Ground Water Pollution Due to Industrial Discharges in Gampaha District (WEPA Action Programme 2017)

By Sanjaya Ratnayake Central Environmental Authority

1 Content

1. Background Information 2. Ground water pollution Incidents in SL 3. Objectives of the WEPA Action Programme 4. Site Selection Criteria 5. Project Implementation 6. Benefits and Outcomes 7. Way Forward

2 1. Background Information Water Resources in SL

• Rain water – Annual Rain fall • Wet zone – over 2000mm/year • Intermediate zone – between 1500- 2000 mm/year • Dry Zone – 1500 mm/year or less • Surface water – River basins – 103 Total length – 4,500km – Total area of irrigation & multipurpose reservoirs – 169,941 hectares • Ground water Resources – 7,800 million m3 about 72% of the rural population rely on ground water. – Total Annual Fresh Water Withdrawals - 13 billion m3 (2005)

(Source : Central Bank Report 2010)

3 • Annual Fresh Water Withdrawals by sectors – Agriculture 87.3% – Industry 6.4% – Municipal (including domestic) 6.2 %

Sri Lanka Water Usage

Domestic, 6.20% Industry, 6.40%

Agriculture, 87.30%

Source : Central Bank Report 2010

4 Groundwater use in Sri Lanka

. Estimated groundwater potential in Sri Lanka: app. 7800 x 106m3/year rainwater is the main source of recharge. (Natural Resource of Sri Lanka, 1991) 72% of the rural population 60% of the total population 22% of the urban population dependent on groundwater for domestic water supply (Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2006)

. Towns of Jaffna, Batticaloa, Mannar, Vavuniya and Puttalam: >90% depending on groundwater aquifer 1.1 Water Supply Coverage – 33% of population in Sri Lanka is served by pipe borne water supply with 294 water supply schemes – Protected Dug Wells is 33% – Hand pump/tube wells is 8% – Rain water is used by 2.4% of population Overall access to safe water coverage is 76.4% in 2007 ( NWSDB report)

6 Water Supply Coverage (According to the WHO/UNICEF report on “Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation-2000 )

Urban Rural Population In 1999, 5.86 million 13.05 million

piped supply 76.1% 11.4%

underground well- 22.4% 71.8% water

7 1.2 Legal Status of Ground Water Protection in Sri Lanka

• Multiple mandates governing the use and management of ground water are dispersed among various agricultural, land and water managing institutions. • 50 legislative enactments and 42 institutions deal with water related matters. • No single or formally accepted policy or law. • Draft policy in year 2000 have opposed by the public due to implementing economic principles. • Extraction is freely open to every one and no limits. • Fee is charged only if the water supplied in piped schemes

8 1.3 Institutional arrangement for water administration

• Central Environmental Authority Overall responsibility for protecting water Environment. • Water Resources Board –scientific characterization, mapping, preparation of comprehensive and integrated plans for conservation, utilization, control and development of the groundwater. • National Water Supply & Drainage Board- operational development and installation of public and private water supply schemes based on groundwater, coordinate sewerage systems. • Department of Irrigation – Regulation & control of inland waters • Mahaweli Authority – Maintenance of Mahaweli River and its reservoirs for development of lands for agriculture. • National Aquatic Resources Research Agency – Conduct Researches on Aquatic Resources • Department of Coast Conservation – Conservation of the coastal zone and management of its resources. • Marine Environment Protection Authority- protect the marine environment from ship based and shore based maritime related activity. 9 1.4 Industrial Distribution in Sri Lanka

Total A Total B Total C Total

Sri Lanka 11,180 10,643 23,769 45592

Colombo 2115 1410 1976 5710

Gampaha 1725 1362 1950 5308

10 1.5 Ground water usage in & Gampaha Districts ( study of the management of ground water resources in Sri Lanka)

Colombo Gampaha Population rely on 34.8 75.4 ground water %

Ground water usage – 78,000 156,000 individuals m3/d

Registered deep bore 342 890 hole wells

Ground water for piped 0 5,859 supply m3 / d

11 1.6 Administrative Divisions in Gampaha District

12 1.7 Water Resources in Gampaha District

13 GIS Lab/ CEA/ 2010 1.8 Land use map of Gampaha district

14 2.0 Recent ground water pollution incidents reported due to Industrial discharges

• Since 2011 ground water contaminated with oil discharge from Power plants in Chunnakum area in Jaffna peninsula.

