Sediment-Sampler

Sediment Measurement for the Three Gorges Project

Prof. Dr. Guanglei DUAN

Jingjiang Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources Survey, China July, 2021 Content

1 Brief Introduction of the TGP

2 Distribution of Hydrology Stations and Measurement System

3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

4 Sediment Measurement Results 1 Brief Introduction of the TGP

Three Gorges Project

Gezhouba Project

Location of the Three Gorges Project 1 Brief Introduction of the TGP

The Three Gorges Reservoir has retained an The Three Gorges Dam: a concrete gravity accumulative total of 153.3 billion cubic meters of dam Length: 2335 m flood water inflow from 2003 to 2019 and plays an Width: 115 m ( bottom) indispensable role in mitigating the floods and in 40 m ( top) reducing the massive floods in the upper reaches of Height: 185m the Yangtze River. Normal impounded water level: 175 m

The mainstream has always been called "Gold Waterway". The massive project has also played a Total storage capacity: 39.3 billion m3 significant role in improving navigation conditions Flood control capacity: 22.15 billion m3 and increasing shipping capacity in China’s Yangtze Adjustment capacity: seasonally adjusted River. Since the Three Gorges Reservoir started impounding in 2003, cargo transport condition has Hydropower Stations significantly improved. At the same time, 32 700000-kw-generating units the transportation costs have been greatly lowered as 14 （left bank） the average energy consumption of ships reduced to a 12 （right bank） third of what it was prior to the Three Gorges Project. 6 （underground） The Three Gorges Dam commissioned a double- In addition, there are two 50,000-kw power way five-step ship lock in 2003, which has since generating units. operated for 17 years consecutively by 2020 1 Brief Introduction of the TGP

On April 3,1992, the Fifth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress Adopted the Resolution on the

Construction of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River. In December 14, 1994, Premier Li Peng of the State Council announced at the commencement ceremony of the Three Gorges Project held in Sandouping, Yichang that the Three Gorges Project was officially started. On November 8, 1997, the Three Gorges Project realized the closure of the main river, marking the successful completion of the five-year first phase of the project and the transfer of the project to the second phase. On June 1, 2003, the Three Gorges Project officially impoundment. In June 16, 2003, the Three Gorges Ship Lock began its trial operation. The Three Gorges Project has three main benefits, namely, flood control, power generation, navigation and water resources utilization, among which flood control is considered to be the most core benefit of the Three Gorges Project. Cofferdam Initial Experimental storage period impoundment impoundment

period period

）

（ Water Stage Water

Date（yy/mm/dd）长江流域主要水文站

石鼓 legend 攀枝花

Key Station

River

Province boundary

Valley Boundary

Distribution of key hydrological stations along main stream and tributary

2 Distribution of Hydrology Stations and Measurement System

Measurement Factors

Hydrology Sediment Channel Terrain

Water Stage Suspended Load Cross Section Survey Rainfall Sediment Concentration Bed Load (sand and pebble) Discharge River Channel Evolution Bed Sand Measurement Water Temperature Sand Graduation Analysis Water Surface Evaporation riverbed composition survey Bank Collapse Monitoring 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（1）Water Stage Preventive maintenance of water gauges Check water gauges

3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（1）Water Stage

Radar type Bubble type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（1）Water Stage

Pressure type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（2）Rainfall

Rain gauge

Automatic pluviometer 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers Carried by ships

ADCP- Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers Carried by boat 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge

Principle of Doppler effect

表层 ADCP(GPS方式）与流速仪实测断面流量相关 Surface Discharge Relationship between 底层曲线示意图 Bottom 中层(ADCP实测区) by ADCP and current meter method Micro微断面-Unit Unit单元 Middle

70000 岸边区Near bank

/s 3 t t t t t

60000 0 1 k k+1 m

/m i

Q 50000 Qi（m3/s） 40000 30000 20000 y = 1.0094x - 193.48 2 10000 R = 0.9886

0 起点终点离岸离岸 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 距离距离

3 QQADCPADCP（m3/s）/m /s Unit distribution of the cross section 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge-Horizontal ADCP

Clean Horizontal ADCP

/m/s

velocity

Section average Section

H-ADCP Representative velocity/m/s Clean Horizontal ADCP 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge-Current meter carried by cableway and ship 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Water Surface velocity

Side-scan Radar

Airborne radio current meter Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Water Surface velocity Electronic buoy

THE ELECTRONIC BUOY uses GNSS technology to track the trajectory, velocity and direction of water. By analyzing these data, the river flow pattern can be obtained. The electronic buoy has been successfully used in Taihu Lake, Yangtze River, Hanjiang River and other rivers and lakes.

