Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Number: 52167-001 December 2020

Regional: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1)

Pakistan: Main (Part 6.5)

Prepared by the TAPI Pipeline Company Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

This environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 09/12/2020

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

6.5 Ecology and Biodiversity

6.5.1 Key Terms

The following key terms are used to support this ecology and biodiversity baseline assessment and the subsequent impact assessment as presented in Section 7.5 (ADB, 2009; Gullison et al., 2015; IFC, 2012 and 2019; WWF, 2019):

· Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems; · Biodiversity values are specific species, habitats or ecosystems, and ecosystem services occurring at a project site that may be included in a biodiversity baseline study. For example, biodiversity values at one project site might include game species that play an important nutritional role in the diets of local communities. At another site, biodiversity values might include rare habitats that occur in only a few places in the world; · Biodiversity baseline study is the work done to collect and interpret information on the biodiversity values occurring at a site, their current condition, and trends before a project commences; · Critical habitat is habitat with high biodiversity value, including: - habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered (CR) and/or Endangered (EN) species; - habitat of significant importance to endemic and/or restricted-range species; - habitat supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/or congregatory species; - highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems; and/or - Areas associated with key evolutionary processes; · Ecoregions are large units of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions; · Ecosystems are a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities of species and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit; · Ecosystem services are benefits people obtain from ecosystems including: - provisioning services such as food and water; - regulating services such as regulation of floods, drought, land degradation, and disease; - supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling; and - cultural services such as recreational, spiritual, religious and other non- material benefits; · Habitats are the place or type of site where an organism or a population naturally occurs;

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· Modified habitat is habitat that may contain a large proportion of plant and/or animal species of non-native origin, and/or where human activity has substantially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition. Modified habitats may include areas managed for agriculture, forest plantations, reclaimed coastal zones, and reclaimed wetlands; · Natural habitat is habitat composed of viable assemblages of plant and/or animal species of largely native origin, and/or where human activity has not essentially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition; · Potential critical habitat is habitat that may qualify as critical habitat; · Species refers to the largest group of similar living organisms that are capable of mating and producing fertile offspring. Smaller groups of similar organisms that meet the same criteria may be referred to as populations, or sub-populations; and · Vulnerability is the degree of threat to biodiversity values.

6.5.2 Overview

This section presents a baseline account of the regional and local terrestrial and aquatic ecology and biodiversity associated with the ecology and biodiversity PAI. The PAI for ecological and biodiversity considerations is 1 km from Project-related components, including areas of temporary impact such as camps and access roads, and the construction footprint for the pipeline and other permanent infrastructure. The PAI is the area subject to direct impact and the majority of the indirect impacts.

As part of the process of preparing the baseline for the PAI, national and regional level ecology and biodiversity were first reviewed and characterized to develop an understanding of context. Where the pipeline route crosses the Pakistan border in the northwest and southeast of the country, relevant information on the ecology and biodiversity of Afghanistan and India were also reviewed. As noted above, the PAI is the area subject to direct impacts and most of the indirect impacts; however, in certain cases, for example migratory bird species, Project-related impacts could indirectly influence other distant areas. Cumulative impacts are addressed in Chapter 8, covering a set of infrastructure projects planned for Pakistan.

A range of biodiversity values were considered in the preparation of the ecology and biodiversity baseline. These included species, habitats and ecosystems, protected areas (PAs), rare species, critical habitat, and potential critical habitat.

Ecosystem services are addressed in Section 6.6. Socio-economics and Community Health Baseline and Section 7.6. Socio-economics Community Health Impact Assessment.

Appendix C4.1 shows the Curricula Vitae (CV) of the surveyors that conducted primary baseline data collection, Appendix C4.2 includes habitat mapping, Appendix C4.3 includes tree density mapping, Appendix C4.4 includes coordinates associated with survey location and transects details, and Appendix C4.5 shows bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species observed during the field survey.

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6.5.3 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)

Publicly available, specialized biotic databases and literature were reviewed and analyzed. Electronic databases accessed include the following:

· The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2018a); · The Ramsar Sites Information Service (Ramsar, 2018); · World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (Olson et al., 2001); · Wildfinder: Online Database of Species Distributions (WWF, 2018a); · Birdlife International Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (Birdlife International, 2018a); · Animal Diversity Web (ADW, 2014); · World Database on Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP, 2016). · Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) Invasive Species Compendium (CABI, 2018); · Amphibiaweb (2018); · Avibase (2018a and 2018b); and · eBird (2018).

In addition to the literature review, a land cover type remote sensing exercise was undertaken using Landsat 8 imagery from 2017 (3-month period between June and August). This is referred to as a supervised classification by Gullison et al., (2015). The following eight classes were assessed, as detailed in Section 6.1. Project Setting:

· Planted/cultivated land; · Barren land (bare areas/bare areas with sparse vegetation, rocks); · Sand (sand dunes); · Herbaceous vegetation (crop irrigated/marginal/rainfed, natural vegetation); · Trees and tree crops (orchards, tree forest plantation, natural vegetation); · Shrubland (orchards crop, shrub, natural vegetation); · Developed area; and · Water resource.

The remote sensing habitat outputs are not presented visually in this ESIA report due to the large database collected; however, the GIS layers have been made available to TPCL.

For the evaluation of ecology and biodiversity, a 250 m buffer around Project features (that is, a 500 m corridor for the pipeline) was used as this was assessed as the area of direct impacts and the area of most likely significant indirect impacts.

6.5.4 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)

Primary baseline data collection was undertaken in the field by NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor. Survey work in Balochistan was done from early May 2018 to early July 2018. Survey work in Punjab was accomplished from late March 2018 to late April 2018. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor subsequently produced a report

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documenting the results of the field surveys (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018), and the summary of which has been provided in this section.

6.5.4.1 Purpose

The purpose of the field survey was to provide baseline biodiversity data in the PAI.

6.5.4.2 Survey Strategy

The survey strategy had two main components. The first component was to map the habitats present within the 500 m corridor, to inventory the natural and modified habitat along the pipeline route. The second component was to undertake a flora and fauna survey at ten survey locations, which covered the different ecoregions traversed by the Project and locations known to, or suspected to, contain high biodiversity value.

Senior members of the ecology field team included the following professionals from NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, the CV of whom are included in Appendix C4.1:

· Dr. Muhammad Asad Ghufran; · Dr. Abul Aleem Chaudhry; · Dr. Syed Ali Ghalib; and · Dr. Lekhraj Kella.

6.5.4.3 Preliminary Desk-Based Research and Survey Locations

The ten survey locations were predefined to represent the ecoregions through which the proposed pipeline passes and to study specific areas that may have a high biodiversity value. There locations are summarized in Table 6.5-1, indicated on Figures 6.5-1 and 6.5-2, and further discussed in Appendix C4.4. Appendix B2. Field Work Action Plan provides detailed information on the selected approach and further information on why the ten selected locations were deemed appropriate. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor provided input and made adjustments in the field to optimize the value of the surveys.

Before conducting the field survey, relevant literature was searched to determine the occurrence of fauna and flora species near the PAI, their conservation status, and the existence of PAs near the pipeline route.

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Table 6.5-1: Biodiversity Survey Locations

Survey Coordinates Ecoregion1 Rationale for Selection Location X Y B13 263317 3427393 Registan-North Semi desert habitat near Afghanistan border. Chaghai Pakistan Sandy Desert is known for endemic reptiles and small mammals Desert2 of global significance. Examples are Pygmy jerboa Jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) and Leaf-Nosed Viper (Eristicophis macmahonii). B2 269531 3413256 Sulaiman Range One of the six ecoregions along the route in Pakistan. Alpine Meadows2 Habitat covers a relatively small area. B3 329191 3375331 East Afghan The point is in the north of Takatoo Community Reserve. Montane Conifer It is famous for Straight-Horned Markhor (Capra falconeri Forest megaceros). This ungulate was once endangered, but now through extensive collaborative conservation effort has improved in number. The proposed line may intersect habitat. B4 373142 3380435 East Afghan This point is west of famous Ziarat Juniper Forest, a Montane Conifer critically endangered forest of Pakistan and a UNESCO Forest MAB site. This is also habitat for Baluchistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri). B5 503246 3358847 Baluchistan Xeric The point is riparian habitat of seasonal streams Woodland originating from the Suleiman Range. It is a possible migratory route of cranes on the way to their wintering ground during autumn (in India) and breeding habitat during spring. The field survey will help understand presence of possible staging grounds for migrating flocks. B6 608215 3346924 Northwestern This point is a vantage point in Suleiman Range (Punjab Thorn Scrub Province) a former habitat of Straight-Horned Markhor Forest (Capra falconeri megaceros) in Suleiman Range. Endemic Balochistan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus langier) has been reported from this range. Field survey will help assess the possible impact of project on this habitat. B7 674850 3327566 Northwestern The point is at the crossing of Indus River. The point is Thorn Scrub part of the Indus flyway through which thousands of Forest migratory waterbirds migrate. The Indus River at this point is habitat for endemic Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) and rapidly declining Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata). B8 702111 3332020 Indus Valley Location is the only point in the Indus Valley Desert Desert ecoregion. And the Thal Game Reserve is located to the north. B9 720618 3329755 Northwestern This point is at proposed crossing of Chenab River, a Thorn Scrub habitat of aquatic fauna including rapidly declining Forest freshwater turtles and Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata). The river bed is also important for a number of passerines. B10 951543 3365246 Northwestern This point is a crossing of Sutlej River. The damming Thorn Scrub upstream (in India) has greatly impacted riverine habitat Forest of Sutlej River. Field survey is habitat for Ganges Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and former habitat of Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) which may be extinct due to loss of habitat. Notes: 1. Based on the WWF Wildfinder (2018a). 2. As noted later in this section, B1 through B4 were characterized by the field survey team as dry temperate conifer forest, with juniper. This better aligns with the East Afghan Montane Conifer Forest ecoregion. The ecoregions identified for the locations of B1 and B2 on the WWF Wildfinder (2018a) appear to not align with the ground observations. This is not unexpected in an area with multiple ecoregion borders. In addition, borders are difficult to establish because, in many cases, there is a gradual transitional area, rather than a border. 3. The survey location was 2 km eastward of these coordinates. Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractors, 2018; WWF, 2018a

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Figure 6.5-1: Proposed and Executed Biodiversity Survey Locations

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.5-2: Ecology Survey Locations and Ecoregions

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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6.5.4.4 Field Survey Methodology

Field surveys were undertaken for plants, reptiles, birds, mammals, and fish in the landscape context of terrestrial and river crossings. No special effort was made to search for amphibians, but individuals observed opportunistically were recorded. A limited number of species is known to occur in Pakistan (Ali et al., 2018a and 2018b), and only one of these has been categorized as threatened. Amphibiaweb (2018) lists 23 species in Pakistan and provides distribution maps for 18. Of the 18, the distribution of 6 overlap the PAI. All six have an IUCN Red List designation of least concern (IUCN, 2018a).

At terrestrial survey locations B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B8, and B10, the following was conducted:

· A 1 km2 area was defined with the proposed pipeline route bisecting it. This equates to a 1 km of pipeline route with a 500 m perpendicular buffer on each side; · At least two transects were defined crossing the square to capture the diversity of habitats and physical features. Each transect started on one side of the square and ended on another side, with the cumulative total length of the two transects being no less than 2 km; · Transects were walked; · Initially, Geo tag cameras were used to photograph the survey location, plants within and outside transects, and the birds, mammals, and reptiles that were recorded within the square. A plant species list was developed; · Subsequently, tablet computers were used to record the data and life forms were photographed; · Bird survey points that cover the diversity of habitats were selected within the square. Bird species observed within or outside the square were recorded; · For mammals, observations of individuals or signs (such as tracks or scats) were made along the same transects established for plant identification; · For sampling locations identified for reptile surveys, dedicated survey techniques were employed to identify species (such as visiting potential basking locations and water sources, and setting out sheets of corrugated metal as refugia). The intensive survey work was undertaken when reptiles were active over a 48-hour period, covering the square and any adjacent high potential areas; and · Special attention was given to identify the threatened, endemic, or restricted range species, and an assessment was made of the extent of contiguous habitat beyond the 500 m corridor buffers.