• In 2014 Well water contamination in Rathupaswala (Gampaha area) due to industrial effluent discharge ( rubber glove manufacturing industry) on land.

• Ground water contamination since 2013 due to Palm oil effluent & sludge disposal on land. AEN Palm Oil , Baduraliya

15 • In January 2016 accident in paint factory in Panadura, Keselwatte, leakage of chemical compounds in to near by lands and polluted well water in the close vicinity.

• In January 2016, leakage in under ground diesel tank and pollution of ground water and Nilwala river in Southern Province.

• July 2016 South Asia Textile, Pugoda (Gampaha) , flood caused damage s to sludge storage tanks and discharged sludge in to up stream of water intake in Kelani river.

16 3. Objectives of the WEPA Action Programme

• Analyze and improve the water pollution control strategies adopted, and sludge disposal methods in selected high polluting industries in Gampaha district. • Analyze the situation of ground water pollution in Gampaha District due to industrial activities. • Develop policies or guidelines for industrial waste disposal and siting of industries in Sri Lanka with respect to ground water pollution. • Develop Ground water quality standards?

17 4.0 Criteria for Selection of Project Location

• Selection Criteria – Industrial distribution – Usage of shallow ground water – Level of water table – Number of recent incidents – Data available – Representation of the wet zone.

• Justification of the Selection – Gampaha district is the second largest industrialized district in Sri Lanka counting 5339 number of high, medium and low polluting industries. – Shallow ground water is the main source of water in the District. – Board of Investment (BOI) Export Processing Zones such as , Biyagama , Wathupitiwala and Malwana are located in Gampaha district. 18 – Recent studies reveal that the well water is acidic in many localities due to soil characteristics. – WRB has some data on ground water in Gampaha district except Mahara and Dompe DS areas. – The DS areas in Gampaha district are categorized as most sensitive areas in the Kelani river basin according to the Cabinet Memorandum No. 93/340/166 and 93/340/166/1 in 1993. – Conversion of coconut plantations and other non forested lands in to industrial uses. – Increase in establishment of new industries.

19 4.1 Selection Criteria of Industries

– The industry types dominated in the area are categorized as high polluting activities ie. chemical, leather, food, basic metal, textile and transport sector. – Most of the wastewater discharging industries in this areas are not located within industrial zones. – Quantity of wastewater discharge – Sludge generation (containing heavy metals ) & non availability of proper disposal site. – Use of chemicals as ( may be heavy metals contain) raw materials. – Pollution control methods adopted.

20 4.2 Industrial Distribution in Gampaha district

300

250

200

Total "A" Category 150

Total "B" Category 100

50 Total "C" Category

0

21 4.3 Information of major industrial Categories in Gampaha district (CEA data base 2016 up dated)

Category Chemical Basic Metal Food Textile Paper & pulp Transport Other related

A ( High ) 49 11 43 34 02 21 51

B (Medium) 01 - 03 03 - 01 02

C (Low) - - 01 01 01 - -

22 Wastewater discharge from textile industry

23 Sludge collection Tank

24 Wastewater generated from Garment Washing Industry

25 4.4 Information of some industries proposed for the survey Daily Chemicals Source of Industry Type Discharge & used water e Final point Idea Metals Ltd, Wester seaton Manufacturing of Processing 10m3 /d 10m3 /d 1 Estate, . Building Hardware CaOH, Hcl,H2So4 Domestic 10m3 /d Constructed Pond NaoH Ground Water Over 20 years CN compound

