DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Semiconductors (Conductivity for Si Depends on Doping, Cu ~ 6E7 -1M-1) Think of a Crystal Matrix of Silicon Atoms (Si Has 4 Valence Electrons)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Semiconductors (Conductivity for Si Depends on Doping, Cu ~ 6E7 -1M-1) Think of a Crystal Matrix of Silicon Atoms (Si Has 4 Valence Electrons) Semiconductors: Basics to Applications-1 Dr. Anurag Srivastava Associate Professor, ABV-IIITM, Gwalior Email: [email protected] | [email protected] Web: http://tiiciiitm.com/profanurag/ Office: Room-110, First Floor, E-Block, IIITM Campus Engineering Physics –II Course OBJECTIVES: This course deals with an introduction to semiconductor materials and various applications. SYLLABUS: Semiconductors: Fundamentals of semiconducting materials, Band formation, Bonding, Forces, types of semiconductors, conductivity and resistivity, Intrinsic silicon, extrinsic n and p type silicon, mobility of carriers, carrier transport in semiconductors; p-n junctions diodes and other applications Semiconductor Materials The Semiconductor Industry • Semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors and integrated circuits can be found everywhere in our daily lives, in televisions, automobiles, washing machines, mobiles, computers etc.. We have come to rely on them and increasingly have come to expect higher performance at lower cost. • Personal computers clearly illustrate this trend. Anyone who wants to replace a three to five year old computer finds that the trade-in value of his (or her) computer is surprising low. On the bright side, one finds that the complexity and performance of the today’s personal computers vastly exceeds that of their old computer and that for about the same purchase price, adjusted for inflation. • While this economic reality reflects the massive growth of the industry, it is hard to even imagine a similar growth in any other industry. For instance, in the automobile industry, no one would even expect a five times faster car with a five times larger capacity at the same price when comparing to what was offered five years ago. Nevertheless, when it comes to personal computers, such expectations are very realistic. • The essential fact which has driven the successful growth of the computer industry is that through industrial skill and technological advances one manages to make smaller and smaller transistors. These devices deliver year after year better performance while consuming less power and because of their smaller size they can also be manufactured at a lower cost per device. Objectives: 1. Understand a semiconductor – no. of electrons in outer shell, location on periodic table, most commonly used ones etc, its importance in current Electronic Industries. 2. Know the crystal structure of elementary semiconductor silicon, bonding, forces, band formation, the cause and result of defects and doping. 3. Properties of semiconductors. 4. Understand type of semiconductors, intrinsic silicon and extrinsic semiconductor behaviour, know how to tailor this behaviour through doping. 5. P-N junction and other applications Conductivity Semiconductor: Definition /Resistivity Semiconductors are materials whose electrical properties lie between Conductors and Insulators. Best known Ex : Silicon and Germanium Difference in conductivity/Resistivity Basic characteristics of semiconductors Something about the history: • 1833 M. Faraday: – For AgS decreasing ρ with increasing T • 1873 W. Smith: – Photoconductivity of Se • 1874 F. Braun: – Rectifying properties of PbS • 1948 Bardeen & Brattain: – Bipolar transistor Semiconductors - Conductivity/Resistivity Definition Metals Semimetals Semiconductors • Semiconductors constitute a large class of substances which have resistivities lying between those of insulators and conductors. • The resistivity of semiconductors varies in wide limits, i.e., 10–4 to 104 Ω-m and is reduced to a very great extent with an increase in temperature Semiconductors As compared to electronic valves, semiconductor devices offer the following advantages: (i) low weight and small size (ii) no power for the filament (iii) Long service life (thousands of hours) (iv) mechanical ruggedness (v) low power losses and (vi) Low supply voltages. Semiconductors At the same time semiconductor devices suffer from a number of disadvantages: – deterioration in performance with time (ageing); higher noise level than in electronic valves – Unsuitability of most transistors for use at frequencies over tens of megahertz; – low input resistance as compared with vacuum triodes; – inability to handle large power – deterioration in performance after exposure to radioactive emissions. Why semiconductors? • SEMICONDUCTORS: They are here, there, and everywhere • Computers, palm pilots, Silicon (Si) MOSFETs, ICs, CMOS laptops, anything “intelligent” • Cell phones, pagers Si ICs, GaAs FETs, BJTs • CD players AlGaAs and InGaP laser diodes, Si photodiodes • TV remotes, mobile terminals Light emitting diodes (LEDs) • Satellite dishes InGaAs MMICs (Monolithic Microwave ICs) • Fiber networks InGaAsP laser diodes, pin photodiodes • Traffic signals, car GaN LEDs (green, blue) taillights InGaAsP LEDs (red, amber) • Air bags Si MEMs, Si ICs • and, they are important, especially to Elec.Eng.