At river crossing survey locations B7, B9, and B10, the following was conducted:

· A 500 m corridor of interest was established on both sides of the pipeline route. In addition to the river bank and river, 100 m of pipeline route was surveyed from each bank landward. This resulted in a 100 m by 1,000 m survey square on each side of the river, with the pipeline route bisecting it;

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· Two transects were defined for the 100 m by 1,000 m square on each bank, to capture the diversity of habitats and physical features. Each transect started on one side of the square and ended on another side, with the cumulative total length of the two transects being no less than 1,100 m; and · The procedures adopted for terrestrial surveys were applied to B7 and B9. In addition, for the Indus River (B7), a one-day, dedicated survey for two threatened fish species (Putitor Mahseer [Tor putitora] and Common Snowtrout [Schizothorax richardsonii]) was conducted using minnow traps. The presence of Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) was confirmed; however, no effort was made to estimate the numbers.

At each of the ten survey locations, the ecology was described so that areas could be matched to information on species preferences. The descriptions include an overall assessment of habitat quality and documentation of any signs of disturbance. In addition, the representativeness of the area surveyed relative to other areas of similar habitat was noted.

Local people were interviewed regarding the presence of species of fauna, showing them the pictures in field guides (Roberts 1991 and 1992; Grimmet et al.,1998; Mirza and Wasiq, 2007). The opinion of local people was also recorded on numbers, migration seasonality, and breeding and hunting in the study area. Information on road kills near the Project site was also recorded, if available.

It is important to note that field surveys occurred during one season in Balochistan and one season in Punjab. As a result, seasonal variation is not reflected in the results.

Specific methodologies for surveying plants, birds, mammals, reptiles are briefly described as follows:

· Plants. Transects were walked. All plant species encountered along the transect line were collected and preserved on herbarium sheets for identification. Help to identify plant species was obtained from the Botany Department, Punjab University, Lahore and the Botany Department, Balochistan University at Quetta. Each habitat type within the 1 km2 square was characterized and plant species in each habitat type were identified. · Birds. Bird surveys were based on general observations, call recognition, spotlighting, and line transects and point counts. On arriving at each survey point, a two-minute settling period was observed to allow for any disturbance caused by the surveyor arriving at the survey point. Following the settling period, all bird species identified by sight or sound within 50 m of the observation point were recorded for five to ten minutes. A rapid assessment of nocturnal birds based on their calls was also undertaken where possible. · Mammals. Baseline surveys for large and small terrestrial mammals included recording field signs (scat, footprints, tracks, feeding signs, hair) along line transects. In addition, Elliot Sherman traps and cage traps (for small mammals)

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were deployed, and a rapid assessment of nocturnal mammals based on spotlighting was made. · Reptiles. Reptile surveys were based on general search and observations along transects, visual encounter survey, and Elliot Sherman traps. The presence and abundance of observed animals and any field signs were recorded along transects during the day, avoiding periods of highest temperature. Transects were also surveyed at night using a torch or spotlight. The reptile species and number of individuals were recorded, along with the sex and approximate size, where possible. The time of day and temperature was also recorded at each survey site. The survey method also included a few visual encounter surveys and cruising surveys. Surveyors observed reptiles along transect lines during three-hour evening sessions (between 16.00 and 19.00). Searches of likely refuges was made, including puddles, potholes, tree branches and trunks, leaves, decaying wood, and under rocks. A small number of pitfall traps in conjunction with drift fencing were constructed along the transect routes in the nearby suitable habitat covering the whole transect length, with pitfalls approximately every 50 m. Pitfall traps were left onsite for 24 hours. · Fish. Data on fish species were collected from Ghazi Ghat Bridge. Fishermen were hired to catch fish. Caught fish were identified. Abundance of fish species in the catch was recorded. To supplement the dataset, local fishermen were interviewed regarding fish species and numbers in the study area. Secondary data on the occurrence of fish species at Ghazi Ghat on the Indus River and Taunsa Barrage were also collected to note the occurrence of any threatened species.

In addition, the likely occurrence of bird, mammal, and reptile species of conservation importance was recorded based on the availability of suitable habitat conditions. For nationally or locally protected species, threatened species in Pakistan (Red Data Book), rare species, and endemic species (that is, species occurring in Pakistan only), more detailed information was collected on species distribution, habitat requirements, breeding, migration seasonality, and abundance and threats (such as hunting), in addition to presence/absence.

Beyond what has already been described, equipment used during the field surveys included camera, binoculars, night vision scope, spotting scope, and laser range finder. A night vision scope uses image enhancement technology to enable seeing animals at night. These scopes collect all the available light, including infrared light, and amplify it. Spotting scopes are high-powered telescopes used for wildlife viewing. Laser range finders are used to define distances.

A habitat map was prepared for the 500 m pipeline corridor (250 m buffer on each side of the pipeline) based on the fauna and flora and other observations (such as vegetation structure) generated during the field surveys, the distribution records of

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species reported in the literature (desk study), and the Land Cover Atlas of Pakistan (Bukhari et al., 2012). Identified habitats within the mapping included the following:

· Agriculture: - agriculture land; - orchards; · Forest: - dry temperate semi-evergreen forests (mainly juniper); - dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest; - riverine forests; - flood plain; - tropical thorn forest / sandy deserts; · Settlements: - settlements; - graveyards; - kilns; · Water bodies: - rivers; - stream/nullah; - canal; - lake/pond; · Rangelands (shrubs/bushes/grasses); and · Barren lands and hills.

Habitat types recorded as part of this ecology survey are described in detail in Section 6.5.7.1.

6.5.4.5 Permissions

NAFTEC/MAB signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Pak-EPA in April 2018 with the aim of obtaining all necessary approvals for its local subcontractor to proceed with field activities. Moreover, an Introduction Letter was submitted to the Pak-EPA endorsing the appointed NAFTEC/MAB subcontractor (EMC) as the official project representative in Pakistan for undertaking field data collection, authority coordination, and stakeholder engagement. EMC then communicated with the Pak-EPA to issue introduction letters to their respective provincial directorates in Punjab and Balochistan, introducing EMC and asking for their cooperation. Authorities in Punjab and Balochistan responded to the letters, mainly by directly contacting the focal person, offering and ensuring their assistance for the successful execution of field survey wherever required. Prior to going into the field, the survey plan was provided to the provincial and district level security officials.

6.5.4.6 QA/QC

The field team leader was responsible for ensuring that all requirements for the field work were met.

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6.5.4.7 Data Records

Data were recorded by NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor in the GIS database and electronic field forms. The information was subsequently combined and summarized in a report (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018).

6.5.5 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection

The field survey for ecology did not include all seasons. Survey work in Balochistan was only done from early May 2018 to early July 2018, whereas survey work in Punjab was accomplished from late March 2018 to late April 2018.

In addition, the field survey did not include gathering baseline data for the location of the proposed access roads identified in Appendix A. At the time of the field survey, the location of these proposed access roads was unknown.

Additional survey work will be required during pre-construction and throughout the construction phase, with monitoring carried out into the operation phase. This will need to include seasonal surveys to assess seasonal variations to ensure that impacts can be adequately evaluated.

6.5.6 National and Regional Level Ecology and Biodiversity

Fourteen ecoregions are represented in Pakistan (Olson et al., 2001). Ecoregions are defined as relatively large units of land or water containing a distinct assemblage of natural communities sharing a large majority of species, dynamics, and environmental conditions. The Project crosses seven of the fourteen ecoregion, as summarized in Table 6.5-2. The Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forest and Balochistan Xeric Woodlands ecoregions cover over 80% of the PAI.

The degree of loss and impairment is reflected in the WWF global status designation for the seven ecoregions, as follows (WWF, 2019):

· Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forest – CR/EN; · Balochistan Xeric Woodlands – CR/EN; · Indus Valley Desert – Vulnerable (VU); · Sulaiman Range Alpine Meadows – Relatively Stable/Intact; · East Afghan Montane Conifer Forests – VU; · Registan-North Pakistan Sandy Desert – VU; and · Central Afghan Mountains Xeric Woodlands – CR/EN.

Except for the Sulaiman Range Alpine Meadows, all of the ecoregions are at risk (WWF, 2018b) and have been negatively impacted by a variety of factors, such as logging, irrigation, development, pollution, and introduced species.

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Table 6.5-2: Ecoregions Intersected by the Pipeline Route

Ecoregion and Description Estimate of Total Estimate of Status Surface Area in Surface Area Pakistan (ha) in the PAI (ha)* Northwestern Thorn The ecoregion represents a large expanse of 48,821,276 64,808 Scrub Forest degraded dry forest surrounding the Thar Desert. It does not present high levels of CR/EN species richness nor endemism. However, the ecoregion harbors a viable population of Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) in Pakistan. Overall, the mammal fauna consists of about 90 species, including 2 bats that are endemic to the ecoregion. Balochistan Xeric The ecoregion spans from the Las Bela Valley 28,878,367 69,259 Woodlands and the high barren plateau of Balochistan from southwestern Pakistan to eastern CR/EN Afghanistan. The area hosts tropical steppe flora (below 1,500 m) and open xeric woodlands (1,500 to 2,000 m). Balochistan and Kurram valleys are covered by open woodlands of pistachio (Pistachia atlantica, P. khinjuk), almond (Prunus rosaceae, P. eburnea), barberry (Berberis), honeysuckle bush (Lonicera caprifoliaceae, L. hypoleuca), lycium (Solanaceae), sage or wormwood (Artemesia spp.), and juniper (Juniperus macropoda, J. semiglobosa, and J. seravschanica). This ecoregion has more than 300 bird species. Most of the migratory bird species are passerines. Indus Valley Desert This arid ecoregion is in Pakistan’s Indus 1,942,491 5,278 Valley. The western side is limited by the VU foothills of the Glaiman Range and eastern limit by the Chenab River. It harbors a few large vertebrates, including wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), hyena (Hyaena hyaena), caracal (Felis caracal), leopard (Panthera pardus), and Punjab urial (Ovis orientalis punjabensis). The overall mammal fauna consists of 32 species, but none are endemic to the ecoregion. Sulaiman Range This ecoregion traverses the side valleys of 2,382,789 2,282 Alpine Meadows Chitral and Swat in the north and cuts through portions of the ranges of Safed Koh and Relatively Waziristan. It then descends to the high- Stable/Intact elevation areas of Chiltan, Toba Kakar, and Takht-I-Suleiman ranges of southwestern Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan. It presents gravel and scree slopes with scattered isolated tufts of bunch grasses, thorny hassock-shaped clumps of plants such as Onobrychis and Acantholimon spp. Approximately 50 mammal species are scattered throughout this ecoregion. The rodent Balochistan Pygmy Jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) is a near-endemic mammal species. East Afghan The ecoregion extends from the Hindu Kush at 2,020,190 16,946 Montane Conifer the Jalalabad Valley in the east to the Ghanzni Forests Province in the north. In the south, it extends from lower Kohistan to the Quetta Pass at the VU west of Pakistan. There are two different types of forest in this ecoregion: Pinacea forest (where Pinus gerardiana and Quercus baloot are found). The understory vegetation includes Indigofera gerardiana, Sambucus ebulus, and Plecanthrus rugosus. This ecoregion is a prime

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Ecoregion and Description Estimate of Total Estimate of Status Surface Area in Surface Area Pakistan (ha) in the PAI (ha)* location for migrant bird species and breeding waterfowl. There are no endemic bird species. Mammals such as Chiltan Wild Goat (Capra hircus chialtanensis), Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus langier), Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), Jackal (Canis aureus), and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) are found throughout the ecoregion. Registan-North The ecoregion is sandy desert. Some sand 27,738,772 2,453 Pakistan Sandy dune ridges reach up to 15 m high. The shrubs Desert and small trees that grow in these sandy conditions provide havens for a diversity of VU mammals and birds. Central Afghan This ecoregion forms a transitional zone from 13,934,136 173 Mountains Xeric the southern desert at lower elevations to the Woodlands upper slopes of the Afghan Mountains. Anthropogenic pressures have degraded it. CR/EN This ecoregion is known for pistachio trees, jungle cats, wild pigs, and cranes, among other species. Notes: *Based on 1 km PAI from Project components. Source: Olson et al., 2001; WWF, 2018a

Important biological resources crossed or near the pipeline route are described in the following subsection and indicated on Figure 6.5-3.

6.5.6.1 Ramsar Sites

There are no Ramsar sites on or in close proximity to the pipeline route. However, a Ramsar site called Taunsa Barrage is located approximately 50 km north of the Project. Taunsa Barrage is a wildlife sanctuary on the Indus River. Vegetation includes riverine forest and numerous species of aquatic plants. It is an important wintering area for waterfowl, notably Anatidae (such as ducks, geese, and swans), which breed in the area, and a staging area for some species of cranes and shorebirds. It is the habitat of the Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) and Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), both are endangered species. Human activities include commercial fishing, irrigation, reed harvesting, recreation, and in adjacent areas agriculture, livestock grazing, and forestry (Ramsar, 2018).

