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Biological Studies on the Natural Enemies in Suppression of Coconut Stick Insect, Graeffea Crouanii (Le Guillou) in Fiji

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Biological Studies on the Natural Enemies in Suppression of Coconut Stick Insect, Graeffea Crouanii (Le Guillou) in Fiji ISSN: 2338-1345 – Vol. 8 1&2 (2020) 1-14 Journal online https://ojs.bakrie.ac.id/index.php/APJSAFE Asia Pacific Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Food and Energy (APJSAFE) Biological Studies on the Natural Enemies in Suppression of Coconut Stick Insect, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) in Fiji Deesh, Aradhana D.1*, Joshi, Ravindra C.1,2, Jokhan, Anjeela D.3, Khan, Mohammed M. G.3 and Jerard, B. Augustine4 1Koronivia Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Nausori, Fiji 2CAB International South-East Asia, Malaysia; SAFE-Network, Indonesia 3Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji 4 ICAR-CIARI, Port Blair-744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract — Coconut stick insect, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) is one of the important pests of coconut palms in Fiji. It causes extensive leaf damage resulting in production losses. The field surveys revealed the presence of several naturally-occurring natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) on G. crouanii in the major coconut growing regions in the Fiji Islands viz., Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Two species of egg parasitoids, Paranastatus verticalis Eady and Paranastatus nigriscutellatus Eady were recorded as the most prevalent natural enemies, of which P. verticalis was the dominant species. This paper presents information from field and laboratory studies on the pest and dominant natural enemy and role of P. verticalis on the population suppression of G. crouanii in Fiji. The release of P. verticalis and field sanitation were the two best management practices identified that contributed to the improvement of plant health toward the management of G. crouanii. Keywords — Cocos nucifera L., Coconut stick insect pest, Graeffea crouanii, natural enemies, Paranastatus verticalis, Fiji. tourism industry by way of beautifying the beaches. INTRODUCTION Coconuts and copra (the dried meat of the coconut) Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L., is widely regarded are important agricultural products that are widely as “The Tree of Life” due to the use of all its parts in used and exported from Fiji. supporting livelihood supporting in the South Pacific. The coconut palms provide environment The coconut plantations are affected by various services, support food security and livelihood of categories of plant pests in different growing most people in the South Pacific region. Besides, regions, and a few of them are fatal to the palms. the food, nutrition, and income securities, C. Child (1974) has reported 751 species of insects as nucifera is also considered as more important pests of coconuts around the world. In Fiji, the component for the tourism industry in the South coconut stick insect, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (Luigi, is one of the principal insect pests causing severe 2005). In Fiji, the coconut palm is one of the most losses to the coconut industry (Deesh et al. 2020). economically important crops occupying the coastal They cause severe defoliation resulting in crop areas supporting livelihood in terms of providing losses, and even death of trees. Knowledge on the food, fuel and shelter, and adding value to the natural enemies is of paramount importance towards 1 ISSN: 2338-1345 – Vol. 8 1&2 (2020) 1-14 Journal online https://ojs.bakrie.ac.id/index.php/APJSAFE the development of ecologically sustainable Laboratory Evaluation of Natural Enemies integrated pest management approach against this Observations on natural enemies made during chronic pest in coconut plantations. the field surveys were further tested in the laboratory This paper provides information from the field and conditions to ascertain the stages of G. crouanii that laboratory studies on the diversity of the naturally- were vulnerable to natural enemies. The freshly laid occurring natural enemies, their spatial and temporal eggs, nymphs and adults of G. crouanii were population dynamics, biology and role of the exposed to these different natural enemies identified dominant egg parasitoid, Paranastatus verticalis and collected during field samplings in Vanua Levu Eady, on the population suppression of G. crouanii (Dawara), Viti Levu (Namaumada), and Taveuni in Fiji. It also provides guidance on the practical (Salialevu), Fiji (Figure 2). This was undertaken to integration of IPM options against G. crouanii for determine the most dominant and effective smallholders. indigenous natural enemies of the G. crouanii. The collected specimens of G. crouanii and mass reared MATERIALS AND METHODS egg parasitoids were preserved in 70% ethanol for geometric analysis and species identification. The Field Survey of Natural Enemies species determination was conducted by the Unitec Field surveys for natural enemies of the coconut Institute of Technology, New Zealand. stick insect, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) were carried out