University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute

2011

The Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra

Ashok K. Chapagain

Maite M. Aldaya

Mesfin Mekonnen Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, [email protected]

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Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Chapagain, Ashok K.; Aldaya, Maite M.; and Mekonnen, Mesfin, "The aterW Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard" (2011). Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications. 77. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs/77

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Water Footprint Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment Manual Setting the Global Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite M. Aldaya and Public Disclosure Authorized Mesfin M. Mekonnen

The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Setting the Global Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite M. Aldaya and Mesfin M. Mekonnen

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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xvii Acronyms xix

1 Introduction 1   #BDLHSPVOE    ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU    8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOU    (VJEFGPSUIFSFBEFS 

2 Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 7   (PBMTPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOU    4DPQFPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH    4DPQFPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU    4DPQFPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFTQPOTFGPSNVMBUJPO 

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4 Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 73   *OUSPEVDUJPO    (FPHSBQIJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU   XJUIJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO    *OUSPEVDUJPO    &OWJSPONFOUBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBGPSJEFOUJGZJOH   FOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUT    4PDJBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBGPSJEFOUJGZJOHTPDJBMIPUTQPUT    &DPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBGPSJEFOUJGZJOHFDPOPNJD   IPUTQPUT    "TTFTTJOHQSJNBSZBOETFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTJOUIFIPUTQPUT   JEFOUJëFE    4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT    4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU    *EFOUJGZJOHUIFVOTVTUBJOBCMFDPNQPOFOUTJOUIFXBUFS   GPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU    8BUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEJDFTSFìFDUJOHMPDBM   FOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUT     4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT    4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS  Contents vii

5 Library of Water Footprint Response Options 99   4IBSFESFTQPOTJCJMJUZ    3FEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZ8IBUJTQPTTJCMF     $POTVNFST    $PNQBOJFT    'BSNFST    *OWFTUPST    (PWFSONFOUT 

6 Limitations 115

7 Future Challenges 119   8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUNFUIPEPMPHZBOEEBUB    "QQMJDBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOEJêFSFOUDPOUFYUT    &NCFEEJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOFYJTUJOHXBUFSBOE   FOWJSPONFOUBMBDDPVOUTBOESFQPSUT    -JOLJOHUPFDPMPHJDBM FOFSHZBOEDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUNFUIPET    -JOLJOHUPNBUFSJBMìPXBOBMZTJT JOQVUPVUQVUNPEFMMJOHBOEMJGF   DZDMFBTTFTTNFOU 

8 Conclusion 129

Appendix I Calculation of Green and Blue Evapotranspiration Using the CROPWAT Model 131 Appendix II Calculating the Process Water Footprint of Growing a Crop: An Example for Sugar Beet in Valladolid (Spain) 135 Appendix III Calculating the Water Footprint of a Product: Example for Refined Sugar from Valladolid (Spain) 143 Appendix IV Examples of Grey Water Footprint Calculations 147 Appendix V Environmental Flow Requirements 151 Appendix VI Frequently Asked Questions 155

References 169 List of Symbols 183 Glossary 187 Index 199

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Chapter 1

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1.1 Background

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1.2 The water footprint concept

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Water footprint of a consumer or producer

Direct water use Indirect water use

Green water footprint Green water footprint

Water withdrawal

Water Non-consumptive Blue water footprint Blue water footprint consumption water use (return flow)

Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water pollution pollution

Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the components of a water footprint. It shows that the non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (the return flow) is not part of the water footprint. It also shows that, contrary to the measure of ‘water withdrawal’, the ‘water footprint’ includes green and grey water and the indirect water-use component

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1.3 Water footprint assessment

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Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

Setting goals Water footprint Water footprint Water footprint and scope accounting sustainability assessment response formulation

Figure 1.2 Four distinct phases in water footprint assessment Introduction 5

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1.4 Guide for the reader

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(PBMTBOE4DPQFPG8BUFS Footprint Assessment

2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment

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Box 2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment

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Business water footprint assessment r 8IBUJTUIFTDBMFPGTUVEZ "DPNQBOZVOJU XIPMFDPNQBOZPSBXIPMF TFDUPS  8IFOUIFTDBMFPGJOUFSFTUJTUIFQSPEVDUMFWFM TFFBCPWFVOEFS product water footprint assessment.) r 8IBUJTUIFTDPQFPGJOUFSFTU "TTFTTUIFPQFSBUJPOBMBOEPSUIFTVQQMZ DIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU r 8IBUJTUIFàFMEPGJOUFSFTU #VTJOFTTSJTL QSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ DPSQP SBUFFOWJSPONFOUBMSFQPSUJOH QSPEVDUMBCFMMJOH CFODINBSLJOH CVTJOFTT certification, identification of critical water footprint components, GPSNVMBUJPOPGRVBOUJUBUJWFSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUT

2.2 Scope of water footprint accounting

0OFXJMMIBWFUPCFDMFBSBOEFYQMJDJUBCPVUUIFAJOWFOUPSZCPVOEBSJFTXIFO TFUUJOHVQBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUɨFJOWFOUPSZCPVOEBSJFTSFGFSUPAXIBU UPJODMVEFBOEAXIBUUPFYDMVEFGSPNUIFBDDPVOUTBOETIPVMECFDIPTFOBT BGVODUJPOPGUIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBDDPVOU0OFDBOVTFBUMFBTUUIFGPMMPXJOH DIFDLMJTUXIFOTFUUJOHVQBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOU t $POTJEFSCMVF HSFFOBOEPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU t 8IFSFUPUSVODBUFUIFBOBMZTJTXIFOHPJOHCBDLBMPOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJO t 8IJDIMFWFMPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMFYQMJDBUJPO t 8IJDIQFSJPEPGEBUB 10 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual t 'PS DPOTVNFST BOE CVTJOFTTFT DPOTJEFS EJSFDU BOEPS JOEJSFDU XBUFS GPPUQSJOU t 'PSOBUJPOTDPOTJEFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBOEPSXBUFSGPPU QSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODPOTJEFSJOUFSOBMBOEPSFYUFSOBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO

Blue, green and/or grey water footprint? #MVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFHFOFSBMMZTDBSDFSBOEIBWFIJHIFSPQQPSUVOJUZDPTUT UIBOHSFFOXBUFS TPUIBUNBZCFBSFBTPOUPGPDVTPOBDDPVOUJOHUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPOMZ)PXFWFS HSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFBMTPMJNJUFEBOEUIVTTDBSDF  XIJDIHJWFTBOBSHVNFOUUPBDDPVOUUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTXFMM#FTJEFT  HSFFOXBUFSDBOCFTVCTUJUVUFECZCMVFXBUFS– BOEJOBHSJDVMUVSFUIFPUIFSXBZ BSPVOEBTXFMMoTPUIBUBDPNQMFUFQJDUVSFDBOCFPCUBJOFEPOMZCZBDDPVOUJOH GPSCPUIɨFBSHVNFOUGPSJODMVEJOHHSFFOXBUFSVTFJTUIBUUIFIJTUPSJDBM FOHJOFFSJOHGPDVTPOCMVFXBUFSIBTMFEUPUIFVOEFSWBMVBUJPOPGHSFFOXBUFS BTBOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPSPGQSPEVDUJPO 'BMLFONBSL 3PDLTUSÚN   ɨFJEFBPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXBTJOUSPEVDFEJOPSEFSUPFYQSFTTXBUFS QPMMVUJPOJOUFSNTPGBWPMVNFQPMMVUFE TPUIBUJUDBOCFDPNQBSFEXJUIXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPO XIJDIJTBMTPFYQSFTTFEBTBWPMVNF $IBQBHBJOFUBM C )PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO  *GPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOXBUFSQPMMVUJPOBOEJO DPNQBSJOHUIFSFMBUJWFDMBJNTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPOBOEXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOPOUIF BWBJMBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFT JUJTSFMFWBOUUPBDDPVOUUIFHSFZJOBEEJUJPOUPUIFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOU

Where to truncate the analysis when going back along the supply chain? ɨFUSVODBUJPOJTTVFJTBCBTJDRVFTUJPOJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH0OF GBDFTTJNJMBSRVFTUJPOTBTJODBSCPOBOEFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH FOFSHZ BOBMZTJTBOEMJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOU/PHFOFSBMHVJEFMJOFTIBWFCFFOEFWFMPQFE ZFUJOUIFëFMEPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH CVUUIFHFOFSBMSVMFJTJODMVEF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBMMQSPDFTTFTXJUIJOBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN QSPEVDUJPO USFF UIBUATJHOJëDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUFUPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFRVFTUJPO SFNBJOTXIBUATJHOJëDBOUJTPOFDBOTBZGPSJOTUBODFAMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOU PSAMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOUXIFOJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFMBSHFTUDPNQPOFOUTPOMZ  *GPOFUSBDFTUIFPSJHJOTPGBQBSUJDVMBSQSPEVDU POFXJMMTFFUIBUTVQQMZDIBJOT BSFOFWFSFOEJOHBOEXJEFMZEJWFSHJOHCFDBVTFPGUIFWBSJFUZPGJOQVUTVTFEJO FBDIQSPDFTTTUFQ*OQSBDUJDF IPXFWFS UIFSFBSFPOMZBGFXQSPDFTTTUFQTUIBU TVCTUBOUJBMMZDPOUSJCVUFUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDU"TB SVMFPGUIVNC POFDBOFYQFDUUIBU XIFOBQSPEVDUJODMVEFTJOHSFEJFOUTUIBU PSJHJOBUFGSPNBHSJDVMUVSF UIPTFJOHSFEJFOUTPGUFOHJWFBNBKPSDPOUSJCVUJPOUP UIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUɨJTJTUIFDBTFCFDBVTFBOFTUJNBUFE QFSDFOUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZJTXJUIJOUIFBHSJDVMUVSBMTFDUPS Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 11

