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1 Universidad De Alicante Facultad De Derecho UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE FACULTAD DE DERECHO DERECHO ROMANO MATERIALES DOCENTES VICTORIANO SÁIZ LÓPEZ P R O G R A M A 1.- PRESENTACIÓN Suele afirmarse, desde una perspectiva formalista, que el Derecho romano ha dejado de ser un ordenamiento jurídico vigente y que ha quedado reducido a mero apartado de la Historia del Derecho. Según este criterio simplificador, las Constituciones y los Códigos que, tras la Revolución francesa, han entrado en vigor, a lo largo del siglo XIX, son considerados como actos creadores ex novo, por lo que suponen una ruptura completa con los antecedentes de Derecho histórico. Así habría ocurrido, por ejemplo, con el Código napoleónico en Francia, con el BGB alemán o con el Código civil español. Sin embargo, tales afirmaciones son válidas sólo en cierta medida. Es evidente que el paso de la Edad Moderna a la Edad Contemporánea supone un cambio radical, pero no hasta el extremo de haber introducido un ordenamiento totalmente original y novedoso. Podemos plantear, pues, importantes objeciones frente a ese criterio inicial. Ante todo, el Derecho romano de la Edad Antigua, que evoluciona desde el siglo VIII a. C. hasta el siglo V d. C., es un ordenamiento jurídico dotado de vigencia plena e inmediata. Pero lo más importante es constatar que no va a desaparecer tras la caída del Imperio de Occidente. En efecto, después de haber extendido su vigencia, más allá de la Ciudad, a todo el Orbe mediterráneo y de haber alcanzado un grado de elaboración completa, se imponía su recopilación definitiva, como así sucedió con ocasión de la obra sistemática del emperador bizantino Justiniano. Asimismo, el Imperio de Oriente se mantiene a lo largo de la Edad Media, hasta el siglo XV, y el Imperio de Occidente, restaurado en la persona de Carlomagno, pervive, después, como Sacro Imperio Romano-Germánico, hasta los tiempos de Napoleón. De este modo, podemos afirmar que el Derecho romano, a través del Corpus Iuris Civilis de origen justinianeo, va a recuperar su vigencia, pero no como un ordenamiento capaz de renovarse legalmente, sino como un modelo definitivamente cristalizado e inalterable, aunque susceptible de actualización a través de la doctrina. Todo ello nos lleva a la convicción de la existencia de una Tradición romanística medieval, moderna y contemporánea. En primer término, la Tradición romanística medieval, que tiene lugar entre los siglos V y XV d. C., se desarrolla en una circunstancia histórica fuertemente condicionada por la teocracia pontificia, o predominio del poder espiritual del Papado sobre el poder temporal de los monarcas, y por el régimen estamental, dominado por la nobleza y el clero, en detrimento del pueblo llano. En tales condiciones, la obra de los glosadores y comentaristas facilita la persistencia del ideal secular y ciudadano, frente a los ordenamientos canónico y feudal, éste último de carácter consuetudinario. A partir de la doctrina universitaria que los juristas civilistas extraen de las fuentes romanas, se hace posible la configuración de un Derecho común romano-canónico, que cumple la función de ordenación interregional. En este sentido, podemos hablar, todavía, de una vigencia 1 parcial y mediata. Al mismo tiempo, gracias al fenómeno de la Recepción, en el seno de los nuevos ordenamientos propios, locales y regionales, se produce una forma de vigencia, que también podemos denominar supletoria, es decir, complementaria de los citados Derechos propios locales y regionales, que van constituyéndose a lo largo del tiempo (ius commune-iura propria). Entre los ejemplos más significativos de Recepción, se encuentra el libro de Las Siete Partidas, en el ámbito de la Corona de Castilla. Tal vigencia supletoria tiene por objeto facilitar la interpretación, clarificadora e integradora, de las nuevas normas a la luz del Derecho histórico. Nos referimos, en segundo término, a la Tradición romanística moderna, que comprende los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Hemos de destacar acontecimientos trascendentales, como la caída del Imperio de Oriente y Constantinopla, el descubrimiento y colonización de América, la Reforma protestante y la Contrarreforma católica, e incluso las guerras de religión. Las circunstancias históricas cambian profundamente, siendo un hecho de especial relevancia la creación del Estado moderno de carácter absoluto, tanto en el ámbito de la monarquía católica como en los reinos protestantes. Se pasa, entonces, de la teocracia pontificia al absolutismo monárquico, en un contexto en que las insuficiencias del Derecho común romano-canónico resultan patentes. Los autores tienen ante sí el reto de configurar un nuevo Derecho natural y de gentes que permita normalizar las relaciones interestatales, de acuerdo con los principios de la razón universal, tras la superación