DOCSLIB.ORG

By Yarrowia Lipolytica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
By Yarrowia Lipolytica Enhancing CO2 fixation by synergistic substrate cofeeding by Nian Liu B.S. Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2014 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2020 © 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of author ............................................................................................................................. Department of Chemical Engineering July 1, 2020 Certified by ........................................................................................................................................ Gregory Stephanopoulos William Henry Dow Professor of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ....................................................................................................................................... Patrick S. Doyle Robert T. Haslam (1911) Professor of Chemical Engineering Graduate Officer Enhancing CO2 fixation by synergistic substrate cofeeding by Nian Liu Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering On July 1, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ABSTRACT The irrevocable rise of atmospheric CO2 levels has prompted the development of scalable carbon fixation technologies in recent years. To this end, biological non-photosynthetic methods serve as promising leads since they not only sequester CO2, but also convert it into a variety of value-added fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals with high specificity. Additionally, as the organisms responsible for fixing CO2 derive energy from free electrons or electron carriers such as H2, the process can interface with existing photovoltaics to achieve a high energy efficiency (~8%) that outcompetes photosynthetic systems (<1%). In this thesis, we describe a non-photosynthetic CO2- fixation approach that sequentially utilizes an acetogenic bacterium and an oleaginous yeast to accomplish the conversion of H2/CO2 into lipid-based biodiesel with acetate as the key intermediate. Despite its feasibility, this two-stage system suffers from slow metabolism of the two chosen microbes. To remedy the issue, we began by identifying the limiting factors, which was determined to be insufficient ATP availability for CO2 fixation in the first stage and inadequate NADPH levels for acetate-driven lipogenesis in the second stage. Correspondingly, a dual carbon source cofeeding scheme was developed to promote mixed substrate metabolism in the two organisms, synergistically stimulating CO2 reduction into products. We demonstrate that minor amounts of glucose addition to acetogen cultures saturated with H2 enhances net CO2 conversion into acetate by simultaneously satisfying ATP and e− demands at the appropriate ratio. Similarly, feeding the resulting acetate in conjunction with small quantities of gluconate balances the supply of carbon, ATP, and NADPH, which significantly accelerates lipid formation. The work advances our understanding of systems-level control of metabolism and can be applied to many other situations as an alternative tool for enhancing strain performance in metabolic engineering. Many products other than biofuels can also be synthesized from CO2 using the two-stage non- photosynthetic design as long as proper organisms are employed. As such, in order to expand the utility of the process, we also developed a data-driven host selection framework. By implementing a recommender system algorithm on strain-product-titer information collected from literature, we aimed to systematically summarize the criteria used for choosing an organism given a certain product of interest and vice versa. The results revealed an implicit principle that governs the selection of model versus non-model host organisms, which could benefit many industrial biotechnological applications. Thesis Supervisor: Gregory Stephanopoulos Title: Willard Henry Dow Professor of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology 3 4 Acknowledgements To say that my six years of going through grad school was a ‘journey’ would be a massive understatement. It is by no means an exaggeration that the hardships I endured and the emotional swings I felt parallels that of Frodo as he crossed Middle Earth to reach Mount Doom (pardon my nerdy reference here). Although my PhD experience comes nowhere close to as exciting as his adventures (and it is probably best to leave it that way), I find peace in my mind knowing that we share something in common: Frodo always had his sidekick Sam close by his side to carry his footsteps onward when the need arose; I, too, had countless friends, families, and mentors who became the very giants that shouldered me throughout my research endeavor. Needless to say, I feel incredibly lucky and grateful to have everyone as part of my life here at MIT. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude towards my thesis advisor, Professor Gregory Stephanopoulos. Funnily enough, as part of a research group that specializes in metabolic engineering, I have rarely done much of the actual engineering, which at times brings me to question myself as to whether I am doing the right thing. Greg, on the other hand, never doubted my ideas and was patient enough to put up with a lot of the nonsense that I have thrown around throughout the years. I can confidently say that I would not have seen any of my projects through without his continued belief in my skills. His focus on impact and the utility of research have also been invaluable in pushing me to pay close attention to the big picture, in addition to laying a solid scientific foundation. All of his guidance and the resources he placed at my disposal, shaped me into the scientist I am today and for that, I am very thankful. Additionally, I would like to extend my acknowledgements to the rest of my thesis committee members, Professor Charles Cooney and Professor Richard Braatz, for their insightful comments and encouragements. The discussions we had during our meetings inspired me to look into areas beyond metabolic engineering and helped me build confidence in conducting scientific research. I am also indebted to Junyoung Park, whom I had the pleasure to collaborate with on the cofeeding project. In addition to the wealth of knowledge in cellular metabolism that he has imparted to me, what he has truly taught me is how to approach scientific research in general. Through our interactions, I have learned from him to design my experiments with a purpose in mind and to dig through my data extensively before rushing to the next experiment. Although he would always claim that these principles help him minimize manual labor and indulge on his ‘laziness’, I still hold him in the utmost respect as one of the best scientists I have had the honor to work with. Outside of lab and work, I regard Jun as a close friend and we had many interesting conversations and risky bets. Hopefully in the near future, I can finally cash in on some of the delicious Korean barbeque that he has promised me in LA. There are a number of other lab members and collaborators that I would like to thank as well. Yuting Zheng and Thomas Wasylenko were the first people who trained me when I joined the lab. With no prior experience in biology at all, it is a miracle I have made it this far and I owe it to both of them for helping me take the initial step. Kangjian Qiao was another postdoc in the lab I deeply respect. Much of his advice guided me through grad school, avoiding some of the common pitfalls, and I still discuss with him these days about planning my career. I interacted quite heavily with Zbigniew Lazar, who taught me a lot of neat tricks in molecular biology. Our interactions have really made the time I spend in lab much more enjoyable and I am honestly happy to have him as ‘my friend’. I have also had the pleasure to learn from Benjamin Woolston and his immeasurable 5 depth of knowledge in biotechnology and analytical chemistry. His actions have always inspired me to probe the fundamentals of every scientific aspect and not be content with superficial understandings. The time I spent with these mentors have really prepared me in becoming an independent researcher early on during grad school, which I leveraged to build many fruitful collaborations. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Junichi Mano for research on acid whey utilization, Suvi Santala and Ville Santala on wax ester production, David Emerson on acetogen metabolism, and Xiang Ji on microbial electrosynthesis. Of course, none of this would have been possible without the support from our lab’s administrative assistants, Rosangela dos Santos and Nicholas Pasinella, who worked tirelessly to take care of the mundane tasks and offered help whenever needed. Outside of research, I also have to thank a number of people in lab who I have had a lot of fun with. Jack Hammond was one of the few people I knew here that shared the same passion for gaming as I do. In many cases, I felt our personalities and general ‘chill’ attitudes were largely similar, which was refreshing in this hypercompetitive environment. I had many chats with Boonsum Uranukul and Alkiviadis Chatzivasileiou over coffee (despite me not drinking coffee), going over the small details of grad school life and the hardships associated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lipid Analysis of CO2-Rich Subsurface Aquifers Suggests an Autotrophy-Based Deep Biosphere with Lysolipids Enriched in CPR Bacteria
