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The Impact of Three Gorges Dam on the Downstream Eco-Hydrological Environment and Vegetation Distribution of East Dongting Lake

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The Impact of Three Gorges Dam on the Downstream Eco-Hydrological Environment and Vegetation Distribution of East Dongting Lake ECOHYDROLOGY Ecohydrol. (2014) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/eco.1543 The impact of Three Gorges Dam on the downstream eco-hydrological environment and vegetation distribution of East Dongting Lake Yong-hong Xie,1,2*,† Tang Yue,1,2,† Chen Xin-sheng,1,2 Li Feng1,2 and Deng Zheng-miao1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China 2 Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China ABSTRACT The ecological and environmental consequences of large dam projects have received increasing attention in the recent decades. On the basis of daily water-level data, six periods of TM/ETM+ data and a digital elevation model, the eco-hydrological environments and vegetation area of East Dongting Lake, were compared for the years 1995–2011, spanning periods before and after the implementation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in 2003. Vegetation area (including three types: forestry, reed and grass) continuously expanded, and the minimum elevation of vegetation-covered area (VCA) gradually decreased by 0·88 m À from 1995 to 2011. Following the implementation of the TGD, the rates of both vegetation expansion (12·3 vs 14·1 km2 year 1) À and the lowering of minimum elevation of VCA (3·1 vs 7·9 cm year 1) increased rapidly. Monthly water level decreased considerably from July to November, and annual submergence duration at elevations of 22–26 and 30 m was considerably decreased after the TGD was implemented. The average maximum submergence duration of VCA was 231 days. Almost equal linear equations describing elevation change from 1995 to 2011 indicated that the minimum elevation of VCA identified via analysis of TM/ETM+ images can be represented by the maximum submergence duration evaluated via daily water level. These data indicate that vegetation colonized the non-vegetation area (including mud beach or water body) more quickly after the implementation of the TGD, due to the drastic changes in eco-hydrological environments such as the decreasing water level and the minimum elevation of VCA. The present methodology might allow faster and more reliable assessment of inundation related landscape impacts on a basin scale and thereby contribute to biodiversity monitoring and policy assessment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS Three Gorges Project; hydrological environment; submergence duration; vegetation succession Received 9 July 2013; Revised 21 July 2014; Accepted 21 July 2014 INTRODUCTION because the resulting changes to hydrological regimes and physical habitats profoundly alter the structure and compo- Freshwater lakes store renewable freshwater for human use sition of plant and animal communities in freshwater and provide habitats for aquatic fauna and flora (Johnson wetlands (Xie, 2003; Xie and Chen, 2008; Yi et al., 2010; et al., 2001). Despite their immeasurable value for the Moffett et al., 2012). development of human society, freshwater lakes have been Compared with hydrology and water quality, biological considerably modified and degraded by human activities, responses to large dams are lagged and comprehensive, such as the construction of dams and impolders (Beeton, which might be the reason for the focus on ecological 2002; An et al., 2007). Large-scale dams provide significant consequences. Vegetation is an important and basic potential benefits, including flood control, energy production, component in a wetland ecosystem, and plays an important water supply and increased navigability. However, the role in the reform and restoration of ecosystem structure ecological and environmental consequences of large dams and function. The water regime is regarded as the most have received increasing attention in the recent decades influential factor in the growth and distribution of (Wilcove et al., 1998; Fang et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2010), vegetation in wetland ecosystems (Van Eck et al., 2004; Pennings et al., 2005; Luo and Xie, 2009; Duval et al., 2012). As a result, plant zonation (different plants *Correspondence to: Yong-hong Xie, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological distributed along with an elevation) is a common Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China. E-mail: [email protected] phenomenon in wetlands (Snedden and Steyer, 2013). †Co-first authors. Dou and Jiang (2000) indicated that the duration of beach Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Y.