1500 A.D. \ What was the role of the printing press during Helped spread the ideas of the Reformation - the the Reformation in the spread of new ideas? doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and others, more quickly.

Around 1500 A.D. In 1500, the expanding economies of Asia European states stimulated increased trade with markets in:

Around 1500 A.D. With the loss of ______in 1453, European nations fronting the Atlantic sought new maritime (sea) ______routes for trade.

• Demand for , , and natural resources in Europe Around 1500 A.D. • Support for the diffusion of Christianity What were the factors contributing to the • Political and economic competition between European discovery of lands in the Western European empires Hemisphere? • in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins) • Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator Around 1500 A.D. Who were some important explorers you are • Portugal— expected to know about for this test? • Spain—, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, I plan to make a card for each of the explorers • England—Francis Drake but haven't done it yet. • France—Jacques Cartier

Around 1500 A.D. One motive for exploration was to spread the Christian ______religion.

6 Around 1500 A.D. One effect of the Spanish overseas Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires expansion was the demise of these three Indian empires.

Around 1500 A.D. • rigid class system A legacy of Spanish expansion in Latin • dictatorial rule America is a ______system and ___ rule.

Around 1500 A.D. In the Americas, the colonies imitated the parent country culture and social patterns of their :

Around 1500 A.D. The effect of European expansion in Africa trading posts was European ______along the coast.

Around 1500 A.D. slaves, gold and other products European expansion in Africa led to trade in:

• Colonization by small groups of Around 1500 A.D. merchants (India, the Indies, China) European expansion in Asia led to : • Influence of trading (Portuguese, Dutch, British)

The worldwide redistribution of plants, Around 1500 A.D. animals, and diseases that resulted from the What does Columbian Exchange mean? initial contacts between Europeans and American Indians.

7 Around 1500 A.D. As the result of the Columbian Exchange, agricultural products such as ___, ___, and corn, potatoes, and tobacco ____ from the Western Hemisphere changed European lifestyles.

Around 1500 A.D. As the result of the Columbian Exchange, horses and cattle European ____ and ___ changed the lifestyles of American Indians

Around 1500 A.D. The most important result of the Columbian diseases like smallpox Exchange is that European ____ like ____ killed many American Indians.

Around 1500 A.D. Impact of the Columbian Exchange African slaves • Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of:

Around 1500 A.D. Impact of the Columbian Exchange destroyed indigenous and European plantation system in the Caribbean damaged the environment and the Americas:

The linked Europe, Africa, Around 1500 A.D. and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum What was the triangular trade? were traded. The European nations exported

precious metals from the Americas.

• Gold and (exported to Europe and After 1500 A.D. Asia) • Impact on indigenous empires of the What was the impact of precious metal Americas exports from the Americas? • Impact on Spain and • need better answer

8 After 1500 A.D. The ______Empire emerged as a political Ottoman and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople.

Around 1500 A.D. …much of Muslim territory in Southwest Asia The Ottomans brought under their rule- and North Africa

After 1500 A.D. What was the original location of the Ottoman Asia Minor Empire?

• Southwest Asia After 1500 A.D. • Southeastern Europe, Balkan To where did the expand? Peninsula • North Africa

After 1500 A.D. The of the Ottoman Empire at Istanbul Constantinople was renamed -

After 1500 A.D. During the Ottoman Empire, the ___ religion Islamic was a unifying force that accepted other religions.

9 After 1500 A.D. and ceramics The Ottoman Empire traded -

After 1500 A.D. Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim ______rulers established an empire in Mughal (Mogul)-- India northern_____.

• Spread of Islam into India After 1500 A.D. • Art and architecture—Taj Mahal What were the contributions of Mughal rulers? • Arrival of European trading outposts • Influence of Indian textiles on British

After 1500 A.D. Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the trade by Coastal ports establishing ______on the Indian sub- continent.

After 1500 A.D. • Creation of foreign enclaves to control How did the Chinese attempt to limit the trade influence of European merchants? • Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade

After 1500 A.D. There was an increasing European demand tea and porcelain for these Chinese goods -

After 1500 A.D. A powerless emperor – ruled by military How was Japan ruled after 1500AD? leader (shogun)

10 After 1500 A.D. Japan adopted a policy of ____ to limit foreign isolation influences.

After 1500 A.D. An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self- sufficient;

After 1500 A.D. Mercantilism was based on the theory that the mother country colonies existed for the benefit of -

After 1500 A.D. During the Commercial , European …overseas markets, colonies, and resources. maritime nations competed for-

• New and banking systems were After 1500 A.D. created. During the Commercial Revolution, a new • Economic practices such as mercantilism economic system emerged. evolved. • Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.