)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO  *OEVTUSJBMJOHSFEJFOUTBSFMJLFMZUPDPOUSJCVUF QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFOUIFZDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIXBUFSQPMMVUJPO TPUIFZXJMM DPOUSJCVUFUPUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  "TQFDJëDRVFTUJPOUIBUGBMMTVOEFSUIFUSVODBUJPOJTTVFJTXIFUIFSPOF TIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGMBCPVS XIJDIJTBOJOQVUGBDUPS in nearly all processes. The argument could be made that employees are an JOQVUGBDUPSUIBUSFRVJSFTGPPE DMPUIJOHBOEESJOLJOHXBUFS TPUIBUBMMUIF EJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUTPGFNQMPZFFTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEJO UIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU)PXFWFS UIJTDSFBUFTBWFSZTFSJPVT BDDPVOUJOHQSPCMFN XFMMLOPXOJOUIFëFMEPGMJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOUɨF QSPCMFNJTUIBUEPVCMFDPVOUJOHXPVMEPDDVSɨFVOEFSMZJOHJEFBPGOBUVSBM SFTPVSDFTBDDPVOUJOHPGQSPEVDUTJTUPBMMPDBUFBMMOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFUPUIF ëOBMDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUTBOECBTFEPODPOTVNQUJPOEBUBUPDPOTVNFST"MM OBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFJTUIVTVMUJNBUFMZBUUSJCVUFEUPDPOTVNFST$POTVNFSTBSF  IPXFWFS BMTPXPSLFST*UXPVMEDSFBUFBOFWFSFOEJOHMPPQPGEPVCMF USJQMF DPVOUJOHBOETPPO XIFOUIFOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFBUUSJCVUFEUPBDPOTVNFS XPVMECFDPVOUFEBTOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFVOEFSMZJOHUIFJOQVUGBDUPSMBCPVS JOQSPEVDUJPO*OTIPSU JUJTDPNNPOQSBDUJDFUPFYDMVEFMBCPVSBTBGBDUPS embodying indirect resource use. "OPUIFSTQFDJëDRVFTUJPOPGUFOQPTFEoQBSUJDVMBSMZCZBOBMZTUTXIPIBWF FYQFSJFODFXJUIDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHoJTXIFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG USBOTQPSUTIPVMECFJODMVEFE5SBOTQPSUDPOTVNFTBMPUPGFOFSHZ UIFBNPVOU PGXIJDINBZDPOTUJUVUFBTJHOJëDBOUDPNQPOFOUPGUIFPWFSBMMFOFSHZVTFEUP QSPEVDFBQSPEVDUBOEHFUJUUPJUTëOBMEFTUJOBUJPO*ONBOZDBTFT USBOTQPSU EPFTOPUDPOTVNFBTJHOJëDBOUBNPVOUPGGSFTIXBUFSJGDPNQBSFEUPUIFUPUBM GSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEUPNBLFBOEUSBOTQPSUBQSPEVDU*UEFQFOETPOUIFUZQFPG QSPEVDUBOEUIFUZQFPGFOFSHZBQQMJFE*OHFOFSBM XIFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGUSBOTQPSUJTUPCFJODMVEFEJOUIFBOBMZTJTEFQFOETPOUIFSVMFDIPTFOXJUI SFTQFDUUPIPXUPUSVODBUFUIFBOBMZTJT8IFOUSBOTQPSUJTFYQFDUFEUPIBWFB NJOPSDPOUSJCVUJPOUPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU UIFDPNQPOFOU DBOCFMFGUPVUPGUIFBOBMZTJT8FQBSUJDVMBSMZSFDPNNFOEJODMVEJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUSBOTQPSUXIFOCJPGVFMTPSIZESPQPXFSBSFVTFEBTUIFTPVSDFPG FOFSHZ CFDBVTFUIFTFGPSNTPGFOFSHZBSFLOPXOUPIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ.PSFJOHFOFSBM POFDBOBTLXIFUIFSUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGFOFSHZBQQMJFEJOBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTIPVMECFJODMVEFEJOUIF BTTFTTNFOUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDU"HBJO JONPTUDBTFT UIFDPOUSJCVUJPOPGUIFGBDUPSFOFSHZXJMMCFBTNBMMQFSDFOUBHFPGUIFPWFSBMM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU"OFYDFQUJPONBZCFXIFOFOFSHZJTTPVSDFEGSPN CJPGVFMPSGSPNFMFDUSJDJUZGSPNCJPNBTTDPNCVTUJPOPSIZESPQPXFS CFDBVTF UIPTFGPSNTPGFOFSHZIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ (FSCFOT-FFOFTFUBM B C:BOHFUBM %PNJOHVF['BVTFUBM   12 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table 2.1 Spatiotemporal explication in water footprint accounting

