Description of Bofaml's Auction Rate Securities Practices and Procedures
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Short Sellers and Financial Misconduct 6 7 ∗ 8 JONATHAN M
jofi˙1597 jofi2009v2.cls (1994/07/13 v1.2u Standard LaTeX document class) June 25, 2010 19:56 JOFI jofi˙1597 Dispatch: June 25, 2010 CE: AFL Journal MSP No. No. of pages: 35 PE: Beetna 1 THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LXV, NO. 5 • OCTOBER 2010 2 3 4 5 Short Sellers and Financial Misconduct 6 7 ∗ 8 JONATHAN M. KARPOFF and XIAOXIA LOU 9 10 ABSTRACT 11 12 We examine whether short sellers detect firms that misrepresent their financial state- ments, and whether their trading conveys external costs or benefits to other investors. 13 Abnormal short interest increases steadily in the 19 months before the misrepresen- 14 tation is publicly revealed, particularly when the misconduct is severe. Short selling 15 is associated with a faster time-to-discovery, and it dampens the share price inflation 16 that occurs when firms misstate their earnings. These results indicate that short sell- 17 ers anticipate the eventual discovery and severity of financial misconduct. They also convey external benefits, helping to uncover misconduct and keeping prices closer to 18 fundamental values. 19 20 21 22 SHORT SELLING IS A CONTROVERSIAL ACTIVITY. Detractors claim that short sell- 23 ers undermine investors’ confidence in financial markets and decrease market 24 liquidity. For example, a short seller can spread false rumors about a firm 25 in which he has a short position and profit from the resulting decline in the 1 26 stock price. Advocates, in contrast, argue that short selling facilitates market 27 efficiency and the price discovery process. Investors who identify overpriced 28 firms can sell short, thereby incorporating their unfavorable information into 29 market prices. -
Asset Securitization
L-Sec Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks Asset Securitization Comptroller’s Handbook November 1997 L Liquidity and Funds Management Asset Securitization Table of Contents Introduction 1 Background 1 Definition 2 A Brief History 2 Market Evolution 3 Benefits of Securitization 4 Securitization Process 6 Basic Structures of Asset-Backed Securities 6 Parties to the Transaction 7 Structuring the Transaction 12 Segregating the Assets 13 Creating Securitization Vehicles 15 Providing Credit Enhancement 19 Issuing Interests in the Asset Pool 23 The Mechanics of Cash Flow 25 Cash Flow Allocations 25 Risk Management 30 Impact of Securitization on Bank Issuers 30 Process Management 30 Risks and Controls 33 Reputation Risk 34 Strategic Risk 35 Credit Risk 37 Transaction Risk 43 Liquidity Risk 47 Compliance Risk 49 Other Issues 49 Risk-Based Capital 56 Comptroller’s Handbook i Asset Securitization Examination Objectives 61 Examination Procedures 62 Overview 62 Management Oversight 64 Risk Management 68 Management Information Systems 71 Accounting and Risk-Based Capital 73 Functions 77 Originations 77 Servicing 80 Other Roles 83 Overall Conclusions 86 References 89 ii Asset Securitization Introduction Background Asset securitization is helping to shape the future of traditional commercial banking. By using the securities markets to fund portions of the loan portfolio, banks can allocate capital more efficiently, access diverse and cost- effective funding sources, and better manage business risks. But securitization markets offer challenges as well as opportunity. Indeed, the successes of nonbank securitizers are forcing banks to adopt some of their practices. Competition from commercial paper underwriters and captive finance companies has taken a toll on banks’ market share and profitability in the prime credit and consumer loan businesses. -
Auction Rate Securities 1
Auction Rate Securities 1 Auction Rate Securities (ARS) were marketed by broker-dealers to investors, including individuals, corporations and charitable foundations as liquid, short-term, cash-equivalent investments similar to traditional commercial paper. The securities, however, were long-term floating rate bonds or preferred stock with floating rate coupons which gave them a superficial similarity to short-term investments. ARS’s liquidity and similarity to short-term investments were entirely dependent on the presence of sufficient orders to buy outstanding ARS at periodic auctions in which they were bought and sold subject to a contractual ceiling on the interest rate the issuer would have to pay. If the interest rate that would clear the market was greater than this maximum rate, the auctions “failed” and existing holders of the securities were forced to hold securities they wanted to sell and had previously thought were liquid. If the demand for an ARS was too low to clear the market, broker dealers sponsoring the auction could place bids just below the maximum interest rate to clear the auction. The lower the public demand for an issue, the larger the quantity broker dealers had to buy to avoid a failed auction. Participating broker dealers had better information than public investors about the creditworthiness of the ARS issuers and were the only parties with information about the broker dealers’ holdings and inclination to abandon their support of the auctions. In addition, brokerage firms involved in the auctions knew of temporary maximum rate waivers negotiated with the issuers and the ratings agencies that allowed auctions that would have failed in late 2007 to continue to clear. -