6.5.6.2 National Protected Areas

According to IUCN (2008), a PA is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long- term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

In Pakistan, PAs cover approximately 12% of the total area of the country and include game reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks (GOP, 2017). Statistics on the PA system in the provinces where the Project is located are described in Table 6.5-3. The location of PAs near the Project are shown on Figure 6.5-3.

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Table 6.5-3: Number of Protected Areas in Balochistan and Punjab

Province National Parks Wildlife Game Reserves Community Sanctuaries Conservation Areas Balochistan* 2 14 7 1 Punjab 4 37 23 0 Notes: * According to Dr. Umeed Khalid, National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (personal communication, September 17th, 2018), there are now three national parks (including the partly notified Zariat) and four community conservation areas in Balochistan. Source: Saleem et al., 2018

The pipeline route does not intersect any PAs; however, the following PAs are located at 10 to 20 km from the Project:

· National parks and biosphere reserves: - Hazar Ganji-Chiltan is located approximately 10 km southwest of the Project in the Province of Balochistan, with a total surface are of 15,555 ha. It acquired the status of PA in 1980 (IUCN and UNEP, 2016). IUCN Category: V Protected Landscape. A PA where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural, and scenic value, and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values (IUCN, 2018b); - Ziarat Juniper Forest. The area was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 2013. The biosphere hosts the largest area of juniper forest (Juniperus excelsa polycarpus) in the country. It covers about 110,000 ha, providing habitat to endangered wildlife species and supporting a rich diversity of plant species. The mountain ranges, including Khalifat Mountain, consist of a core habitat (approximately 11,243 ha) reportedly hosting several globally important wild species, among them Suleman Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni), Urial (Ovis orientalis punjabensis), Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus langier) and Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). The forests also serve as a habitat for a number of other species, including Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens), Foxes (Vulpes sp.), Jackals (Canis aureus), and several species of migratory birds (UNESCO, 2015). The biosphere reserve area is also the area covered by the Juniper Wildlife Sanctuary Zialat Important Bird Area (IBA); and - Ziarat National Park. A subset of the biosphere area has been notified as a national park since March 2018, with an area of 41,930 acres (Government of Balochistan, 2018). · Game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries: - Thal is a game reserve located 5 km northwest of the Project in the Province of Punjab, with a total surface area of 71,306 ha. It acquired the status of PA in 1978 (IUCN and UNEP, 2016). IUCN Category: Not reported; - Bund Khush Dil Kahn is a game reserve located south of the Project in the Balochistan, with a total surface area of approximately 1,300 ha. It acquired the status of PA in 1983 (Protected Planet, 2018a). According to NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018), it is a wetland that is weather dependent. The lake is filled only when there are heavy rains in catchment areas, otherwise small pools of water and puddles remain. Migratory waterfowl and cranes visit the wetland if there is deep water. IUCN Category: Not reported;

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- Sasnamana is a wildlife sanctuary located south of the Project in Balochistan, with a total surface area of approximately 6,600 ha. It acquired the status of PA in 1971 (Protected Planet, 2018b). IUCN Category: IV; - Wam is a game reserve located south of the Project in the Province of Balochistan, with a total area of 10,364 ha. It acquired the status of PA in 1962 (Protected Planet, 2018c). According to NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018), it is dominated by juniper; however, the trees are stunted, and there are open patches. Some Pistacia trees along with olive may be present. The area has been a favorite grey francolin hunting resort. In recent times the area has lost its importance due to deteriorating vegetation caused by anthropogenic pressures. It is no longer visited by dignitaries. IUCN Category: IV; - Daman is an irrigated forest plantation wildlife sanctuary located south of the Project in the Province of Punjab. Originally a riverine forest, it was converted into an irrigated forest plantation when inundation of the area was reduced after the construction of dams and barrages upstream (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018). Even though Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Fox (Vulpes), wild pig (Sus scrofa), Jackals (Canis aureus), and francolins may be present, they are disturbed due to commercial activities related to forestry; - Khanpur plantation game reserve is located 8 to 14 km north of the Project. It is part of the Thal desert (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018). Almost 60% of the 10,000-ha area of the game reserve is sand dune that cannot be irrigated and is devoid of thick vegetation. These areas were once the habitat of Chinkara Gazelle (Gazella bennetti) but this species has been extirpated and is no longer present in the area. Black Francolins (Francolinus francolinus), and Grey Francolins (Francolinus pondicerianus) are still found and hunted both legally and illegally; and - Ghāzi Ghāt Protected Forest is located approximately 5 km east of the Indus River crossing. The pipeline route parallels to the northern border of this area.

6.5.6.3 Important Bird Areas

According to Birdlife International (2018a), IBAs are the sites of international significance for the conservation of the world’s birds and other nature. These sites are also all Key Biodiversity Areas, which are sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity.

Pakistan has 55 IBAs in its territory – these are all non-statutory designated areas, and none are intersected by the pipeline route. The pipeline route runs parallel to, but just outside, the northern boundary of the Juniper Wildlife Sanctuary Zialat IBA. The IBA location corresponds to the Western Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA) (Birdlife International, 2018b). The Western Himalayas EBA extends along the mountain chain from western Nepal (west of the Kali Gandaki Valley) through Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and Kashmir in northwestern India and northern Pakistan, and then southwest along the mountains in the border region between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The EBA’s restricted-range birds include two endemic genera, Ophrysia and Callacanthis.

Species such as Brook’s Leaf-Warbler (Phylloscopus subviridis) and White-cheeked Tit (Aegithalos leucogenys) are associated with relatively dry temperate forests in the western part of the EBA (northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan). Only two

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species, namely, the White-cheeked Tit (Aegithalos leucogenys) and Kashmir Nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis), range into the mountains of northern Balochistan, where they occur in juniper forest. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichi) and Himalayan Quail (Ophrysia superciliosa) are associated with open habitats (Birdlife International, 2018b).

Additional Birdlife International (2018a) details on the Juniper Wildlife Sanctuary Zialat IBA are as follows: “IBA Criteria Met: A2, A3 (1994). A2 sites are known or thought to hold a significant component of a group of species whose breeding distributions define an EBA or Secondary Area. A3 sites are known or thought to hold a significant component of the group of species whose distributions are largely or wholly confined to one biome.”

The Ziarat Juniper Forest Biosphere Reserve, Ziarat National Park, Wam Game Reserve, and the Sasnamana Wildlife Sanctuary overlap the IBA.

6.5.6.4 Rivers

The Project intersects three major perennial rivers in the Province of Punjab:

· The Indus River originates in northern Tibet and extends over the Himalayan mountain range to enter the Punjab Plains. It is the longest river of Pakistan (2,700 km) and provides a source of water for a wide range of uses including drinking, irrigation, and industries. The pipeline route crosses the Indus River 8 km southwest of Samina, the closest residential population. For decades, population growth and agriculture have stressed the river, which, for 10 months of the year, dries up before it reaches the sea (Qui, 2016). As the demand for water is set to rise by 30% by 2025, water shortage is a potential destabilizing factor for the region. A decreased water flow is also thought to be related to less snow melt due to cooler springs and summers associated with climate change (Qui, 2016). The Indus River is home to a variety of endangered species of riverine habitat including fish, amphibians, birds, and small and large mammals (WWF, 2018c), including the Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor); · The Chenab River originates in the Kulu and Kangra districts of the Himachal Pardesh Province of India. The Chenab River flows through the alluvial plains of the Provence of Punjab in Pakistan for a distance of 5,469 km. In the final section, the Chenab River meets the Indus River upstream of Kot Mithan (Waterinfo, 2018). The Chenab River is an important irrigation source and the source of income (for example, from fishing) for many people (Ajaz, 2011). It is one of the highly managed rivers in South Asia and faces several environmental issues related to human population growth, industrialization, agricultural advancements, and rapid urbanization. These issues are the major threat to the fish diversity (Kausar et al., 2018). The pipeline route crosses the Chenab River 10 km west of Muzaffargarh, one of the main population centers in the area; and · The Sutlej River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located at the southern end of the Hindu Kush

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segment of the Himalayas and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan (Sharda, 2016). This river is the furthest east tributary of the Indus River. It meanders and is subject to scour during high floods (ILF, 2017). The pipeline route crosses the river 6 km northeast of Gadhonka, the closest population center.

In addition, there are hundreds of other smaller river and canal crossings, as listed in Appendix C3.1 Canal Crossings and C3.2 River Crossings. A subset of the river crossings is perennial; however, no perennial rivers are present in the Province of Balochistan. The flows in the river basins outside the Indus Basin, the Makran coast, and the Kharan closed basin appear during flash floods and do not have a perennial supply. They account for a total flow of less than 5 km³ per year (Penspen, 2015).

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Figure 6.5-3: Ecoregions and Important Biological Resources along the Pipeline Route

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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6.5.7 Local Level Ecology and Biodiversity

6.5.7.1 Habitat Types

For the 250 m buffer around Project features, the remote sensing evaluation yielded the following land cover types and areas:

· Planted/cultivated land – 6,488 ha; · Barren land (bare areas/bare areas with sparse vegetation, rocks) – 20,681 ha; · Sand (sand dunes) – 1,099 ha; · Herbaceous vegetation (crop irrigated/marginal/rainfed, natural vegetation) – 1,326 ha; · Trees and tree crops (orchards, tree forest plantation, natural vegetation) – 6,779 ha; · Shrubland (orchards crop, shrub, natural vegetation) – 4,331 ha; · Developed area – 1,252 ha; and · Water resource – 530 ha.

The barren land cover type represented 49% of the total area, with the plant/cultivated land being the next most common type covering 15% of the total area. Trees and tree crops covered 16%, shrubland, 10%, and herbaceous vegetation, sand, and developed area types each covered around 3% of the total area. Water resources represented only 1% of the total area.

Agricultural land is concentrated in the Province of Punjab, from the Pākpattan area to the eastern-terminus of the route in Pakistan. Remote sensing indicated that barren land is the dominant cover type for most of the route (83% of the total vegetation surface) from the Balochistan area to approximately 50 km into the Punjab Province.

IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012 and 2019) and ADB (2009) definition of natural habitat and modified habitat are presented in Section 6.5.1. Based on these definitions, any areas identified as barren land, sand, and water (approximately 53% in total) were considered natural habitat. The majority of modified land cover types identified (45% of all types recorded) were of agricultural land use. The remaining 2% was identified as developed. Overall, approximately 47% of the land within the 250 m buffer area around Project components was identified as modified habitat.

As planned, the field survey involved the identification of habitats along the pipeline route, within a 250 m buffer. This is the area of direct impact and the most significant indirect impacts. The footprint of infrastructure outside the 500 m pipeline corridor was not surveyed, nor a buffer around it. The habitat type at each survey location was identified, as presented in Table 6.5-4.

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Table 6.5-4: Habitat Type by Survey Location

Survey Location Habitat Type B1 Dry temperate coniferous forests (Juniper being the dominant species) B2 Dry temperate coniferous forests (Juniper being the dominant species) B3 Dry temperate coniferous forests (Juniper being the dominant species) B4 Dry temperate coniferous forests (Juniper being the dominant species) B5 Sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forests B6 Dry temperate, non-modified and non-degraded scrub land B7 Major habitat type is waterbody and surrounding vegetation B8 Modified, agricultural land by the roadside B9 Waterbody and associated natural river bank vegetation (intact natural grassland) B10 Canal bank with scatted trees and irrigated agricultural land Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-5 and Table 6.5-6 show habitat types (modified or natural), areas, and percent of total for Balochistan and Punjab Provinces, respectively. Habitat mapping is provided in Appendix C4.2. The information obtained within the habitat mapping is combined and presented in Table 6.5-7. The field survey data aligned with the remote sensing results. Approximately 48% is developed, comprising agriculture, settlement, and rangelands, with almost 43% in agriculture. Most of the developed area was considered modified habitat. In the remote sensing exercise, approximately 47% of the total area was defined as modified habitat.