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:1547–1560 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0624-4 ARTICLE Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria 1,2 3,4 1,3 3 3 Alexander J. Probst ● Felix J. Elling ● Cindy J. Castelle ● Qingzeng Zhu ● Marcus Elvert ● 5,6 6 1 7,9 7 Giovanni Birarda ● Hoi-Ying N. Holman ● Katherine R. Lane ● Bethany Ladd ● M. Cathryn Ryan ● 8 3 1 Tanja Woyke ● Kai-Uwe Hinrichs ● Jillian F. Banfield Received: 20 November 2018 / Revised: 5 February 2020 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 / Published online: 13 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Sediment-hosted CO2-rich aquifers deep below the Colorado Plateau (USA) contain a remarkable diversity of uncultivated microorganisms, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that are putative symbionts unable to synthesize membrane lipids. The origin of organic carbon in these ecosystems is unknown and the source of CPR membrane lipids remains elusive. We collected cells from deep groundwater brought to the surface by eruptions of Crystal Geyser, sequenced 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: the community, and analyzed the whole community lipidome over time. Characteristic stable carbon isotopic compositions of microbial lipids suggest that bacterial and archaeal CO2 fixation ongoing in the deep subsurface provides organic carbon for the complex communities that reside there. Coupled lipidomic-metagenomic analysis indicates that CPR bacteria lack complete lipid biosynthesis pathways but still possess regular lipid membranes. These lipids may therefore originate from other community members, which also adapt to high in situ pressure by increasing fatty acid unsaturation.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlson Udel 0060D 13047.Pdf
    SYNTHETIC CARBON FIXATION FOR IMPROVED MICROBIAL FERMENTATION YIELDS by Ellinor Dorothee Carlson A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Summer 2017 © 2017 Ellinor Dorothee Carlson All Rights Reserved SYNTHETIC CARBON FIXATION FOR IMPROVED MICROBIAL FERMENTATION YIELDS by Ellinor Dorothee Carlson Approved: __________________________________________________________ Abraham M. Lenhoff, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Babatunde A. Ogunnaike, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Senior Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Maciek R. Antoniewicz, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Wilfred Chen, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
    Unit 4 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Topic Products and Reactants Best and Worst Colors for Photos nthesis " Light Dependent vs. Light Independent Reaction Organelles Responsible ADP VS. ATP Products and Reactants Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Aerobic: C6H120 6 + O2 ~C02 + H20 + 36 ATP Anaerobic: Human: C6H1206~ CO 2 + lactic acid + 4ATP • Yeast: C6H1206~ CO 2 + ethyl alcohol + 4ATP Best and Worst • Colors for . Photosynthesis i Light Dependent vs. Light Independent Reaction Organelles Responsible ADP vs. AlP 8986 - 1 - Page 1 Nanre: _______________________________________ In animal cells, the energy to convert ADP to AlP comes directly from A) organic molecules C) sunlight B) inorganic molecules D) hormones 2) Which statement correctly describes part ofthe photosynthetic process in plants? A) Water is spili in the light reactions. B) Alcohol is produced by the light reactions. C) Oxygen is used in the dark reactions. D) Carbon dioxide is released in the dark reactions. 3) Which statement best describes one ofthe events taking p1ace in the ,chemical reaction represented below? ATPase H 0 + ATP --------~) ADP + P + energy 2 A) Photosynthesis is taking place, resulting in the storage ofenergy. B) Energy is being stored as a result ofaerobic respiratioIt C) Energy is being released fur metabolic activities. D) Fermentation is taking place, resulting in the synthesis ofAlP. 4) Which process results in muscle fatigue and cramping in humans? A) aerobic respiration C) lactic acid fermentation B) photosynthesis D) alcoholic fermentation
    [Show full text]
  • A Systems-Level Investigation of the Metabolism of Dehalococcoides Mccartyi and the Associated Microbial Community
    A Systems-Level Investigation of the Metabolism of Dehalococcoides mccartyi and the Associated Microbial Community by Mohammad Ahsanul Islam A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto © Copyright by Mohammad Ahsanul Islam 2014 A Systems-Level Investigation of the Metabolism of Dehalococcoides mccartyi and the Associated Microbial Community Mohammad Ahsanul Islam Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Dehalococcoides mccartyi are a group of strictly anaerobic bacteria important for the detoxification of man-made chloro-organic solvents, most of which are ubiquitous, persistent, and often carcinogenic ground water pollutants. These bacteria exclusively conserve energy for growth from a pollutant detoxification reaction through a novel metabolic process termed organohalide respiration. However, this energy harnessing process is not well elucidated at the level of D. mccartyi metabolism. Also, the underlying reasons behind their robust and rapid growth in mixed consortia as compared to their slow and inefficient growth in pure isolates are unknown. To obtain better insight on D. mccartyi physiology and metabolism, a detailed pan- genome-scale constraint-based mathematical model of metabolism was developed. The model highlighted the energy-starved nature of these bacteria, which probably is linked to their slow growth in isolates. The model also provided a useful framework for subsequent analysis and visualization of high-throughput transcriptomic data of D. mccartyi. Apart from confirming expression of the majority genes of these bacteria, this analysis helped review the annotations of ii metabolic genes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formation of a Gluconeogenesis System and Reductive Pentose Phosphate Pathway of CO2 Fixation in Ancient Hydrothermal Systems Sergey A
