Journal of Avian Biology JAV-01278 Ramachandran, V., Robin, V. V., Tamma, K. and Ramakrishnan, U. 2016. Climatic and geographic barriers drive distributional patterns of bird phenotypes within peninsular India. – J. Avian Biol. doi: 10.1111/ jav.01278

Supplementary material

1 Appendix 1

2 Figure A1. Map of the study area with the regions separated by potential barriers.

3

4

Table A1 Description of the regions identified with the help of the race distribution and its correspondence to the WWF eco- regions (Olson et al 2001)

Region Northern limit Southern limit Habitats corresponding to WWF Eco-regions Remarks

S.SH Shencotta gap Till the tip of the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, Contains areas on the Eastern Slopes and

Western Ghats South Western Ghats montane rain forests, catchments of the rivers draining from the

Deccan thorn scrub forests and Malabar Coast Western ghats

moist forests.

S.PG Palghat gap Till the Malabar Coast moist forests, South Western Includes eastern spurs and hill complexes

Shencotta gap Ghats moist deciduous forests, South Western harboring Western ghat endemics

Ghats montane rain forests, South Western

Ghats moist deciduous forests, South Deccan

Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan

thorn scrub forests.

S.CH Chalayar river Till the Palghat Malabar Coast moist forests, South Western

gap Ghats moist deciduous forests, South Western

Ghats montane rain forests

S.CU Cauvery river Chalayar river Malabar Coast moist forests, South Western Northern boundary coincides with transition

Ghats montane rain forests, South Western from South Western Ghats montane rain

Ghats moist deciduous forests, South Deccan forests, South Western Ghats moist deciduous

Plateau dry deciduous forests, North Western forests to North Western Ghats montane rain

Ghats montane rain forests, North Western forests, North Western Ghats moist deciduous

Ghats moist deciduous forests forests

S.GO Goa gap Cauvery river Malabar Coast moist forests, North Western Northern boundary coincides with the

Ghats montane rain forests, North Western southern limits of the Narmada valley dry

Ghats moist deciduous forests, Deccan thorn deciduous forests. Southern boundary

scrub forests, Narmada valley dry deciduous coincides with the Northern limit of the South

forests, South Western Ghats montane rain Western Ghats montane rain forests, South

forests, South Western Ghats moist deciduous Western Ghats moist deciduous forests and

forests, southern limits of the North Western Ghats

montane rain forests, North Western Ghats

moist deciduous forests

S.NMH Northern Goa gap Malabar Coast moist forests, North Western Northern boundary coincides with the

Maharashtra Ghats moist deciduous forests, North Western northern extent of the Malabar Coast moist

Ghats montane rain forests, Narmada Valley forests, and approximately with the northern

dry deciduous forests, Deccan thorn scrub extent of the North Western Ghats montane

forests. rain forests, and the southern limit of the

Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests.

S.NA Narmada River Northern North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, Northern boundary approximately coincides

Maharashtra Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests, North with the northern limits of the North Western

Western Ghats montane rain forests. Khathiar- Ghats moist deciduous forests. The western

Gir dry deciduous forests, Deccan thorn scrub boundary with the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous

forests forests and the Southern boundary with the

northern limit of the North Western Ghats

montane rain forests.

ST Vindyas Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests, Central The southern limit of this region coincides with

Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests, Eastern the Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous

highlands moist deciduous forests, and Deccan forests eco-region. The western limit with the

thorn scrub forests. Deccan thorn scrub forests.

CN Gangentic plains 21 degrees Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests, Chhota- The northern limit of the region corresponds

Nagpur dry deciduous forests, Eastern to the southern limit of the Upper Gangetic

highlands moist deciduous forests, Plains moist deciduous forests, and the

Northern dry deciduous forests, Orissa semi- western limit of the Lower Gangetic plains

evergreen forests, Lower Gangetic Plains moist moist deciduous forests.

deciduous forests.

S.MAH Mahanadi river Godavary delta Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests, The Southern limit of the region is the

Northern dry deciduous forests, Orissa semi- southern extent of the Eastern highland moist

evergreen forests, Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests.

deciduous forests

S.GOV Godavary delta Pennar river Deccan thorn scrub forests, Central Deccan The southern boundary coincides with the

Plateau dry deciduous forests southern limit of the Central Deccan Plateau

dry deciduous forests eco-region.

N.CU Pennar river Cauvery river South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests, The Eastern edge of the region run along the

Deccan thorn scrub forests, East Deccan dry- distribution of the East Deccan dry-evergreen

evergreen forests, Central Deccan Plateau dry forests.

deciduous forests.