Agriculture areas covered approximately 7.4% of the corridor in Balochistan, whereas, in Punjab, it was almost 78%. The opposite was observed for barren land/hills (80% for Balochistan and 12% for Punjab). Both provinces contain forested area, but the dry temperate semi-evergreen forest habitat containing juniper was only present in Balochistan (649 ha). The various forest habitat types (upland and riparian) and the natural water bodies were the rarest natural habitat types in the 500 m corridor, covering approximately 5% of area. An adaptation of the detailed habitat description narrative produced by NAFTEC MAB’s subcontractor (2018) is presented in the following subsections. Table 6.5-5: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Balochistan

Sr. No. Habitat Type Area Percentage Natural or km2 ha Modified A- Agriculture 1 Agriculture land 14.74 1,474 7.29% Modified 2 Orchards 0.22 22 0.11% Modified B- Forests 3 Dry temperate semi-evergreen forests mainly Juniper 6.49 649 3.21% Natural 4 Dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest 3.63 363 1.80% Natural 5 Riverine forests - - - Natural 6 Floodplain 0.19 19 0.09% Natural 7 Tropical thorn forest, sandy deserts - - - Natural C- Settlements 8 Settlements 1.06 106 0.52% Modified 9 Graveyards - - - Modified 10 Kilns 0 0 0.00% Modified

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Sr. No. Habitat Type Area Percentage Natural or km2 ha Modified D- Water Bodies 11 River 0.89 89 0.44% Natural 12 Nullah / Stream 6.91 691 3.42% Natural 13 Canal - - - Modified 14 Lake / Pond 0.02 2 0.01% Natural E- Rangelands (Shrubs / Bushes / Grasses) 5.38 538 2.66% Modified F- Barren Land / Hills 162.61 16,261 80.44% Natural Total 202.14 20,214 Notes: Includes survey locations B1 through B5 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-6: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Punjab

Sr. No. Habitat Types Area Percentage Natural or km2 ha Modified A- Agriculture 1 Agriculture land 152.7 15,269 75.4% Modified 2 Orchards 4.6 464 2.3% Modified B- Forests 3 Dry temperate semi-evergreen forest - - - Natural 4 Dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest 1.1 110 0.5% Natural 5 Riverine forest 0.2 15 0.1% Natural 6 Floodplain 0.9 93 0.5% Natural 7 Tropical thorn forest, sandy deserts 0.2 23 0.1% Natural C- Settlements 8 Settlement 5.7 569 2.8% Modified 9 Graveyard 0.2 16 0.1% Modified 10 Kiln 0.3 33 0.2% Modified D- Water Bodies 11 River 0.7 73 0.4% Natural 12 Nullah / Stream 0.4 45 0.2% Natural 13 Canal 0.6 62 0.3% Modified 14 Lake / Pond 0.1 14 0.1% Natural E- Rangelands (Shrubs / Bushes / Grasses) 9.6 961 4.7% Modified F- Barren Land / Hills 25.1 2,508 12.4% Natural Total 202.55 20,255 Notes: Includes survey locations B6 through B10 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-7: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Balochistan and Punjab

Sr. No. Habitat Types Area Percentage Natural or km2 ha Modified A- Agriculture 1 Agriculture land 167.43 16,743 41.40% Modified 2 Orchards F 485 1.20% Modified B- Forests 3 Dry temperate semi evergreen forest 6.49 649 1.60% Natural 4 Dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest 4.73 473 1.20% Natural 5 Riverine Forest 0.15 15 0.00% Natural 6 Floodplain 1.12 112 0.30% Natural 7 Tropical thorn forest, sandy deserts 0.23 23 0.10% Natural C- Settlements 8 Settlement 6.75 675 1.70% Modified

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Sr. No. Habitat Types Area Percentage Natural or km2 ha Modified 9 Graveyard 0.16 16 0.00% Modified 10 Kiln 0.33 33 0.10% Modified D- Water Bodies 11 River 1.62 162 0.40% Natural 12 Nullah / Stream 7.35 735 1.80% Natural 13 Canal 0.62 62 0.20% Modified 14 Lake / Pond 0.17 17 0.00% Natural E- Rangelands (Shrubs / Bushes / Grasses) 14.99 1,499 3.70% Modified F- Barren Land / Hills 187.7 18,770 46.40% Natural Total 399.84 40,469 Source: NAFTE/C MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

6.5.7.1.1 Agricultural Lands and Fruit Orchards

The agricultural sector plays a leading role in Pakistan’s economy. It contributes to nearly one fifth of the national GDP. Besides the thermal and water regime, pedological conditions play a favorable role in growing valuable crops. Agricultural lands and orchards cover approximately 17,200 ha in the 500 m corridor. This includes approximately 1,500 ha in Balochistan (inclusive of B1 to B5), where the main food crops are wheat, rice, bajra, barley, jowar, and maize. A low level of agricultural productivity is confined to the districts falling in drought prone areas characterized by irregular rainfall, rugged topography, and poor irrigation facilities.

Agriculture sector in Punjab (inclusive of B6 to B10) contributes 56.1% to 61.5% of the economy of the province. Agricultural lands and fruit orchards cover approximately 15,700 ha within the 500 m corridor. Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the major crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as mango and kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. In addition, agricultural fields provide habitat for wildlife.

6.5.7.1.2 Forest – Balochistan Lower Ranges

Chaman, Pishin, and Takatu (B1, B2, B3). These areas have lost most of their tree cover due to heavy lopping for goat browse and cutting for fuelwood. A few relict patches of the steppic montane scrub forest that once prevailed can only be found in forest reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, such as Takatu community reserve/community- controlled hunting area.

Plants

Typical plant species include Greek Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) on higher ridges, Indian Olive (Olea ferruginea), Pistacia khinjak, Wild Pistachio Tree (P. mutica), Crab Ash (Fraxinus xanthoxyloides) with widely scattered bushes of Ghuzera (Sophora mollis), Sea Wormwood (Artemisia maritima), Ephedra spp., Jangli baadam (Prunus

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eburnia), and Stocksia brauhica. Grasses include Eleucine flagellifera, Cymbopogon parkeri and many ephemerals of Poa sp. and Bromus sp.

Birds

Typical bird species include Chukar (Alectoris chukar), See-See Partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis), Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis), European Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), European Bee-Eater (Merops apiaster), Bar-Tailed lark (Ammomanes cincturus), Hume’s Short-Toed Lark (Calandrella acutirostris), Red-Rumped Swallow (Hirundo daurica), Long-Billed Pipit (Anthus similis), Western Orphean Warbler (Sylvia hortensis), Common Stonechat (Saxicola torquata), Variable Wheatear (Oenanthe picata), Blue Rock-Thrush (Monticola solitatius), Eastern Rock Nuthatch (Sitta tephronota), and Grey-Necked Bunting (Emberiza bunchanani).

Mammals

Mammal species include Hill Fox (Vulpes vulpes griffithi), Balochistan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus), Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), Marbled Pole Cat (Vormela peregusna), Common Leopard (Panthera pardus), Caracal Cat (Felis caracal), Urial (Ovis vignei), Goitred Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), Cape or Tibetan Hare (Lepus capensis), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Libyan Jird (Meriones libycus), Sundevall’s Jird (Meriones crassus), Balochistan Gerbil (Gerbillus nanus), Migratory Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), Brandt’s Hedgehog (Paraechinus hypomelas), and the Greater Horse-Shoe Bat (Rhinolophus fermmequinum).

6.5.7.1.3 Forest – Balochistan Higher Ranges

Takatu and Ziarat (B3 and B4). This is an arid montane area with both diurnal and seasonal extremes of temperature. Winter temperatures often drop to 14 °C and rise in summer above 35 °C. Light snowfall may carpet the higher slopes from January to March. Most of the plant fauna has Irano-Turanian affinities, though quite a few can be considered of purely Himalayan origins. The area is typified by such ranges as Takatu, Ziarat, and Toba Kakar.

Plants

Typical plant species include Juniperus excelsa with occasional Crab ash (Fraxinus xanthoxyloides), and Pistacia khinjuk and Wild Pistachio Tree (P. mutica) with scattered bushes of Jangli Baadam (Prunus eburnea), Berberis baluchistanica, Peashrub (Caragana ambigua), Musk Rose (Rosa moschata), Creeping Thyme (Thymus serpyllum), Salvia cabulica, and Sophora grifftthii. On sheltered slopes, the golden spires of Eremurus aurantiacus are conspicuous in spring with Tulips (Tulipa chrysantha), and curious spiny hassock-shaped plants such as Acantholimon fasciculare and Onobrychis cornuta. Grasses include Stipa pennata and Pennisetum orientalis.

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Birds

Typical breeding birds of the Juniper forest zone include Red-Billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica), White-Capped Bunting (Emberiza stewarti), White-Winged grosbeak (Mycerobas carnipes), Red-Mantled Rosefinch (Carpodacus rhodochlamys), Common Rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus), Red-Fronted Serin (Serinus pusillu), White-Cheeked Bushtit (Aegithalos leucogenys), Bar-Tailed Treecreeper (Certhia himalayana), Streaked Laughingthrush (Garrulax lineatus), Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata), Sulphur-Bellied Warbler (Phylloscopus griseolus), Plain Leaf-Warbler (Phylloscopus neglectus), Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus), Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca althea), Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros), Isabelline Shrike (Lanius isabellinus), Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), and Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus).

Mammals

Mammal species include Suleiman Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni), collared Pika (Ochotona rufescens), Migratory Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), Stone Marten (Martes foina), Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), Persian Jird (Meriones persicus), and Mouse-Like Hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi).

6.5.7.1.4 Forest – Dry Sub-tropical Semi-Evergreen Scrub Forest

Loralai and Dera Ghazi Khan (B5, B6). This habitat has pronounced humid winds during monsoon season, but hot, dry, and relatively frost-free for the rest of the year.

Plants

Typical plant species include Baonḷī (Acacia jacquemontii), Jujube (Ziziphus nummularia) forming scattered stunted trees or tall bushes, Senhwar (Rhazya stricta), and White Crossberry (Grewia tenax).

Birds

Typical bird species include Black-faced sandgrouse (Pterocles indicus), See-See Partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis), Himalayan Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys), Striolated Bunting (Emberiza striolata), Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor), Long- Tailed Shrike (Lanius schach), Hume’s Wheatear (Oenanthe alboniger), Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), Ashy-Crowned Sparrow-Lark (Eremopterix grisea), Desert Lark (Ammomanes deserti), Sind Woodpecker (Dendrocopos assimilis), Graceful Prinia Prinia gracilis supplemented in winter by Kurdish Wheatear (Oenanthe xanthoprymna), Variable Wheatear (Oenanthe picata capistrata), and Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes).

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Mammals

Mammal species include Straight-Horned Markhor (Capra falconeri megaceros) Stone Marten (Martes foina), Persian Jird (Meriones persicus), Collared Pika (Ochotona rufescens), Migratory Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), Mouse-Like Hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi), and Afghan Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus megalotis).

6.5.7.1.5 Forest – Dry Temperate Semi-Evergreen Scrub Forest

Loralai, Barkhan, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Sakhi Sarwar (B5 and B6). These areas have long cold winters often with some seasonal winter rains and show Mediterranean affinities both in plant and animal fauna. Covering a wide geographic range latitudinally, these areas experience hot dry summers and limited monsoon influence. They often have some spring and winter rains.

Plants

Typical plant species include Olea ferrugenia, Palosa (Acacia modesta), Sea Wormwood (Artemisia maritima), Monotheca buxifolia, Senhwar (Rhazya stricta), Withania coagulans with occasional trees of Nettle (Celtis eriocarpa) and, in ravines, Dwarf Palm (Nannorrhops ritchieana). Grasses include Eleusine compressa, Chrysopogon aucheri, Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Saccharum spontaneum. Shrubs include Convolvulus spinosus.

Birds

Typical bird species include Desert Lark (Ammomanes deserti), Long-Billed Pipit (Anthus similis), Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), See-See Partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis), and Striolated Bunting (Emberiza striolata).

Mammals

Mammal species include Straight-Horned Markhor (Capra falconeri megaceros), Collared Pika (Ochotona rufescens), Migratory Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), Stone Marten (Martes foina), Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), Persian Jird (Meriones persicus), and Mouse-Like Hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi).

6.5.7.1.6 Forest – Riverine Forests

Seasonal rivers and nullahs/streams, Rivers Indus and Chenab (B5, B6, B7, B9 and B10).

Plants

Climax tree species in this habitat is Kikar (Acacia nilotica), and in less stable areas, Laye (Tamarix dioica), Charab Poplar (Populus euphratica) with the grasses including Erianthus munja, Saccharum bengalensis, and Saccharum spontaneum.

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Birds

Typical bird species include Crested Honey Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus), Indian Scops-Owl (Otus bakkamoena), European Penduline-Tit (Remiz pendulinus), Small Minivet (Pericrocotus cinnamomeus), and Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus) in riverine forest only. Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata), Sand Lark (Calandrella raytal), and Australasian Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) in Saccharum spp. grass areas. White-tailed stonechat (Saxicola leucura), Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata), Rufous-Vented Grass Babbler (Prinia burnesii), and Yellow-Eyed Babbler (Chrysomma sinensis) in mixed Saccharum spp. and reed areas. Indian Short-Toed Lark (Calandrella raytal) prefers open sandy areas dotted with tamarisk, and in winter Eurasian Wryneck (Jynx torquilla), Red-Breasted Flycatcher (Muscicapa parva), and Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) use Acacia forests.

