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The Chelsea Out-Pensioners: Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Care

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The Chelsea Out-Pensioners: Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Care The Chelsea Out-Pensioners: Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Care Submitted in requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by: Caroline Louise Nielsen School of History, Classics and Archaeology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Newcastle University August 2014 Contents Tables ............................................................................................................................... iv Figures …………………………………………………………………………...……..vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ viii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... ix Terminology ...................................................................................................................... x 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..x 1.1 Discharged Soldiers and Veterans …………………………………………….xi 1.2 Royal Hospital of Chelsea…………………………………………………….xiii Chapter 1. The Royal Hospital of Chelsea and its Archive, 1681-1870 ........................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Thesis Research Themes……………………………………………………… 9 1.3 The Chelsea Archive .......................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 Board Papers ................................................................................................... 23 1.3.2 Out-Pensioner Documentation ........................................................................ 26 1.3.3 In-Pensioners .................................................................................................. 35 1.3.4 The Royal Hospital of King Charles II, Kilmainham ..................................... 36 1.3.5 Official and Unofficial Histories Prior to 1900 .............................................. 39 1.3.6 Soldiers’ Memoirs, Biographies and Autobiographies ................................... 45 1.4 Structure ............................................................................................................. 48 1.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 2. The Origins of the Royal Hospital of Chelsea and its Pensions .................... 50 2.1 Introduction…… ……………………………………………………………..50 2.2 Provisions for ‘Unfit’ Soldiers in England and Wales, circa 1660-1790..……54 2.2.1 Medical Provision and the Discharge Process……………………………..55 2.2.2 Statutory Relief in England and Wales …………………………………….70 2.2.3 Regimental and Garrison Relief for Aged and Superannuated Soldiers…....83 2.3 The Foundation of a Hospital for the Superannuated and Unfit, 1681-92 ……91 Chapter 3. The Hospital and its Pension Administration, c. 1691-1848 ......................... 98 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………....98 i 3.2. The Development of the Board of Commissioners, c. 1691-1715 ………….101 3.2. 1 The Superintendence of Ranelagh, Fox and Wren, 1691-1703 …………..103 3.2.2 The Board of Commissioners, 1703-1715 …………………………………106 3.3 The Board of Commissioners, 1715-1806 …………………………………..118 3.4 The Board as a Governing Body, 1715-1806 ……………………………….126 3.5 The Clerical Administration of the Out-Pensions, 1715-1848 ………………136 3.6 The Application Process …………………………………………………….143 3.7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..156 Chapter 4. The Out-Pensioners Population, 1715-1795................................................ 158 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….158 4.2 Methodological Concerns ……………………………………………………159 4.3 The Features of the Applicant Population …………………………………...173 4.3.1 Applicants’ Ethnicities, Nationalities and Socio-Economic Background …173 4.3.2 The Health and Disabilities of the Applicant Population ………………….182 4.3.3 Rates of Admission to the Pension Lists, 1715-1795 ……………………...200 4.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………...217 Chapter 5. Cultural Representations of the Chelsea Out-Pensioners ............................ 219 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….219 5. 2 The European context ……………………………………………………….224 5. 3 ‘Why, don’t you know me by my Scars?’: Former Soldiers in Print ……….229 5.4 Soldiers as National Fathers………………………………………………….242 5.5 Real-Life Old Soldiers ………………………………………………………244 5.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..250 Chapter 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 251 Appendix 1. The Army Establishment .......................................................................... 