Auction Rate Securities Issue Brief
C ALIFORNIA DEBT AND ISSUE BRIEF INVESTMENT ADVISORY California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission August 2004 C OMMISSION AUCTION RATE SECURITIES Douglas Skarr CDIAC Policy Research Unit The Auction Rate Securities market has Securities must carefully evaluate the current expanded significantly in the public finance environment, their objectives, and consider how sector since 2001. Nationwide, issuance of this debt will be managed over the long term. auction rate securities, including the public finance area, grew from $100 billion in the This Issue Brief provides an overview of the first quarter of 2002 to $200 billion by the end market, mechanics, costs, benefits and risks of the fourth quarter of 2003. Public finance associated with Auction Rate Securities. has become the fastest-growing sector to use auction rate securities, with total issuance I. DEFINITION AND PURPOSE projected to grow at double-digit rates in the Auction Rate Securities (ARS) are long term, future (see Figure 1). variable rate bonds tied to short term interest rates. ARS have a long term nominal maturity Figure 1 – ARS Issues Outstanding with interest rates reset through a modified ARS Outstanding 2002-2003 Dutch auction, at predetermined short term 250 intervals, usually 7, 28, or 35 days. They trade 200 at par and are callable at par on any interest payment date at the option of the issuer. 150 Interest is paid at the current period based on 100 the interest rate determined in the prior auction ($)In Billions period. 50 0 Although ARS are issued and rated as long term Q1- Q2- Q3- Q4- Q1- Q2- Q3- Q4- 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 bonds (20 to 30 years), they are priced and Total Municipal traded as short term instruments because of the liquidity provided through the interest rate reset The use of auction rate financing is becoming mechanism. -
Hybrid Securities
Analysis MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL GUIDE 2015/16 CAPITAL MARKETS Hybrid securities: an overview Ze'-ev D Eiger, Peter J Green, Thomas A Humphreys and Jeremy C Jennings-Mares Morrison & Foerster LLP global.practicallaw.com/1-517-1581 The history of hybrid securities may well be divided into two x The main bank regulatory requirements and how these differ by periods: pre-financial crisis and post-financial crisis. Before the jurisdiction. crisis, hybrid issuances by financial institutions including banks and insurance companies, and corporate issuers, which are generally x The main tax considerations and how these differ by jurisdiction. utilities, were quite significant. Such product structuring efforts x The accounting considerations. resulted in a vast array of hybrid products, such as trust preferred securities, real estate investment trust (REIT) preferred securities, x The ratings considerations. perpetual preferred securities and paired or stapled hybrid x How hybrid securities can be offered and how and to whom they structures. Following the financial crisis, regulators have been are usually marketed. focused on enhancing the regulatory capital requirements applicable to financial institutions and ensuring that there is Format greater transparency regarding financial instruments. Regulatory reform will continue to affect the future of hybrid capital. While Hybrid securities include: financial institutions have focused in recent years on non- x Certain classes of preferred stock. cumulative perpetual preferred stock and contingent capital instruments, "traditional" hybrids, such as trust preferred x Trust preferred securities (for non-bank issuers). securities, remain popular with corporate issuers. x Convertible debt securities (for non-bank issuers). This article provides a brief overview of the principal structuring, x Debt securities with principal write-down features. -
Project-Finance-Second-Edition-Boj.Pdf
The BOOK of JARGON ® Project Finance The Latham & Watkins Glossary of Project Development, Acquisition and Finance Slang and Terminology Second Edition Latham & Watkins operates worldwide as a limited liability partnership organized under the laws of the State of Delaware (USA) with affiliated limited liability partnerships conducting the practice in the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Singapore and as affiliated partnerships conducting the practice in Hong Kong and Japan. Latham & Watkins practices in Saudi Arabia in association with the Law Office of Salman M. Al-Sudairi. In Qatar, Latham & Watkins LLP is licensed by the Qatar Financial Centre Authority. Under New York’s Code of Professional Responsibility, portions of this communication contain attorney advertising. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. Results depend upon a variety of factors unique to each representation. Please direct all inquiries regarding our conduct under New York’s Disciplinary Rules to Latham & Watkins LLP, 885 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022-4834, Phone: +1.212.906.1200. © Copyright 2013 Latham & Watkins. All Rights Reserved. 2 The purpose of this publication is to assist the newest members of the project finance community in learning to talk the talk of project finance. It is intended to be a “Berlitz Course” for recent law school and business school graduates seeking initiation into the industry, and a desktop reference for not-so-recent graduates. In this book, you will find the key to the secret verbal handshakes that make up the code of the project finance community. We love this stuff. The PF Book of Jargon is one of a series of practice area-specific Books of Jargon published by Latham & Watkins. -