Mammals

Mammal species include Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), Short-Tailed Mole Rat (Nesokia indica), Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Jackal (Canis aureus), and Desert Hare (Lepus nigricollis dayanus).

6.5.7.1.7 Swamps and Seasonal Inundation

Seasonal rivers and nullahs/streams, water pools/swamps (B5, B6, and B10).

Plants

Typical plant species include Laye (Tamarix dioica), Tall Reed (Phragmites karka), Lesser Indian Reed Mace (Typha angustata), Knotgrass (Paspalum distichum), Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), Indian lotus (Nelumbium nuciferum), and in water pools, Tapegrass (Vallisneria spiralis) and Hydrilla (Hvdrilla verticillaia).

Birds

Typical bird species include Pheasant Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Heron (Egretta spp.), Yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis), Cinnamon Bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus), Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), Striated Babbler (Turdoides earlei), Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava), Yellow-Bellied Prinia (Prinia flaviventris), Rufous-Vented Grass Babbler (Prinia burnesii), Black-Breasted Weaver (Ploceus benghalensis), and in winter, Acrocephalis spp.

Mammals

Mammal species include Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), Short- Tailed Mole Rat (Nesokia indica), Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Jackal (Canis aureus), and Desert Hare (Lepus nigricollis dayanus).

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6.5.7.1.8 Tropical Thorn Forest – Indus Plains

Pipeline route from B9 to B10 and beyond. This is a major habitat originally occupying all the Indus Plains from the foothills to the seacoast, but due to human activity over more than one thousand years, most of this forest in its original form has disappeared. Tropical thorn forest survives in small pockets, sometimes recently regenerated in areas such as airfield peripheries, around graveyards, and uncultivated areas such as saline flats.

Plants

Typical plant species include Jand (Prosopis cineraria), Bare Caper (Capparis aphylla), Vann (Salvadora oleoides or Salvadora persica), Frash (Tamarix aphylla), Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), Rubber Bush (Calatropis procera), Shrubby Seablite (Suaeda fruticosa) with such grasses as Aristida depressa and Eleusine compressa. The first five plants are scattered, shrubby trees usually affected by lopping.

Birds

Typical bird species include Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus), Green Bee- Eater (Merops orientalis), Himalayan bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys), Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata), Rufous-Fronted Prinia (Prinia buchanani), Common Babbler (Turdoides caudatus), Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), and in winter, Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) and Variable Wheatear (Oenanthe picata).

Mammals

Mammal species include Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), Common Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Long-Eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus collaris), Desert Jird (Meriones hurrianae), Yellow-Bellied Scotophil Bat (Scotophilus heathii), and Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii).

6.5.7.1.9 Tropical Thorn Forest – Sand Dune Desert

This is categorized as Thal, located at B9.

Plants

Typical plant species of this habitat include Jand (Prosopis cineraria), Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), Vann (Salvadora oleoides), Calligonum polygonoides, Akk (Calotropis procera), Aristida mutabilis, and Kana (Saccharum bengalense). The first three plants can grow to fair sized trees, the last two species are grasses, and Calligonum is particularly adapted to sand dunes.

Mammals

Mammal species include Desert Fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla). Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), Caracal Cat (Felis caracal), Hairy-Footed Gerbil (Gerbillus gleadowi), Cheesman’s Gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani), Common Indian Gerbil (Tatera

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indica), Chinkara (Gazella bennettii), Kutch Sheath-Tailed Bat (Taphozous nudiventris), and Desert Hare (Lepus nigricollis dayanus).

6.5.7.1.10 Rangelands (Shrubs, Bushes, and Grasses)

The term Range refers to a vast area supporting natural vegetation which is suitable for grazing and browsing by livestock. The rangeland resources of Pakistan constitute around 60% of the land area of Pakistan. This resource supports millions of livestock which are important for the livelihood, food security, and nutrition of poor rural people. Currently the resource is in a deteriorating condition and the current productivity is less than its potential.

Rangelands and related resources are managed for obtaining maximum feed for a variety of livestock on a sustained basis. Pakistan has a total livestock population of about 120 million head, composed primarily of goats, sheep, cattle, buffalo, camels, horses, donkeys, and mules. About 3 million people living from the Himalayas to the coast of Arabian Sea depend on livestock for their income and are engaged in herding and rearing.

Original natural vegetation in Balochistan has been destroyed by cultivators and the grazers alike. These range lands, merely in name, have been stressed by the local sheep, goats and cattle, but also thousands of nomadic grazing animals in Balochistan from across the border. The yearly cycle of devastation by the migratory herds has occurred in Pakistan for a long period of time. The consequences of this unabated use are widely visible in the form of denuded hill sides and degraded pastures. Common lands called shamilat and uncultivated areas within agriculture fields also provide forage to the livestock.

Rangelands cover a sizeable area in the 500 m corridor (estimated at 1,499 ha in total, with 961 ha in Punjab and 538 ha in Balochistan). These provide forage for the livestock, cape and desert hare, and other herbivores. However, because of the anthropogenic activities, wild animals have a limited presence.

6.5.7.1.11 Settlements (including Graveyards and Kilns)

Settlements within the 500 m corridor cover an area of approximately 675 ha (569 ha in Punjab and 106 ha in Balochistan), suggesting higher density of habitation in Punjab. Existence of a total of 33 ha of brick kilns also suggests construction activities and a solid economy in Punjab. Absence of graveyards in the corridor in Balochistan compared with 16 in Punjab corridor also demonstrates the population level.

Settlements provide habitat for small mammals such as house rats, roof rats, and shrews. Some medium-sized mammals like Indian Jackal (Canis aureus), Fox (Vulpes sp.), Civet Cat (Viverricula indica), Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), and squirrel may also visit to prey upon poultry and scavenge. Birds such as House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), House Crow (Corvus splendens), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys), and pigeon may find habitat in

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built up areas whereas green areas may also provide roosting and feeding habitat for Koels (Eudynamys), song birds, and even birds of prey. Reptiles like snakes and lizards inhabit houses and green areas, and amphibians like toads are present within developed areas and frogs inhabit open ponds. Graveyards also provide habitat for a variety of species.

6.5.7.1.12 Water Bodies (including Rivers, Nullahs/Streams, Canals, and Lakes/Ponds)

Water bodies cover an overall area of approximately 976 ha (782 ha in Balochistan and 194 ha in Punjab). The three main rivers crossings are the River Indus, River Chenab and River Sutlej crossings in Punjab. These rivers provide staging and wintering habitat to migratory birds during winter. Freshwater turtles also occur in the rivers. Indus Blind Dolphin (Platanista minor) occurs in River Indus; however, it does not occur on the Rivers Chenab or Sutlej. Seasonal nullahs/streams mostly occur in Balochistan where they cover large stretches of land (691 ha compared to 45 ha in Punjab district Dera Ghazi Khan). Nullahs/streams provide habitat to migratory birds, especially the cranes. Canals (62 ha) also cross the corridor in Punjab. Canal irrigation is the lifeline of irrigated agriculture in Punjab. Ecological characteristics of the adjacent habitat is described under riverine forests.

6.5.7.1.13 Barren Lands and Hills

Eight percent of the 500 m corridor area in Balochistan was classified as barren lands compared to 12% in Punjab. Barren areas are considered wastelands where nothing can grow. Such areas are not used for cultivation or building. In general, barren land has thin soil, sand, or rocks. Barren lands include deserts, dry salt flats, sand dunes, exposed rocks, strip mines, and gravel pits. These are, however, not totally non- productive and provide habitat for fauna and flora. Vegetation is scant; hence the biodiversity of animals is also limited.

Hills and valleys in the area are almost barren and devoid of any sizable patches of vegetation. This may be the result of climatic conditions and centuries of misuse including grazing (described under rangelands). The misuse has resulted in loss of soil due to grazing, with effect compounded by weather effects, flash floods and landslides, resulting in the present landscape.

6.5.7.2 Flora and Fauna

Despite being a country with low levels of endemism, Pakistan hosts a high proportion of restricted range species with a significant proportion of their global population found there (Baig and Al-Subaiee, 2011). Regarding plant species, five monotypic genera (Douepia, Sulaimania, Kurramiana, Wendelboa, and Spiroseris) and 400 species belonging to 169 genera and 45 families occur in Pakistan and are restricted to the northern and western mountains. The fauna includes some endemic mammals such as the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) and Pale Grey Shrew (Crocidura pergrisea). The Balochistan Pygmy Jerboa (Salpingotulus) is an example

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of an endemic genus, while the Chiltan Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus chialtanensis) is an example of an endemic subspecies (GOP, 2017). By groups, the total number of species in Pakistan are presented in Table 6.5-8.

To date, 198 species of mammals have been recorded in Pakistan. The major component of the mammalian fauna is comprised of Chiroptera (50 species), followed by Rodentia (48 species) and Carnivora (35 species). Other major orders of mammals include Artiodactyla (23 species), Cetartiodactyla (20 species), and Eulipothyphla (13 species) (CBD, 2014).

Table 6.5-8: Pakistan Species Numbers by Group

Group Total Number of Species Reported Mammals 198 Aves 696 Reptiles 231 Amphibians 25 Freshwater Fish 198 Insects >1,559 Plants >6000 Notes: > = greater than Source: CBD, 2014

According to the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2018a), there are 123 species in Pakistan designated as VU, EN, or CR. The distributions of 25 of these species overlap the pipeline route and the distribution of 8 are unknown at this point in the assessment process (Table 6.5-9).

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Table 6.5-9: IUCN Red List Threatened Species with Distributions that Overlap the Pipeline Route or are Unknown

Class Family Species Common Names Red List Status Elevation range (m) Overlap PAI? Liliopsida Orchidaceae Malaxis muscifera - VU 2,500-4,000 Unknown Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida Rhamnella gilgitica - VU 1,600- 2,450 Unknown Magnoliopsida Burseraceae Commiphora wightii - CR 100-900 Unknown Aves Accipitridae Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU 1,600 Yes Aves Accipitridae Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle EN 3,000 Yes Aves Anatidae Aythya ferina Common Pochard VU No information available Yes Aves Otidae Chlamydotis macqueenii Asian Houbara VU No information available Yes Aves Sylviidae Chrysomma altirostre Jerdon’s Babbler VU No information available Yes Aves Ciconiidae Ciconia episcopus Asian Woollyneck, VU 1,400 Yes Aves Accipitridae Clanga clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU 1,400 Yes Aves Columbidae Columba eversmanni Yellow-Eyed Pigeon VU No information available Yes Aves Falconidae Falco cherrug Saker Falcon, Saker EN 2,700 Yes Aves Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas’s Fish-Eagle EN 5,000 Yes Aves Accipitridae Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN 4,500 Yes Aves Laridae Rynchops albicollis Indian Skimmer VU No information available Yes Aves Muscicapidae Saxicola macrorhynchus White-Browed Bushchat VU No information available Yes Aves Laridae Sterna acuticauda Black-Bellied Tern EN 700 Yes Aves Charadriidae Vanellus gregarius Sociable Lapwing CR 300 Yes Aves Accipitridae Gyps bengalensis White-Rumped Vulture CR 1,500 Yes Aves Anatidae Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Duck VU No information available Yes Mammalia Cervidae Axis porcinus Hog Deer EN 1,500 Yes Mammalia Gliridae Dryomys niethammeri Balochistan Forest Dormouse VU No information available Yes Mammalia Platanistidae Platanista minor Indus River Dolphin EN 0-250 Yes Mammalia Mustelidae Vormela peregusna Marbled Polecat VU 3,000 Yes Mammalia Canidae Canis lupus pallipes Desert Wolf Species is least concern. No information is available Yes Subspecies is not on the subspecies. assessed. Subspecies listed in CITES Appendix I. Listing Indicates Threat of Extinction. Mammalia Bovidae Capra aegagrus Wild Goat VU 3,250 Yes Reptilia Trionychidae Chitra indica Indian Narrow-Headed EN No information available Unknown Softshell Turtle Reptilia Crocodylidae Crocodylus palustris Mugger, Broad-Snouted VU 420 Yes Crocodile

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Class Family Species Common Names Red List Status Elevation range (m) Overlap PAI? Reptilia Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus Gharial, Fish-Eating CR No information available Yes Crocodile Reptilia Geoemydidae Hardella thurjii Crowned River Turtle VU No information available Unknown Reptilia Trionychidae Nilssonia gangetica Indian Softshell Turtle VU No information available Unknown Reptilia Trionychidae Nilssonia hurum Indian Peacock Softshell VU No information available Unknown Turtle Reptilia Testudinidae Testudo horsfieldii Afghan Tortoise, Central VU 2,014 Unknown Asian Tortoise Source: CITES, 2017; IUCN, 2018a

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Although the Government of Pakistan does not have a specific list of protected species, it has laws that address endangered species and conservation, including the following as discussed in Chapter 4. Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Analysis:

· The Punjab Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management (Amendment) Act 2007; · The Balochistan Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management Act 2014; and · Clause 30 of the Forest Act 1927 was amended through the Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act 1974 to protect Juniper trees.