& Computer Sciences Semiconductor Materials • Elemental semiconductors – Si and Ge (column IV of periodic table) –compose of single species of atoms • Compound semiconductors – combinations of atoms of column III and column V and some atoms from column II and VI. (combination of two atoms results in binary compounds) • There are also three-element (ternary) compounds (GaAsP) and four-elements (quaternary) compounds such as InGaAsP. Semiconductor materials Semiconductor Materials • The wide variety of electronic and optical properties of these semiconductors provides the device engineer with great flexibility in the design of electronic and opto-electronic functions. • Ge was widely used in the early days of semiconductor development for transistors and diods. • Si is now used for the majority of rectifiers, transistors and integrated circuits. • Compounds are widely used in high-speed devices and devices requiring the emission or absorption of light. • The electronic and optical properties of semiconductors are strongly affected by impurities, which may be added in precisely controlled amounts (e.g. an impurity concentration of one part per million can change a sample of Si from a poor conductor to a good conductor of electric current). This process called doping. Solid state structures A crystalline solid is distinguished by the fact that atoms making the crystal are arranged in a periodic fashion. That is, there is some basic arrangement of atoms that is repeated throughout the entire solid. Thus the crystal appears exactly the same at one point as it does at a series of other equivalent points, once the basic periodicity is discovered. However, not all solids are crystals (Fig. 2); some have no periodic structure at all (amorphous solids), and other are composed of many small regions of single-crystal material (polycrystalline solids). The periodic arrangement of atoms in crystal is called the lattice; the lattice contains a volume, called a unit cell, which is representative of the entire lattice and is regularly repeated throughout the crystal. Crystal Structure • How do Atoms combine with each other?? • Atomic Structure?? • Structure Changes Property Changes ??? • Artificially tailor the structure ?? Intel Ireland Atomic Structure • Atoms are the building block • Plum and Pudding Model The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom. First proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 soon after the discovery of the electron, but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, the model represented an attempt to consolidate the known properties of atoms at the time: 1) electrons are negatively-charged particles and 2) atoms are neutrally-charged. Thompson used the word corpuscles Rutherford's gold foil experiment disprove the plum pudding model? • In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments with thin sheets of gold. Their professor, Ernest Rutherford, expected to find results consistent with Thomson's atomic model. It wasn't until 1911 that Rutherford correctly interpreted the experiment's results[4][5] which implied the presence of a very small nucleus of positive charge at the center of gold atoms. This led to the development of the Rutherford model of the atom. Intel Ireland Rutherford's gold foil experiment disprove the plum pudding model? • When Rutherford shot α particles through gold foil, he found that most of the particles went through. Some scattered in various directions, and a few were even deflected back towards the source. • He argued that the plum pudding model was incorrect. The symmetrical distribution of charge would allow all the α particles to pass through with no deflection. • Rutherford proposed that the atom is mostly empty space. The electrons revolve in circular orbits about a massive positive charge at the centre. Solid state structures • Cubic lattices: Unit cells for types of cubic lattice structure. Simple cubic (sc) Body-centered cubic (bcc) Face-centered cubic (fcc) Diamond lattice unit cell, showing the four nearest neighbour structure The basic lattice structure for many important semiconductors is the diamond lattice, which is characteristic of Si and Ge. In many compound semiconductors, atoms are arranged in a basic diamond structure but are different on alternating sites. This is called a zincblende lattice and is typical of the III-V compounds. The diamond lattice can be thought of as an fcc structure with an extra atom placed at a/4+b/4+c/4 from each of the fcc atoms. Solid state structures Each atom in the diamond lattice has a covalent bond with four adjacent atoms, which together form