16th-18th Century With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the ______scientific revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

• Nicolaus Copernicus 16th-18th Century • Johannes Kepler Name some of the pioneers of the scientific • Galileo Galilei revolution? • Isaac Newton • William Harvey

11 16th-18th Century the heliocentric theory Nicolaus Copernicus developed -

16th-18th Century planetary motion Johannes Kepler discovered -

16th-18th Century the heliocentric theory Galileo Galilei used the telescope to support -

16th-18th Century the Laws of Gravity Isaac Newton discovered

16th-18th Century circulation of the blood William Harvey discovered -

• The emphasis on reason and 16th-18th Century systematic observation of nature What was the importance of the scientific • The formulation of the scientific revolution? method • The expansion of scientific knowledge

16th-18th Century 16th, 17th, 18th centuries When was the Age of Absolutism?

12 16th-18th Century Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, and Peter the What did the Age of Absolutism Great. include?

16th-18th Century …increased the power of their central The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a governments. series of European monarchs who -

16th-18th Century Centralization of power What were some of the characteristics of Concept of divine right absolute monarchies?

16th-18th Century France Louis XIV was an absolute monarch in ___, and was known for___ . Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power

16th-18th Century Frederick the Great was an absolute monarch in ___, and was known for__ . emphasis on military power

16th-18th Century Peter the Great was an absolute monarch in Russia – westernization of Russia ___, and was known for:-

16th-18th Century Political democracy rests on the principle that the consent of the governed government derives power from -

13 16th-18th Century the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common The foundations of English freedoms law. included--

16th-18th Century the English and the Glorious Further development of the rights of Revolution Englishmen was prompted by -

Development of the rights of Englishmen th th • Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I 16 -18 Century • The restoration of Charles II How did the English Civil War and the • Development of political parties/factions Glorious Revolution promote the development • Glorious Revolution (William and Mary) of the rights of Englishmen? • Increase of parliamentary power over royal power • English Bill of Rights of 1689

16th-18th Century Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application scientific knowledge and reason of ______and ___ to issues of law and government.

16th-18th Century Enlightenment ideas influenced the ____ and Declaration of Independence the writing of the ___.

16th-18th Century The Enlightenment applied reason to the human natural ____ world, not just the _____ world

16th-18th Century tolerance The Enlightenment stimulated religious --

14 16th-18th Century The Enlightenment fueled ___ __ around the democratic world.

Thomas Hobbes 16th-18th Century John Locke Who were some Enlightenment thinkers? Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau Voltaire

16th-18th Century Name the Enlightenment thinker and work: —The must have central Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan authority to manage behavior …

16th-18th Century Name the Enlightenment thinker and work: John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government —People are sovereign; monarchs are not chosen by God.

16th-18th Century Name the Enlightenment thinker and work: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws —The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

16th-18th Century Name the Enlightenment thinker and work: Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social —Government is a contract between rulers Contract and the people.

16th-18th Century Name the Enlightenment thinker: —Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and Voltaire state

15 16th-18th Century Political philosophies of the Enlightenment the Americas and France fueled revolution in:

Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of 16th-18th Century Independence What are two American documents that incorporated Enlightenment ideas? The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights

16th-18th Century The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution …overthrew the absolute monarchy, and a influenced the French people to view their new government was established. government in new ways. As a result, the French:

16th-18th Century These ideas and examples of the American Latin America and French Revolutions influenced the people of ______to establish independent nations.

16th-18th Century • Influence of Enlightenment ideas Name two causes of the • Influence of the American Revolution

16th-18th Century • Storming of the Bastille Name two events of the French Revolution • Reign of Terror

• End of the absolute monarchy of Louis 16th-18th Century XVI The French Revolution resulted in: • Rise of Napoleon

16 16th-18th Century • Independence came to French, How did the French and American Spanish, and Portuguese colonies Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? • Toussaint L’Ouverture—Haiti • Simon Bolivar—South America

16th-18th Century The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on ____ and ____ in the arts as artists order and balance borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome

16th-18th Century The Enlightenment artists borrowed heavily Greece and Rome from classical ____ and ____ .