During the ecological field survey, plants were inventoried in Balochistan and Punjab (Table 6.5-10 and Table 6.5-11) by survey location. All of the species are categorized by IUCN as Least Concern. However, juniper is protected under the Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act 1974, decreeing that “It shall be unlawful: (i) to fell or girdle a Juniper tree; (ii) to lop, tap, burn, strip off the bark from, or in any other way damage, a Juniper tree whether standing, fallen or felled. (iii) to remove any felled or fallen Juniper tree, or its firewood, or any part thereof, for sale: (iv) to possess and stock Juniper firewood or timber for the purpose of sale: Provided that nothing shall be deemed to be an offence under this section when done with the permission in writing of the prescribed authority or in accordance with rules framed or in force under this Act.”

The juniper tree is a living fossil and grows very slowly. Seed germination percentage is very low, and its seed is prone to heavy insect attack. Even after germination, establishment is uncertain. Because of anthropogenic pressures, juniper forests have declined.

Juniper (Juniperus excelsa polycarpos) was observed at survey locations B3, B4, and B5, but individuals could also be present to the west of B3 and east of B5. The highest density was at survey location B4 (see green highlighted areas in Maps 14 and 15 in Appendix C4.3). At some locations, most of the tree cover has been lost due to heavy lopping for goat browse and cutting for firewood, but there are examples of old, mature trees. At all locations, there was degradation. While the relatively intact examples of this ecosystem type are located to the south of the Project route in PAs, the juniper trees along the route are still considered ecologically important. Appendix C4.3 presents a GIS-based analysis of tree density in the 500 m corridor in Balochistan. Not all of the trees are juniper.

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Table 6.5-10: Plants Observed during the Ecological Survey in Balochistan

Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name

B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 A- Trees 1. Juniperus excelsa Obusht + + + polycarpos 2. Morus alba Toot + + 3. Olea europea Olive + 4. Olea ferrugenea Olive, Zaitoon (kahu) + 5. Pistacia mutica / P. khinjak Shina, Pistacio + + + + 6. Prunus cultivar Santroza + + + 7. Prunus eburnea Jangli Baadam, Almond + + + + 8. Prunus serotina Wild cherry + + + 9. Rhamnus persica - 10. Tamarix indica Ghaz + + 11. Ziziphus mauritiana Ber + B- Shrubs 12. Acantholimon trojanum Prickly Thrift + 13. Acantholimon ulicinum Prickly Thrift + 14. Acroptilon repens Russian Knapweed + + 15. Andrachnet elephioides Ghuazarpara + 16. Artemesia maritima Tarkha, wormwood + + + + + 17. Artemisia stricta ZhusaneTurkha + 18. Artiplex spp. Saltbush + 19. Astragalus tribuloides - + 20. Berberis baluchistanica Tor Zaralga + + 21. Berberis calliobotrys Shin Zaralga + + 22. Berberis densiflora Soor Zaralga + + 23. Berberis lyceum Zralg, Simlu + + + + 24. Caragana ambigua Makhi, Peashrub + + + 25. Carthamus oxyacantha Wild Safflower + + 26. Carthamus tenuis Kusum + + + 27. Chenopodium foilosum Goosefoot + + 28. Cousinia thomsonii Kandiari + + + 29. Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Khaksheer + + + 30. Daphne oleoides Schreb. Leghunae + + 31. Dodonea viscosa Sanatha + + 32. Ephedra intermedia Ghatoman + + 33. Ephedra nebrodensis Narioman, Oman, Mormon-Tea + + 34. Ephedra procera Uman + + 35. Eremurus persicus Foxtail Lily + + 36. Eremurus stenophyllus Shezgi + + 37. Fagonia bruguieri DC Fagonbush + + 38. Foeniculum vulgare Khozha Wallani, Saunf + + + + + 39. Gulancha lata Moonseed + 40. Haloxylon griffithii Shorie + + 41. Hertia intermedia Munglian + + 42. Malva neglecta Kukra + + 43. Marrubium vulgare White Horehound + + 44. Medicago sativa Lurcern + + + 45. Mentha spicata Shinshobie, Nana + + + 46. Mimosa pudica Sarmabuti + + 47. Nannorrhops ritchiana Mazari, Dwarf Palm + 48. Nepeta glomerulosaBoiss Chinganbuti +

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Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name

B7 B8 B9 B10 B6 49. Nerium indicum Kaner + 50. . Olea ferruginea Zaitoon (kahu) + 51. Onosma hispida Yarilang + 52. Peganum hermala Spallanae, Esfand, Hermal + + + + 53. Peroviskia abrotanoides Shinshobay + 54. Phlomis spectabilis Kundulay + 55. Phlomis stewartii - + 56. Punica granatum Anar + + 57. Rosa indica Gulgulab + + + 58. Rosa lacerans Surae + + 59. Rosa mochata Gulgulab + + + 60. Salsola paulsenii Litv Jaghun, Barbwire Russian + + Thistle 61. Salvia cabulica Barbwire Russian Thistle + + 62. Sisymbrium sophia Khashir, Fixweed + 63. Sophora mollis Khumbi + + 64. Stachys parviflora Randukay + + 65. Triticum aestivum Ghanum (Wheat) + + 66. Withania coagulams Indian Cheese Maker + 67. Withania somnifera Ashwagandha + 68. Ziziphora clinopodiodes Purchink Maurai + + 69. Zizyphus nummularia Ber/Mallah + 70. Zosima absinthifolia Zonkaie + + + C- Forbs 71. Achillea santoline Zwal + 72. Andrachne elephioides Ghuazarpara + 73. Astragulus tribuloides - + 74. Carthamus tenuis Slender Safflower + + 75. Convolvulus arvensis Bachki + + + 76. Convolvulus spinosus Vatke + + 77. Conyzabon ariensis Asthmaweed + + 78. Coriandrum sativum Dhanya + + 79. Gulancha tinospora Moonseed + + 80. Heliotropium dasycarpum Chasenboti + 81. Lactuca orientalis - + + 82. Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce + + 83. Lactuca virosa Wild Lettuce + + 84. Mentha longifolia Shinshobi + 85. Nepeta glomerulosa Chanjanbotai + 86. Plantago erosa Bartang + 87. Plantago lanceolata Bartang + 88. Plantago major Bartang + + + 89. Polygonum arenastrum Zomae + + + 90. Polygonum aviculare Common Knotgrass + 91. Portulaca oleracea Khulfa + + + 92. Salsola kali Russian Thistle + + 93. Solanum nigrum Karezgi (Mako) + + 94. Sonchus asper Spiny Sowthistle + + 95. Teucrium stocksianum Kalpora + + + + 96. Thymus linearis Himalayan Thyme + + 97. Trachespermum ammi Spareki, Ajwain + + 98. Traychyspermum Spareki, Ajwain + + baluchistanicum

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Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name

B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 99. Xanthium strumarium Chota + + D- Grasses 100. Cynodon dactylon Lawn Grass, Khabbal + + 101. Eragrostis curvula Weeping Lovegrass + 102. Saccharum bengalenses Kana, Baruwa Grass + 103. Saccharum griffithii Kani + + Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-11: Plants Observed during the Ecological Survey in Punjab

Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name

B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 A Trees 1. Acacia nilotica Kikar + + + + 2. Capparis decidua Karir, Karehin, Daila + + 3. Dalbergia sissoo Shisham + + + + 4. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus + + 5. Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm, Khajoor + + 6. Populus euphratica Obahan + + 7. Prosopis cineraria Jand + + + + 8. Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite + + 9. Prosopis juliflora Mesquite + + + 10. Salvadora oleoides Vann, Jall, Pilu + 11. Syzigium cumini Jaman + + 12. Tamarix aphylla Frash, Ukaahn, Khaggal + 13. Tamarix dioica Laye + + B Shrubs 1. Abutilon muticum Gidarwar, Kanghi Buti + 2. Acacia farnesiana Valayati Kikar, Sweet Acacia + 3. Acacia jacquemontii Banwali + 4. Achyranthes aspera Puth Kanda + 5. Aerva javanica Bui + + 6. Alhagi maurorum Kandero / Jamhan + 7. Boerhavia diffusa Hog Weed, Pig Weed + 8. Calotropis procera Akk + + 9. Citrullus colocynthis Kour-Tumma, Bitter Apple + 10. Cucumis melo Chibber + 11. Datura innoxia Dhatora + 12. Euphorbia prostrata Hazar Dani + 13. Leptadenia pyrotechnica Khip + + 14. Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite + + 15. Prosopis juliflora Mesquite + + 16. Salsola foetida Lani + + 17. Solamum nirgrum Kanwal Peru / Mako + + 18. Suaedo fruticosa Lunak / Kali Lani + 19. Tribulus longipetalus Bhakari + 20. Tribulus terrestris Bhkara, Tirkundi + 21. Zizyphus nummularia Jungli Ber + + + C Forbs 1. Aloe barbadensis Aloe Vera + + 2. Calendula arvensis Marigold + + + 3. Chenopodium album Lambsquarters + + 4. Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed + + 5. Convolvulus spinosus - + +

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Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name

B7 B8 B9 B10 B6 6. Coriandrum sativum Cilantro + + 7. Fagonia arabica Cretan Prickly Clover + + 8. Heliotropium dasycarpum - + + 9. Lactuca orientalis - + + 10. Lactuca sarriola Prickly Lettuce + + 11. Lactuca virosa Wild Lettuce + 12. Mentha longifolia Biblical Mint + + 13. Nepeta glomerulosa - + + 14. Peganum harmala Esfand + + + 15. Plantago erosa - + + 16. Plantago lanceolata English Plantain + + 17. Plantago major Broadleaf Plantain + + 18. Polygonum arenastrum Zoame + 19. Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane + + 20. Salsola kali Russian Thistle + 21. Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade + + 22. Sonchus asper Spiny Sowthistle + + D Grasses 1. Aeluropus villosus Khara + 2. Aristida adscensionis Lumb + + 3. Arundo donax Nara, Nari + + + + 4. Cenchrus ciliaris Dhaman, Dhraman + + 5. Cenchrus setigerus Dhman, Dhraman + + 6. Cymbopogon jwarancusa Kittrun, Khavi + 7. Cynodon dactylon Dubh, Khabbar, Talla + + + + + 8. Cyperus rotundus Deela, Murki + + + + 9. Dactyloctenium aegyptium Ghandheel, Ghaa + + + 10. Desmostachya bipinnata Dhab + + + 11. Eleusine aegyptica Chhabar + + 12. Eragrostis barrelieri Chloora + + + 13. Imperata cylindrical Kutti Ghaa + + + 14. Panicum antidotale Murrat, Bansi Ghaa + 15. Phragmites karka KanaReed + + + 16. Saccharum bengalense Sarkanda, Kana, Kany + + + + + 17. Saccharum spontaneum Kana, Kany + + + + + 18. Typha angustifolia Typha + + + + + Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The numbers of species by life form (trees, shrubs, forbs [that is, herbaceous flowering plants that are not grasses], and grasses) in Balochistan, Punjab, and the entire corridor are summarized in

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Table 6.5-12 through Table 6.5-14. In Balochistan, shrubs were identified most frequently, and B5, an area with riparian habitat, had the greatest species richness. Overall, fewer species were observed in Punjab. In Punjab, life forms were more evenly distributed compared to Balochistan and the greatest number of species was observed at B8, an agricultural area.

