“Living Well, Within the Limits of Our Planet”? Measuring Europe's
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Running Head: ECOLOGICALLY UNEQUAL EXCHANGE & FDI
Running Head: ECOLOGICALLY UNEQUAL EXCHANGE & FDI Ecologically Unequal Exchange and the Environmental Effects of FDI: Empirical Analyses of Emissions and Consumption in Developing Countries, 1997-2007 Sho Kawashima Wartburg College ECOLOGICALLY UNEQUAL EXCHANGE & FDI 2 Abstract With the current increasing trends of economic liberalization and globalization, the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown substantially over the past three decades. Along with rapid economic development, FDI is often considered to have brought serious environmental consequences to host developing countries. Ecologically unequal exchange theorists argue that the disproportionate export flow of energy and materials from developing to developed countries allows developed countries to improve their environment and increase their consumption of environmental resources, while deteriorating the environment of developing countries and suppressing their levels of environmental consumption. This article presents empirical analyses of ecologically unequal exchange hypotheses, which postulate that the higher the level of FDI intensity, the higher the level of CO2 emissions and the lower the level of environmental consumption within developing countries. To test the hypotheses, the total CO2 emissions and per capita ecological footprint in 1999, 2003, and 2007 were regressed (OLS) on the estimated models consisting of the levels of FDI intensity and other factors supposedly responsible for the respective forms of environmental outcomes. With the results being -
Making Soils a Resource Through Microbial Labor
This is a repository copy of Nonhuman labor and the making of resources: making soils a resource through microbial labor. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/152381/ Version: Published Version Article: Krzywoszynska, A. orcid.org/0000-0002-8304-0440 (2020) Nonhuman labor and the making of resources: making soils a resource through microbial labor. Environmental Humanities, 12 (1). pp. 227-249. ISSN 2201-1919 https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-8142319 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Nonhuman Labor and the Making of Resources Making Soils a Resource through Microbial Labor ANNA KRZYWOSZYNSKA Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, UK Abstract With soils increasingly seen as living ecosystems, the understanding of the rela- tionship between soils and agricultural labor is changing. A shift from working the soil to working with the soil is hoped to deliver a true ecological modernization of capitalist agri- culture, making the production of ever-growing yields and the maintenance of healthy eco- systems co-constitutive. -
Financial Development and Ecological Footprint: a Global Panel Data Analysis
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Mazhar, Maria Article Financial development and ecological footprint: A global panel data analysis Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS) Provided in Cooperation with: Johar Education Society, Pakistan (JESPK) Suggested Citation: Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Mazhar, Maria (2019) : Financial development and ecological footprint: A global panel data analysis, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), ISSN 2309-8619, Johar Education Society, Pakistan (JESPK), Lahore, Vol. 13, Iss. 2, pp. 487-514 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/201002 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ www.econstor.eu Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences 2019, Vol. -
Powering a Sustainable and Circular Economy— an Engineering Approach to Estimating Renewable Energy Potentials Within Earth System Boundaries
energies Article Powering a Sustainable and Circular Economy— An Engineering Approach to Estimating Renewable Energy Potentials within Earth System Boundaries Harald Desing * , Rolf Widmer , Didier Beloin-Saint-Pierre and Roland Hischier and Patrick Wäger Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St.Gallen, Switzerland; [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (D.B.-S.-P.); [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (P.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 Abstract: This study proposes a method to estimate the appropriability of renewable energy resources at the global scale, when Earth system boundaries/needs and the human demand for chemical energy are respected. The method is based on an engineering approach, i.e., uncertainties of parameters and models are considered and potentials calculated with 99% confidence. We used literature data to test our method and provide initial results for global appropriable technical potentials (ATP) that sum up to 71 TW, which is significantly larger than the current global energy demand. Consequently, there is sufficient renewable energy potentially available to increase energy access for a growing world population as well as for a development towards increasingly closed material cycles within the technosphere. Solar energy collected on the built environment (29%) and in desert areas (69%) represent the dominant part of this potential, followed in great distance by hydro (0.6%), terrestrial heat (0.4%), wind (0.35%), and biomass (0.2%). Furthermore, we propose indicators to evaluate an energy mix on different levels, from an energy mix in single products to the mix used by the global economy, against the estimated RE potentials, which allow an evaluation and consideration in the design of sustainable–circular products and systems. -
Four of Nine 'Planetary Boundaries' Exceeded