16th-18th Century Inventions and innovations in technology the Age of Reason stimulated trade and transportation during:

16th-18th Century Johann Sebastian Bach— Composer Name two Enlightenment composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart--Composer

16th-18th Century Eugène Delacroix—Painter Name a painter of the Enlightenment

16th-18th Century Voltaire Name a philosopher of the Enlightenment

17 16th-18th Century Miguel de Cervantes Name a Novelist of the Enlightenment

natural scenes, and living people (portraits). 16th-18th Century Enlightenment paintings depicted classical subjects, public events:

16th-18th Century A new form of literature that evolved during the novel (e.g. Cervantes’ Don Quixote) the Enlightenment was -

Technologies 16th-18th Century • All-weather roads improved year- round What improved technologies and institutions transport and trade. • New designs in farm tools increased were important to European economies? productivity (agricultural revolution). • Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

19th Century Europe secular society, nationalism, and democratic What was the powerful legacy for world ideas history left by the French Revolution:

19th Century Europe Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under unsuccessful French domination was -

19th Century Europe The ______attempted to restore Congress of Vienna Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.

18 Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under 19th Century Europe French domination What was the legacy of Napoleon? • Napoleonic Code • Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

• “Balance of power” doctrine 19th Century Europe • Restoration of monarchies What was the significance of the Congress of • New political map of Europe Vienna? • New political philosophies (,

conservatism)

19th Century Europe The rise of ______was a powerful force nationalism behind European politics during the nineteenth century.

19th Century Europe Widespread demands ______for led to political rights revolutions and legislative actions in Europe.

19th Century Europe National pride, economic competition, and nationalism democratic ideals stimulated the growth of:

19th Century Europe widespread discontent in Europe The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to -

19th Century Europe nationalistic tensions Unsuccessful increased -

19 19th Century Europe In contrast to continental Europe, Great legislative means Britain expanded political rights through -

19th Century Europe the British Empire Slavery was made illegal in -

19th Century Europe ____ and ____ became nation-states long --- Germany after the rest of Europe.

• Count Cavour unified Northern Italy. 19th Century Europe • Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to What events led to the unification of Italy? northern Italy. • The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

19th Century Europe Count Cavour Who unified Northern Italy?

19th Century Europe Giuseppe Garibaldi Who joined southern Italy to northern Italy?

19th Century Europe Papal States The ______(including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

20 • Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist 19th Century Europe feelings. • Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and unification of Germany? hold power. • The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.

19th Century Europe ______led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to Otto von Bismarck nationalist feelings.

19th Century Europe Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example Realpolitik of ______, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

19th Century Europe It justifies all means to achieve and hold What is Realpolitik? power.

19th Century Europe The ___-___ War led to the creation of the Franco-Prussian German state.

19th Century Europe England ----- the rest of Western Europe and The began in _____, the United States and spread to -

21 19th Century Europe With the Industrial Revolution, came an raw materials increased demand for ______from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

19th Century Europe Advancements in ____ produced the technology Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine _____ and ___ altered the lives of people Cultural living in the new industrial cities. _____ changes soon followed.

19th Century Europe Origin in England, because of its natural Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention England? and improvement of the steam engine

19th Century Europe The Industrial Revolution began in ___ and England spread to Europe and the U.S.

19th Century Europe • James Watt—Steam engine What were some of the technological • Eli Whitney—Cotton gin advances that produced the Industrial • Henry Bessemer—Process for making Revolution? steel

19th Century Europe James Watt Who invented the steam engine?

19th Century Europe Eli Whitney Who invented the cotton gin?

22 19th Century Europe Invented a process for making steel. What did Henry Bessemer do?

19th Century Europe Developed smallpox vaccination Edward Jenner—

19th Century Europe Louis Pasteur— Discovered bacteria

• Population increase • Increased standards of living for many, though not all 19th Century Europe • Improved transportation How did the Industrial Revolution produce • • Environmental pollution changes in culture and society? • Increased education • Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions • Growth of the middle class

19th Century Europe The Industrial Revolution was fueled by: market competition and capitalism

19th Century Europe Who wrote Wealth of Nations?