MODEL Porpoise V2V RTK

PRODUCT FEATURES

 Follow the structural design of fluid mechanics to weaken the influence of wind- induced flow  Excellent flow following performance  Lightweight design, can be operated by one person independently or thrown by UAV  Centimeter level high precision RTK Positioning  Timing positioning and tracking function  Real time data display and data analysis module  IP68 waterproof  It is suitable for river, lake, sea and other scenes 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Water Surface velocity Visual flow velocimetry/Digital Particle Image Velocimetry

VISUAL FLOW VELOCEMETRY is a new measurement technology in the field of hydrology. The advanced image processing technology is applied to analyze the river surface texture image to obtain the surface texture features and the movement data and distribution of the tracer.

MODEL HK-VFV

PRODUCT FEATURES

 Based on intelligent image processing and machine learning  Remote contactless real time flow measurement  Automatic timing flow measurement  Unattended monitoring station  It has the characteristics of green environmental protection and energy saving  It is suitable for rivers, lakes, open channels, sewage outlets and other scenes 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Water Surface velocity Visual flow velocimetry/Digital Particle Image Velocimetry

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is recognized as the most powerful and practical diagnostic tools for flow field analysis in fluid dynamics applications. Instantaneous 2D and 3D flow images are measured with high spatial and temporal resolution.

The experimental setup of a PIV system typically consists of several subsystems. In most applications tracer particles have to be added to the flow. These particles have to be illuminated in a plane of the flow at least twice within a short time interval. The light scattered by the particles has to be recorded either on a single frame or on a sequence of frames. The displacement of the particle images between the light pulses has to be determined through evaluation of the PIV recordings. In order to be able to handle the great amount of data which can be collected employing the PIV technique, sophisticated post-processing is required. 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（3）Discharge- Water Surface velocity

Automatic cable flow measuring robot system in hydrologic station 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler

Suspended load sampler

Turbidimeter Bed material sampler

NTU-700

NTU-960

3 3

concentration/kg/m concentration/kg/m

sediment sediment sediment

Unit Unit

Turbidity/NTU Turbidity/NTU 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler Instrument comparison - Lisst 100x

3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler

Sediment inlet

Time-integrated type suspended sediment sampler 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler

Suspended sediment sampler at the two near-bed point 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler

Bed load sampler: sand 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Sampler

Bed load sampler: pebble 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Bed material sampler digging bucket type

Touch riverbed Dig sand/pebble Double door 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Bed material sampler

Plough type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Bed material sampler bevel-type

No working Working 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Dry bulk density sampler Roller type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Dry bulk density sampler

Spinner handle type Piston drill pipe type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Dry bulk density sampler

Sediment sample

AZC-1 rotary type Plank type 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（4）Sediment-Particle gradation analysis

Sedimentation velocity method

Malvern laser particle size analyzer Photoelectric particle analyzer 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（5）Sediment-Suspended sediment concentration analysis

Baite 2600 laser particle size analyzer

The traditional method of drying and weighting after collecting water sample cannot meet the timeliness requirements today. Based on Mie scattering principle, a method of measuring sediment concentration by laser particle size analyzer was proposed in practice. The volume concentration of suspended sediment particle size distribution in water samples with certain suspended sediment content was analyzed by laser particle size analyzer. The conversion relationship between volume concentration and weight concentration was calibrated. The suspended sediment content can be converted rapidly when the distribution of suspended sediment particle size was analyzed. 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（5）Water surface evaporation

Rain gauge 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（6）Topographic survey-Underwater topographic survey