BRH South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests, The south-western boundary coincides with

South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests. the eastern edge of the South Western Ghats

montane rain forests. The region represents a

clear wet-dry continuum from the south-west

to the north-east.

Figure A2 Frequency distribution of Mantel’s statistic r and p value for a)βSor b) βSIM for 10000 random communities using ‘independent swap’ algorithm a)

b)

Figure A3. (a). Family-wise analysis using average linkage clustering of subspecies dissimilarity (βSor) within families, a) Order: Passeriformes (n=218), b)Family: Muscicapidae (n=101), c) sub-Family: Timaliinae (n=38), d) sub-Family:

Turdinae (n=38),e) sub-Family: Sylviinae (n=23), f) Family: Picnonotidae (n=19), g) Family: Picidae (n=20), h) Strigidae (n=23)

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

Figure A3. (b). Family-wise analysis using average linkage clustering of subspecies dissimilarity (β Sim) within families, a) Order: Passeriformes (n=218), b)Family: Muscicapidae (n=101), c) sub-Family: Timaliinae (n=38), d) sub-Family:

Turdinae (n=38),e) sub-Family: Sylviinae (n=23), f) Family: Picnonotidae (n=19), g) Family: Picidae (n=20), h) Strigidae (n=23)

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

Figure A3. Visualization of the bioclimatic variables across the regions of interest a) bio 4 Temperature seasonality (SD*100), b) bio 12 Total Annual Precipitation

(mm), c) bio 13 Precipitation of the wettest month (mm), d) bio 16 Precipitation of the wettest quarter (mm), e) bio 19 Precipitation of coldest quarter (mm)

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Figure A4. DFA of the recoded regions with a) present, b) Mid-Holocene, and c)

Last Glacial Maxima climate using the six variables (bio4, bio12, bio13, bio16,bio19 and surface area) a)

Canonical Plot 2 bio16

1

0

-1 inter

-2 dry

bio13 sa -3 bio19bio4

-4 wet Canonical2

-5

-6

-7 bio12

-8

-9

-10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Canonical1

b)

Canonical Plot 3

2

1 bio16

0 inter

-1 dry

-2

-3 wet sa Canonical2 bio4 bio13 -4 bio19

-5

-6

-7 bio12

-8

-9 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Canonical1

c)

Canonical Plot 2

bio16

0 inter -2 dry

-4 wet

sa Canonical2 -6 bio13 bio19 bio4

-8

-10

bio12

-12 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Canonical1

Figure A5: Proportion of endemics subspecies per region a) with Sri Lanka b) only Peninsular India. The peaks denote addition of endemics to the community inferring a divide

Table A2. Table of race and genetic concordance for 32 races in the Western

Ghats

Genetic Races populations

Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes ganeesa) 1 1

Black and Orange Flycatcher (Ficedula nigrorufa) 1 1

Broad-tailed grassbird (Schoenicola platyurus) 1 1

Brown-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe poioicephala) 1 2

Dark-fronted Babbler (Rhopocichla atriceps) 2 2

Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus simillimus) 2 2

Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher(Culicicapa ceylonensis) 1 1

Indian Blue Chat (Luscinia brunnea) 1 1

Nilgiri Flycatcher (Eumyias albicaudatus) 1 2

Nilgiri Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) 1 2

Nilgiri Wood Pigeon (Columba elphinstonii) 1 1

Nilgiri/Kerala Laughingthrush (Strophocincla cachinnans) 4 4

Orange-headed Ground Thrush (Geokichla citrina) 1 1

Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) 1 3

Paddy field Pippit (Anthus.rufulus) 1 1

Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata) 2 1

Puff-throated Babbler (Pellorneum ruficeps) 2 1

Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) 1 1

Scaly Thrush (Zoothera neilgherriensis) 1 1

Scimitar Babbler (Pomatorhinus horsfieldii) 1 2

White-bellied Fycatcher (Cyornis pallipes) 1 1

White-bellied Shortwing (Myiomela major) 2 3

Yellow browed bulbul (Iole indica) 1 2

Wynad Laughing Thrush (Dryonastes.delesserti) 1 1

Table A3 Factor loading of the PCA for the 19 bioclimatic variables extracted for the sub-regions.