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pioneers of Atomic Theory Darius Bermudez Discoverers of the Atom
    Pioneers of Atomic Theory Darius Bermudez Discoverers of the Atom Democritus- Greek Philosopher proposed that if something was divided enough times, eventually the particles would be too small to divide any further. Ex: Identify this Greek philosopher who postulated that if an object was divided enough times, there would eventually be small particles that could not be divided any further. Discoverers of the Atom John Dalton- English chemist who made the “billiard ball” atom model. First to prove that rainfall was a result of temperature change. He was the first scientist after Democritus to build on atomic theory. He also created a law on partial pressures. Common Clues: Partial pressures, pioneer of atomic theory, and temperature change causes rainfall. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Discoverers of the Atom J.J. Thomson- English Scientist who discovered electrons through a cathode. Made the “plum pudding model” with Lord Kelvin (Kelvin Scale) which stated that negative charges were spread about a positive charged medium, making atoms neutral. Common Clues: Plum pudding, Electrons had negative charges, disproved by either Rutherford or Mardsen and Geiger The image cannot be displayed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture #3, Atomic Structure (Rutherford, Bohr Models)
    Welcome to 3.091 Lecture 3 September 14, 2009 Atomic Models: Rutherford & Bohr Periodic Table Quiz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Name Grade /10 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. La Lazy Ce college Pr professors Nd never Pm produce Sm sufficiently Eu educated Gd graduates Tb to Dy dramatically Ho help Er executives Tm trim Yb yearly Lu losses. © source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. La Loony Ce chemistry Pr professor Nd needs Pm partner: Sm seeking cannot be referring Eu educated to 3.091! Gd graduate Tb to must be the “other” Dy develop Ho hazardous chemistry professor Er experiments Tm testing Yb young Lu lab assistants. © source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. 138.9055 920 57 3455 3 6.146 * 1.10 57 5.577 La [Xe]5d16s2 Lanthanum CEase not I to slave, back breaking to tend; PRideless and bootless stoking hearth and fire. No Dream of mine own precious time to spend Pour'ed More to sate your glutt'nous desire.
    [Show full text]
  • Electron Charge Density: a Clue from Quantum Chemistry for Quantum Foundations
    Electron Charge Density: A Clue from Quantum Chemistry for Quantum Foundations Charles T. Sebens California Institute of Technology arXiv v.2 June 24, 2021 Forthcoming in Foundations of Physics Abstract Within quantum chemistry, the electron clouds that surround nuclei in atoms and molecules are sometimes treated as clouds of probability and sometimes as clouds of charge. These two roles, tracing back to Schr¨odingerand Born, are in tension with one another but are not incompatible. Schr¨odinger'sidea that the nucleus of an atom is surrounded by a spread-out electron charge density is supported by a variety of evidence from quantum chemistry, including two methods that are used to determine atomic and molecular structure: the Hartree-Fock method and density functional theory. Taking this evidence as a clue to the foundations of quantum physics, Schr¨odinger'selectron charge density can be incorporated into many different interpretations of quantum mechanics (and extensions of such interpretations to quantum field theory). Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Probability Density and Charge Density3 3 Charge Density in Quantum Chemistry9 3.1 The Hartree-Fock Method . 10 arXiv:2105.11988v2 [quant-ph] 24 Jun 2021 3.2 Density Functional Theory . 20 3.3 Further Evidence . 25 4 Charge Density in Quantum Foundations 26 4.1 GRW Theory . 26 4.2 The Many-Worlds Interpretation . 29 4.3 Bohmian Mechanics and Other Particle Interpretations . 31 4.4 Quantum Field Theory . 33 5 Conclusion 35 1 1 Introduction Despite the massive progress that has been made in physics, the composition of the atom remains unsettled. J. J. Thomson [1] famously advocated a \plum pudding" model where electrons are seen as tiny negative charges inside a sphere of uniformly distributed positive charge (like the raisins|once called \plums"|suspended in a plum pudding).