Spatial Temporal Source of required Typical use of the explication explication data on water use accounts -FWFM" (MPCBM "OOVBM "WBJMBCMFMJUFSBUVSFBOE "XBSFOFTTSBJTJOH average EBUBCBTFTPOUZQJDBM SPVHIJEFOUJàDBUJPO water consumption and of components QPMMVUJPOCZQSPEVDUPS DPOUSJCVUJOHNPTUUPUIF process. PWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU EFWFMPQNFOUPGHMPCBM projections of water consumption. -FWFM# National, "OOVBMPS "TBCPWF CVUVTFPG 3PVHIJEFOUJàDBUJPOPG regional or monthly nationally, regionally or spatial spreading and catchment- DBUDINFOUTQFDJàDEBUB WBSJBCJMJUZLOPXMFEHF TQFDJàD CBTFGPSIPUTQPU JEFOUJàDBUJPOBOEXBUFS allocation decisions. Level C Small Monthly or &NQJSJDBMEBUBPS JGOPU ,OPXMFEHFCBTFGPS catchment daily EJSFDUMZNFBTVSBCMF  carrying out a water PSàFME CFTUFTUJNBUFTPO GPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ TQFDJàD water consumption and BTTFTTNFOUGPSNVMBUJPO QPMMVUJPO TQFDJàFECZ of a strategy to reduce location and over the water footprints and year. associated local impacts.

/PUF5IFUISFFMFWFMTDBOCFEJTUJOHVJTIFEGPSBMMGPSNTPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH GPSFYBNQMF QSPEVDU OBUJPOBM DPSQPSBUFBDDPVOUT 

Which level of spatiotemporal explication? 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUTDBOCFBTTFTTFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMTPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJM 5BCMF  "U-FWFM" UIFMPXFTUMFWFMPGEFUBJM UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPO HMPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMFEBUBCBTFɨFEBUBSFGFSUP NVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFTɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMJTTVïDJFOUBOEFWFONPTUJOTUSVNFOUBM GPSUIFQVSQPTFPGBXBSFOFTTSBJTJOHɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMDBOBMTPCFTVJUBCMFXIFO UIFBJNJTUPJEFOUJGZQSPEVDUTBOEJOHSFEJFOUTUIBUNPTUTJHOJëDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUF UPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU(MPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBDBOBMTPCF VTFGVMGPSEFWFMPQJOHSPVHIQSPKFDUJPOTPGGVUVSFHMPCBMXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO HJWFONBKPSDIBOHFTJODPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOT TVDIBTBTIJGUUPXBSETNPSFNFBU PSCJPFOFSHZ "U-FWFM# UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPOOBUJPOBMPS SFHJPOBMBWFSBHFPSDBUDINFOUTQFDJëDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMF HFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUEBUBCBTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFQSFGFSBCMZTQFDJëFECZ NPOUI CVUXJMMTUJMMCFNVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFNPOUIMZEBUBɨJTMFWFMPGBDDPVOUJOH JTTVJUBCMFUPQSPWJEFBCBTJTGPSVOEFSTUBOEJOHXIFSFIPUTQPUTJOMPDBMXBUFSTIFET DBOCFFYQFDUFEBOEGPSNBLJOHXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOEFDJTJPOT"U-FWFM$ XBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFHFPHSBQIJDBMMZBOEUFNQPSBMMZFYQMJDJU CBTFEPOQSFDJTF Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 13

