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Mao's Third Front Covell F. Meyskens Index More Information Www Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48955-3 — Mao's Third Front Covell F. Meyskens Index More Information Index acceleration of Third Front construction automotive sector, 15, 29, 79, 116, 202, agriculture, impact on, 70 215, 225, 235 campaign time, 27–28, 123 see also First Automobile Works; Second Gezhouba Dam, 154 Automobile Works railroad projects, 126, 143, 208 security concerns, 63, 72–73, 159 Bachman, David, 17 administration Base, 61, 130 central ministries, 220 construction, 133 centralization, 8, 88–89 deaths, 133 ministerial regulation Cultural Revolution, 144–145 Metallurgy Ministry, 222 location, 130–131 Ministry of Post and mobilization of workforce, 131–133 Telecommunications, 223–224 self-reliance, 131–132 Railroad Ministry, 220–222 basic industry, 150 Transportation Ministry, 222–223 Third Five Year Plan, 51, 55–56 see also Coal Ministry; Metallurgy Third Front construction, 28, 58, 59, Industry; Oil Ministry; Post and 82, 128 Telecommunications Ministry; see also development blocks; economic Railroad Ministry; standardization; achievements Transportation Ministry Belt and Road initiative, 236 aerospace industry, 12, 15, 127, 152, 218 Big Third Front, 4, 10, 11, 15, 60, 103, 104, Base, 61, 130–131 125–129 agriculture centralized oversight, 8, 88, 220 Third Five Year Plan, 7, 51–52, 56, 76 Bo Yibo, 77 Third Front construction basic industry, development of, 128 concerns regarding agricultural policy, Cultural Revolution, 147 70, 71, 77, 79–80, 81, 99–102, 228 first mobilization orders, 84 airplanes first report on relocating enterprises, air raids, concerns about, 3, 4, 47, 159, 86–87 170, 209, 230 Panzhihua industrial complex, 126, 128, aviation sector, 127, 129, 209, 217, 230 166, 172–173 American imperialism, 21, 37, 47, 62, 64, prioritizing production, 166 70, 96, 97, 123, 132, 151, 162, 174, Third Five Year Plan, 51, 68, 71–72, 75 176, 177, 229 Third Front, attitude towards, 65–66, see also Sino-American relations 84–85, 87–88 austerity, 27, 42, 76, 166, 189 Bramall, Chris, 17, 28 building socialism, 10 Brown, Jeremy, 17, 31, 34, 115 consumer austerity, 3, 232 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 229 malnutrition, 180 building materials, 12, 173, 219, 225 Panzhihua, 176–182, 187–200 repressed consumption, 10 capital constraints, 52, 71 worker discontent, 194 mobilization of the labor force, 59 272 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48955-3 — Mao's Third Front Covell F. Meyskens Index More Information Index 273 capitalist roaders, 124–125, 141, 143, 144, anticapitalism, 20 148, 224 conceptions of the Cold War, 20–21 Base, 144–145, 224 militarization of China, 22 Cultural Revolution, 146 social engineering, 19–20 First Mechanical Engineering see also Sino-American relations; Sino- Department, 148 Soviet relations science and technology, 232 Connelly, Matthew, 19 see also Cultural Revolution consumer goods, production of, 3, 228 Carter, Jimmy, 229 consumer shortages, 31, 198, 232 cement and building materials, 12, 173, see also austerity 219, 225 counterrevolutionaries, 97, 118, 144, 151, Central Military Commission, 15, 45, 46, 159, 162 48, 63, 64, 89, 92, 152, 157, 231 cross-strait relations, 48, 60 Cheek, Timothy, 34 cultural activities, 36, 38, 180–182, Chen Boda, 67, 75 195–196 Chen Chao, 17 Cultural Revolution, 140 Chen Donglin, 8, 18, 34, 35, 146, 205 Cheng Zihua, 98–100 Chen Jian, 8 militarization of Third Front Chen Xi, 203 construction, 123–125 Chen Yi, 77 suspicion and paranoia, 140–141 Cheng Zihua, 86, 97–98, 125 Third Front construction conduct during the Cultural Revolution, contradictory goals, 140–146 98–100 impact on, 28, 141, 224 Panzhihua industrial complex, 126, Zhou Enlai, 142, 147 170–171 see also Shanghai Chiang Kai-shek, 6, 24, 45, 46, 73, 96 see also Taiwan Daqing oilfield, 8, 42, 215 children, 35 militarization of workforce, 53 education, 184, 189, 199–200, 233, 238 model of economic development, as a, family separation, 81, 108, 111, 182–184, 52, 68–69 196–200, 234 mobilization of workforce, 53 hardship, 197–199 oil production, 53 mobilization, 111–112 success, 53–54 nutrition, 197–198 social engineering, 29 Chinese Civil War (1927–1947), 4, 22–23 defense-centered developmental strategy, Chinese Foreign Ministry, 48 25, 66, 209–210 Ci Jiwei, 31 Defense Ministry, 110, 127, 151 coal industry, 9, 12, 15, 29, 202 defense sector, 209, 217 demand, 235 see also defense-centered developmental development block, 211–214 strategy; nuclear weapons program North China, 211 Deng Xiaoping, 44 reorientation to south, 195, 211 Cold War politics, 39 Southwest Coal Construction first mobilization orders, 85 Headquarters, 211 Mao Zedong, relations with, 7, 74, standardization, 224 97, 141 