DOCSLIB.ORG

Combining Best Professional Judgement and Quantile Regression Splines to Improve Characterisation of Macrofaunal Responses to Enrichment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combining Best Professional Judgement and Quantile Regression Splines to Improve Characterisation of Macrofaunal Responses to Enrichment G Model ECOIND-817; No. of Pages 13 ARTICLE IN PRESS Ecological Indicators xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Indicators journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind Combining best professional judgement and quantile regression splines to improve characterisation of macrofaunal responses to enrichment Nigel B. Keeley a,b,∗, Catriona K. Macleod b,c, Barrie M. Forrest a a Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand b University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia c Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia article info abstract Article history: Many benthic quality indices rely on categorising impacts by assigning species to ecological-groups (EGs) Received 21 December 2010 that reflect their tolerance to pollution. This is usually based on best professional judgement (BPJ) by Received in revised form 10 March 2011 experts with access to relevant ecological and taxonomic information. However, international applica- Accepted 11 March 2011 bility of such indices is restricted in areas where the species taxonomy, biology and response to pollution are poorly understood. In this study we describe an approach that enables objective allocation of EGs in Keywords: situations where species information is limited. This approach utilised BPJ to categorise the environmen- Salmon farm tal condition of benthic habitats around fish farms in New Zealand in relation to defined enrichment stages Enrichment gradient Biotic index (ESs). Quantile regression was then used to model distributions of select taxa. The experts assigned ES AMBI scores from 1 to 7, for stations that ranged from relatively natural to excessively enriched (i.e. near-azoic), Eco-group respectively, with judgements based on a suite of quantitative and qualitative indicators of enrichment, Benthic impact assessment but without reference to detailed species information. The individual BPJ estimates were highly corre- lated, with minimal bias, indicating good agreement among the experts. Forty key indicator taxa were identified and quantile regression models based on ES (derived as a continuous explanatory variable) were fitted for 34. Abundances of the same taxa were also modelled in response to a more traditional enrich- ment indicator (organic content, %OM) for comparison with the BPJ technique. The regression approach characterised enrichment responses and objectively identified both the upper and lower tolerance limits of a range of taxa according to their ES and %OM. The models discriminated a number of key indicator taxa, including several that were responsive to low-level changes in ES, but not necessarily %OM. There was reasonable agreement (59%) between EGs derived using the regression approach and those defined using the AMBI database (one of the most commonly applied benthic quality indices). Moreover, the regression method allowed the classification of 10 additional taxa for which our ecological understand- ing was limited. A key outcome of this study was the acknowledgement that EG characterisations for species need to be regionally validated, no matter how well defined they might appear to be. The com- bined BPJ/regression analysis approach described provides a valid means of both assigning and validating EG classifications, which will be particularly useful in situations where the taxa are poorly defined, and will enable existing biotic indices to be more broadly applied and interpreted. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction widely between locations and applications (Carroll et al., 2003; Kalantzi and Karakassis, 2006), often relying on subjective expert Physical and chemical changes to sediments beneath finfish opinion, also referred to as best professional judgement (BPJ, farms can result in profound ecological effects (e.g. Brooks et al., Weisberg et al., 2008). Having a validated suite of standard metrics, 2002; Buschmann et al., 2006; Kalantzi and Karakassis, 2006). cross-referenced with BPJ that can reliably define environmental Accordingly, in many countries environmental monitoring and quality would greatly improve our ability to compare both environ- assessment is undertaken to evaluate benthic conditions against mental effects, and management and regulatory responses across environmental quality criteria. However, these quality criteria vary broad geographic regions. Many ecological indices have been developed with a view to better informing BPJ; with several tested specifically for ∗ aquaculture-related benthic effects (e.g.: AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index Corresponding author at: Cawthron Institute, Coastal & Freshwater, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand. Tel.: +64 3 5393257; fax: +64 3 5469464. (AMBI), Borja et al., 2000; Multivariate-AMBI, Muxika et al., 2007; E-mail address: [email protected] (N.B. Keeley). BENTIX, Simboura and Zenetos, 2002; Infaunal Trophic Index, 1470-160X/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.03.022 Please cite this article in press as: Keeley, N.B., et al., Combining best professional judgement and quantile regression splines to improve characterisation of macrofaunal responses to enrichment. Ecol. Indicat. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.03.022 G Model ECOIND-817; No. of Pages 13 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 N.B. Keeley et al. / Ecological Indicators xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Word, 1978). Of these, the AMBI was recently proposed as a primary indicator of biological health beneath finfish farms internationally (DSRSA, 2010). The AMBI (and related indices, i.e. M-AMBI; BENTIX; MEDOCC, Pinedo and Jordana, 2008) classifies benthic communities according to five ecological groups (EGs), based on their sensitiv- ity to organic enrichment as defined by expert consensus (Borja, 2004). Expert consensus, although critical, is a subjective step in the process, which can be time-consuming and requires an in- depth knowledge of responses of individual taxa to enrichment (or other forms of disturbance). Furthermore, incorrect assignment of species to Eco-groups (EGs) may result in misclassification of impacts (Borja, 2004; Borja and Muxika, 2005; Simboura, 2003), and without site-specific validation, even closely related indices can imply a different quality status for the same site Aguado- Gimenez et al. (2007). In a preliminary appraisal of the AMBI with data from aquaculture operations in New Zealand, we found only 29% of the 200 taxa identified were specifically listed in the AMBI database (AMBI v4.0, February 2010); the recommended mini- mum requirement is 80% for robust application (Borja and Muxika, 2005). This highlights a major problem associated with the cur- rently available suite of indices, which is how to deal with fauna that have a high degree of endemism and/or which are poorly described. In many areas of the world the marine benthic fauna is still largely undescribed and as a result new locations will almost inevitably yield species whose response to enrichment is poorly Fig. 1. Map showing the position of the four salmon farms that comprised the study understood. sites within the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. In addition, macrofaunal responses to enrichment are generally complex, resulting from multiple biogeochemical and ecological interactions, and patterns are rarely adequately explained by a 2. Methods single continuous environmental variable (Borja et al., 2009). Con- sequently, current statistical modelling approaches cannot readily 2.1. Study sites, sampling and data selection incorporate the full suite of indicators used by experts to assess environmental quality in the BPJ process. Often relevant vari- The data for this study were obtained as part of a regular com- ables may be either deterministically qualitative or have responses pliance monitoring program for four Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus where the outcomes cannot be interpreted independently of other tshawytscha) farms in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand variables. For example, although the mat-forming bacteria Beggia- (Fig. 1). Sampling at each farm was undertaken annually in early toa spp. (Beggiatoa) can be a clear indicator of enrichment (Crawford summer (October–November) from 2001 to 2009. Although flow et al., 2001; Hargrave et al., 2008; Macleod et al., 2004), absence regimes varied slightly between farms, background environmental of Beggiatoa may reflect either a lack of enrichment, or conditions and operational conditions were comparable (Table 1). The anal- where enrichment is so severe as to limit this species (i.e. bottom- yses presented here were based on a subset of the full dataset, water is anoxic or Beggiatoa is disturbed by out-gassing). BPJ offsets which deliberately encompassed a wide cross-section of annual these contradictions by taking into account all available informa- feed inputs and associated levels of impact, and data that were tion and interpreting indicators in the context of other measures consistent in sample size and distribution (i.e. no missing values of impact (e.g. Muxika et al., 2007; Teixeira et al., 2010; Weisberg for explanatory or derived biological variables; Table 1). The final et al., 2008). dataset included all four farms (1–4 sampling occasions per farm), However, the challenge of quantifying the responses of individ- spanned nine years and resulted in 74 sampling stations consisting ual taxa to the specified enrichment gradient remains. The basic of 24 observations beneath cages, 38 along enrichment gradients premise behind this involves identifying the conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Ethnographic and Historically Recorded Dentaliurn Source Locations