Four of nine ‘planetary boundaries’ exceeded Civilisation has crossed four of nine ‘planetary boundaries’, increasing the risk of irreversibly driving the Earth in to a less hospitable state, concludes new research. These are: extinction rate, deforestation, atmospheric CO2 and the flow of nitrogen and phosphorus. 16 April 2015 Issue 410 Planetary boundaries are scientifically based levels of human pressure on critical global Subscribe to free processes that could create irreversible and abrupt change to the ‘Earth System’ — the weekly News Alert complex interaction of atmosphere, ice caps, sea, land and biota. These boundaries were first identified and put forward by scientists in 2009. They help decision makers by defining Source: Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, a safe operating space for humanity. J., Cornell, S.E., Fetzer, I., Crossing planetary boundaries increases the risk of moving the Earth System to a state Bennett, E.M., Biggs, R., much less hospitable for human civilisation than the one in which we have flourished in over Carpenter, S.R., de Vries, the past 11 000 years (the ‘Holocene epoch’). W., de Wit, C.A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Planetary boundaries represent a precautionary approach, based on maintaining a Holocene- Mace, G.M., Persson, L.M., like state of the Earth System. Beyond each boundary is a ‘zone of uncertainty’, where there Ramanathan, V., Reyers, is an increased risk of outcomes that are damaging to human wellbeing. Taken together the B., & Sörlin, S. (2015). boundaries define a safe operating space for humanity. Approaching a boundary provides a Planetary boundaries: warning signal to decision makers, indicating that we are approaching a problem while Guiding human allowing time for corrective action before it is too late. -
Ecological Modernization As Social Theory F.H
Geoforum 31 (2000) 57±65 www.elsevier.com/locate/geoforum Ecological modernization as social theory F.H. Buttel Department of Rural Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1450 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Received 5 November 1998; in revised form 12 August 1999 Abstract In this paper I examine some of the reasons for and implications of the ascendance of ecological modernization thought. I stress that its rapid rise to prominence is not because it is a well-developed and highly-codi®ed social theory, but rather because it accords particularly well with a number of intellectual and broader political±economic factors, many of which lie outside the realms of sociology and environmental sociology. I suggest that while ecological modernization is indistinct as a social theory its basic logic suggests two points. First, the most sophisticated versions of ecological modernization revolve around the notion that political processes and practices are particularly critical in enabling ecological phenomena to be `` Ômoved intoÕ the modernization process'' (Mol, A.P.J., 1995. The Re®nement of Production. Van Arkel, Utrecht, p. 28). Thus, a full-blown theory of ecological modern- ization must ultimately be a theory of politics and the state. Second, the logic of ecological modernization theory suggests that it has very close anities to several related literatures ± particularly embedded autonomy, civil society, and state-society synergy theories in political sociology ± which have not yet been incorporated into the ecological modernization literature. I conclude by arguing that ecological modernization can bene®t by bringing these related ± and, for that matter, more powerful ± theories into its fold. -
International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Second Edition
THE INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY, SECOND EDITION The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Second Edition Edited by Michael R. Redclift Professor of International Environmental Policy, King’s College, University of London, UK Graham Woodgate Senior Lecturer in Environmental Sociology, Institute for the Study of the Americas, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © Michael R. Redclift and Graham Woodgate 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938391 ISBN 978 1 84844 088 3 (cased) Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK 02 Contents List of fi gures vii List of tables and boxes viii List of contributors ix Introduction 1 Graham Woodgate PART I CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Editorial commentary 11 Graham Woodgate 1 The maturation and diversifi cation of environmental sociology: from constructivism and realism to agnosticism and pragmatism 15 Riley E. Dunlap 2 Social institutions and environmental change 33 Frederick H. Buttel 3 From environmental sociology to global ecosociology: the Dunlap–Buttel debates 48 Jean- Guy Vaillancourt 4 Ecological modernization as a social theory of environmental reform 63 Arthur P.J. -
Governing Planetary Boundaries: Limiting Or Enabling Conditions for Transitions Towards Sustainability?
Chapter 5 Governing Planetary Boundaries: Limiting or Enabling Conditions for Transitions Towards Sustainability? Falk Schmidt Abstract It seems intuitive to identify boundaries of an earth system which is increasingly threatened by human activities. Being aware of and hence studying boundaries may be necessary for effective governance of sustainable development. Can the planetary boundaries function as useful ‘warning signs’ in this respect? The answer presented in the article is: yes; but. It is argued that these boundaries cannot be described exclusively by scientific knowledge-claims. They have to be identified by science-society or transdisciplinary deliberations. The discussion of governance challenges related to the concept concludes with two main recommendations: to better institutionalise integrative transdisciplinary assessment processes along the lines of the interconnected nature of the planetary boundaries, and to foster cross- sectoral linkages in order to institutionalise more integrative and yet context sensitive governance arrangements. These insights are briefly confronted with options for institutional reform in the context of the Rio + 20 process. If humankind will not manage a transition towards sustainability, its ‘safe operating space’ continues shrinking. Governance arrangements for such ‘systems at risk’ may then be, first, more ‘forceful’ and, second, may run counter to our understanding of ‘open societies’. It is not very realistic that the world is prepared to achieve the first, and it is not desirable to get the effects of the latter. Scholars and practitioners of sustainability may find this a convincing argument to act now. 5.1 Targets The two-degree target concerning climate change has been vigorously debated during the run-up to and the aftermath of the Copenhagen Climate Conference COP 15 (WBGU 2009; Berkhout 2010; Geden 2010; Hulme 2010a; Jaeger and F. -
Global Integration and the Carbon Intensity of Well
