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Environmental Policy and Discourse: an Exploration of the Toronto Green Standard

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Environmental Policy and Discourse: an Exploration of the Toronto Green Standard Environmental Policy and Discourse: An Exploration of the Toronto Green Standard by Danielle Angela Tessaro A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Leadership, Higher and Adult Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Danielle Tessaro 2019 Environmental Policy and Discourse: An Exploration of the Toronto Green Standard Danielle Tessaro Doctor of Philosophy Leadership, Higher and Adult Education University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This project is a qualitative case study of the Toronto Green Standard (TGS), Toronto’s first ever green building policy, affecting all new developments in Toronto since 2010 (City of Toronto Planning and Development, 2018a). The research uses Foucault’s (1972, 1980) notions of discourse, and analyzes for various environmental policy discourses (Dryzek, 2005; Hajer, 1995; Robinson, 2004), in order to identify and question the discourses that are produced, and reproduced by the TGS. By assessing the dominant discourses, I also question what discourses are excluded, and the implications of these findings for who or what is served or excluded. Data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and the observation of TGS sites. Data was analyzed according to a six-step analytic method, which served to make discursive truths visible, and to denaturalize and destabilize the orders and hierarchies produced through discourse (Foucault, 1980; Graham, 2005; Hook, 2001). I found that the more radical, pro-environment discourses of sustainability and survivalism were present in the conception phases of the TGS. However, certain aspects of the institutional policy- making process meant the deprioritization of these discourses early on. Key moments were the Cost-benefit analysis, and stakeholder review and approvals. Through these processes, TGS discourse assumed a prioritization of development “as-is” almost from the get-go, creating a ii space for the production and dominance of economic development discourses. The result is that the economic-focused discourses of ecological modernization and economic rationalism are reproduced as dominant. These discourses serve Toronto’s leading, largest developer firms, such as through market transformation — the expansion of the green building sector — and through a process that I refer to as “urban environmental classism”. I argue that “urban environmental classism” is an outcome of ecological modernization, whereby being “green,” costs more, and excludes those who cannot afford it. I found that the TGS reproduces this phenomenon in the building sector. The dissertation discusses other implications of the economic-focused discourses, and concludes that in addition to economic factors, social factors should be considered during the creation of environmental policy, so that environmental policy does not exacerbate social and economic inequalities. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Jean-Paul Restoule. You are one of the smartest people I have ever met, let alone had the pleasure to work for. Thank you for taking me on as a student and especially as a research assistant. It has been such an honour to be involved in your work. Plus, since you are a genius, it was always nice to hear your feedback on my Chapters. I knew I could trust your guidance in all aspects, because you would be right about everything. I am so happy and grateful that you opted to maintain your role as my supervisor when you moved on to bigger and better things. Really, endless thanks Jean-Paul! I would also like to thank my other Committee members Jennifer Sumner and Marcelo Vieta. Jennifer you are so on top of things and such an inspiration to me, and Marcelo, I am so appreciative of your support, enthusiasm and directness in all of this. You three were the best committee members a PhD student could hope for! Within the department, I would also like to thank Vesna and Karolina for their knowledgeable guidance and continued support. I owe a lot of my graduate school successes to my Masters supervisor Thembela Kepe. Thembela, I know you already know that, because you like to remind me of it at least a few times per year. But in addition to thanking you for all you have done — the MA supervision, many employment contracts and countless reference letters — thank you for being a great friend to me over the past many years. A special mention also goes to Kelly Snow. My entire project was oddly reliant on you. You brought me closer to the world of City Planning that then became the topic of the thesis. You fostered the connections that made the thesis possible. Thank you. Thank you to all of my interview participants who extended their time and opinions to me. Finally, I must thank UofT as a whole, my department LHAE, and program AECD, for having me as a student and for providing or administering various funds, including my OGS and SSHRC awards. To my parents, of course, thank you for letting me live at your house when I needed to, for all the great food and drives to places, and for your constant support, especially during the tough times that have occurred over these past four and a half years. Also, thank you for making me an annoyance to those who take strong positions on the philosophical nature vs nurture debate. I owe both to you: smartness runs in the family, but you also taught me to read and do chemistry iv way earlier than the other kids at school. It was a wise move, and I plan to carry that forward to the future generation of Tessaro-Spences. Thanks to both of my sisters who I love and am always grateful for. You two are the extreme opposites of each other and I am happy to have both personalities so close to me in my life. Nicole for stepping up at all times, especially organizational tasks, and Emilia for a person to talk to about all matters — most of them involving pizza. And thank you to my nieces, for being adorable, and to Craig for regularly supplying videos of said adorable-ness. Finally, my husband, Scott. Your level of support has been unbelievable. The most obvious example would be that you moved from the opposite side of the world to be with me during this process. But there are so many others, including the 10,000 walks home from OISE, which I looked forward to 10,000 times. Thanks for being my IT guy and relentless source of support, but mostly, thanks for being a smart, wonderful person, and a perfect husband. I love you! v Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xiv List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................................................xv List of Appendices ..................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Context .................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................2 1.3 Theoretical framework and research questions ....................................................................3 1.4 Research methods & scope ..................................................................................................4 1.4.1 Analysis....................................................................................................................5 1.5 Literature, environmental discourses and conceptual framework .......................................5 1.6 Findings................................................................................................................................8 1.6.1 Research significance.............................................................................................10 1.7 Chapter overview ...............................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................12 Theoretical framework introduction .........................................................................................12 2.1 What is a Foucauldian approach? ......................................................................................12 2.2 Biopolitics and social constructionism ..............................................................................13 2.3 Archaeology and genealogy of knowledge ........................................................................14 2.4 Power and discourse ..........................................................................................................15 2.4.1 Discourse: Theoretical implications and questions................................................16 2.5 Why not a different approach? Rationale for Foucault
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