257 Appendix 2.1: Applicants’ Counties of Origin, England, Scotland and Wales, 1715-95 ....................................................................................................................................... 263 Appendix 3.1. Medical Profile of the Applicants to Chelsea, 1715-95 ........................ 265 Appendix 4. Questions sent to King’s German Legion Out-Pensioners living outside of Britain and Ireland (WO23/32) ..................................................................................... 269 ii Appendix 5.1: Occupational Structure of the Out-Pensioners, 1715-1795. .................. 271 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 280 Primary Manuscript Sources …………………………………………………….280 Online Databases ………………………………………………………………...282 Printed Primary Materials ……………………………………………………….283 Secondary Sources ………………………………………………………………290 iii Tables Table 3.1 Out-Pension Rates, 1686-1713 ……..…….……………………………...113 Table 3.2 Number of Commissioners Attending per Meeting………………………120 Table 3.3 Board Meetings Attendance by Government Position……………………123 Table 3.4 Out-Pensioner Numbers in the Years Before and After a General Re- Examination………………………………………………………………………….131 Table 3.5 Recommendations to the Royal Hospital of Chelsea by Horse Regiments, 1787-1791…………………………………………………………………………....147 Table 3.6 Recommendations to the Royal Hospital of Chelsea by Foot Regiments, 1787-1791……………………………………………………………………………148 Table 3.7 Outcomes of Men Admitted to the Out-Pension Lists, 1703-1704……….156 Table 4.1 Comparisons of Applicant Populations as Listed in WO116, Sample Population and the Pay Warrants, 1715-1795……………………………………….169 Table 4.3 National Composition of Applicants to the Royal Hospital of Chelsea, 1715-1795 (Percentages)……………………………………………………………..173 Table 4.4 National Composition of Army Recruits, 1747-1759………………..……175 Table 4.5 5-Year National Composition of Army Recruits, 1747-1759……………..176 Table 4.6 Applicants’ and their Fathers’ Occupational Groups, 1715-1795…………179 Table 4.7 Applicants’ Average Age at Enlistment, 1715-1795………………………181 Table 4.8 Summary of Applicants’ Medical Profile with Major Diagnoses compared to other Infirmaries, 1715-1795 ……………………………………………………...189 Table 4.9 Summary of Diagnostic Categories by Age and Length of Service, 1715- 1795……………………………………………………………………………….......196 iv Table 4.10 Outcomes of the First Physical and Verbal Examinations of Applicants from the Regular Army, Marines, Militia and Independent Companies…………………….202 Table 4.11 Length of Service in Invalid Companies, Scilly Islands, 1784-1802…..203 Table 4.12 Length of Service in Invalid Companies, Berwick, 1784-1802………..204 Table 4.13 Later Outcomes of Rejected Applications, 1715-1795………………...207 Table 4.14 Reasons for Rejected Applications, 1715-1795………………………..212 Table 4.15 Role of Age in Applicants’ Outcomes (Traumatic), 1715-1795……….213 Table 4.16 Role of Age in Applicants’ Outcomes (Infectious Diseases), 1715- 1795………………………………………………………………………………...214 Table 4.17 Role of Nationality in Applicants’ Outcomes (Traumatic), 1715- 1795………………………………………………………………………………...215 Appendix Table 1.1 The Out-Pensioner Population, 1691-1774…………………..258 Appendix Table 1.2 Comparison of the Army’s Effective Forces and Out-Pensioner Population, 1774-1822 …………………………………………………………….260 Appendix Table 2.1 Applicants’ Counties of Origin (England, Scotland, and Wales ……………………………………………………………………………………...263 Appendix Table 3.1 Medical Profile of the Applicants, 1715-1795……………….265 Appendix Table 5.1 Occupational Structure of the Applicants, 1715-1795……….271 v Figures Figure 1.1 Comparison of the British Army Establishment and the Out-Pensioners of the Royal Hospital of Chelsea, 1691-1792 ……….…………………………................4 Figure 1.2 Extract from TNA WO116/2 Admission Day, 2nd December 1729……….28 Figure 1.3 Extract from TNA WO116/10 Admission Day, 1st October 1792 . ………28 Figure 3.1 Hierarchy of the Commissioners, 1715-1828…………………………….120 Figure 3.2 Average Seasonality of the Commissioners’ Meetings, 1717-1806……...126 Figure 3.3. Commissioners’ Meetings per Year, 1715-1816………………………...127 Figure 4.1 Comparisons of the Applicant Populations as Listed in WO116, Sample Population and the PayWarrants, 1715-1795……………………………………,…..170 Figure 4.2 Medical Profile of the Applicant Population, 1715-1795………………...191 Figure 4.3 Age Structure of the Applicant Population, 1715-1795………….............197 Figure 4.4 Diagnostic Categories over Time, 1715-1795……………………….......199 Figure 5.1 Thomas Burke, ‘The Soldier’s Return’ (1801)………………………...237 Figure 5.2 Anon., ‘Strong Symptoms of Loyalty’ (1800)…………………………...247
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