…dissatisfaction with poor working conditions 19th Century Europe and the unequal distribution of wealth in Capitalism produced - society

23

19th Century Europe What were some theories opposed to and capitalism?

19th Century Europe The Communist Manifesto and Frederick Engels wrote -

19th Century Europe redistribution Communists wanted the ___ or wealth

19th Century Europe the family unit. Agricultural economies were based on -

19th Century Europe The Industrial Revolution had a significant the family. impact on the structure and function of -

19th Century Europe The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and labor unions children. Workers organized ______to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.

24 • Family-based cottage industries displaced by th the factory system 19 Century Europe • Harsh working conditions with men competing How did the Industrial Revolution impact the with women and children for wages lives of women, children, and the family? • Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high • Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

19th Century Europe During the Industrial Revolution, the factory family-based cottage industries system displaced -

19th Century Europe What kept costs of production low and profits Child labor high?

19th Century Europe • The cotton gin increased demand for How did the Industrial Revolution affect slave labor on American plantations. slavery? • The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

19th Century Europe The cotton gin increased demand for ___ __ slave labor on American plantations.

19th Century Europe • Women and children entering the What were the social effects of the Industrial workplace as cheap labor • Introduction of reforms to end child labor Revolution? • Expansion of education • Women’s increased demands for suffrage

• Encouraged worker-organized strikes to th increase wages and improve working conditions 19 Century Europe • Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of Why did workers organize into labor unions? workers, including women and children • Wanted worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

25 19th Century Europe Industrial nations in Europe needed ______natural resources and markets and ____ to expand their economies.

19th Century Europe ____ spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

19th Century Europe Nationalism motivated European nations to Why did European countries participate in compete for colonial possessions. imperialism and a race for colonies?

19th Century Europe Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial their traditional industries markets and displaced -

19th Century Europe • Colonies 3 forms of imperialism • Protectorates • Spheres of influence

19th Century Europe Imperialism in Africa and Asia • European domination • European conflicts carried to the colonies China • Christian missionary efforts ’s • Spheres of influence in ______Japan • Suez Canal • ______domination of Indian states • American opening of _____ to trade

26 19th Century Europe • Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China) What were the responses of colonized • Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist peoples? party founded in the mid-1800s)

• Alliances that divided Europe into 20th Century competing camps What were the factors that produced World • Nationalistic feelings • Diplomatic failures War I? • Imperialism • Competition over colonies • Militarism

Assassination of Austria’s Archduke The event that began WWI was - Ferdinand

20th Century 1914 World War I began in the year ___, but the 1917 US did not enter the war until ___.

Rise of communism 20th Century • Bolshevik Revolution and civil war How did communism rise in Russia? • Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy

• Lenin’s successor—Joseph Stalin

20th Century Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands. Where was WW II fought?

20th Century Causes of WW II - • Aggression by totalitarian powers • Aggression by totalitarian powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) (Name 3) • Nationalism • N_____ • Failures of the Treaty of Versailles • Failures of the Treaty of ______• Weakness of the League of Nations • Weakness of the ______• Appeasement • A______• Tendencies towards isolationism and • Tendencies towards i______and p______pacifism in Europe and the United States in Europe and the United States 27

20th Century WW II Leaders: Franklin D. Roosevelt Who was the U.S. President?

20th Century WW II Leaders: Harry Truman Who was the U.S. President after the death of FDR?

20th Century W W I I - After Hitler annexed Austria and Britain and France did not actively oppose the Czecholslavkia to Germany, Britain and annexations. They stayed quiet, hoping Hitler France adopted a policy of appeasement. would not expand further. What does that mean?

20th Century What happened after Germany invaded France and Britain declared war on Germany Poland in 1939?

20th Century They agreed not to attack Germany if Hitler What did the Soviet Union agree in the Nazi- invaded Poland (which he did a month later). Soviet Pact signed in 1939?

Major events of WW II (1939-1945) : Name the year each of these events occurred: 1939 _ German invasion of Poland ____ German invasion of Poland 1940 _Fall of France ____Fall of France 1940 _Battle of Britain ____Battle of Britain 1941 _German invasion of the Soviet Union ____German invasion of the Soviet Union 1942 _Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ____Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1944 _D - Day (Allied invasion of Europe) ____D - Day (Allied invasion of Europe) 1945 _Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and ____Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nagasaki 28 20th Century Name a WW II general who led the invasion Dwight D. Eisenhower of Normandy and later became a U.S. president.

