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Measuring the Distributions and Densities of Wild Mammals In Measuring the distributions and densities of wild mammals using camera traps and local community engagement Sarah BEATHAM 1, Graham SMITH 1, Alastair WARD 1, Jeton MUHAXHIRI 2, Michael SALLMANN 2 and Tony WILSMORE 2 1The National Wildlife Management Centre, The Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, UK Email: [email protected] 2 Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit (VEERU) & PAN Livestock Services Ltd., University of Reading Disease control in the Balkans •The Western Balkans have been the focus of several oral rabies vaccination campaigns •Project (2010 – 2013) aimed at eradicating rabies in fox and CSF in wild boar •Measuring the distributions and densities of wild mammals to measure disease risk Map data ©2016 Google Imagery ©2016 TerraMetrics Study sites Area of 10,908 km2 Serbia (44% forest) Population 1.8 million Montenegro Albania Macedonia (FYROM) Local community engagement Local community engagement Survey Altitude Transect Average Camera Number of Species period (m) length number model Camera records/day (km) of days Min Max Min Max cameras July 2014 – Feb. 2015 596 1331 1.5 16.7 10 1 137 0.4 March 2015 – Dec. 2015 778 1897 4.1 7.1 18 1 and 2 350 0.9 Results – Photographs at 11 sites hare badger marten Wildcat Red fox Eurasian Eurasian Roe deer Wild boarWild Grey wolf European of species brown bear Pine/Beech Total number number Total Golden jackal Junik 8 29 77 3 4 19 2 12 8 Dubocak 6 4 5 4 1 6 6 Dragash 1 1 2 Malisheva 1 2 1 3 Shtime 9 7 3 3 7 5 3 1 8 Jezerc 1 3 1 1 4 Kamenica 3 1 2 Forest Forest sites Pristina 1 4 1 1 4 Istog 14 6 1 8 1 1 6 Mitrovica 1 6 6 1 14 3 6 Podujeve 4 19 2 20 6 2 2 7 Number of 5 7 9 8 4 8 7 3 4 1 sites Rowcliffe et al (2008) Estimating animal Rowcliffe - The formula density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology 1. Number of photos 2. Number of camera days 3. Speed of movement (km/day) 4. Camera detection parameters 5. Average group size • Range of the estimate is calculated using non- parametric bootstrapping techniques Species Density Comparative Rabies epizootic 2 (Individuals/km ) densities threshold = 0.25 to 0.63 Mean Range individuals/km2 Holmala & Red fox 1.03 0.58-1.55 0.2 – 4 Kauhala (2006). Mammal Europe Review. Grey wolf 0.08 0.04-0.12 0.02 – 0.1 Social Federal Threshold density for Republic of CSF persistence: Yugoslavia in 0.6 to 1.1 2000 individuals/km2 or Wild boar 1.34 0.78-1.97 1.0 – 2.9 5 to 10 Europe individuals/km2 Kramer‐Schadt et al. (2007). Mammal Review Species Sites Land photographed manager at perception Red fox 9 Frequent at Grey wolf 7 all 11 sites Wild boar 8 • European hare and brown bear were recorded on one occasion each as not present by a land manager, but were recorded by the camera survey. Species Forest population size Mean Range Red fox 4935 2778-7433 Grey wolf 374 202-584 Wild boar 6469 3754-9460 Roe deer 15334 9126-24059 Eurasian badger 364 146-656 European hare 8728 4524-13572 Pine/beech marten 1720 789-2831 European wildcat 381 152-648 Eurasian brown bear 1190 596-1966 Conclusions Method •Cost-effective •Scientists and land managers need each other! Disease risk •Kosovo has a high density of foxes and wolves in similar areas •Identified potential secondary rabies hosts – Martens •High densities of wild boar and carnivores near borders Conservation value •Bears, wild cats, golden jackal Further work •Greater number of camera days per site •Greater spread of sites and different habitats •Refined model inputs The way forward……. Steps towards an integrated monitoring of wildlife populations across Europe 2017-2023 ENETWILD Collect published/unpublished data on the geographical distribution, abundance and structure of wildlife species and on the occurrence or prevalence of diseases Targeted and harmonised wildlife surveillance to fill the gaps identified Model the geographical distribution, abundance and structure of wildlife species and the occurrence/prevalence of diseases Maps and charts of wildlife hosts and the occurrence/prevalence of selected diseases Modelling framework Data collection strategy If you would like to help to 1. Supply mammal presence data 2. Supply mammal density data 3. Promote or try out camera trapping in your area there will be a website soon and please feel free to contact me at [email protected] Thank you for listening! Acknowledgements David Fouracre (GIS Specialist, APHA) Besim Zogaj (The Kosovo Forestry Agency) Bajram Batusha (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, Kosovo) Valdet Gjinovci (Chief Executive Officer of the Kosovo Food and Veterinary agency). The Kosovo hunting associations who supported the study.
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