    FISHINGFOR IVORYWORMS: A REVIEWOF ETHNOGRAPHICAND HISTORICALLY RECORDEDDENTALIUM SOURCE LOCATIONS Andrew John Barton B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1979 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY Q Andrew John Barton 1994 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Burnaby October, 1994 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means without permission of the author. Name: Andrew John Barton Degree: Master of Arts (Archaeology) Title of Thesis: Fishing for Ivory Worms: A Review of Ethnographic and Historically Recorded Dentaliurn Source Locations Examining Committee: Chairperson: Jack D. Nance - -, David V. Burley Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Richard Inglis External Examiner Department of Aboriginal Affairs Government of British Columbia PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of ThesisIDissertation: Fishing for Ivory Worms: A Review of Ethnographic and Historically Recorded Dentalium Source Locations Author: Andrew John Barton Name October 14, 1994 Date This study reviews and examines historic and ethnographic written documents that identify locations where Dentaliurn shells were procured by west coast Native North Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Mollusca, Scaphopoda, Gadilidae, Polyschides
    Zootaxa 871: 1–10 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 871 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new species of the genus Polyschides Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898 (Mollusca, Scaphopoda, Gadilidae) from Brazilian waters CARLOS HENRIQUE SOARES CAETANO1 & RICARDO SILVA ABSALÃO1,2 1-Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP 20550-900. e-mail: [email protected] 2-Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biolo- gia, C.C.S, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP 21941-570. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Polyschides is characterized by small- to medium-sized shells with an apex divided into four lobes. We present a revision of the species of Polyschides from Brazil, with the description of a new species. Polyschides tetraschistus (Watson, 1879) and P. portoricensis (Henderson, 1920) were confirmed for Brazilian waters, with the known geographic distribution of the latter extended southward to the state of Rio de Janeiro (21ºS). Comparisons of shell morphometrics show that: (1) P. xavante n. sp. is significantly smaller and less arched than P. tetraschistus and P. portoricensis; (2) the maximum diameter, height and width of the anterior aperture, and the height and width of the apical aperture were also significantly smaller in P. xavante; (3) the maximum diameter in P. xavante n. sp. and P. tetraschistus is located closer to the aperture than in P. portoricensis. A Dis- criminant Function Analysis based on seven shell morphometric variables (length, maximum diam- eter, length to maximum diameter ratio, anterior aperture width, anterior aperture height to anterior aperture width ratio, maximum diameter to posterior aperture width and distance of point of maxi- mum curvature from the apex to length ratio) were 100% efficient in discriminating among the three species.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Mollusca General Characteristics Pdf
    Phylum mollusca general characteristics pdf Continue The mollusk makes the second largest filum non-chordate of animals including snails, octopuses, sea slugs, squid and bivalve such as molluscs, oysters and mussels. This phylum contains about 100,000 described species. Of all known marine species, 23% are molluscs. But some species live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. This group displays a wide range of morphological features such as muscle leg, mantle and visceral mass containing internal organs. Calcium carbonate is released from the mantle and forms the outer calciferic shell of the body in most molluscs. The size of molluscs ranges from less than one millimeter to 20 meters. They play an important role in people's lives because they are a source of food for many people as well as jewelry. Many molluscs are not good for human life. Some cause disease or acts as pests like snails and slugs. Typically, solid shell shells are used to create amazing jewelry. Some molluscs, such as bivalve and gastropods, produce valuable pearls. Natural pearls are produced when a small foreign object is trapped between the shell of the mollusc body and the mantle. In addition, many scientists use bivalve molluscs as bioindicators of freshwater and marine environments. They have a bilaterally symmetrical organ (exception: body gastropos asymmetrical) and show the organ of the organization's class system. They are mostly aquatic organisms. Most of them live in the marine environment, and only a few of them are freshwater. In addition, some live in ground wet soil. These are triplhoblated animals with non- segmented (exception: Neopilina) soft body.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleontological Contributions
    THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PALEONTOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS July 10, 1974 Paper 70 STONE CITY AND COOK MOUNTAIN (MIDDLE EOCENE) SCAPHOPODS FROM SOUTHWEST TEXAS KENNETH A. HODGKINSON Exxon Company, U.S.A., Houston, Texas ABSTRACT At least 18 species of scaphopods are recognized in samples from the Stone City and Cook Mountain Formations (Claibornian Stage) of the Brazos River Valley in south- eastern Texas. These include 11 species of Cadtdus, 4 of Dentalium, and 3 of Fustiaria; 10 of the species are described and named for the first time. Apical fragments of scaphopods from these formations show that some scaphopods truncate their apexes by periodically discarding a significant portion of the test. This is especially evident in species of Dentalium. INTRODUCTION Middle Eocene exposures along the Brazos a few localities. Information on the nature of and Little Brazos Rivers in southeastern Texas sections exposed at these localities and on their yield numerous specimens of a wide variety of depositional environment, therefore, are recorded macrofossils, especially mollusks. Although this rather fully using personal observations and many fauna has long been known to paleontologists, previously published discussions. only a relatively few forms have received detailed Middle Eocene outcrops in the Brazos River analysis. Experience in the age and environmen- valley are located in the Gulf Coastal Plain of tal interpretation of well samples from Eocene southeastern Texas (Fig. 1) where good exposures subsurface sections in generally adjacent parts of are rare because the nonresistant strata are easily the Gulf Coast, however, demonstrates that some weathered and eroded. Seldom is more than sev- forms (particularly small types) occur in the sub- eral feet of section available.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Tactics in Mollusca: a Review of the Feeding Behavior of Their Most Obscure Classes (Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda)
    Oecologia Australis 17(3): 358-373, Setembro 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2013.1703.04 FORAGING TACTICS IN MOLLUSCA: A REVIEW OF THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THEIR MOST OBSCURE CLASSES (APLACOPHORA, POLYPLACOPHORA, MONOPLACOPHORA, SCAPHOPODA AND CEPHALOPODA) Vanessa Fontoura-da-Silva¹, ², *, Renato Junqueira de Souza Dantas¹ and Carlos Henrique Soares Caetano¹ ¹Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Zoologia de Invertebrados Marinhos, Av. Pasteur, 458, 309, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 22290-240. ²Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Biológicas (Biodiversidade Neotropical), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Mollusca is regarded as the second most diverse phylum of invertebrate animals. It presents a wide range of geographic distribution patterns, feeding habits and life standards. Despite the impressive fossil record, its evolutionary history is still uncertain. Ancestors adopted a simple way of acquiring food, being called deposit-feeders. Amongst its current representatives, Gastropoda and Bivalvia are two most diversely distributed and scientifically well-known classes. The other classes are restricted to the marine environment and show other limitations that hamper possible researches and make them less frequent. The upcoming article aims at examining the feeding habits of the most obscure classes of Mollusca (Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Scaphoda and Cephalopoda), based on an extense literary research in books, journals of malacology and digital data bases. The review will also discuss the gaps concerning the study of these classes and the perspectives for future analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell Mor Shell Morphometrics in Four Species of Gadilidae (Mollusca, Our
    Shell morphometrics in four species of Gadilidae (Mollusca, Scaphopoda) in Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Brazil Ricardo Silva Absalão 1, 2, Pedro Henrique de Almeida Silva 1 & Thiago Silva de Paula 1 1 Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Sala 516, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 2 Laboratório de Malacologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Sala 94, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-570 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Six morphometric shell direct measurements of the Gadilidae species Gadila acus (Dall, 1889), Cadulus braziliensis Henderson, 1920, Cadulus parvus Henderson, 1920 and Polyschides tetraschistus (Watson, 1879) were carried out and used to build three morphometric indices in according to the proposition of SHIMEK (1989): LI, relating total shell length to length from the dorsal aperture to the maximum width; WI, relating maximum shell diameter to apertural diameter; and Ws, whorl expansion rate (sensu RAUP 1966). Direct measurements and morphometric indices were tested as discriminating tools among the four species. None of the morphometric indices, alone, were able to discriminate among all species. Among then, Ws is not an effective discriminating morphometric index because it fails in all pairwise comparisons, LI and WI are fairly efficient ones, since they have got effective discriminations in three out six pairwise comparisons. The combined use of direct measure- ments ones was more efficient than the indices ones when dealing with relatively small samples, as ours. Al- though both descriptors can be combiningly used; since the direct measurements descriptors are easier to obtain and understand than the more complex indices, they should be recommended as main tools.
    [Show full text]
  • FT6 Fossil Highlights of Auckland