Printmgr File
Semiannual June 30, 2021 Loomis Sayles High Income Fund Table of Contents Loomis Sayles Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund Portfolio Review 1 Portfolio of Investments 14 Loomis Sayles Investment Grade Bond Fund Financial Statements 64 Loomis Sayles Strategic Alpha Fund Notes to Financial Statements 92 Loomis Sayles Strategic Income Fund LOOMIS SAYLES HIGH INCOME FUND Managers Symbols Matthew J. Eagan, CFA® Class A NEFHX Brian P. Kennedy Class C NEHCX Elaine M. Stokes Class N LSHNX Todd P. Vandam, CFA® Class Y NEHYX Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. Investment Goal The Fund seeks high current income plus the opportunity for capital appreciation to produce a high total return. Average Annual Total Returns—June 30, 20213 Expense Ratios4 6 Months 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years Life of Class N Gross Net Class Y (Inception 2/29/08) NAV 3.28% 16.88% 6.89% 5.76% —% 0.98% 0.75% Class A (Inception 2/22/84) NAV 3.14 16.53 6.60 5.50 — 1.22 1.00 With 4.25% Maximum Sales Charge -1.18 11.46 5.67 5.04 — Class C (Inception 3/2/98) NAV 2.75 15.86 5.82 4.88 — 1.97 1.75 With CDSC1 1.75 14.86 5.82 4.88 — Class N (Inception 11/30/16) NAV 3.295 16.88 — — 6.52 0.88 0.70 Comparative Performance Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Corporate High-Yield Bond Index2 3.62 15.37 7.48 6.66 6.92 Performance data shown represents past performance and is no guarantee of, and not necessarily indicative of, future results. -
Book-Entry Only -~. $109000000 Alaska Student Loan
NEW ISSUE BOOK-ENTRYONLY In the minion of Wohlforth. Johnson. Brecht. Cartledee. & Brookine. IIC.. Bond Counsel. based an an analvsis oferistinestatotes. reeulotioaq~ . -~. -. - - ~ ~~ ~~. dings, and courr decisions, nnd oswming, ornong ulher ihtngs, cornplionce 4, rhe Corporalton w~lhrri coucnonts relaltng lo cerloin requwernenrs conloinrd L rke inrerml Reuenur. Code of 1986, as amended, tn1err.d on rhe 2007 Bond? is aeluded front gross tneonle of registered owwrs thereof for federal tncomelarpurporcs. lloweuer, inleresl on rlcr 2007 Bonds ts a spmficprefm-nr.Ifern forpurpocr.soflbr frdmd indtutdt~olandcorporare olternatiue minimum tares. Bond Counsel expresses no opinion regarding myother tar consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of or the occrual or receipt ofinterest on, the 2007Bonds. Interest on the 2007 Bonds is erempt from taration by the State ofAlaska wept for inheritonce and estate tares and tares on transfers by or in contemplation ofdeath. See "TAXEXEMPTION" $109,000,000 ALASKA STUDENT LOAN CORPORATION Education Loan Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2007A $41,500,000 $18,500,000 $49,000,000 Senior Series 2007A-1 (AMT) Senior Series 2007A-2 (AMT) Senior Series 2007A-3 (AMT) (Auction Rate Securities) Fixed Rate Bonds Fixed Rate Bonds Dated: Date of Delivery Due: As shown on inside front cover The Education Loan Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2007A, consisting of $41,500,000 Education Loan Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2007A-1 (the "2007A-1 Bonds"), $18,500,000 Education Loan Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2007A-2 (the "2007A-2 Bands"), and $49,000,000 Education Loan Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2007A-3 (the "2007A-3 Bonds,'' and together with the 2007A-1 Bonds and the 2007A-2 Bonds, the "2007 Bonds") are being issued by the Alaska Student Loan Corporation (the "Corporation") in fully registered form only, without coupons. -
Derivative Securities
2. DERIVATIVE SECURITIES Objectives: After reading this chapter, you will 1. Understand the reason for trading options. 2. Know the basic terminology of options. 2.1 Derivative Securities A derivative security is a financial instrument whose value depends upon the value of another asset. The main types of derivatives are futures, forwards, options, and swaps. An example of a derivative security is a convertible bond. Such a bond, at the discretion of the bondholder, may be converted into a fixed number of shares of the stock of the issuing corporation. The value of a convertible bond depends upon the value of the underlying stock, and thus, it is a derivative security. An investor would like to buy such a bond because he can make money if the stock market rises. The stock price, and hence the bond value, will rise. If the stock market falls, he can still make money by earning interest on the convertible bond. Another derivative security is a forward contract. Suppose you have decided to buy an ounce of gold for investment purposes. The price of gold for immediate delivery is, say, $345 an ounce. You would like to hold this gold for a year and then sell it at the prevailing rates. One possibility is to pay $345 to a seller and get immediate physical possession of the gold, hold it for a year, and then sell it. If the price of gold a year from now is $370 an ounce, you have clearly made a profit of $25. That is not the only way to invest in gold. -
