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Propagande Et Société Aux Etats-Unis Durant La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale Guillaume Mouleux

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Propagande Et Société Aux Etats-Unis Durant La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale Guillaume Mouleux La formation de la ”meilleure des générations” : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale Guillaume Mouleux To cite this version: Guillaume Mouleux. La formation de la ”meilleure des générations” : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Linguistique. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018USPCC242. tel-02482553 HAL Id: tel-02482553 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02482553 Submitted on 18 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Sorbonne Paris Cité Préparée à l’Université Paris Diderot Ecole doctorale 131 : Langue, Littérature et Image Laboratoire LARCA – UMR 8225 La formation de la « meilleure des générations » Propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale Par Guillaume MOULEUX <Élément sous droit, diffusion non autorisée> Thèse de Doctorat en Langue et Cultures des Sociétés Anglophone dirigée par Mark MEIGS Présentée et soutenue publiquement à Paris le 21 septembre 2018 JURY M. François BRUNET, Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Diderot–Paris 7, Président. M. Bernard GENTON, Professeur des Universités, Université de Strasbourg, Rapporteur. M. Jean KEMPF, Professeur des Universités, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Rapporteur. M. Mark MEIGS, Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Diderot–Paris 7, Directeur de thèse. 1 Titre : La formation de la « meilleure des générations » : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale Résumé : Cette thèse analyse l’importance de la propagande interne dont la population des Etats- Unis fit l’objet au cours de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale dans les évolutions qui furent celles de la société américaine au cours du second vingtième siècle. Alors que la génération ayant grandi aux Etats-Unis durant la Grande Dépression puis servi sous une forme ou une autre l’effort national durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale aura par la suite tenu le premier rôle dans quelques unes des étapes les plus marquantes de l’histoire américaine de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, lui valant le surnom de « Greatest Generation », il ne peut qu’apparaître intéressant de s’interroger sur l’influence qu’auront pu avoir les messages auxquels cette population a été exposée tout au long d’une guerre qui fut aussi, plus en tout cas que toute autre jusqu’alors, celle des images, mais aussi de s’intéresser aux racines historiques et culturelles de ces mêmes messages. Cette étude est axée sur trois angles principaux : tout d’abord, les représentations de l’altérité (ennemi, alliés comme victimes civiles du conflit) auprès de la population américaine, la construction de l’image des autres acteurs de ce conflit revêtant une importance toute particulière dans le contexte des Etats-Unis de l’époque où l’isolationnisme restait un courant de pensée important. Ensuite, la construction de messages communicationnels liant les images des soldats américains mobilisés au front et celle du « front intérieur » et plus précisément la façon dont l’une et l’autre s’entremêlèrent. Enfin, les rapports entre les messages propagandistes de l’époque et un certain nombre de questions sociales, notamment la façon dont ces messages ne promouvaient pas uniquement l’utilité de l’effort du moment mais laissaient aussi entrevoir une nouvelle société pour l’après-guerre, évidemment conditionnée par la victoire. Mots clefs : propagande – Deuxième Guerre Mondiale – génération grandiose – affiches – films – Office of War Information – Roosevelt, Franklin D. Title : Creating the « Greatest Generation » : Propaganda and Society in the United States during the Second World War Abstract : This PhD dissertation analyses how the homefront propaganda the United States population was subjected to during the Second World War was important in shaping the evolutions the American society went through during the second half of the twentieth century. As the generations which had grown up in the US during the Great Depression then participated in a way or another to the national effort during World War II led the country through some of its most important historical milestones in the latter half of the century, prompting the “Greatest Generation” nickname, analyzing the influence of the messages these populations were subjected to during the war as well as considering the historical and cultural roots of these messages appear particularly both interesting and important, especially as this war was, more than any other was before, a war of images. This study develops three main angles. First, the way other populations (enemies, allies but also the civilian victims of the war) were represented to the American people, as constructing such images was all the more important in a context where isolationism still played an important role. Then, the way an imagery linking the soldiers “over there” at the front to the home front was built, and how both themes coexisted in many messages. Finally, the way propaganda messages from that period of time were linked not only with the then-present sacrifices to be made but also with hints at a new society for the post-war period – provided of course the war was won. Keywords : propaganda – World War II – The Greatest Generation – posters – movies – Office of War Information – Roosevelt, Franklin D. 2 Guillaume Mouleux – La formation de la « meilleure des générations » : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale – 2018 A la sérendipité ; à la vie ; à Demain 3 Guillaume Mouleux – La formation de la « meilleure des générations » : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale – 2018 Remerciements Alors que se termine pour moi ce travail de longue haleine, je tiens à remercier les personnes suivantes : Mark MEIGS, mon directeur de thèse, non seulement pour ses conseils, suggestions, apports et ouvertures de nouvelles pistes tout au long de ce projet, mais aussi pour avoir su à l’époque donner le goût de la recherche et l’envie d’en faire au jeune étudiant cherchant sa voie dans la filière dans laquelle il s’était réorienté que j’étais. Le personnel de l’Ecole Doctorale 131 et sa Directrice, Madame Evelyne GROSSMANN, pour leur patience et leur bienveillance à mon égard : promesse tenue! L’ensemble des membres passés et présents du LARCA et plus spécifiquement son directeur, François BRUNET, notamment pour la merveilleuse aventure collective de L’Amérique des images dans laquelle ils m’ont emmené. Tous ceux de mes proches qui, au fil des années, m’auront soutenu dans les hauts et les bas de ce projet ambitieux, parfois avant même qu’il soit formellement établi : ma mère, contre vents et marée ; ma grand-mère, qui jamais ne lira ces lignes ; les personnes qui me sont proches et chères sans le soutien desquelles ce projet ne serait peut-être pas arrivé à bon port, notamment AR, BT&EP, JC, SB, SJ, VT. Jean-Claude DELARUE, en souvenir de sa main toujours tendue vers ses étudiants de Charles V ; Madame LAURENT, qui fut mon enseignante en anglais en classe de 5e au collège Notre-Dame de Rueil-Malmaison et n’imaginait peut-être pas quelle vocation elle était en train de créer (et me pardonnera, je l’espère, de n’avoir aucun souvenir de son prénom) ; Patrice VILLATTE, enseignant en histoire à Choisy-le-Roi, qui eut quelques années plus tard le même effet déclencheur en classes de 2de puis Tale. Mes collègues successifs à Paris X, Paris Diderot-Paris 7 et l’UPEM. Les participants que j’ai pu croiser au cours du séminaire des doctorants de l’ED131, et plus généralement toutes les personnes rencontrées ces dernières années et qui ont manifesté un intérêt pour ce projet et le sujet qu’il aborde. 4 Guillaume Mouleux – La formation de la « meilleure des générations » : propagande et société aux Etats-Unis durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale – 2018 Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 4 TABLE DES MATIERES ................................................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES......................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 10 PREMIERE PARTIE ALLIES ET ENNEMIS : REPRESENTER L’AUTRE DANS UNE AMERIQUE ISOLATIONNISTE......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPITRE 1 – DEFINIR L’ENNEMI........................................................................................................ 26 1 – QUI EST L’ENNEMI ?............................................................................................................................. 26 A – La genèse d’une propagande ............................................................................................ 26 B – Le nazisme
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