20th Century Name the U.S. WW II general and army Chief George Marshall of Staff who after the war as Secretary of State came up with a plan to rebuild Europe.

20th Century A controversial World War II general who led Who was Douglas MacArthur? troops mostly in the Pacific.

20th Century The British Prime Minister during WW II Who was Winston Churchill?

20th Century Adolph Hitler Who was the Nazi dictator of Germany?

20th Century Joseph Stalin Who was the most brutal Soviet dictator?

20th Century Two years earlier they had signed the Nazi- Why was the German invasion of the Soviet Soviet nonaggression pact. Union in 1941 a surprise to Stalin?

29 20th Century On June 6, 1944 Eisenhower commanded the When and What was D-Day? allied invasion of Normandy, France.

20th Century In 1945, the U.S. dropped a nuclear bomb In (year ?), the US dropped a nuclear bomb first on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and first on the Japanese city of ____ and three three days later on the Japanese city of days later on the Japanese city of _____. Nagasaki.

He did not believe Japan would surrender 20th Century easily without the bomb, and continued Why did President Truman decide to drop fighting would have a great cost in American nuclear bombs on Japan? lives.

A Japanese general who also became Prime 20th Century Minster. His aggressive policies led Japan Who was Hideki Tojo? into WW II.

Emperor of Japan who fearing his monarchy 20th Century would be destroyed, did not prevent the Who was Hirohito? military's aggressive policies.

20th Century Economic dislocations following World War I political conditions led to unstable :

20th Century Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided dictators opportunities for the rise of ____in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

30 20th Century A communist was established by Vladimir Lenin … Joseph Stalin ______and continued by ______in the Soviet Union.

20th Century The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to totalitarian the rise of ______regimes in Italy and Germany.

20th Century Japan emerged as a world power after World Aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia War I and conducted:

20th Century Economic conditions led to unstable political Why did dictatorial governments emerge in conditions following WW I. The treaty of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. after Versailles put an even greater economic World War I? burden on Germany.

• Entrenchment of communism 20th Century • Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, Describe Stalin’s policies in the USSR collectivization of farms, state between the wars. industrialization, secret police) • Great Purge

• and depression 20th Century • Democratic government weakened • Anti-Semitism Describe Germany during the • Extreme nationalism - • National Socialism (Nazism) • German occupation of nearby countries

20th Century The systematic and purposeful destruction of What is genocide? a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

31 20th Century master Hitler believed in a ____ race.

20th Century What was Hitler's final solution? Extermination camps, gas chambers

• Hitler's final solution • Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire • th Peasants, government, military leaders, and elite 20 Century in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin Name several examples of genocide. • The educated, artists, former government officials, monks, and minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia • Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda • Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs in former Yugoslavia 20th Century An example of genocide - The educated, artists, technicians, former government Pol Pot in Cambodia officials, monks, and minorities were killed by -

20th Century An example of genocide - Tutsi minority by Rwanda (Africa) Hutu in -

20th Century An example of genocide - Muslims and former Yugoslavia Croats were killed by Bosnian Serbs in -

20th Century An example of genocide - Armenians were Ottoman Empire killed by leaders of the -

32 20th Century An example of genocide - Peasants, Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union government and military leaders, and members of the elite were killed by

• European powers’ loss of empires th • Establishment of 2 major powers: The U.S. & USSR 20 Century • War crimes trials What were the outcomes of World War II? • Division of Europe—Iron Curtain • Establishment of the United Nations • Marshall Plan • Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact

20th Century One outcome of WWII was the establishment The United States and the USSR of two major powers in the world:

20th Century One outcome of WWII was the ______, a Iron Curtain division of Europe into Soviet and western spheres of influence.

20th Century Plan to rebuild Europe after WWII What was the Marshall Plan?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (a military 20th Century alliance of the western European What is NATO? democracies)

20th Century A military alliance of the Eastern European What was the Warsaw Pact? countries in the Soviet sphere of influence.