    [Show full text]
  • Cbiescss05.Pdf
    Science IX Sample Paper 5 Solved www.rava.org.in CLASS IX (2019-20) SCIENCE (CODE 086) SAMPLE PAPER-5 Time : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 80 General Instructions : (i) The question paper comprises of three sections-A, B and C. Attempt all the sections. (ii) All questions are compulsory. (iii) Internal choice is given in each sections. (iv) All questions in Section A are one-mark questions comprising MCQ, VSA type and assertion-reason type questions. They are to be answered in one word or in one sentence. (v) All questions in Section B are three-mark, short-answer type questions. These are to be answered in about 50-60 words each. (vi) All questions in Section C are five-mark, long-answer type questions. These are to be answered in about 80-90 words each. (vii) This question paper consists of a total of 30 questions. 4. What is the S.I. unit of momentum ? [1] SECTION -A (a) kgms (b) mskg−1 −1 −1 DIRECTION : For question numbers 1 and 2, two statements (c) kgms (d) kg() ms are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Ans : (c) kgms−1 Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below. 5. Which of the following is not a perfectly in elastic collision ? [1] (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation (a) Capture of an electron by proton. of the assertion. (b) Man jumping on to a moving cart. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
    [Show full text]
  • Coercing Magnetism Into Diamagnetic Ceramics: a Case Study in Alumina Erik Nykwest University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]
    University of Connecticut Masthead Logo OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 4-25-2019 Coercing Magnetism into Diamagnetic Ceramics: A Case Study in Alumina Erik Nykwest University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Nykwest, Erik, "Coercing Magnetism into Diamagnetic Ceramics: A Case Study in Alumina" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2136. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2136 Coercing Magnetism into Diamagnetic Ceramics: A Case Study in Alumina Erik Carl Nykwest, Ph.D. University of Connecticut, 2019 Ceramics are very diverse class of materials whose properties can vary greatly. It is this diversity that make ceramics so useful in advanced technology. The relatively open crystal structure of ceramics makes it pos- sible to impart functionalities via judicious doping. This work focuses on developing a generalized method for introducing magnetism into normally non-magnetic (diamagnetic) ceramics, using the example case of alumina (Al2O3).Here, substitutional doping of Al atoms with 3d transition metal in α- and θ-alumina was studied. Density functional theory was used to predict the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of doped alumina, as well as its stability. The results show that adding small concentrations of transition metals to alumina may increase magnetic activity by generating unpaired electrons whose net magnetic moments may couple with external magnetic fields. The dopant species and dopant coordination environment are the most important factors in determining the spin density distribution (localized or delocalized from the dopant atom) and net magnetic moment, which strongly direct the ability of the doped alumina to couple with an ex- ternal field.