(Equity Shares, Debentures, Bonds) DOS Avail Nomination for All Your
SHARE & DEBENTURE HOLDERS (Equity Shares, Debentures, Bonds) DOS 9 Avail nomination for all your investments without fail 9 Convert your physical certificates in to demat form by opening demat a/c 9 Provide your PAN card details in case of transfer / transmission of shares in physical form 9 Keep track of your investments on regular basis 9 Be alert to any public announcements on the shares of the companies that you have invested 9 Be aware that an intermediary or its staff making a recommendation, is required to disclose their interest/ position in that scrip 9 Read the Annual Report and enclosed explanatory statements, if any, before attending General Meetings 9 In case of any grievance, contact the compliance officer of the company / Debenture Trustee (DT) Be aware that listed companies, Registrar and Share Transfer Agents (RTA) and DTs are required to have a dedicated Email ID for registering your complaints 9 Approach SEBI, if grievance is not redressed by the Company / DT 9 Be aware that investor complaints against listed companies are displayed on the website(s) of SE 9 Be aware that the details of disposal of arbitration proceedings are displayed on the website(s) of SE DON’TS 8 Do not invest with borrowed money 8 Do not expect unrealistic / guaranteed returns 8 Do not be influenced by advertisement / advices / rumours / unauthentic news promising unrealistic gains and windfall profits in mass media 8 Do not be guided by astrological predictions on share prices and market movements 8 Do not fall prey to market rumours / ‘hot -
Reverse Live Auction for Bidder
Process for Reverse Live Auction What is Reverse Live Auction? Reverse Live Auction (RLA) implemented in the Chhattisgarh State Power Companies uses Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) module of SAP (globally Known ERP). RLA provides a real-time environment which drives bottom-line results significantly by putting suppliers into direct competition with each other. Transaction type “English Auction” is used in RLA which works on principal “New Bid Must Beat Overall Best Bid”. RLA have the provision of setting up the auction with automatic extensions that is if the bid is submitted within few minutes/seconds of the auction end time. The auction end time will automatically get extended, based on the timing parameters fixed by purchaser. Automatic Extension of end time in RLA is based on below given 3 parameters defined by Purchaser and also visible to bidders once the RLA is published: • Remaining Time Trigger: This field refers to the duration of time (minutes), before which Reverse Live Auction is programmed to end, if a new bid is placed within this time duration, the RLA will be extended with specified time (Extension Period). • Extension Period: The span of time (hours or minutes) by which the system extends an RLA, if a bid is received during “Remaining Time Trigger” period. • Number of Extensions: This field depicts the maximum number of times by which an auction can be extended automatically. Process for Reverse Live Auction Please follow the below given steps to configure Java to run the “Live Auction Cockpit” in case the Application is blocked by JAVA: 1. Go to Control Panel > Double click on JAVA to open. -
Debt Financing Terms and Concepts
Appendix C DEBT FINANCING TERMS AND CONCEPTS This appendix is designed to provide definitions drafted in plain English for terms and concepts used in connection with debt issuance. To be consistent with customary industry practice, the term bonds is used to mean either long-term bonds or, more generally, bonds, notes, commercial paper, certificates of participation, and other types of evidence of debt. The index to the California Debt Issuance Primer (Primer) may contain cross-references to terms not defined here in alphabetical order. ACCELERATION A remedy provided in many security agreements (including many indentures and bond resolutions) by which the trustee may declare all future payments of principal immediately due and payable after the occurrence of certain specified events—usually called events of default. In some security agreements the trustee may be required to accelerate upon the occurrence of an event of default. Sometimes acceleration can occur only upon the consent or direction of a credit enhancement provider or only upon the request of the holders of a specified percentage of the bonds (often 25 percent). Generally, unless the security agreement provides otherwise, acceleration results in available monies being used first to pay interest pro rata on all the bonds and, if interest is fully paid, to pay principal pro rata on all maturities. As a result, all the bonds are placed on an equal footing, regardless of their scheduled maturity. ACCRUED INTEREST In general, interest that has been earned on a bond but not yet paid—usually because it is not yet due. More specifically, this term is often used to refer to interest earned on a bond from its dated date to the closing date.