see also Coal Ministry; Liupanshui coal new era of peace and development, 232 mines Sino-American relations, 229–230 Coal Ministry, 12, 15, 89, 127, 211, Sino-Soviet relations, 229 investment, 77, 212 Third Five Year Plan, 6, 7, 29, 51, 52 coastal development, 3, 4, 7, 29, 37, 42, 51, Third Front, 52, 56, 58–59, 67–68, 73, 54, 229 75, 82, 147, 162 see also Third Five Year Plan desertion Cold War Panzhihua industrial complex, 188–189 central driving force, 19, 227 development blocks, 28, 201–202 China coal development block, 211–214 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48955-3 — Mao's Third Front Covell F. Meyskens Index More Information 274 Index development blocks (cont.) negative impact of Third Front, 2–3, 101, electricity development block, 216–220 147, 183–184 oil development block, 214–216 source of labor, as a, 83, 84, 87, 89, 143 Diamant, Neil, 30 see also coastal development; Shanghai First Machine- Building Ministry, 12, 90, economic achievements 103, 104 development of mineral resources, First Opium War (1840), 22 28, 216 Foucault, Michel, 30 efficient factories, 28 Four Clean-Ups movement, 74, 75 railroad sector, 28 see also development blocks gender imbalance Economic Commission, 129 Panzhihua industrial complex, 182 relocation orders, 88 Great Leap Forward, 2, 3, 6 supervisory role, 85, 88 failure of, 25, 37, 40, 101 Third Front Construction Support and famine, 3, 40, 44, 101 Examination Small Group, 85 infrastructure projects, importance of, 40 Third Front recruitment, 89–90, 126 Mao’s reservations, 7 physical criteria, 90 railroad projects, 126 political criteria, 90 Soviet model compared, 40 economic depression, 3, 203 Third Front compared, 10–12 see also Great Leap Forward transition to a communist economy, 25 educational facilities, 233–234 Gu Xiu, 194–195 Panzhihua industrial complex, 189, Guangdong 199–200 Small Third Front, 11 electricity sector war preparations, 60, 72 electrical grids, 15, 29, 127, 132, 202, guerilla warfare, 10, 21, 27, 46, 49–50, 60, 206, 217, 235 173, 210 electricity production, 29, 154, 217 Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964), 7, 27, 63, 65 see also hydropower Chinese response to, 9, 42 electronics industry, 12, 202, 219 US response to, 9 standardization, 224 see also Sino-American relations; expansion of Third Front construction, 71, Vietnam War 76–78 Guobin Yang, 124 Guomindang (GMD), 23, 135 Factory, 9334, 206 see also Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese Civil factory efficiency, 28, 29 War (1927–1947); Taiwan family separation Gurtov, Mel, 17 authorized leave, 196 children, 81, 108, 111, 182–184, He Haoju, 18 196–200, 234 He Long, 45, 103 mobilization of workforce, 108 Hershatter, Gail, 27, 36 Panzhihua, 182–184, 196–200 housing, 176–178 morale, impact on, 183, 234 family housing, 197 relocation of family members, 196, 234 hydropower, 12, 15, 202, 217, 235 see also children Gezhouba Dam, 154–155, 156–159 famine, 77, 97 Three Gorges Dam, 153–159 Great Leap Forward, 3, 6, 40, 44, 52, 101, 127 imported machinery, 228–229 Feigenbaum, Evan, 143 industrialization policy see Third Front Fifth Machine-Building Ministry, construction 86, 131 infrastructure First Automobile Works, 79, 116 standardization, 88, 225 First Five Year Plan, 2, 25, 40, 58, 204 see also Infrastructure Commission; return on investment, 205 Infrastructure Corps; railroad First Front, 4, 57, 60 projects; roads development © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48955-3 — Mao's Third Front Covell F. Meyskens Index More Information Index 275 Infrastructure Commission Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 50 supervisory role, 88 Lin Biao, 41 Infrastructure Corps American imperialism, 151 disbanding of, 144, 231 Lin Biao clique, 152, 153 formation of, 130 military strategy, 46–47, 152, 153 Gezhouba Dam, 157 Soviet revisionism, 151 see also Base Lin Yishan, 155, 156 inland development, 3, 4, 9, 28, 29, 32, 41, little society, 206 96, 201, 210–211 Liu Shaoqi, 40, 44, 49 Small Third Front, 4, 235 Mao Zedong, relations with, 7, 141 transfer of machine-building factories, 62 Third Five Year Plan, 7, 41, 51 see also Third Front construction Third Front, attitude towards, 58 integration of inland areas, 202 Liupanshui coal mines, 55, 58, 61, 67, 125, 127 Jiuquan industrial complex, 54, 58 factional struggles, 195 Johnson, Lyndon, 9, 63 mobilization of workforce Johnson, Matthew, 31 rural workforce, 89 urban workforce, 89 Kaishan, 131, 144 Shuicheng industrial complex see also Base factional struggles, 145–146, 235 Kander, Astrid, 28, 202 see also coal industry Kang Shi’en, 53 living conditions (Panzhihua), 171–172 Khrushchev, Nikita cultural activities/entertainment, Mao, relationship with, 7, 42, 44, 62–63, 180–182, 195–196 227 drinking water,
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