    [Show full text]
  • LECTURE 23 SPECTROSCOPY and ATOMIC MODELS 29.1 Spectroscopy the Colorful Light from “Neon Signs” 29.2 Atoms Are Due to Atomic Transitions of Various Gas
    LECTURE 23 SPECTROSCOPY AND ATOMIC MODELS 29.1 Spectroscopy The colorful light from “neon signs” 29.2 Atoms are due to atomic transitions of various gas. The first nuclear physics experiment Using the nuclear model 29.3 Bohr’s model of atomic quantization 29.4 The Bohr hydrogen atom The stationary states of the hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom energy levels The hydrogen spectrum 29.1 Spectroscopy / demo ! A spectrum is recorded in a spectrometer. ! Self-luminous objects emit a continuous spectrum that depends on the temperature. ! Individual atoms produce atomic spectrum, a discrete spectrum with spectral lines. ! Gases also absorb discrete wavelengths. ! Demo: line spectra Quiz 29.1-1 ! These spectra are from the same element. Which is an emission spectrum, which an absorption spectrum? A. Top is emission; bottom absorption. B. Top is absorption; bottom emission. C. Can’t tell without knowing the element. Quiz 29.1-1 answer ! Top is emission; bottom absorption. ! Every wavelength that is absorbed by the gas is also emitted, but not every emitted wavelength is absorbed. Spectroscopy ! Balmer formula represents the wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen. 91.1 nm ! = 1 1 − () +) ! where ( = 1, 2, 3, … and + can be any integer and + > (. 29.2 Atoms - the raisin-cake model of the atom 6 ! J. J. Thomson, soon after discovering electrons, proposed the raisin-cake model of the atom (“plum-pudding model” actually). ! It was known that electrons are much smaller and less massive than atoms. ! The first observations that atoms have an inner structure came from beta rays and alpha rays emitted from uranium crystal.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 37: Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
    Lesson 37: Thomson's Plum Pudding Model Remember back in Lesson 18 when we looked at trapping moving particles in a circular path using a magnetic field? • In this lesson we look at how using this type of set up eventually helped physicists start to figure out the nature of the atom. Early Theories about Atoms In 1803 John Dalton presented his theory that the elements of the periodic table were made of atoms. • The main reason he was proposing this idea was to be able to explain the chemistry that he was studying. • Dalton believed that atoms were solid pieces of matter that could not be broken down any further. ◦ This is why his model is often referred to as the Solid Sphere Model. • Although Dalton's model was able to explain the way he saw chemical reactions working, he was unable to really prove that matter was made up of these atoms, or how chemical bonding could happen between them. During the late 1800's experiments with cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were starting to The negative give the first glimpses into what an atom might be. electrode is referred ● A cathode ray tube is just a vacuum tube with two electrodes at the ends. to as the cathode. That's the reason ○ When a really high voltage is applied, mysterious “cathode rays” this is called a moved from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. cathode ray tube. ○ Sometimes you could see a glow at the opposite end of the tube when the tube was turned on. ● William Crookes used a really high quality cathode ray tube in 1885.
    [Show full text]
  • First-Principles Density Functional Theory Studies on Perovskite Materials
    New Jersey Institute of Technology Digital Commons @ NJIT Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-31-2021 First-principles density functional theory studies on perovskite materials Aneer Lamichhane New Jersey Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dissertations Part of the Condensed Matter Physics Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Lamichhane, Aneer, "First-principles density functional theory studies on perovskite materials" (2021). Dissertations. 1518. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dissertations/1518 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ NJIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ NJIT. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement,
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Properties of Atoms Emission Spectral Lines
    Atomic Models The purpose of this chapter is to build a simplest atomic model that will help us to understand the structure of atom. This is attained by referring to some basic experimental facts that have been gathered since 1900’s (e.g. Rutherford scattering experiment, atomic spectral lines etc.) For this we need to explore the wave nature of electron. Basic properties of atoms 1) Atoms are of microscopic size, ~ 10−10 m. Visible light is not enough to resolve (see) the detail structure of an atom as its size is only of the order of 100 nm. 2) Atoms are stable. The force (EM force) that hold an atom together is attractive. 3) Atoms contain negatively charges (e.g. as seen in Compton and photoelectric effect), electrons, but are electrically neutral. An atom with Z electrons must also contain a net positive charge of +Ze. 4) Atoms emit and absorb EM radiation (because of this, EM wave is usually used to probe the structure of an atom). Emission spectral lines A single atom or molecule which rarely interacts with other molecules (such as a gas in a tube with very diluted concentration) emit radiation characteristic of the particular atom/molecule species. This happen when the atoms/molecules are ``excited’’ e.g. by heating or passing electric current through it The emitted radiation displays characteristic discrete sets of spectrum which contains certain specific wavelengths only. The spectral lines are analysed with spectrometer, which give important physical information of the atom/molecules by analysing the wavelengths composition and pattern of these lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic Models