Star Textile Processing Disperse Dyes 100 – 150 m3/ day 150 m3/ d Textile 2 Industries,Kadirana, Reactive Dyes Ground Water Ela Negombo. Hydrogen Peroxide Over 15 years Caustic Soda Soda Ash Acetic acid Lanka Washing Unit, Detergents Processing 100 m3/ d Textile Washing 3 Blue diamond Rd, Enzymes 100 m / d Negombo Lagoon. 3 3 Liyanagemulla, . Bleaching Powder Domestic 100 m / d Ground water

3 Toyota Lanka (Pvt) Ltd, Car washing 70 m Per day 70 m3 /D Vehicle Servicing 4 337, Negombo Rd, Wattala. Detergents Common Supply Kalu Ela Britol Car wash Activities liquid / Dketone

26 Tan Rite International, Chromium & Industrial 5000 l/D 5000L / Batch 6 Leather finishing No.31, 3rd lane, Palliyawatta, other chemicals Domestic 300 l/D Untreated WW on Handala, Wattala. Pipe line ground

3 7 Knit Fin (Pvt) Ltd), Disperse Dyes Surface water 18 m /D Textile 3 Wanguthota Watta, Giridara, Reactive Dyes 20 m Treatment plant Kapugoda. Hydrogen Peroxide available Caustic Soda Gardening Soda Ash Acetic acid Oxford Dyeing (Pvt) Ltd, Disperse Dyes Public Supply 50m3/d 8 Textile Ragama Rd, Kadawatha. Reactive Dyes Ground water Marshy land Hydrogen Peroxide 59 – 60m3/D Caustic Soda Soda Ash Acetic acid

3 9 Crystal Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd), Desizing Agent Public Supply/ 40m /d Garment Washing Enzymes Ground water Ela 33/1/2, Bleaching Powder Processing 40m3/d Gotabhaya MW, Hunupitiya, Softners Wattala.

27 10 Biyagama Export Processing Industries Dyes, Textile Public Supply 14000m3/day manufacture auxillaries, 18000m3/day Zone (BEP3) gloves, Lace, Washing Domestic Pond, Ela Garments, Chemicals glove 7000m3/day threads, manufacturing Button, Granites, Shoe Chemicals. Soles, Rubber bands, lyeing of fabrics/ items, Printing of Currency, Tyres etc

11 South Asia Textile Industries Dyeing, Dyes, Textile Processing 4200m3/d Pond and ela Lanka (Pvt) Ltd, Printing, auxillaries, Washing Kelani River No.20, Pugoda. Knitting, Chemicals Finishing

28 5. Project Implementation

• Initial survey to Select high polluting industries in Gampaha

03 Weeks district.

• Gather data related to geological and meteorological parameters.

04 Weeks • Raw material and chemical usage

• Prepare survey format for inspection of industries (wastewater

04 Weeks discharge, sludge disposal, pollution control methods etc.)

• Select sampling points (10 dug wells for each industry)) around

04 weeks the identified industries and reference wells (5 wells) • Mapping of locations (industries and wells) 02 Weeks

• Detailed survey on industries. 02 Weeks

• Sample collection and analysis 44 Weeks

• Compilation of data and analysis 08 weeks • Preparation of final report with recommendation

30 ６. Benefits and Outcomes

• To strengthen the capacity of local staff (industrial inspection and water quality monitoring aspects) • Comprehensive data set on industrial pollution control measures and surrounding water environment • Results can be applied on preparation of new regulation for industrial siting • Data gathered could be incorporated in decision making under following aspects: – a) Restrict industrial siting for selected industry types based on the study. – b) Select industry types for the area including pollution control techniques. – c) Based on the sludge disposal in the area develop a sludge disposal guideline which is not in existence at present.

31 7. Way Forward

• Enforce the regulation on siting of industries thereby encourage industries to select suitable sites with proper discharge modes. • Policy decisions to be taken based on the results of ground water contaminations in critical areas. • Control chemical effluent discharges (land disposal) • Impose multiple discharge standards such as sea out fall, sewer systems, inland surface waters • Limit over extraction of water by industries • Seek funds to establish regular and island wide monitoring programme and enhance ground water quality

32 THANK YOU

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