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Table 6.5-12: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Balochistan

No. Plant Life Form Total B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 1 Trees 17 7 7 8 3 9 2 Shrubs 59 17 17 14 31 39 3 Forbs 29 5 5 13 12 20 4 Grasses 4 0 0 1 1 4 Total 109 29 29 36 47 72 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-13: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Punjab

No. Plant Life Form Total B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 1 Trees 13 3 5 11 5 7 2 Shrubs 21 4 1 21 0 4 3 Forbs 22 4 2 17 2 17 4 Grasses 18 5 12 12 12 13 Total 74 16 20 61 19 41 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Table 6.5-14: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Balochistan and Punjab

No. Plant Life Form B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 1 Trees 7 7 8 3 9 3 5 11 5 7 2 Shrubs 17 17 14 31 39 4 1 21 0 4 3 Forbs 5 5 13 12 20 4 2 17 2 17 4 Grasses 0 0 1 1 4 5 12 12 12 13 Total 29 29 36 47 72 16 20 61 19 41 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Lists of bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species observed are presented, by survey location, in Appendix C4.5. Fish species are also noted from the survey conducted at B7, which is the Indus River crossing location. A total of four fish species were identified from the Indus River, namely, Devil Catfish (Bagarius bagarius), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Rohu (Labeo rohita), and Zig-Zag Eel (Mastacembelus armatus).

Table 6.5-15 provides a summary of species richness and abundance. At all but one location (that is, B6), birds had the highest species count and abundance. At all stations, amphibians were the group with the lowest number of species. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index was highest at B4 and lowest at B10.

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Table 6.5-15: Species Counts and Abundance by Group and Survey Location

Life Form B1 and B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Sp No Sp No Sp No Sp No Sp No Birds 18 1855 13 596 88 1945 48 2499 11 131 Mammals 2 99 12 180 20 349 16 190 16 132 Reptiles 12 179 11 76 23 78 7 60 8 28 Amphibians 0 0 0 0 3 15 0 0 1 2 Fish N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 32 2133 36 852 134 2387 71 2749 36 293 B7 B8 B9 B10 Sp No Sp No Sp No Sp No Birds 61 6206 44 2610 61 7829 57 6223 Mammals 14 239 14 175 15 150 15 201 Reptiles 5 33 3 17 5 26 1 8 Amphibians 0 0 1 3 1 5 1 9 Fish 4 na na na na na na na Total 80 6478 62 2805 82 8010 74 6441 Notes: No = number indicating abundance Sp = species count Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractors, 2018

Table 6.5-16: Fauna Biodiversity Index by Survey Location

Shannon-Weiner B1 and B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 Diversity Index B2 2.517 2.796 3.755 3.161 3.276 3.268 3.122 2.725 .850 Note: Higher value are indicative of greater biodiversity Source: Jacobs, 2020

Eight species recorded from the corridor are on the IUCN Red List, as summarized in Table 6.5-17. The endangered species include the steppe Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Straight-Horned Markhor (Capra falconeri megaceros), and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor). In addition, the local environmental species recorded the Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), listed in CITES Appendix I (CITES, 2017), at survey locations B3, B4, and B5.

Table 6.5-17: IUCN Red List Threatened Species Observed in the Survey Corridor

Class Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Local Status Survey Status Location Aves Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle EN Common B6, Aythya ferina Common Pochard VU Abundant B7 Falco cherrug milvipes Shanghar Falcon, Saker EN Rare B4 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN Rare B4 Mammalia Panthera pardus Common Leopard VU Rare B3, B5 Platanista minor Indus River Dolphin EN Fair B7 Reptilia Hardella thurjii Crowned River Turtle VU Rare B7, B9 Testudo horsefieldii Afghan Tortoise VU Rare B3, B4, B5 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

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6.5.7.3 Alien Invasive Species

For Pakistan, CABI (2018) lists approximately 156 species of plants and fish in its invasive species compendium, including the following:

· Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki); · Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta); · Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima); · Lemon-Scented Gum (Corymbia citriodora); · Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus); · Knotgrass (Paspalum distichum); · Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora); · Lantana (Lantana camara); · Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala); · Bitter Vine (Mikania micrantha); · Russian Knapweed (Rhaponticum repens); and · Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora).

NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor indicated that Knotgrass (Paspalum distichum) is a typical species found in swamps and areas of seasonal inundation; however, it was not observed during the field survey. Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) was observed at survey locations B6, B8, and B10.

The habitat mapping is presented in Appendix C4.2. Additional mapping files obtained during the field work undertaken for this ESIA study, which are too large to present visually in this report, have been made available to TPCL.

6.5.7.4 Critical Habitat Screening and Assessment

For the purpose of the baseline characterization, sensitive resources are defined as those that align with IFC PS6 criteria developed for the identification of critical habitat (IFC, 2012 and 2019). The sensitive resources are assessed for the designation of critical habitat against one or more of five IFC criteria:

· Criterion 1: CR or EN Species; · Criterion 2: Endemic or Restricted Range Species; · Criterion 3: Migratory/Congregatory Species; · Criterion 4. Highly Threatened or Unique Ecosystems; and · Criterion 5. Key Evolutionary Processes.

Each criterion is discussed separately in the following subsections. Subsequently, other remaining high biodiversity value features are reviewed for the potential to be defined as critical habitat. A summary of the evaluations for criteria 1 to 3 is provided in Table 6.5-18. Each species and other biodiversity features are assigned either a Yes, No, or Potential regarding its critical habitat designation. The designation of potential critical habitat enables a focus to be placed on the species, habitat, or area with regard to minimization of impacts and the design for impact mitigation.

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Table 6.5-18: Critical Habitat Analysis Summary

Species Name Common Criterion Assessed Critical Rationale and Information Name 1. CR and 2. Endemic and 3. Migratory and Habitat EN Species Restricted Congregatory (Yes, No, Range Species Species Potential) Plants Commiphora Guggul X N/A N/A No Not identified during the field survey. If present, likelihood of wightii identification was high, due to being a tree species. Birds Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle X N/A N/A No Observed at B6 during the field survey and status defined as common. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018) did not indicate any specific roosting or nesting areas along the route. According to Birdlife International (2018c), B2 to B10 is the potential inhabited section of the pipeline route. However, the area of B6 should be a focus with respect to impact avoidance and mitigation. Birdlife International (2018c) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 12,500,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Falco cherrug Saker Falcon, X N/A N/A No Observed at B4 during the field survey and status defined as Saker rare. It is one of two areas in Pakistan where this species is found. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018) did not indicate any specific roosting or nesting areas along the route. According to Birdlife International (2018d), B2 to B5 is the potential inhabited section of the pipeline route. However, the area of B4 should be a focus with respect to impact avoidance and mitigation. Birdlife International (2018d) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 21,100,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Haliaeetus Pallas's Fish- X N/A N/A No Species was not observed during the field survey. Other leucoryphus eagle observations suggest it could be present in the PAI. Birdlife International (2018e) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 1,740,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Neophron Egyptian Vulture X N/A N/A No Observed at B4 during the field survey and status defined as percnopterus rare. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018) did not indicate any specific roosting or nesting areas along the route. According to

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Species Name Common Criterion Assessed Critical Rationale and Information Name 1. CR and 2. Endemic and 3. Migratory and Habitat EN Species Restricted Congregatory (Yes, No, Range Species Species Potential) Birdlife International (2018f), B1 to B10 is the potential inhabited section of the pipeline route. However, the area of B4 should be a focus with respect to impact avoidance and mitigation. Birdlife International (2018f) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 59,500,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Sterna acuticauda Black-Bellied X N/A N/A No Species was not observed during the field survey. Other Tern observations suggest it could be present in the PAI. Chenab River crossing should be an area of focus with respect to impact avoidance and mitigation. Birdlife International (2018g) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 4,490,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Vanellus Sociable X N/A N/A No Species was not observed during the field survey. Other gregarius Lapwing observations suggest it could be present in the PAI. Chenab River crossing should be an area of focus with respect to impact avoidance and mitigation. Birdlife International (2018h) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 1,670,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Gyps bengalensis White-Rumped X N/A N/A No Species was not observed during the field survey. Other Vulture observations suggest it could be present in the PAI. Birdlife International (2018i) indicates the global extent of occurrence is 7,370,000 km2. If the entire PAI in Pakistan is defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (1,626 km2) and area is used as a surrogate for population, the PAI represents <0.5% of the global population. Mammals Axis porcinus Hog Deer X N/A N/A Yes Species not observed during the field survey. Other observations indicate it could be present in the PAI. The route transects habitat based on the IUCN distribution list. Critical habitat declaration is based on Threshold A. With the Indus River riparian/floodplain habitat shown by IUCN (2018a) defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis and

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Species Name Common Criterion Assessed Critical Rationale and Information Name 1. CR and 2. Endemic and 3. Migratory and Habitat EN Species Restricted Congregatory (Yes, No, Range Species Species Potential) habitat size used as a surrogate for population size, the population is >0.5% of the global population and >5 reproductive units are inferred. Canis lupus Desert Wolf X N/A N/A Yes Based on Threshold C, areas of the route are considered pallipes critical habitat for the Desert Wolf. The local environmental specialists noted it had been observed at B3, B4, and B5. While not an IUCN Red List species, the listing on CITES Appendix I (CITES, 2017) indicates populations of the subspecies are under threat of extinction for populations in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Platanista minor Indus River X X N/A Yes Critical habitat based on Criterion 1, Threshold A, with the Dolphin Indus River defined as the ecologically appropriate area of analysis. Species was observed during the field survey. Dryomys Balochistan N/A X N/A Potential The species was not observed during field event. However, niethammeri Forest areas of the proposed route were defined as potential critical Dormouse habitat based on Criterion 2, Threshold A. The habitat types present at B3, B4, B5, and B6 align with the preferences of the Balochistan Forest Dormouse. However, these areas are degraded and north of the location where this species is known to be distributed. Reptiles Chitra indica Indian Narrow- X N/A N/A Potential Field surveys were not conducted specifically for this species. Headed Based on Ali et al., (2018a and 2018b), the Indus River Softshell Turtle, crossing should be an area of focus with respect to impact Narrow-Headed avoidance and mitigation. Preferred habitat is sandy shallow Softshell Turtle river margins on perennial waterways. Occurs in the rivers of six countries (IUCN, 2018a). Information on distribution is limited. Gavialis Gharial, Fish- X N/A N/A No No known breeding populations in Pakistan. gangeticus Eating Crocodile Notes: X indicates CR or EN species presence Source: Ali et al., 2018a and 2018b; Birdlife International, 2018c to 2018i; CITES, 2017; NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018; IUCN, 2018a

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6.5.7.4.1 Criterion 1: Critically Endangered or Endangered Species

Of the IUCN Red List species in Table 6.5-9, 12 have the designation of CR or EN species and a distribution that overlaps the pipeline route or is unknown (Table 6.5- 19).

Table 6.5-19: CR and EN Species with a Distribution that Overlaps the Pipeline Route or the Distribution Has Not Been Clarified

Class Family Species Common Names Red List Status Magnoliopsida Burseraceae Commiphora wightii Guggul CR Aves Accipitridae Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle EN Aves Falconidae Falco cherrug Saker Falcon, Saker EN Aves Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish-Eagle EN Aves Accipitridae Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN Aves Laridae Sterna acuticauda Black-Bellied Tern EN Aves Charadriidae Vanellus gregarius Sociable Lapwing CR Aves Accipitridae Gyps bengalensis White-Rumped Vulture CR Mammalia Cervidae Axis porcinus Hog Deer EN Mammalia Platanistidae Platanista minor Indus River Dolphin EN Reptilia Trionychidae Chitra indica Indian Narrow-Headed EN Softshell Turtle, Narrow- Headed Softshell Turtle Reptilia Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus Gharial, Fish-Eating Crocodile CR Notes: Bold indicates the species was observed during ecology field surveys Source: IUCN, 2018a; NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

Plants

Guggul (Commiphora wightii) was not observed during the field survey. Because it is a tree, it had a higher probability of being detected, compared to herbaceous vegetation. As a result, this species is unlikely to be present along the route. No critical habitat was identified.

Birds

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), and Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) were observed during the field survey. However, NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018) did not indicate any specific roosting or nesting areas along the route. The combined observations include survey locations B4 and B6.

White-Rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Palla’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), Black-Bellied Tern (Sterna acuticauda), and Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) were not observed. For these four species, the Avibase (2018b) bird observations database was accessed. There are seven Avibase regions that the pipeline transects. The approximate length of the pipeline in each region is show in Table 6.5-20.

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Table 6.5-20: Length of Pipeline Route through Seven Avibase Regions

Avibase Region Pipeline Length (km) Quetta 127 Sibi 30 Zhob 240 Bahawalpur 14 Dera Ghazi Khan 142 Lahore 12 Multan 240 Source: Jacobs, 2018

Although Avibase regions are much larger than the PAI, records of observations may indicate they could potentially be present with the PAI. With the exception of Black- Bellied Tern, each species has been observed in all seven regions, as indicated in Table 6.5-21.