    Atomic Models Article to be checked Check of this article is requested. Suggested reviewer: RNDr. Petr Heřman Atomic models There has been a variety of atomic models throughout history of atomic physics, that refers mainly to a period from the beginning of 19th century to the first half of 20th century, when a final model of atom which is being used nowadays (or accepted as the most accurate one) was invented. Although the awareness of atom existence goes way back to the antique period of the world history (Greek conception of atom), this article will be mainly about five basic atomic models, from which each one has somehow contributed to how we percept the structure of atom itself - Dalton´s Billiard Ball Model, J.J Thomson's "plum pudding" model, Rutherford's Planetary model, Bohr's Atomic model, Electron Cloud Model/Quantum Mechanics Model. John Dalton’s atomic model John Dalton was an English scientist, who came up with an idea that all matter is composed of very small things. It was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of particles. He called these particles atoms and formed an atomic theory. In this theory he claims that: All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms Parts of his theory had to be modified based on the discovery of subatomic particles and isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 28-2: Models of the Atom
    Answer to Essential Question 28.1: (a) In general, four energy levels give six photon energies. One way to count these is to start with the highest level, –12 eV. An electron starting in the –12 eV level can drop to any of the other three levels, giving three different photon energies. An electron starting at the –15 eV level can drop to either of the two lower levels, giving two more photon energies. Finally, an electron can drop from the –21 eV level to the –31 eV level, giving one more photon energy (for a total of six). (b) The minimum photon energy corresponds to the 3 eV difference between the –12 eV level and the –15 eV level. The maximum photon energy corresponds to the 19 eV difference between the –12 eV level and the –31 eV level. 28-2 Models of the Atom It is amazing to think about how far we have come, in terms of our understanding of the physical world, in the last century or so. A good example of our progress is how much our model of the atom has evolved. Let’s spend some time discussing the evolution of atomic models. Ernest Rutherford probes the plum-pudding model J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron in 1897, proposed a plum-pudding model of the atom. In this model, electrons were thought to be embedded in a ball of positive charge, like raisins are embedded in a plum pudding. Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) put this model to the test by designing an experiment that involved firing alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a very thin film of gold.
    [Show full text]
  • Of 67 the Diagrams Show Two Different Models of an Atom. 'Plum Pudding'
    Q1. The diagrams show two different models of an atom. ‘Plum pudding’ model Model used today (a) The particles labelled ‘Xߣ in the plum pudding model are also included in the model of the atom used today. What are the particles labelled ‘X’ ? _________________________ (1) (b) Scientists decided that the ‘plum pudding’ model was wrong and needed replacing. Which one of the following statements gives a reason for deciding that a scientific model needs replacing? Tick ( ) one box. The model is too simple. The model has been used by scientists for a long time. The model cannot explain the results from a new experiment. (1) (c) The table gives information about the three types of particle that are in the model of the atom used today. Page 1 of 67 Particle Relative mass Relative charge 1 +1 very small –1 1 0 Complete the table by adding the names of the particles. (2) (Total 4 marks) Q2. (a) The diagram represents an atom of beryllium. Use words from the box to label the diagram. electron ion isotope molecule nucleus (2) (b) Use crosses (x) to complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a magnesium atom. The atomic (proton) number of magnesium is 12. (2) (Total 4 marks) Page 2 of 67 Q3. The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the list to label the diagram. electron ion neutron nucleus (Total 3 marks) Q4. About 100 years ago a scientist called J. J. Thomson thought that an atom was a ball of positive charge with negative particles stuck inside.
    [Show full text]