    : O tics pe ge n r A e c n c e Marakushev and Belonogova, Bioenergetics 2016, e o s i s B 5:2 Bioenergetics: Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2167-7662.1000141 ISSN: 2167-7662 Research Article Open Access The Emergence of Bioenergetics: The Formation of a Gluconeogenesis System and Reductive Pentose Phosphate Pathway of CO2 Fixation in Ancient Hydrothermal Systems Sergey A. Marakushev* and Ol’ga V. Belonogova Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia *Corresponding author: Marakushev SA, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia, Tel: 496-522-7772; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Apr 18, 2016; Acc date: Nov 08, 2016; Pub date: Nov 11, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Marakushev SA et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The origin of phosphorus metabolism is one of the central problems in the context of the emergence of life on Earth. It has been shown that the C–H–O system can be transformed into a four- component C–H–O–P system with the formation of a gluconeogenesis path in a possible Archean hydrothermal condition under the influence of a phosphorus chemical potential. This system became the energy supply basis for protometabolism, and facilitated the formation of a new CO2 fixation cycle (the reductive pentose phosphate pathway). The modular design of central metabolism in the C–H–O–P system is derived from the parageneses (associations) of certain substances, and the emerging modules in turn associate with each other in certain physical and chemical hydrothermal conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Carbon Fixation Pathways Through a Quantitative Lens
    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2325–2342, 2012 doi:10.1093/jxb/err417 Advance Access publication 26 December, 2011 REVIEW PAPER A survey of carbon fixation pathways through a quantitative lens Arren Bar-Even, Elad Noor and Ron Milo* Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 August 2011; Revised 4 November 2011; Accepted 8 November 2011 Downloaded from Abstract While the reductive pentose phosphate cycle is responsible for the fixation of most of the carbon in the biosphere, it http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/ has several natural substitutes. In fact, due to the characterization of three new carbon fixation pathways in the last decade, the diversity of known metabolic solutions for autotrophic growth has doubled. In this review, the different pathways are analysed and compared according to various criteria, trying to connect each of the different metabolic alternatives to suitable environments or metabolic goals. The different roles of carbon fixation are discussed; in addition to sustaining autotrophic growth it can also be used for energy conservation and as an electron sink for the recycling of reduced electron carriers. Our main focus in this review is on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, including thermodynamically challenging reactions, the ATP requirement of each pathway, energetic constraints on carbon fixation, and factors that are expected to limit the rate of the pathways. Finally, possible metabolic structures at Weizmann Institute of Science on July 3, 2016 of yet unknown carbon fixation pathways are suggested and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the First Metabolic Cycles
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 200-204, January 1990 Evolution Evolution of the first metabolic cycles (chemoautotrophy/reductive citric acid cycle/origin of life/pyrite) GUNTER WACHTERSHAUSER 8000 Munich 2, Tal 29, Federal Republic of Germany Communicated by Karl Popper, October 12, 1989 (received for review February 28, 1989) ABSTRACT There are two alternatives concerning the genobacter thermophilus (13), and Desulfobacter hydro- origin of life: the origin may be heterotrophic or autotrophic. genophilus (14) and also in the sulfur-associated archaebac- The central problem within the theory of an autotrophic origin teria Thermoproteus neutrophilus (15) and, partly demon- is the first process of carbon fixation. I here propose the strated, in Sulfolobus brierleyi (16). As suggested by Kandler hypothesis that this process is an autocatalytic cycle that can be and Stetter (16) and previously by