    Dynamic New Zealand, Dynamic Earth: Auckland 2017 Annual Conference of the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Field Trip 6 Saturday 2 December – Sunday 3 December 2017 Fossil highlights of Auckland Leaders: Bruce W Hayward1 and Ian Geary2 1Geomarine Research ([email protected]) 2Department of Geology, University of Otago ([email protected]) 1 Bibliographic reference: Hayward, B. and Geary, I. (2017). Fossil highlights of Auckland. In: Brook, M. (compiler). Fieldtrip Guides, Geosciences 2017 Conference, Auckland, New Zealand. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 147B, 37 pp. ISBN: 978-0-9922634-3-0 ISSN (print): 2230-4487 ISSN (online): 2230-4495 http://www.gsnz.org.nz Caption for cover page: Takapuna Reef fossil forest. Mould of the straight trunk of an un-tapered kauri tree that had collapsed into the upper parts of the flow and may have been rafted along by it. 2 FOSSIL HIGHLIGHTS OF AUCKLAND Sat 2 December and Sun 3 December Leaders Bruce W Hayward1 and Ian Geary2 1Geomarine Research and 2Department of Geology, University of Otago Saturday 2nd Dec Low tide East Coast 12.40 PM 0.6 m. Low tide west coast 3.50 PM 0.5 m. 9 AM Leave Auckland University Drive from Auckland University to Lake Pupuke end of Northcote Rd AUCKLAND VOLCANIC FIELD The Auckland Volcanic Field is an intra-plate field of 53 small monogenetic basalt volcanoes (Fig. 1) that have erupted in the last 200,000 years (Hayward et al., 2011; Leonard et al., 2017; Hopkins et al., 2017; Hayward, 2017a). All except Rangitoto are believed to have erupted on land into a forested landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina
    Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use for it, write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return it UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Bulletin 867 GEOLOGY OF THE COASTAL PLAIN OF SOUTH CAROLINA BY C. WYTHE COOKE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1936 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------ Price 60 cents CONTENTS ,Page Abstract.___-_-_----_--------------_---_------------_------_-.--. 1 Physical geography _______---_-___-_-_-_-_-__-_____-_--_____-__ 2 Geographic provinces.._-----------_----_---_-_.__.--_-_..._.__ 2 Geographic divisions of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina___.____ 3 Coastal terraces_________________________________________ 4 Pamlico terrace._____._-_-____.-___..___ ______________ 6 Talbot terrace_._---_._-..___.. ..___.....___.__._._ 7 Penholoway terrace.___-___-___-_-_____-__--__--___-__ 8 Wicomico terrace._____--__-_-_---__---_----_-__--_-__ 8 Sunderland terrace.._._-.-__-._----.___-.--____.-____. 8 Coharie terrace___------__--___---_.--_-_-----------._ 9 Brandy wine terrace ____-_-_--___--__---_--_--_-_--_--- 9 Aiken Plateau._----_-----_-_--____-__-_--------------_--_ 9 Richland red hills.-_______-__-__-_.----.--_---___._._._--_ 10 High Hills of Santee---------___......_....___...__.._. 10 Congaree sand hills__----_---.____--_-__---.----.-------_ 11 Drainage__ ____---------_-_-.--__-...---__--_-_-__-__.-_._.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphogenesis and Ecogenesis of Bivalves in the Phanerozoic
    Morphogenesis and Ecogenesis of Bivalves in the Phanerozoic L. A. Nevesskaja Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 123, Moscow, 117997 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received March 18, 2002 Contents Vol. 37, Suppl. 6, 2003 The supplement is published only in English by MAIK "Nauka/lnlerperiodica" (Russia). I’uleonlologicul Journal ISSN 003 I -0301. INTRODUCTION S59I CHAPTER I. MORPHOLOGY OF BIVALVES S593 (1) S true lure of the Soil Body S593 (2) Development of the Shell (by S.V. Popov) S597 (3) Shell Mierosluelure (by S.V. Popov) S598 (4) Shell Morphology S600 (5) Reproduetion and Ontogenelie Changes of the Soft Body and the Shell S606 CHAPTER II. SYSTEM OF BIVALVES S609 CHAPTER III. CHANGES IN THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF BIVALVES IN THE PHANEROZOIC S627 CHAPTER IV. DYNAMICS OF THE TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF BIVALVES IN THE PHANEROZOIC S631 CHAPTER V. MORPHOGENESIS OF BIVALVE SHELLS IN THE PHANEROZOIC S635 CHAPTER VI. ECOLOGY OF BIVALVES S644 (1) Faelors Responsible lor the Distribution of Bivalves S644 (a) Abiotic Factors S644 (b) Biotic Factors S645 (c) Environment and Composition of Benthos in Different Zones of the Sea S646 (2) Elhologieal-Trophie Groups of Bivalves and Their Distribution in the Phanerozoic S646 (a) Ethological-Trophic Groups S646 (b) Distribution of Ethological-Trophic Groups in Time S649 CHAPTER VII. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SHELL MORPHOLOGY OF BIVALVES AND THEIR MODE OF LIFE S652 (1) Morphological Characters of the Shell Indicative of the Mode of Life, Their Appearance and Evolution S652 (2) Homeomorphy in Bivalves S654 CHAPTER VIII. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ETHOLOGICAL-TROPHIC GROUPS AND CHANGES IN THEIR TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OVER TIME S654 (1) Morphological Characterization of Major Ethological-Trophic Groups S654 (2) Changes in the Taxonomic Composition of the Ethological-Trophic Groups in Time S657 CHAPTER IX.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA of the ALUM BLUFF GROUP of FLORIDA PART Vm