GPS antenna

Water surface

Depthometer emitter

National elevation datum Single beam

WGS-84 elevation datum

Principle of underwater topographic survey Single beam 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（6）Topographic survey-Underwater topographic survey Multi-beam sounding system

GPS Computer

Network Cable

Junction Box

Compass and motion sensor Sound velocity Surface sonic profiler velocity meter

Energy converter 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（6）Topographic survey-Land topography

GNSS

Rotorcraft+3D laser scanning measure system 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（6）Topographic survey-Land topography Fixed-wing aircraft+3D laser scanning measure system 3 Measurement Technologies of Flow and Sediment

（6）Topographic survey-Land topography 3D laser scanning measure system at land

3D laser scanning measure system onboard 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（1）Changes of inflow and outflow of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Inflow 5 入库沙量

出库沙量Outflow

8 4 水库淤积量Deposition

亿 (

3 沙量

2 Sediment Amount/10 Sediment 1

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Demonstration June-Oct. stage

Sediment deposition amount in the Tree Gorges Reservoir 4 Sediment Measurement Results

60 寸滩站沙质推移量和卵石推移量

t 8 Sand沙推推移量 40

t) Pebble卵石推移量

4 (10

Sediment Amount/10 Sediment 输沙量 20

10 年份Year

0 19911991 19931993 1995 19971997 1999 1999 20012001 2003 2003 20052005 20072007 2009 2009 2011 2013 20152015

Bed load (Sand and pebble) transport amount in Cuntan Station

4 Sediment Measurement Results

Mean water level in flood season from May to Oct.

Elevation

March,2003 October,2014 October,2015

Distance from dam site /km Dam

Changes of bed longitudinal section in the Three Gorges Reservoir

4 Sediment Measurement Results

/m /m

160.1km upstream /m /m

3.4km upstream

Elevation

Distance from initial point/m Distance from initial point/m /m /m

555km upstream /m

360.4km upstream

Elevation Elevation

Distance from initial point/m Distance from initial point/m Variation of typical cross section reservoir of the Three Gorges Reservoir 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（2）Variation of runoff and sediment along the downstream reach of TGP

Datong

TGP Yichang Gezhouba Project

Shashi Hankou Zhicheng

Jianli

Luoshan Hukou Chenglingji

Dongting Lake Poyang Lake

Distribution of the main stations along the downstream of TGP 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（2）Variation of runoff and sediment along the downstream reach of TGP

Before 2002

2003-2018

8 Runoff/10

Yichang Zhicheng Shashi Jianli Luoshan Hankou Datong

Before 2002

2003-2018

8 Sediment/10

Yichang Zhicheng Shashi Jianli Luoshan Hankou Datong 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（3）Variation of runoff and sediment along the downstream reach of TGP

10000

年前

t 8000 2002Before 2002 8 20032003--20162016 年 6000 20172017 年

4000 Runoff/10

2000 Yichang Zhicheng Shashi Jianli Luoshan Hankou Datong

600000 Before 2002 宜昌枝城沙市2003 -2016监利螺山汉口大通 50000

2002年前 4369 4450 39422017 3576 6460 7111 9052

t 20034 -201640000年 4024 4122 3776 3658 6021 6767 8582 2017年30000 4403 4483 4096 3953 6629 7373 9378

20000

Sediment Sediment discharge/10 10000

0 Yichang宜昌 Zhicheng枝城 Shashi沙市 Jianli监利 Luoshan螺山 Han汉口kou Datong大通年前 2002 The runoff49200 upstream50000 changed slightly,43400 and35800 the sediment40900 discharge39800 decreased 42700obviously 2003-2016年 3810 4610 5680 7220 8910 10300 14000 since impoundment. 2017年 331 550 1620 2900 5110 6980 10400

4 Sediment Measurement Results

（3）Variation of runoff and sediment along the downstream reach of TGP

Yichang

t t

t t 8

8 Luoshan

8 8

Runoff/10 Runoff/10

Runoff/10 Suspended Load/10 Suspended Runoff Load/10 Suspended

Suspended Load

Year

t t 8

Datong

8 8

t Hankou 8

Runoff

Runoff/10 Runoff/10

Runoff Suspended Load

Suspended Load/10Suspended Load/10Suspended

Year Year 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（3）Variation of runoff and sediment along the downstream reach of TGP