-H. XIE et al. submergence, water level and sediment deposition might the minimum elevation of vegetation-covered area (VCA) be the most important eco-hydrological factors influencing and eco-hydrological environments (water level and submer- the distribution of vegetation. Changes in groundwater gence duration at different elevations) in East Dongting Lake level lead to vegetation change in an estuarine wetland following the implementation of the TGD. We then (Zhao et al., 2005). Plant tolerance to (or survival from) calculated the maximum submergence duration of VCA. flooding is believed to be closely related to vegetational Finally, we tested whether changes in the minimum elevation distribution in wetlands, because flood-tolerant of VCA can be predicted by maximum submergence duration amphiphytes usually determine the lower boundary of of VCA. plant zonation (Emery et al., 2001). Therefore, submergence duration at the lower boundary might determine the change of vegetational distribution, especially in the seasonal flooding STUDY AREA plain (Peng et al., 2007; Xie and Chen, 2008), which requires Dongting Lake (111°40′–113°10′E; 28°30′–30o20′N) in fi further con rmation. Hunan Province has a surface area of 2625 km2, and is the The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) Project is the largest second largest freshwater lake in China. The lake consists water control project in the world, and has been operational of three parts: East, South and West Dongting Lake since 2003. For the purposes of electricity generation and (Figure 1). The lake has seven water inlets, including three fl ood control, larger volumes of water will be discharged from channels of the Yangtze River (Songzi, Taiping and Ouchi) the TGD from December to March but less from July to and four rivers (Rivers Xiang, Zi, Yuan and Li). The lake November relative to pre-project conditions (Tong, 2004). has only one outlet, which discharges into the Yangtze Dongting Lake is the nearest downstream lake connected to River at Chenglingji (Figure 1). Annual fluctuation in water the TGD on the Yangtze River (Figure 1). There is about level is approximately 12–14 m, with the maxima in 300 km in distance and about 120–140 m in elevation August and minima typically in January or February, differences between TGD project and Dongting Lake. As which provides the basic hydrological regime for main- such, its hydrological characteristics have been changed taining large areas of beach wetlands, the most dynamic following the implementation of the TGD project, including landscape within the Dongting Lake area. The region has lower water level and reduced sediment delivery from the also been recognized as one of the 200 global conservation Yangtze River, which has been influencing the lake’s long-term priority eco-regions proposed by the World Wide Fund for evolution (Chang et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2012). In this study, Nature, due to its valuable and exclusive biodiversity using daily water level, TM/ETM+ images and a digital (Olson and Dinerstein, 1998; Fang et al., 2006), harbouring elevation model (DEM), we first identified changes in approximately 1428 plant species, 114 fish species and 217 vegetation area (including three types: forestry, reed and grass), bird species. Vegetation, especially grass (mostly Carex Figure 1. The water system of Dongting Lake and digital elevation model of East Dongting Lake. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ecohydrol. (2014) ECO-HYDROLOGICAL AND VEGETATIONAL IMPACT BY THREE GORGES DAM community), is important for providing habitats and foods Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research for different protected animal species in the floodplain (Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of (Amoros and Bornette, 2002). From East to West Dongting Sciences). At the same time, this period also corresponds Lake, the topography is upswept, leading to more than 5-m with the winter season rather the growing period for deviation in water level between the two lakes. However, vegetation in Dongting Lake, so the vegetation distribution the topography of East Dongting Lake is flat, and pattern is relatively stable. In order to increase comparability comprises approximately half the area of the entire lake. of remote sensing images between different periods, images were selected that corresponded to a daily water level of approximately 21 m. Finally, six periods of TM/ETM+ images DATA AND METHODS were chosen, as shown in Table I. In order to evaluate the changes of eco-hydrological Method of extracting vegetation and non-vegetation coverage environment and land cover in East Dongting Lake after the implementation of the TGD and to identify the The decision tree classification method was used to relationship between water level and vegetation area, a differentiate vegetation (including three types: forestry, flow chart of all the steps performed in the analysis is reed and grass),water body and mud beach at different shown in Figure 2. periods. The decision tree model was built on the basis of Band 4 (near infrared band) and Band 7 (middle infrared Data sources and analysis process bands) of TM/ETM+ image and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). Taking the year 2011 as an A DEM (1:10000) of Dongting Lake in 1995 was produced example, a decision tree model was established by NDVI, by Changjiang Water Resources Commission (Ministry of band threshold of different wetland types determined by Water Resources, China) using artificially measured spectral characteristic and 387 training samples by visual elevation data, according to the measuring-point scheme interpretation.
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