EBUBPOJOQVUTVTFE BOEQSFDJTFTPVSDFTPGUIPTFJOQVUTɨFNJOJNVNTQBUJBM SFTPMVUJPOJTUIFMFWFMPGTNBMMDBUDINFOUT _oLN2 CVUJGEFTJSFEBOE XIFOEBUBBMMPX POFDBOBDDPVOUBUëFMEMFWFM*OUIFMBUUFSDBTF XFBSFUBMLJOH BCPVUBDDPVOUTUIBUNBQXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSGBSN MJWJOHEJTUSJDUPSJOEVTUSZɨF NJOJNVNUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPOJTBNPOUIBOETUVEZJOHJOUFSBOOVBMWBSJBUJPOT XJMMCFQBSUPGUIFBOBMZTJTɨFBDDPVOUJOHJTCBTFEPOCFTUFTUJNBUFTPGBDUVBM MPDBMXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPO QSFGFSBCMZWFSJëFEPOUIFHSPVOEɨJT IJHIMFWFMPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJMJTTVJUBCMFGPSGPSNVMBUJOHTJUFTQFDJëDXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOTUSBUFHJFT

Which period of data? 8BUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZìVDUVBUFTXJUIJOBZFBSBOEBDSPTTZFBSTBTXFMM"TBDPOTF RVFODFPGWBSZJOHXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ XBUFSEFNBOEWBSJFTJOUJNFBTXFMM0OF TIPVMEUIFSFGPSFCFFYUSFNFMZDBVUJPVTJONBLJOHDMBJNTSFHBSEJOHBXBUFSGPPU QSJOUUSFOEJOUJNF8IBUFWFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUVEZJTVOEFSUBLFO POFTIPVME CFFYQMJDJUSFHBSEJOHUIFQFSJPEPGEBUBVTFE CFDBVTFUIFQFSJPEDIPTFOXJMM BêFDUUIFPVUDPNF*OESZZFBST UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDSPQQSPEVDUXJMM CFNVDIIJHIFSUIBOJOXFUZFBST CFDBVTFNPSFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSXJMMCFSFRVJSFE 0OFDBODIPPTFUPDBMDVMBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTGPSPOFQBSUJDVMBSZFBSPSBOVNCFS PGTQFDJëDZFBST CVUBMUFSOBUJWFMZPOFDBODIPPTFUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU VOEFSBOBWFSBHFZFBSHJWFOUIFFYJTUJOHDMJNBUF EFëOFEBTUIFBWFSBHFPWFSB DPOTFDVUJWFQFSJPEPGZFBST *OUIFMBUUFSDBTF POFXJMMDPNCJOFEJêFSFOU QFSJPETJOPOFBOBMZTJTPOFUBLFT GPSFYBNQMF QSPEVDUJPOBOEZJFMEEBUBGPSB SFDFOUQFSJPEPGëWFZFBSTCVUEBUBPODMJNBUF UFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFDJQJUBUJPO BT BOBWFSBHFGPSUIFQBTUZFBST

Direct and/or indirect water footprint? ɨFHFOFSBMSFDPNNFOEBUJPOJTUPJODMVEFCPUIEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUT8IFSFBTEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFUIFUSBEJUJPOBMGPDVTPGDPO TVNFSTBOEDPNQBOJFT UIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFS #ZBEESFTTJOHPOMZUIFJSEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPOTVNFSTXPVMEOFHMFDUUIF GBDUUIBUUIFMBSHFTUQBSUPGUIFJSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUT UIFZCVZJOUIFTVQFSNBSLFUPSFMTFXIFSF OPUUIFXBUFSUIFZDPOTVNFBUIPNF 'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOJTNVDICJHHFS UIBOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJSPXOPQFSBUJPOTJHOPSJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJO DPNQPOFOUNBZMFBEUPJOWFTUNFOUTJONBLJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIFPQFSBUJPOBM XBUFSVTFXIJMFJOWFTUNFOUTJOJNQSPWJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJODPVMEIBWFCFFO NPSFDPTUFêFDUJWF%FQFOEJOHPOUIFQVSQPTFPGBQBSUJDVMBSTUVEZ IPXFWFS  POFDBOPGDPVSTFEFDJEFUPJODMVEFPOMZUIFEJSFDUPSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JOUIFBOBMZTJTɨFSFJTTPNFTJNJMBSJUZIFSFXJUIUIFATDPQFTBTEJTUJOHVJTIFEJO DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH TFF#PY  14 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 2.2 Are there ‘scopes’ in water footprint accounting as there are in the case of corporate carbon footprint accounting?

"DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUJTUIFUPUBMTFUPGHSFFOIPVTFHBT ()( FNJTTJPOT DBVTFEEJSFDUMZBOEJOEJSFDUMZCZBOJOEJWJEVBM PSHBOJ[BUJPO FWFOUPSQSPEVDU *OUIFàFMEPGDPSQPSBUFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH UISFFATDPQFTIBWF CFFOEFà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footprint accounting. The total water footprint of a consumer or producer SFGFST CZEFàOJUJPO UPCPUIUIFEJSFDUBOEUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGUIJT DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS5IJTNFBOTUIBU XJUIPVUTQFDJàDBUJPO UIFUFSNXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFTVNPGEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDU5IFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO 4DPQFTBOEBTBQQMJFEJODBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTOPUVTFGVMJOUIF case of water footprint accounting. In water footprint accounting there are thus two ‘scopes’ only: ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ water footprint.