37 Shashi

) /m /m

35 34

冻结基面 33

， Water Level

(m 32 2003年 2005年 2007年

水位 31 2009年 2011年 2013年 30 2015年 2017年 2020年 29 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 17000 19000 21000

Discharge流量(m3/s) m3/s /m 3 2.5 R² = 0.99 (m) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 沙市站枯水位降幅 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

Water Level Level reduction at Shsshi Water 上荆江河段枯水河床平均高程累积降幅 Riverbed cumulative decline in upper Jingjiang Reach at lower(m) channel Relationship between water level reduction and erosion amount in up jingjiang reach at low channel 4 Sediment Measurement Results

40 枝城芦家杨家沙监荆江城陵 Zhicheng Shashi 文公安郝新石首调关 Jianli Chenglingji 河脑村穴厂利门矶市夹

20 /m /m 高

程 10

(m) Elevation 0 2002 2006 2008 2012 -10 2015 2016 2017 -20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 距葛洲坝轴线距离（km） Distance from Gezhouba Project

Variation of bed longitudinal section in the downstream reach of the Three Gorges Project

4 Sediment Measurement Results

）

/m /m m 60km downstream 158km downstream

50 2002 2008 /m

2010 2014

高程（ 45

Elevation 2016 2017

40 Elevation

20 起点距（m） 15 -100 200 500 800 1100 1400 1700 Distance from initial point/m Distance from initial point/m

40 荆145 45 高 315km downstream 2002 2003 2006 35 395km downstream 2008 2013 2014 八姓洲荆

程( - 178 /m /m 40 2015 ) m 30

35 /m /m 25

Elevation 30 20022002年 (m) 25 20 2008年

Elevation 2008

20 高程 15 20152015年 15 10 10 2016.072016

5 5 0 0 -1200 -800 -400 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 起点距(m) Distance from initial point/m Distance起点距 from initial(m) point/m

Variation of typical cross section in the downstream reach of the Three Gorges Project 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（4） Typical bank collapse along the downstream reach of TGP

Oct.,2002

Oct.,2013

/m /m

July,2016 /m

Aug.,2016

Elevation Oct.,2002

Elevation Oct.,2013 July,2016 Aug.,2016

Distance from initial point/m Distance from initial point/m 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（4） Typical bank collapse along the downstream reach of TGP

40 BMK063

/m /m

） m

20 Elevation 高程（ 15 2018.04Apr.,2018 10 2020.04Apr.,2020 2020.06Jun.,2020 5 2020.08Aug.,2020

0 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Distance from起点距（ initial mpoint/m） 40 BMK064

25 ）

/m /m 20

15 高程（

Elevation 10 2018.04Apr.,2018 2020.04Apr.,2020 5 2020.06Jun.,2020 0 2020.08Aug.,2020

-5 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Distance from起点距（ initial point/mm） 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（4） Typical bank collapse along the downstream reach of TGP 40

35 八姓洲-荆178

25 Oct.,2002 /m 年

2002 (m) 20 2008Oct.,2008年

高程 15 Elevation 2015Oct.,2015年 10 2016.07Aug.,2016 5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Distance起点距 from initial(m) point/m

Oct.,2002

Oct.,2013

July,2016 /m /m

Aug.,2016 Elevation

Distance from initial point/m 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（4） Typical bank collapse along the downstream reach of TGP

高

/m /m

程

地形线Form Line

Elevation Cohesive粘性土 soil 20.39 平均枯水位Low water level

Elevation 水下抛石Riprap

Cohesionless非粘性土 soil

坡脚冲刷距离Erosion distance

Distance from initial起点距（m） point/m

Safety Safety factor

Erosion distance of bank toe BSTEM（Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model）Model 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（5） Bank revetment

Wire mesh Ecological slope protection Facing brick of low water platform

Ecological slope protection Mold pebble row Silting cage 4 Sediment Measurement Results

（5） Bank revetment

Rock riprap Concrete hinge row

Wire basket of pebble Mould-package concrete Thank you very much！