Hartmann (17), it may be retrodictively constructed from the extant reductive citric acid considered to be of great antiquity and the evolutionary cycle by replacing thioesters by thioacids and by assuming that precursor ofthe oxidative Krebs cycle. It is here conjectured the required reducing power is obtained from the oxidative to be the extant candidate for the reconstruction of the formation of pyrite (FeS2). This archaic cycle is strictly archaic autocatalytic cycle of carbon fixation. chemoautotrophic: photoautotrophy is not required. The cycle The presently accepted form of the extant reductive citric is catalytic for pyrite formation and autocatalytic for its own acid cycle is shown in Fig. 1 in a somewhat unusual repre- multiplication. It is a consequence of this hypothesis that the sentation, twisted in an 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Trash to Treasure: Production of Biofuels and Commodity Chemicals Via Syngas Fermenting Microorganisms
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Trash to treasure: production of biofuels and commodity chemicals via syngas fermenting microorganisms 1 2 2 1,2 Haythem Latif , Ahmad A Zeidan , Alex T Nielsen and Karsten Zengler Fermentation of syngas is a means through which unutilized billion gallons of biofuels by 2022 [2]. The biological organic waste streams can be converted biologically into conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass such as biofuels and commodity chemicals. Despite recent advances, wheat straw, spruce, switchgrass, and poplar to biofuels is several issues remain which limit implementation of industrial- expected to play a prominent role in achieving these scale syngas fermentation processes. At the cellular level, the goals. These forms of biomass address many of the con- energy conservation mechanism of syngas fermenting cerns associated with the production of first-generation microorganisms has not yet been entirely elucidated. biofuels [3,4]. However, 10–35% of lignocellulosic bio- Furthermore, there was a lack of genetic tools to study and mass is composed of lignin [5–7], which is highly resistant ultimately enhance their metabolic capabilities. Recently, to breakdown by the vast majority of microorganisms [8]. substantial progress has been made in understanding the Thus, if the EU and US cellulosic biofuel targets are intricate energy conservation mechanisms of these realized, land allocation for biofuel production will microorganisms. Given the complex relationship between increase and megatons of organic waste will be generated. energy conservation and metabolism, strain design greatly benefits from systems-level approaches. Numerous genetic This organic waste provides a significant resource of manipulation tools have also been developed, paving the way biomass that can be utilized for producing biofuels as for the use of metabolic engineering and systems biology well as commodity chemicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Based Comparison of All Species of the Genus Moorella, and Status of the Species Moorella Thermoacetica and Moorella Thermoautotrophica
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 09, 2021 Genome-Based Comparison of All Species of the Genus Moorella, and Status of the Species Moorella thermoacetica and Moorella thermoautotrophica Redl, Stephanie Maria Anna; Poehlein, Anja; Esser, Carola; Bengelsdorf, Frank R.; Jensen, Torbjørn Ølshøj; Jendresen, Christian Bille; Tindall, Brian J.; Daniel, Rolf; Dürre, Peter; Nielsen, Alex Toftgaard Published in: Frontiers in Microbiology Link to article, DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03070 Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Redl, S. M. A., Poehlein, A., Esser, C., Bengelsdorf, F. R., Jensen, T. Ø., Jendresen, C. B., Tindall, B. J., Daniel, R., Dürre, P., & Nielsen, A. T. (2020). Genome-Based Comparison of All Species of the Genus Moorella, and Status of the Species Moorella thermoacetica and Moorella thermoautotrophica. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, [3070]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03070 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Photosynthesis and Respiration
    18 Photosynthesis and Respiration ATP is the energy currency of the cell Goal To understand how energy from sunlight is harnessed to Cells need to carry out many reactions that are energetically unfavorable. generate chemical energy by photosynthesis and You have seen some examples of these non-spontaneous reactions in respiration. earlier chapters: the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins from their corresponding nucleotide and amino acid building blocks and the transport Objectives of certain ions against concentration gradients across a membrane. In many cases, unfavorable reactions like these are coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP After this chapter, you should be able to: in order to make them energetically favorable under cellular conditions; we • Explain the concepts of oxidation and have learned that for these reactions the free energy released in breaking reduction. the phosphodiester bonds in ATP exceeds the energy consumed by the • Explain how light energy generates an uphill reaction such that the sum of the free energy of the two reactions is electrochemical gradient. negative (ΔG < 0). To perform these reactions, cells must then have a way • Explain how an electrochemical of generating ATP efficiently so that a sufficient supply is always available. gradient generates chemical energy. The amount of ATP used by a mammalian cell has been estimated to be on the order of 109 molecules per second. In other words, ATP is the principal • Explain how chemical energy is harnessed to fix carbon dioxide. energy currency of the cell. • Explain how glucose is used to generate How does the cell produce enough ATP to sustain life and what is the source ATP anaerobically.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycolysis-Gluconeogenesis (Hsa00010), B
    A. TITLE:Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis Starch and sucrose metabolism K01085... Cori ester PGM1 G6PC K02777... Glucose HK1 K00886 alpha-D-Glucose GCK ADPGK alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate GALM K01792 GPI GPI HK1 K00886 GPI beta-D-Glucose GCK ADPGKbeta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate FBP1 PFKL K00918 K00895... Pentose phosphate pathway K02777... K01222... Ursin Arbutin-6P K02777... K01222... beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Salicin Salicin-6P ALDOA TPI1 Glycerone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate GAPDH K00150 K00131 K11389 BPGM 1,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate K18978 PGK1 DPG Carbon fixation in BPGM photosynthetic organisms 3-Phosphoglycerate PGAM4 K15633... MINPP1 2-Phospho-D-glycerate ENO1 PCK1 Oxaloacetate K01610 PEP Pyruvate metabolism PKLR K00169... Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) K00174... TPP PDHA1 DLAT PDHA1 LDHAL6A Acetyl-CoA S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide-E 2-Hydroxyethyl-ThPP K01568 Pyruvate L-Lactate DLD ACSS2 K01905... Dihydrolipoamide-E Lipoamide-E K01568 Propanoate metabolism ADH1A ALDH2 AKR1A1 K14028... Acetate ALDH3A1 K00138 Ethanal K04022 Ethanol K00114 B. B. TITLE:Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) PCK1 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis K01610 PEP Fatty acid biosynthesis K00169... Fatty acid elongation K00174... Valine TPP Fatty acid degradation DLAT PDHA1 PDHA1 Acetyl-CoA S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide-E 2-Hydroxyethyl-ThPP Pyruvate Alanine PC DLD Dihydrolipoamide-E Lipoamide-E Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism CS MDH1 ACO1 ACO1 Oxaloacetate ACLY Citrate cis-Aconitate Isocitrate K00116 Malate IDH1 FH Tyrosine metabolism Oxalosuccinate IDH3A K17753 Arginine biosynthesis Fumarate IDH1 K00244... SDHA TPP SUCLG2 SUCLG2 DLST OGDH OGDH Arginine biosynthesis Succinate Succinyl-CoA S-Succinyldihydrolipoamide-E 3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP 2-Oxoglutarate K18118 Ascorbate and aldarate DLD metabolism Dihydrolipoamide-E Lipoamide-E Valine K00174..
    [Show full text]
  • Joana Isabel Ferreira Alves Sion
    Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Joana Isabel Ferreira Alves sion Microbiology of thermophilic anaerobic syngas conversion hermophilic anaerobic syngas conver Microbiology of t es a Alv eir err Joana Isabel F 3 1 UMinho|20 Julho de 2013 Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Joana Isabel Ferreira Alves Microbiology of thermophilic anaerobic syngas conversion Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica Trabalho efectuado sob a orientação da Doutora Diana Zita Machado de Sousa da Doutora Maria Madalena dos Santos Alves e da Doutora Caroline M Plugge Julho de 2013 i Autor: Joana Isabel Ferreira Alves E-mail: [email protected] Telf.: +351 253 604 400 Cart~aocidad~ao: 12071827 T´ıtuloda tese: Microbiology of thermophilic anaerobic syngas conversion Microbiologia da convers~aoanaer´obiade g´asde s´ıntese em condi¸c~oestermof´ılicas Orientadores: Doutora Diana Zita Machado de Sousa Doutora Maria Madalena dos Santos Alves Doutora Caroline M Plugge Ano de conclus~ao: 2013 Doutoramento em Engenharia Qu´ımicae Biol´ogica E´ AUTORIZADA A REPRODUC¸ AO~ INTEGRAL DESTA TESE/TRABALHO APENAS PARA EFEITOS DE INVESTIGAC¸ AO,~ MEDIANTE AUTORIZAC¸ AO~ ESCRITA DO INTERES- SADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE. Universidade do Minho, 19 de Julho de 2013. Joana Isabel Ferreira Alves - July 2013 Acknowledgments E´ o momento de agradecer a todos os que, de uma forma ou de outra, contribu´ırampara o sucesso do meu trabalho e me ajudaram ao longo dos ´ultimos4 anos. Assim, agrade¸coem primeiro lugar `asminhas orientadoras Diana Sousa, Madalena Alves e Caroline Plugge, por todo o seu trabalho de supervis~aoe orienta¸c~aocient´ıficae por tudo o que me ensinaram.
    [Show full text]