Consider the water footprint within a nation or the water footprint of national consumption? ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNF DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPOɨJTJODMVEFTXBUFS VTFGPSNBLJOHQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFEEPNFTUJDBMMZCVUBMTPXBUFSVTFGPSNBLJOH FYQPSUQSPEVDUTɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJTEJêFSFOUGSPNUIF AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPG XBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOIBCJUBOUTPG UIFOBUJPOɨJTSFGFSTUPCPUIXBUFSVTFXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBOEXBUFSVTFPVUTJEF UIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO CVUJTSFTUSJDUFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFCFIJOEUIFQSPEVDUT DPOTVNFEXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO UIVTJODMVEFTBOJOUFSOBMBOEBOFYUFSOBMDPNQPOFOU*ODMVEJOHBOBOBMZTJT PGUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTLFZJOPSEFSUPHFUBDPNQMFUFQJDUVSFPGIPX OBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUSBOTMBUFTUPXBUFSVTFOPUPOMZJOUIFDPVOUSZJUTFMGCVU BMTPBCSPBE BOEUIVTUPBOBMZTFXBUFSEFQFOEFODZBOETVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGJNQPSUT Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 15

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2.3 Scope of water footprint sustainability assessment

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2.4 Scope of water footprint response formulation

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Chapter 3

Water Footprint Accounting

3.1 Human appropriation of fresh water: What do we measure and why?

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Green water footprint Blue water footprint

Non Precipitation production-related Production-related Water contained Production-related Water contained Water transfer to evapotranspiration evapotranspiration in products evapotranspiration in products other catchment

Catchment area Abstraction Return flow

Run-off at Run-off from Soil and vegetation Ground- and surface water field level catchment

Figure 3.1 5IFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOSFMBUJPOUPUIFXBUFS CBMBODFPGBDBUDINFOUBSFB Water Footprint Accounting 21

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3.2 Coherence between different sorts of water footprint accounts

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Water footprint of a group of Water footprint of a group of Water footprint within a consumers (e.g. of a nation, geographically delineated area producers (e.g. a sector) province or municipality) (e.g. a nation or river basin)

Water footprint of a producer Water footprint of consumer (business, company) add process add product water footprints add product water footprints water footprints of all products produced of all products consumed of all processes occurring within the area Product water footprints

add process water footprints of all processes in a production system of a product

Process water footprints

Figure 3.2 1SPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBTUIFCBTJDCVJMEJOHCMPDLGPSBMMPUIFS water footprints

FYDMVTJWFMZBMMPDBUFEUPPOFëOBMQSPEVDUPS XIFOBQSPDFTTDPOUSJCVUFTUPNPSF UIBOPOFëOBMQSPEVDU BQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEJWJEFEPWFSUIFEJêFSFOU ëOBMQSPEVDUT"EEJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGJOUFSNFEJBUFQSPEVDUTEPFTOPUNBLF TFOTF CFDBVTFEPVCMFDPVOUJOHDBOFBTJMZPDDVS*GPOFXPVMEBEE GPSJOTUBODF  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPUUPOGBCSJDBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIBSWFTUFEDPUUPO  POFXPVMEEPVCMFDPVOU CFDBVTFUIFGPSNFSJODMVEFTUIFMBUUFS4JNJMBSMZ POF DBOBEEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFSTXJUIPVUEPVCMFDPVOUJOH  CVUPOFTIPVMEOPUBEEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGEJêFSFOUQSPEVDFSTBTUIJTDBO lead to double counting. ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPOTVNFSTJTSFMBUFEUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIF QSPEVDFSTJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJO'JHVSFTIPXTBTJNQMJëFEFYBNQMFPGUIF TVQQMZDIBJOPGBOBOJNBMQSPEVDUɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS JTUIFTVNPGJUTEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT8IFOXFGPDVTPONFBU DPOTVNQUJPO UIFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSSFGFSTUPUIFWPMVNFPG XBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXIFOQSFQBSJOHBOEDPPLJOHUIFNFBUɨFJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFNFBUDPOTVNFSEFQFOETPOUIFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFSFUBJMFSUIBUTFMMTUIFNFBU UIFGPPEQSPDFTTPSUIBUQSFQBSFTUIFNFBUGPSTBMF  UIFMJWFTUPDLGBSNUIBUSBJTFTUIFBOJNBMBOEUIFDSPQGBSNUIBUQSPEVDFTUIFGFFE GPSUIFBOJNBMɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFSFUBJMFSEFQFOETPOUIFEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFGPPEQSPDFTTPS MJWFTUPDLGBSNBOEDSPQGBSN BOETPPO ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOBOBSFBJTOPUFRVBMUPUIFAXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFBSFB CVUUIFZBSFSFMBUFE'JHVSFTIPXTUIFSFMBUJPO CFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJëFEFYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOTɨFAJOUFSOBM Water Footprint Accounting 23