in the major coconut growing areas of Egg Parasitoids and their Population Dynamics three main islands of Fiji group viz., Viti Levu, To study the parasitism level in field, five coconut Vanua Levu and Taveuni (Figure 1). The survey palms were randomly selected at each of the was confined to the wet zones of the major coconut hotspots for the sampling of G. crouanii eggs. In plantations since preliminary studies between 2009 this sampling technique, the litter was collected from -2012 on pest status showed that the pest was palm crown (area between the axial of the coconut localized mostly in wet areas compared to dry zone, leaves) and base area (around the palm base) to where the incidence was lower (Deesh et al., 2013). understand the spatial and temporal population The geo-positional coordinates of the surveyed area dynamics of egg parasitoids in the fields. The eggs lay between 17.4057(S), 178.2454(E) & 18.1641(S), of G. crouanii were separated from the debris and 177.4559(E) for Viti Levu; 16.8595(S), 178.8621(E) kept in labeled Petri dishes. These eggs were & 16.6284(S), 179.8677(E) for Vanua Levu; and observed at the laboratory and kept at room 16.8115(S), 179.8650(E) & 16.9925(S), temperature ranging 180.4717(E) for Taveuni (Deesh, 2018). 2 ISSN: 2338-1345 – Vol. 8 1&2 (2020) 1-14 Journal online https://ojs.bakrie.ac.id/index.php/APJSAFE Figure 1. Location of the field surveys sites for the coconut stick insect, G. crouanii and its natural enemies in Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni). (Source: Polynesian Cultural Centre, www.polynesia.com). Figure 2. Location of the sampling sites (hotspots) for the coconut stick insect, G. crouanii natural enemies in Vanua Levu (Dawara), Viti Levu (Namaumada) and Taveuni (Salialevu), Fiji. significant difference in the average percentage The parasitoids that emerged were used for parasitism found in G. crouanii eggs retrieved from identification and detailed life-table studies. The palm crown and around base area were analyzed 3 ISSN: 2338-1345 – Vol. 8 1&2 (2020) 1-14 Journal online https://ojs.bakrie.ac.id/index.php/APJSAFE using the Independent Two-sample t-test in SPSS environment with three methods: (i) sticking the (Allen and Kellie, 2010). eggs on leaf, (ii) eggs placed at the base of palms, and (iii) eggs hanged at the crown area of palms. Biology of the Egg Parasitoids on G. crouanii Field releases of egg parasitoids, Paranastatus Elucidating the biology of G. crouanii is crucial spp. were made in G. crouanii infested coconut for evaluating the efficacy of the natural enemies plantations in Salialevu, Taveuni Island to evaluate under laboratory conditions. Various conditions of their impacts on G. crouanii. Releases of culturing G. crouanii was undertaken and the Paranastatus spp. were made in two kinds of observations made on the biology of G. crouanii coconut plantations, namely coconut plantations reared in the laboratory conditions are in without field sanitation/intercropping, and coconut conformation with O’Connor et al. (1954). Detailed plantation with field sanitation/intercropping. biological studies were carried out in the laboratory on the egg parasitoids, Paranastatus spp. using the RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS host eggs of G. crouanii. The emergence periodicity, Field Survey of Natural Enemies oviposition and longevity of Paranastatus spp. were observed over a period of During the field surveys, several kinds of natural one year using the eggs of G. crouanii reared in the enemies were observed with different functional cages, and eggs collected from the fields. feeding guilds. General predators like Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis), chicken (Gallus gallus After 48 hours of exposure of fresh eggs of G. domesticus), spiders, lizards, cattle and ants were crouanii to Paranastatus spp., the eggs were encountered feeding on eggs, nymphs, and adults of isolated from each other. The eggs were kept in G. crouanii in coconut plantations. Their abundance individually labelled Petri dishes to determine the varied across sites and sampling dates. The incubation time for parasitoids, number of adult populations of lizards and ants were highest parasitoids emerged per egg and their sex ratio. This followed by A. tristis and spiders, while the cattle was conducted to investigate if there were any and G. domesticus were very low (Table 1). Similar patterns of periodicity in adult emergence as well as observations on predation by G. domesticus were patterns in the sex ratio of the egg parasitoids reported from Tokelau Island (Dharmaraju, 1978), emerging from parasitised eggs. The measurement where they were found picking up the eggs of G. (length and width) of G. crouanii individual egg was crouanii under coconut and pandanus canopies. recorded using the graduated eye piece stage However, in Western Samoa, Fiji and some other microscope, while the weight was measured using countries G. domesticus consumed the nymphs and an analytical balance, respectively. The male and adults of G. crouanii that fell on ground when palms female adult parasitoids that emerged were fronds were burnt beneath the palm on a still day identified through visual observation of its size, (Lever 1946; Lever 1947).
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