The “Proceso's” Public: How Argentina's Last

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The “Proceso's” Public: How Argentina's Last The “Proceso’s” Public: How Argentina’s last military dictatorship shaped the urban and social landscapes of Buenos Aires through public space Molly Rockhold Senior Honors Thesis, New York University Urban Design and Architecture Studies, Spanish Advisors: Jonathan Ritter Gabriel Giorgi April 2017 Rockhold 1 Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Local Neighborhood Spaces ...................................................................................................... 16 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Plaza de Mayo ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Plaza Houssay ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Plaza Monseñor de Andrea ..................................................................................................................... 37 Plazas: Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 2 Legacies, Spectacle and Amusement ........................................................................................ 45 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 45 The 1978 World Cup: All Eyes on Argentina ......................................................................................... 46 Interama .................................................................................................................................................. 54 Allocating Space for the Megapark .................................................................................................... 55 Amusement Park Antecedents to Interama in Argentina .................................................................... 57 The Plan .............................................................................................................................................. 60 The Players .......................................................................................................................................... 64 Design and Construction ..................................................................................................................... 66 The Space Tower and its Significance ................................................................................................ 68 Highways: Modernizing and Connecting a Fractured City ..................................................................... 72 Interama and the Middle Class................................................................................................................ 77 Interama Today ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 81 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 84 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 88 Rockhold 2 Abstract This thesis sets out to analyze the involvement of the last Argentine dictatorship (1976- 1983) in the sphere of public space, taking the city of Buenos Aires and its urban infrastructure as a case study. Throughout its seven-year reign, the dictatorship violently implemented the “Proceso de Reorganización Nacional” (the “National Reorganization Process”) that simultaneously repressed democratic government opposition and sought to “clean up” Argentine society. My research analyzes two major projects of this “Proceso,” the creation and renovation of neighborhood parks and plazas for domestic appeal and the planning of a multi-faceted zoo- garden-amusement park complex to fashion an international image. While it can be said that both of these projects benefitted city residents, they prioritized certain demographic groups over others and served the corrupt government’s overarching goal to legitimize itself and appease critics at home and abroad. This research investigates case studies through the study of primary documents, secondary interpretations, personal interviews and formal site analysis. These sources help to answer questions about how urban planning played a central but hidden role during the Proceso to create proper public spaces to serve particular conceptions of citizenship and the role of authoritarian modernization throughout this process. Resumen Esta tesis propone analizar el involucramiento de la última dictadura argentina (1976- 1983) en la esfera del espacio público, usando a la ciudad de Buenos Aires y su infraestructura urbana como caso práctico. Durante los siete años de dictadura militar, se implementó de forma violenta y represiva el “Proceso de Reorganización Nacional” que simultáneamente reprimió la política y participación democrática opositora y buscó “limpiar” la sociedad argentina. Esta tesis analiza dos proyectos particulares de este Proceso, la construcción y renovación de plazas y parques vecindarios para aumentar atracción doméstica y el planeamiento de un “parque zoofitogeográfico” que también incluiría un parque de diversiones/parque temático con el fin de fabricar una imagen internacional. Aunque se puede decir que ambos proyectos beneficiaron a los residentes de la ciudad, priorizaron ciertos sectores demográficos ante otros y desarrollaron la meta final del gobierno corrupto: legitimar su poder y aplacar las críticas locales e internacionales. Estas investigaciones analizan los casos particulares a través del análisis de documentos primarios, interpretaciones de segunda mano, entrevistas personales y análisis formal de cada sitio. Estas fuentes ayudan a contestar las preguntas específicas de cómo el planeamiento urbano tuvo un papel central pero relativamente oculto durante el Proceso creando espacios públicos apropiados para servir concepciones de ciudadanía y, además, desarrollando una modernización autoritaria durante este proceso. Notes ❖ Unless otherwise noted, all to-date pictures of Buenos Aires, La Plata and New York are the author’s work, taken in August 2016 ❖ All texts cited here originally appear in Spanish and are the author’s original translations Rockhold 3 Acknowledgements I would not be sincere in my efforts if I did not dedicate this work to my mother and the strong Argentine womxn that have surrounded and supported me from the very beginning. Each one of them has lived through periods of tremendous injustice and nevertheless, persisted. Having seen battles on one’s own block and close friends disappear overnight leaves a numbing effect on a person, and, as I have learned, entire nations as well. The sobering lessons I have learned by having the honor of growing up by their side have been invaluable and contribute to this unique worldview I carry with me. No estaría siendo honesta si no dedicaría este trabajo a mi madre y a las fuertes mujeres argentinas que me apoyaron y rodearon desde el principio. Cada una de ellas ha vivido épocas de injusticias y ha visto amigos y compañeros cercanos desaparecer en segundos, dejando una huella/marca/efecto tanto a la persona como en su población entera. Las amargas lecciones que he tenido el honor de aprender a su lado, han sido cruciales para la construcción de la perspectiva personal que hoy me caracteriza y enfatiza mi deseo por compartir dichas historias. Es cierto que no son mis historias personales, pero decido contarlas desde mi mejor punto de vista y capacidad. No statement speaks louder than survival and perseverance and these powerful women have been kind enough to impart their knowledge and share their many stories with me throughout my life. Many have survived more than any of us can imagine, while the world continues oblivious to the delitos that were committed throughout Latin America during the late 20th century. It is my hope that this analysis and the possibility of reading and writing future works that analyze the urban environment will constitute as an introduction to the English- speaking world about this period in Argentine and Latin American History. Rockhold 4 Ninguna declaración habla más fuerte que la supervivencia y la perseverancia - estas poderosas mujeres han sido lo suficientemente amables para impartir sus conocimientos y compartir sus muchas historias conmigo a lo largo de mi vida. Muchos han sobrevivido más de lo que cualquiera de nosotros puede imaginar, mientras que el mundo sigue ajeno a los delitos que ocurrieron en toda América Latina. Espero que este análisis y trabajos futuros que
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