Box 3.1 The relation between the different sorts of water footprints

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFQSPDFTTTUFQTUBLFOUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU DPOTJEFSJOHUIFXIPMF production and supply chain). r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFS r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPNNVOJUZUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG JUTNFNCFST r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGJUTJOIBCJUBOUT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFàOBMQSPEVDUTUIBUUIFCVTJOFTTQSPEVDFT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF  BNVOJDJQBMJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUF OBUJPO DBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO UIFTVN PGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB

XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOJTFRVBMUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO UIFOBUJPOJOTPGBSBTJUJTOPUSFMBUFEUPQSPEVDJOHFYQPSUQSPEVDUTɨFAFYUFSOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBOCFGPVOECZMPPLJOHBUUIFJNQPSU PGQSPEVDUT BOEUIVTXBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSN BOEUIFBTTPDJBUFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOUIFFYQPSUJOHOBUJPO "XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU PSBTBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF #PY ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT JTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF8IFOEJWJEFEPWFSUIFRVBOUJUZ PGQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFQSPDFTT JUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU"QSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFS WPMVNFQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU VTVBMMZNUPOPSMJUSFLH ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBSFBJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFE BTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF%FQFOEJOHPOUIFMFWFMPGEFUBJMUIBUPOFBJNT UPQSPWJEF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFFYQSFTTFEQFSEBZ NPOUIPSZFBS

3.3 Water footprint of a process step

3.3.1 Blue water footprint ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGDPOTVNQUJWFVTFPGTPDBMMFECMVF XBUFS JOPUIFSXPSET GSFTITVSGBDFPSHSPVOEXBUFSɨFUFSNADPOTVNQUJWF XBUFSVTFSFGFSTUPPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHGPVSDBTFT 24 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect wate r w ater wate r w ater footprint footprint footprint footprint Feed crop Livestock Food Retailer Consumer cultivation farming processor

Direct Direct Direct Direct Direct water water w ater water water footprint footprint footprint footprint footprint

Figure 3.3 The direct and indirect water footprint in each stage of the supply chain of an animal product

Nation A Nation B

Water footprint of Water footprint of national consumption national consumption

internal external external internal Virtual-water Virtual-water export export

Water Water footprint Virtual-water Virtual-water footprint within the import import within the nation nation

Figure 3.4 5IFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJàFE FYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOT

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ɨFëSTUDPNQPOFOU FWBQPSBUJPO JTHFOFSBMMZUIFNPTUTJHOJëDBOUPOFɨFSFGPSF POFXJMMPGUFOTFFUIBUDPOTVNQUJWFVTFJTFRVBUFEXJUIFWBQPSBUJPO CVUUIF PUIFSUISFFDPNQPOFOUTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEXIFOSFMFWBOU"MMQSPEVDUJPO SFMBUFEFWBQPSBUJPODPVOUT JODMVEJOHUIFXBUFSUIBUFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHXBUFS TUPSBHF GPSFYBNQMF GSPNBSUJëDJBMXBUFSSFTFSWPJST USBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF  Water Footprint Accounting 25

Box 3.2 Unit of a water footprint

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJU PGUJNF8IFOEJWJEFEPWFSUIFRVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIF QSPDFTT QSPEVDUVOJUTQFSVOJUPGUJNF JUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFS volume per product unit. r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU&YBNQMFT – water volume per unit of mass (for products where weight is a good indicator of quantity) – water volume per unit of money (for products where value tells more than weight) – water volume per piece (for products that are counted per piece rather than weight) m XBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ QFSLDBMGPSGPPEQSPEVDUT PSQFS joule for electricity or fuels) r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSCVTJOFTTJTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFS WPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF*UDBOCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSNPOF UBSZVOJUXIFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGUJNFJTEJWJEFECZJODPNF GPSDPOTVNFST PSUVSOPWFS GPSCVTJOFTTFT 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB DPNNVOJUZPGDPOTVNFSTDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFS unit of time per capita. r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBJTFYQSFTTFE BTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF*UDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFS volume per monetary unit when divided over the income in the area.