33 • Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin 20th Century • Germany and Berlin divided among the What happened to Germany after WWII? four Allied powers • Emergence of West Germany as economic power in postwar Europe

20th Century four Allied powers - US, Britain, Russia, After WWII, Germany and Berlin were divided France among -

U.S. occupied Japan under Macarthur's administration • Democracy and economic development th 20 Century • Elimination of Japanese offensive military What happened to Japan after WWII? capabilities; United States’ guarantee of Japan’s security • Japan emerged as dominant economy in Asia

20th Century Who administered the US occupation of Macarthur Japan after WWII?

20th Century Competition between the United States and Cold War. the U.S.S.R. laid the foundation for the -

20th Century _____ failed as an economic system in the Communism Soviet Union and elsewhere.

20th Century The Cold War began with the ____ Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern Europe.

34 20th Century The Cold War was characterized by: dictatorship and communism Democracy and the free enterprise system v.

20th Century What were some of the Soviet Satellite Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania nations after WWII?

20th Century What period of time saw the beginning of the 1945-1948 Cold War?

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) v. the Warsaw Pact 20th Century • Korean Conflict • Vietnam War What were some of the Cold War conflicts? • Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall • Cuban Missile Crisis • Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence

20th Century 1989 When did the Soviet Union collapse?

• Soviet economic collapse 20th Century • Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries What were the causes and consequences of • Tearing down of Berlin Wall the collapse of the Soviet Union? • Breakup of U.S.S.R. • Expansion of NATO

20th Century After World War II, the United States pursued containment a policy of ______against communism.

35 20th Century Korea and Vietnam. The Cold War led to armed conflict in :

20th Century Policy for preventing the expansion of What is containment: communism

• Division of China into two nations at the end of the th 20 Century • Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)—Nationalist How did China split after the end of the China (island of Taiwan) Chinese civil war? • Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)—Communist China (mainland China) • Continuing conflict between the two Chinas

20th Century Who became the leader of Nationalist China Chiang Kai-shek on the island of Taiwan?

20th Century Who became the leader of Communist China Mao Tse-tung on the mainland?

• Role of French Imperialism • Leadership of Ho Chi Minh 20th Century • Vietnam as a divided nation Describe the conflict in Vietnam. • Influence of policy of containment • The United States and the Vietnam War • Vietnam as a reunited communist country today

20th Century Mohandas Ghandi - and Who was a leader of the Indian independence passive resistance movement, and what tactics did he use?

36 20th Century People in India wanted freedom from ___ British rule.

20th Century The charter of the United Nations guaranteed self-determination colonial populations the right to:

20th Century Independence movements in Africa imperialism challenged European:

20th Century Woodrow Wilson The US president during WWI was:

20th Century Kaiser Wilhelm II During WWI Germany was led by -

20th Century At first America declared neutrality and …attacks by German subs on American refused to enter the fighting in Europe. The ships. U.S. declared war on Germany after -

20th Century Russia withdrew from WWI the same year the 1917 US entered the war -

37 20th Century Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro- WWI resulted in the end of several empires Hungarian empires including the -

20th Century Colonies’ participation in the World War I independence increased demands for -

20th Century • Forced Germany to accept guilt for war What were the terms of the Treaty of and loss of territory and pay reparations Versailles? • Limited the German military

• Defeat in war with Japan in 1905 20th Century • Landless peasantry What were the causes of the 1917 revolutions • Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II in Russia? • Military defeats and high casualties in World War I

20th Century When Russia entered WWI, the country was Tsar ruled by a -

20th Century Before World War I, there were sharp Nobility and peasants. divisions in Russia between the :

20th Century The Tsar did not resolve the grievances of Revolution and an unsuccessful provisional workers and peasants. Hardships of World government. War I led to:

38 20th Century A second revolution by the ____ created the Bolsheviks communist state that ultimately became the U.S.S.R.

20th Century ______pushed the Russian economy into chaos, quickening the collapse of the czarist World War I regime and leading to the .

20th Century The Russian Revolution occurred in two Nicholas II phases. In the March Revolution, czar _____ provisional government was replaced by a ______.

20th Century Vladimir Lenin Russia's November Revolution was led by Bolshevik ______, who was leader of the ____ Party.

What was the League of Nations? • International cooperative organization • Established to prevent future wars

• United States not a member • Failure of League because it did not Why did the League of Nations fail? have power to enforce its decisions

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