Table 6.5-21: CR and EN Bird Species Observed in Avibase Regions Transected by the Pipeline Route CR and EN Bird Avibase Regions Species Balochistan Punjab Quetta Sibi Zhob Bahawalpur Dera Ghazi Lahore Multan Khan White-Rumped Vulture X X X X X X X (Gyps bengalensis) Palla’s Fish Eagle X X X X X X X (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) Black-Bellied Tern -- X -- X X X X (Sterna acuticauda) Sociable Lap-Wing X X X X X X X (Vanellus gregarius) Notes: X indicates the species has been observed in that region. Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The tracking site eBird.org (eBird, 2018) was also accessed for records of observations of these species. This site only has registers at the province level. The Punjab Province is transected by approximately 410 km of the pipeline route and the Balochistan Province is transected by approximately 403 km. White-Rumped Vulture and Black-Bellied Tern have been observed in both provinces and Sociable Lapwing has been observed in Punjab, as indicated in Table 6.5-22. The bird databased review indicates that the species not identified during the field survey may be present in the PAI.

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Table 6.5-22: CR and EN Bird Species Observed in Provinces Transected by the Pipeline Route

CR and EN Species Province Last Observation (Year, Place, and Distance from PAI) Balochistan Punjab Balochistan Punjab White-Rumped Vulture X X 2000, WWF 2004, Changa Manga (Gyps bengalensis) Mangrove Forest & Lahore Restoration Area, (80 km from PAI) Baluchistan (670 km from PAI) Pallas’s Fish Eagle ------(Haliaeetus leucoryphus) Black-Bellied Tern X X 2000, WWF 1991, Chenab River (Sterna acuticauda) Mangrove (12 km from PAI) Restoration Area, Baluchistan (670 km from PAI) Sociable Lap-Wing -- X -- 2017, Multan (18 km (Vanellus gregarius) from PAI) Notes: X indicates the species has been observed in that region. Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018

The IFC (2019) critical habitat thresholds for Criterion 1 are:

· (A) Areas that support globally-important concentrations of an IUCN Red-Listed EN or CR species (greater than or equal to 0.5% of the global population AND greater than or equal to 5 reproductive units of a CR or EN species); · (B) Areas that support globally-important concentrations of an IUCN Red-listed VU species, the loss of which would result in the change of the IUCN Red List status to EN or CR and meet the thresholds in GN70(a); and · (C) As appropriate, areas containing nationally / regionally-important concentrations of an IUCN Red-Listed EN or CR species

The critical habitat analysis for birds is presented in Table 6.5-18. No critical habitat was identified.

Mammals

While not observed during the ecology field survey, the incidence of Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) has been reported from riverine forest areas upstream or downstream of the Ghazi Ghat Bridge on River Indus from where the pipeline would pass through (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018). This type of riverine habitat is preferred by the Hog Deer. NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor (2018) indicated that habitats at B5, B6, B7, B9, and B10 could support Hog Deer.

The ecology of the Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) is described under Criterion 2: Endemic or Restricted Range Species. There are six subpopulations in the River Indus (NMFS, 2016). The dolphin was observed by NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor during the field survey at the proposed river crossing location.

While not on the IUCN Red List, the local environmental specialists recorded the Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), listed in CITES Appendix I (CITES, 2017), at

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survey locations B3, B4, and B5. Listing in CITES Appendix I indicates the species (in this case, the subspecies), is under threat of extinction.

The critical habitat analysis for mammals is presented in Table 6.5-18. Critical habitat was identified for the Hog Deer, Indus River Dolphin, or Desert Wolf.

Reptiles

The Indian Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle (Chitra indica) was not observed but can occur in the rivers of the Pakistan (IUCN, 2018a). The Gharial Crocodile historically occurred in Pakistan, but there are no known breeding populations today.

The critical habitat analysis for reptiles is presented in Table 6.5-18. Potential critical habitat was identified for the Indian Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle.

Overall, based on Criterion 1, critical habitat was identified for Hog Deer, Indus River Dolphin, and Desert Wolf, and potential critical habitat for Indian Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle. Criterion 1, Threshold B was not evaluated for each of the VU species with distributions that overlap or could potentially overlap the pipeline route. This is because the overall Project-related permanent habitat loss will be relatively minor and not concentrated in one area due to the linear nature of the proposed Project.

6.5.7.4.2 Criterion 2: Endemic or Restricted Range Species

The IFC (2019) defines the term endemic as restricted range, which refers to a limited extent of occurrence (EOO). Criterion 2 thresholds are as follows:

· (A) For terrestrial vertebrates and plants, a restricted-range species is defined as those species that have an EOO less than 50,000 km2; · (B) For marine systems, restricted-range species are provisionally being considered those with an EOO of less than 100,000 km2; and · (C) For coastal, riverine and other aquatic species in habitats that do not exceed 200 km width at any point (such as rivers), restricted range is defined as having a global range less than or equal to 500 km linear geographic span (that is, the distance between occupied locations furthest apart).

Two species are discussed in detail below, the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor).

Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri)

This species is currently known only from its type locality: 1.6 km east of Ziarat, in northeastern Balochistan Province. Its distributional limits are unknown, but it is believed to be restricted to a relatively small area within Balochistan, as indicated on Figure 6.5-4, and so its extent of occurrence is likely to be less than 2,000,000 ha (IUCN, 2018a). As a result, it meets Criterion 2, Threshold A.

The Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) is apparently restricted to dry steppe juniper forest. The dry steppe juniper forest in Balochistan Province has

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been greatly fragmented and degraded due to overgrazing by livestock, removal of wood, and expanding agriculture and human settlements (IUCN, 2018a).

The habitat types present at B3, B4, B5, and B6 align with the preferences of the dormouse (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018). However, these areas are degraded and north of the location where this species is known to be distributed. While no individuals were observed during the field event, the area of the route represented by B3, B4, B5, and B6 represent potential critical habitat for this species.

Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor)

Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) is one of only four river dolphin species and subspecies in the world that inhabit freshwater throughout their entire life (WWF, 2018d). It occurs only in the Indus River in Pakistan, as indicated on Figure 6.5-5. The river stretch associated with the planned crossing is home to the second largest subpopulation of the Indus River Dolphin (about 575 dolphins between Taunsa – Guddu based on a 2017 survey) (U. Khan, pers. comm., 2018).

The Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) used to range throughout the river system, but the dolphins are now only found in the waters above the Kotri Barrage and below the Chashma, Trimmu, Sidhnai, and Islam Barrages. These human-created barriers, in addition to changes in rainfall patterns, have greatly limited the dolphins’ distribution (Bricklin, 2004).

It is a flagship species and an indicator of the biological health of aquatic and terrestrial environment adjoining the Indus River. The existing population of Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) is about 1,300 individuals found between Chashma and Kotri barrages in the Indus River (WWF, 2018d). Moreno (cited in Bricklin, 2004) described the species as mainly solitary, though the dolphins have occasionally been found in groups consisting of as many as 30 individuals. In general, however, Indus River Dolphins (Platanista minor) travel in groups of no more than 3. These dolphins swim on their sides in very shallow water if necessary, except for juveniles. Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor) rarely exhibits the stereotypical dolphin aerial leaping behavior. These animals are highly vocal and perceive the environment through echolocation; they use these sounds to navigate while swimming.

As indicated under the discussion of Criterion 1, the area of the Indus River crossing is considered critical habitat. Criterion 2, Threshold C is not met because the linear distance over which the dolphin is distributed on the Indus River is greater than 500 km.

The critical habitat analysis for Criterion 2 is summarized in Table 6.5-18. Potential critical habitat was identified for the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri).

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Figure 6.5-4: Potential Distribution of Dryomys niethammeri

Source: Jacobs, 2020

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Figure 6.5-5: Potential Distribution of Platanista minor

Source: IUCN, 2018d

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6.5.7.4.3 Criterion 3: Migratory / Congregatory Species

Migratory or congregratory species were observed across the survey locations. Two main rivers cross the pipeline corridor, the Indus and Chenab in Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh districts of Punjab, respectively. Both provide staging and wintering habitat to migratory birds during winter (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018). Seasonal nullahs/streams mostly occur in Balochistan. Nullahs/streams also provide habitat to migratory birds, especially cranes. Roosting habitat was not identified for bats and no preferred seasonal migration corridors were identified for large terrestrial mammals.

While these are all important natural habitats, no evidence, field or literature, was identified that suggests the habitat areas near the crossings would meet the critical habitat thresholds set out under IFC PS6 Criterion 3 (IFC, 2019):

· (A) Areas known to sustain, on a cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥1% of the global population of a migratory or congregatory species at any point of the species’ lifecycle; and · (B) Areas that predictably support ≥10% of the global population of a species during periods of environmental stress.

No critical habitat was identified under Criterion 3.

6.5.7.4.4 Criterion 4. Highly Threatened or Unique Ecosystems

The IFC (2019) thresholds for Criterion 4 are:

· (A) Areas representing ≥5% of the global extent of an ecosystem type meeting the criteria for IUCN status of CR or EN; and · (B) Other areas not yet assessed by IUCN, but determined to be of high priority for conservation by regional or national systematic conservation planning.

There are no ecosystems in Pakistan that are currently on the IUCN Red List (IUCN RLE, 2018). Intact examples of dry steppe juniper forest; however, would meet Criterion 4, Thresholds B, given the importance at the national level. Juniper trees (Juniperus excelsa polycarpos) and juniper forest and their degradation are of environmental concern in Pakistan (NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018), with juniper trees protected from cutting by regulation. Juniper was observed at survey locations B3, B4, and B5 (Figure 6.5-6), but individuals could also be present to the west of B3 and east of B5. The highest density was at survey location B4. At some locations, most of the tree cover has been lost due to heavy lopping for goat browse and cutting for firewood, but there are examples of old, mature trees. At all locations, there was degradation. While the relatively intact examples of this ecosystem type are located to the south of the Project route in PAs, the juniper trees along the route are still considered ecologically important.

While the trees are protected, the juniper forest is degraded. As a result, no critical habitat was identified under Criterion 4.

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It should be noted there is an overlap in the habitat classification term, “Critical” used in this Critical Habitat section, namely IFC, (2012; 2019) and in Section 6.5.5 Natural and Regional Level Ecology and Biodiversity where the term is used according to the World-Wide Fund for Nature’s definition for the global status designation for ecoregions. This report has been developed to meet IFC and ADB performance standards and as such Critical Habitat (CH) when taken forward to the Biodiversity Impact Assessment and associated mitigation measures which are apply to measured areas of land will be considered as that defined by IFC only."

Figure 6.5-6: Typical Landscape of the Juniper Zone

Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractors, 2018

6.5.7.4.5 Criterion 5. Key Evolutionary Processes

No key evolutionary processes were identified during the baseline review.

6.5.7.4.6 Other High Biodiversity Value Features

While there are PAs in the vicinity of the propose pipeline route, the Project does not transect any (Figure 6.5-3). Given their distance from the Project site (all greater than 5 km except for the Thal Game Reserve), negative, direct effects on the PAs are unlikely.

As noted above, juniper trees (Juniperus excelsa polycarpos) and juniper forest and their degradation are of environmental concern in Pakistan, with juniper trees protected from cutting by The Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act 1974.

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6.5.8 Ecosystem Services

As defined in IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012 and 2019), ecosystem services are “the benefits that people, including businesses, derive from ecosystems.” Ecosystem services are related to biodiversity. For example, pollination, which is an ecosystem service, is facilitated by a wide range of organisms.

Ecosystem services are addressed in Section 6.6. Socio-economics and Community Health Baseline and Section 7.6. Socio-economics and Community Health Impact Assessment.

6.5.9 Conclusion

Approximately 50% of the pipeline route intersects natural habitat (dry temperate semi-evergreen forest [mainly juniper], dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest, riverine forest, floodplain, tropical thorn forests/sandy desert, river, stream/nullah, lake/pond, and barren land and hills). The balance is modified habitat, mostly agriculture including crops, rangeland, and orchards. Riverine forest and upland forest containing juniper are of note with respect to biodiversity value. Identified at survey locations B3 to B5, juniper is protected in Pakistan by Royal decree. Multiple PAs (national parks, biosphere reserve, IBA, game reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries) are located along the route, but, with one exception (Thal Game Reserve), are offset from the pipeline by at least 5 km. The ecology field survey indicated the Rivers Indus and Chenab, as well as other streams/nullahs, provide important habitat for migratory / congregatory bird species.

Four endangered species were observed during the field survey, namely, Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus), and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor). The presence of critical habitat was assessed based on the thresholds defined by the IFC (2019). No critical habitat was identified for plants or birds. Critical habitat was identified for the Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor), and Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). Potential critical habitat was identified for the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) and Indian Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle (Chitra indica). Juniper trees were identified as a high biodiversity value feature due to the Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act 1974 requiring their protection.

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