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library QUESTIONING DEVELOPMENT: GLOBAL INTEGRATION AND THE CARBON INTENSITY OF WELL-BEING by Jennifer Elizabeth Givens A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Sociology The University of Utah December 2014 Copyright © Jennifer Elizabeth Givens 2014 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Jennifer Elizabeth Givens has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Andrew K. Jorgenson , Chair 10/31/2014 Date Approved Brett Clark , Member 10/31/2014 Date Approved Wade M. Cole , Member 10/31/2014 Date Approved Michael F. Timberlake , Member 10/31/2014 Date Approved Ming Wen , Member 10/31/2014 Date Approved Tabitha M. Benney , Member 10/31/2014 Date Approved and by Kim Korinek , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Sociology and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT I investigate the extent to which sociological theories of global integration help explain variation in countries’ carbon intensity of well-begin (CIWB) over time. The CIWB approach provides a way to simultaneously measure a country’s sustainability in terms of both environmental and human well-being. This is a burgeoning area of inquiry with much focus on the role of economic development; yet, looking at the effects of other aspects of global integration is relatively unexplored for the CIWB. -
Ecological Modernisation and Its Discontents Project Associate Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, the University of Tokyo Roberto Orsi
IFI-SDGs Unit Working Paper No.1 Roberto Orsi, March 2021 UTokyo, Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), SDGs Collaborative Research Unit JSPS Grant Research Project “The nexus of international politics in climate change and water resource, from the perspective of security studies and SDGs” FY2020 Working Paper Series No. 1 Ecological Modernisation and its Discontents Project Associate Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo Roberto Orsi This working paper sketches the relations between Ecological Modernisation and the main lines of critique which have been moved against it. The paper offers a summary of Ecological Modernisation, its origin and overall trajectory, while touching upon the various counterarguments which ecological sociologists and other scholars have formulated in the past decades, from three different directions: political ecology, eco-Marxism (or post-Marxism), and constructivism/post-modernism. 1. What is Ecological Modernisation and Why Does It Matter? Defining Ecological Modernisation (henceforth: EM) is not an entirely straightforward task. Over the course of the past three decades, different authors have provided slightly but significantly different definitions. One of EM’s most prominent exponents, Arthur P.J. Mol, explicitly refers to EM as a “theory”, defining “[t]he notion of ecological modernization […] as the social scientific interpretation of environmental reform processes at multiple scales in the contemporary world. [...] ecological modernization studies reflect on how various institutions and social actors attempt to integrate environmental concerns into their everyday functioning, development, and relations with others and the natural world”. (Mol et al. 2014:15). The term “theory” is deployed by other authors, but it does not go uncontested. -
Carrying Capacity a Discussion Paper for the Year of RIO+20
UNEP Global Environmental Alert Service (GEAS) Taking the pulse of the planet; connecting science with policy Website: www.unep.org/geas E-mail: [email protected] June 2012 Home Subscribe Archive Contact “Earthrise” taken on 24 December 1968 by Apollo astronauts. NASA Thematic Focus: Environmental Governance, Resource Efficiency One Planet, How Many People? A Review of Earth’s Carrying Capacity A discussion paper for the year of RIO+20 We travel together, passengers on a little The size of Earth is enormous from the perspective spaceship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of a single individual. Standing at the edge of an ocean of air and soil; all committed, for our safety, to its or the top of a mountain, looking across the vast security and peace; preserved from annihilation expanse of Earth’s water, forests, grasslands, lakes or only by the care, the work and the love we give our deserts, it is hard to conceive of limits to the planet’s fragile craft. We cannot maintain it half fortunate, natural resources. But we are not a single person; we half miserable, half confident, half despairing, half are now seven billion people and we are adding one slave — to the ancient enemies of man — half free million more people roughly every 4.8 days (2). Before in a liberation of resources undreamed of until this 1950 no one on Earth had lived through a doubling day. No craft, no crew can travel safely with such of the human population but now some people have vast contradictions. On their resolution depends experienced a tripling in their lifetime (3). -
Greening Western China: a Critical View
Geoforum 40 (2009) 884–894 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoforum journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoforum Greening western China: A critical view Emily T. Yeh Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Campus Box 260, Boulder, CO 80309-0260, United States article info abstract Article history: The dominant narrative in a growing literature about China’s environment conceptualizes a series of Received 10 July 2008 recent large-scale ecological construction projects, particularly in western China, as evidence of a teleo- Received in revised form 20 May 2009 logical graduation into eco-rational modernity, in which environmental improvement and economic growth are intertwined in a virtuous, mutually reinforcing circle. Such ecological modernization narra- tives take for granted both a crisis of ecological degradation, and the premise that the ‘‘greening” of Keywords: the state will have environmental improvement as its primary outcome. The article reviews recent China research on ecological construction projects to protect forests and grasslands in China’s west, which have Ecological construction been identified as major components of China’s ecological modernization goals. It demonstrates the lim- Ecological modernization Forestry itations of an ecological modernization framework for analyzing these projects, and argues instead for a Grasslands critical political ecology analysis, which examines the distributive effects of these projects and employs Political ecology an analytic of governmentality. Ecological construction is more productively understood as a set of dis- cursive practices that authorize differential interventions through processes of internal territorialization, rework the relationship between different categories of citizens and the state, and produce subjects, whose desires may or may not align with those desired by state institutions.