del concepto unitario de Derecho común romano-canónico- feudal del periodo medieval. Destacan, en este sentido, dos orientaciones metodológicas fundamentales, representadas por F. de Vitoria, en el marco de la Segunda escolástica, y por H. Grocio. Asimismo, tales principios racionales están destinados a delimitar los poderes de monarca absoluto. Uno de los ejemplos ilustrativos de Recepción moderna se encuentra en la Glosa latina incorporada por el jurista G. López al texto castellano de Las Partidas. Las nuevas escuelas jurídicas de inspiración romanística vienen identificadas con los términos de mos italicus, mos gallicus, usus modernus pandectarum. En suma, la vigencia parcial y mediata, o bien supletoria, del Derecho romano permanece, tras las oportunas modificaciones. En tercer lugar, cabe preguntarse si podemos admitir la existencia de una Tradición romanística contemporánea, a pesar de las transformaciones, incluso revolucionarias, que ahora tienen lugar. Se trata, en efecto, de un periodo en que, tras la caída del régimen estamental y de los privilegios nobiliarios y clericales, van configurándose los ordenamientos propios de las Naciones-Estado, en el contexto del Derecho internacional público y privado. La respuesta a esta pregunta es afirmativa, al menos en el sentido de vigencia supletoria implícita1, a través de las reglas y principios generales del Derecho, desarrollados por mediación de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina contemporáneas, junto con los antecedentes históricos (nihil fit ex nihilo; nihil sub sole novum). Un ejemplo ilustrativo, entre otros muchos, es la regla negativa non sunt probanda. 1 En el marco del Derecho foral, podemos encontrar incluso el reconocimiento explícito de esa vigencia supletoria, como pone de manifiesto la Ley 1 de la Compilación de Derecho Civil Foral de Navarra. En cuanto al Derecho común, los arts. 1 y 3 del Código Civil hacen referencia a los principios generales y a los antecedentes históricos. En este sentido, F. REINOSO, Los principios generales del Derecho en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo, Madrid, 1987. Por lo que se refiere al Derecho internacional, el art. 38 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia se remite a los principios generales de derecho reconocidos por las naciones civilizadas. Citamos también la obra, AA VV, Principios de Derecho contractual europeo, Madrid, 2003. 2 2.- OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS DEL APRENDIZAJE Concepción interdisciplinar del ordenamiento jurídico estatal e interestatal Comprensión del sistema de las instituciones Iniciación al método de razonamiento casuístico 3.- ACTIVIDADES ACADÉMICAS Consulta de los materiales docentes publicados, a través del Campus virtual, y de la bibliografía recomendada Clases teórico-prácticas Tutorías, presenciales y no presenciales, a través del Campus virtual Trabajo fin de curso y examen final Otras actividades complementarias 4.- EVALUACIÓN La normativa de la Universidad de Alicante, relativa a la implantación de Títulos de Grado, establece (en su art.16.1 f) lo siguiente: Los nuevos planes de estudio requieren del sistema de evaluación continuada. Por tanto, dado que el alumno debe adquirir parte de las competencias como consecuencia del desarrollo de la actividad docente planificada, en aquellas situaciones en que haya una prueba final su aportación a la calificación no excederá del 50%. De acuerdo con este sistema de evaluación continuada, establecemos cuatro calificaciones diversas, cuya media aritmética da como resultado la calificación definitiva: 1ª.- Nota teórica parcial, a partir de las redacciones entregadas al final de clase, sobre comentarios de textos latinos, aplicando el criterio “50 puntos = 10”. 2ª.- Nota práctica parcial, a partir de las intervenciones orales en clase, sobre traducciones, cuestiones, definiciones, clasificaciones, ejemplos, casos, etc., aplicando el criterio “50 puntos = 10”. 3ª.- Nota teórica final, a partir de examen final, de 0 a 10 puntos. 4ª.- Nota práctica final, a partir del trabajo fin curso, sobre el caso práctico, de 0 a 10 puntos. 3 5.- TEMARIO TEMA 1: Derecho romano actual: Introducción. 1.- Recepción contemporánea. 2.- Antecedentes del Derecho romano actual: Época moderna; época bajomedieval; época altomedieval; época justinianea; época postclásica; época clásica; época preclásica; época arcaica. TEMA 2: Derecho objetivo romano actual: Introducción. 1.- Fuentes de derecho objetivo. 2.- Criterios aplicables de derecho objetivo. TEMA 3: Régimen del hecho jurídico romano actual: Introducción. 1.- Hechos naturales. 2.- Acciones u omisiones ilícitas. 3.- Actos lícitos sustantivos. 4.- Actos lícitos procesales. TEMA 4: Derecho subjetivo romano actual: Introducción. 1.- Derechos personales (persona física y jurídica). 2.- Derechos personales (familia).
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