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 - bio1 0.001303332 0.004090368 0.004751062 0.007080073 - - bio2 0.009348369 0.002478436 0.002718044 0.017382386 - - bio3 0.005375336 0.002837105 0.002539579 0.002332336 - - - - bio4 0.903620147 0.407006711 0.082281037 0.082393238 - - - bio5 0.019286716 0.004676067 0.004803724 0.019523112 - bio6 0.021954481 0.014303004 0.011854376 0.000917038 - - bio7 0.041241197 0.018979071 0.007050652 0.018606074 - - - - bio8 0.004823315 0.000313615 0.001531543 0.007542072 - bio9 0.005814216 0.006010497 0.019063706 0.034074856 - - - bio10 0.009949154 0.001525954 0.004967008 0.010359246 - bio11 0.01388001 0.008819117 0.003760975 0.013093135 - bio12 0.327019563 0.616501454 0.094648926 -0.53918782 - bio13 0.099133695 0.269880807 0.119441879 0.356208803 - - bio14 0.00376594 0.002464263 0.003290481 0.063105993 - - bio15 0.007212675 0.020325169 0.016566482 0.060628782 - bio16 0.184625192 0.585722229 0.198551533 0.4803846 - - bio17 0.014565572 0.00903867 0.020046364 0.249694894 - - bio18 0.045523871 0.044443927 0.114505732 0.520125133 - - bio19 0.165053302 0.187497385 0.957146453 0.041415547

Table A4

β Sor

S.SH S.PG S.CH BRH S.CU S.GO S.NMH S.NA SL.W SL.D S.MAH S.GOV N.CU CN S.PG 0.01694915 S.CH 0.08965517 0.07849829 BRH 0.3255814 0.33333333 0.265625 S.CU 0.16083916 0.16262976 0.0915493 0.22222222 S.GO 0.20289855 0.20430108 0.1459854 0.24793388 0.05925926 S.NMH 0.46825397 0.4745098 0.432 0.32110092 0.34146341 0.29661017 S.NA 0.69090909 0.69506726 0.66055046 0.5483871 0.58878505 0.55882353 0.3 SL.W 0.71942446 0.72241993 0.73913043 0.79508197 0.77205882 0.80152672 0.81512605 0.90291262 SL.D 0.69111969 0.6870229 0.70428016 0.74222222 0.73913043 0.75308642 0.7716895 0.86096257 0.24897959 S.MAH 0.70634921 0.70196078 0.68 0.56880734 0.61788618 0.58474576 0.48113208 0.44444444 0.8907563 0.85388128 S.GOV 0.6347032 0.63963964 0.60368664 0.37297297 0.53051643 0.48768473 0.39664804 0.46938776 0.87317073 0.83870968 0.45251397 N.CU 0.56756757 0.57333333 0.53636364 0.30851064 0.48148148 0.4368932 0.38461538 0.52 0.82692308 0.78835979 0.50549451 0.15436242 CN 0.79310345 0.78723404 0.76521739 0.64646465 0.69026549 0.67592593 0.52083333 0.4125 0.94495413 0.90954774 0.21875 0.53459119 0.59259259 ST 0.73799127 0.73275862 0.7092511 0.63076923 0.64125561 0.61502347 0.43915344 0.27388535 0.9255814 0.8877551 0.35449735 0.51282051 0.55974843 0.20710059

β SIM

S.SH S.PG S.CH BRH S.CU S.GO S.NMH S.NA SL.W SL.D S.MAH S.GOV N.CU CN S.PG 0.006849315 S.CH 0.083333333 0.0625 BRH 0.223214286 0.223214286 0.160714286 S.CU 0.142857143 0.135714286 0.078571429 0.125 S.GO 0.153846154 0.146153846 0.1 0.1875 0.023076923 S.NMH 0.367924528 0.367924528 0.330188679 0.301886792 0.235849057 0.216981132 S.NA 0.540540541 0.540540541 0.5 0.432432432 0.405405405 0.391891892 0.148648649 SL.W 0.704545455 0.704545455 0.727272727 0.776785714 0.765151515 0.8 0.79245283 0.864864865 SL.D 0.646017699 0.637168142 0.663716814 0.741071429 0.707964602 0.734513274 0.764150943 0.824324324 0.185840708 S.MAH 0.650943396 0.641509434 0.622641509 0.556603774 0.556603774 0.537735849 0.481132075 0.324324324 0.877358491 0.849056604 S.GOV 0.452054795 0.452054795 0.410958904 0.205479452 0.315068493 0.287671233 0.260273973 0.465753425 0.821917808 0.794520548 0.328767123 N.CU 0.368421053 0.368421053 0.328947368 0.144736842 0.263157895 0.236842105 0.263157895 0.513513514 0.763157895 0.736842105 0.407894737 0.136986301 CN 0.720930233 0.709302326 0.686046512 0.593023256 0.593023256 0.593023256 0.465116279 0.364864865 0.930232558 0.895348837 0.127906977 0.493150685 0.565789474 ST 0.638554217 0.626506024 0.602409639 0.56626506 0.518072289 0.506024096 0.361445783 0.22972973 0.903614458 0.86746988 0.265060241 0.479452055 0.539473684 0.192771084