    If you no longer need this publication write to the Geological Survey in Washington for an official mailing label to use in returning it UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA PART Vm. CTENOBRANCHIA (REMAINDER) ASPIDOBRANCHIA, AND SCAPHOPODA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 142-H UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR J. A. Krug, Secretary GEOtOGICAi SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director Professional Paper 142-H THE MOLLUSGAN FAUNA OF THE ALUM BLUFF GROUP OF FLORIDA By Julia Gardner PART VIII. CTENOBRANCHIA (REMAINDER) ASPIDOBRANCHIA, AND SCAPHOPODA Published 1947 (Pages 493 - 656) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1947 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1.00 CONTENTS Page Page Introduction i.................................... T.. 493 Systematic descriptions Continued. List of localities.... ............................... 493-494 Phylum Mollusca Continued. Systematic descriptions ...................... 501 Class Gastropoda Continued. 1 Phylum Mollusca .... .\ ................... 501 Order Ctenobranchia Continued. C ass Gastropoda .................... 501 Suborder Mesogastropoda Continued. C'rder Ctenobranchia .............. 501 Superfamily Ptenoglossa Continued. Family ?Epitoniidae ....... 578 Suborder Stenoglossa ........ 501 Superfamily Cerithiacea ........ 579 Family Pyrenidae .... 501 Family Litiopidae .......... 579 Family Muricidae .... 516 Family Modulidae ........... 581 Suborder Mesogastropoda
    [Show full text]
  • Strugnell2009chap26.Pdf
    Scaphopod mollusks (Scaphopoda) Jan M. Strugnella,* and A. Louise Allcockb (Baltodentialiidae and Prodentaliidae), whereas four aDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, others contain at least one fossil genus each, along Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK; with genera containing living species (Dentaliidae, b The Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Gadilinidae, Laevidentaliidae, and Gadilidae). 7 e orders Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. of Scaphopoda diB er in the shape of the foot. 7 e den- *To whom correspondence should be addressed (jan.strugnell@ gmail.com) taliidans have a conical foot whereas gadilidans have a worm-shaped foot with a terminal disk capable of expan- sion. Additional distinguishing features are provided by Abstract Steiner (2). 7 e monophyly of the two orders has been supported by morphological data (3) and by molecu- The tusk shells (~500 sp.) are grouped into 14 families lar analyses based on the nuclear gene for 18S riboso- and two orders within the molluscan Class Scaphopoda. mal RNA (rRNA) (4) and the mitochondrial cytochrome Only two molecular studies have focused on phylogen- o x i d a s e I gene (COI) (5). etic relationships within scaphopods. Estimates of diver- 7 e Order Gadilida comprises four recent families. gence times among families are estimated here. The Entalinidae is placed within the Suborder Entalimorpha, initial divergence among scaphopods, separating Gadilida distinguished by a ribbed shell and by a smooth rachis and Dentaliida, is estimated to have occurred near the in the radula. 7 e remaining three families— Pulsellidae, Devonian–Carboniferous boundary, ~359 million years Wemersoniellidae, and Gadilidae—are placed within ago (Ma), with the Fustiariidae, Rhabdidae, and Dentaliidae the Suborder Gadilimorpha, distinguished by a smooth diverging in the Carboniferous (359–299 Ma).
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of Species-Group Names of Recent and Fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca)
    Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Gerhard STEINER Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna (Austria) [email protected] Alan R. KABAT Formerly Dpt of Invertebrate Zoology (Mollusks), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 (USA) Present address: 2401 Calvert Street, Washington, D.C. 20008-2669 (USA) [email protected] Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. 2004. — Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema 26 (4) : 549-726. ABSTRACT This catalog lists names of Recent and fossil species-group taxa of the mollus- can class Scaphopoda. Of a total of 1965 entries, 517 are attributed to valid Recent taxa, 816 to valid fossil taxa, 543 are invalid names, and 89 were sub- sequently excluded from the Scaphopoda. The authorship and complete bib- liographic references are provided for each name. The original and current generic allocation, type locality, and type material depositories, as far as avail- able, are provided. Synonyms, geographic distributions, and bathymetric ranges are provided for Recent taxa. Cross references to junior synonyms are based upon published opinions. Eight species taxa are newly synonymized herein: Dentalium tessellatum is a junior synonym of Entalinopsis habutae; Dentalium caudani is a junior synonym of Fissidentalium candidum; F. ergas- ticum, F. milneedwardsi, and F. scamnatum are junior synonyms of F. capillo- sum; F. exuberans is a junior synonym of F. paucicostatum; and Cadulus halius is a junior synonym of C. podagrinus. Three subspecific taxa are synonymized with the respective nominate species: Antalis cerata tenax, Polyschides rushii arne, and Gadila agassizii hatterasensis.
    [Show full text]