GSPNPQFODBOBMT QSPDFTTJOH GPSFYBNQMF FWBQPSBUJPOPGIFBUFEXBUFSUIBUJT OPUSFDPMMFDUFE BOEDPMMFDUJPOBOEEJTQPTBM GPSFYBNQMF GSPNESBJOBHFDBOBMT BOEGSPNXBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOUQMBOUT  A$POTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUUIFXBUFSEJTBQQFBST CFDBVTF XBUFSXJMMSFNBJOXJUIJOUIFDZDMFBOEBMXBZTSFUVSOTPNFXIFSF8BUFSJTB SFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF CVUUIBUEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUJUTBWBJMBCJMJUZJTVOMJNJUFE *OBDFSUBJOQFSJPE UIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUSFDIBSHFTHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFT BOEUIBUìPXTUISPVHIBSJWFSJTBMXBZTMJNJUFEUPBDFSUBJOBNPVOU8BUFSJO SJWFSTBOEBRVJGFSTDBOCFVTFEGPSJSSJHBUJPOPSJOEVTUSJBMPSEPNFTUJDQVSQPTFT #VUJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEPOFDBOOPUDPOTVNFNPSFXBUFSUIBOJTBWBJMBCMFɨF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBWBJMBCMFJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPE UIBUJTDPOTVNFE JOPUIFSXPSET OPUJNNFEJBUFMZSFUVSOFEXJUIJOUIFTBNF DBUDINFOU *OUIJTXBZ JUQSPWJEFTBNFBTVSFPGUIFBNPVOUPGBWBJMBCMFCMVF XBUFSDPOTVNFECZIVNBOTɨFSFNBJOEFS UIFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDFXBUFS ìPXTOPUDPOTVNFEGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFT JTMFGUUPTVTUBJOUIFFDPTZTUFNTUIBU EFQFOEPOUIFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDFXBUFSìPXT 26 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBQSPDFTTTUFQJTDBMDVMBUFEBT

WFproc,blue = BlueWaterEvaporation + BlueWaterIncorporation +

WFproc,blue = LostReturnflow  

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Box 3.3 Data sources for the calculation of a blue water footprint

Industrial processes:&BDIDPNQPOFOUPGUIFCMVFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOCFNFBTVSFE EJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZ*UJTHFOFSBMMZLOPXOIPXNVDIXBUFS JTBEEFEJOPSEFSUPCFDPNFQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDU)PXNVDIXBUFSFWBQPSBUFT during storage, transport, processing and disposal is generally not measured EJSFDUMZ CVUDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOBCTUSBDUJPOBOE àOBMEJTQPTBMWPMVNFT*EFBMMZ POFDBOSFMZPOEBUBCBTFTUIBUDPOUBJOUZQJDBM data on consumptive water use for various types of processes. 4VDIEBUBCBTFT IPXFWFS EPIBSEMZFYJTUBOEHFOFSBMMZDPOUBJOEBUBPO XBUFSXJUIESBXBMT BCTUSBDUJPOT OPUPODPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF#FTJEFT  UIFTFEBUBCBTFTHFOFSBMMZMBDLUIFOFDFTTBSZEFUBJMTBOEDPOUBJOEBUBPO XBUFSVTFQFSJOEVTUSJBMTFDUPS GPSFYBNQMF TVHBSSFàOFSJFT UFYUJMFNJMMT  paper mills and so on) rather than per manufacturing process. Two data- SJDIDPNQFOEJVNTBSF(MFJDL  BOE7BOEFS-FFEFOFUBM  CVU CPUIBSF64GPDVTFEBOENBJOMZMJNJUFEUPEBUBPOXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT0OF DBOBMTPDPOTVMUQSPQSJFUBSZEBUBCBTFTTVDIBT&DPJOWFOU  CVUTVDI EBUBCBTFTHFOFSBMMZQSPWJEFEBUBPOXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT OPUDPOTVNQUJWF XBUFSVTF5IFCFTUTPVSDFTGPSCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJONBOVGBDUVSJOH QSPDFTTFTBSFUIFNBOVGBDUVSFSTUIFNTFMWFTPSSFHJPOBMPSHMPCBMCSBODI PSHBOJ[BUJPOT

Agricultural processes:"WBJMBCMFTUBUJTUJDTPOCMVFXBUFSVTFJOBHSJ DVMUVSFHFOFSBMMZTIPXUPUBMXBUFSXJUIESBXBMTGPSJSSJHBUJPOPOMZ OPUCMVF consumptiveXBUFSVTF.FBTVSJOHXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBà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ÕMM  .FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB B BOE;XBSUFUBM   "UUIFXFCTJUFPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSLmXXXXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PSHmHFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUEBUBPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDSPQHSPXJOH BSFBWBJMBCMFGPSBMMNBKPSDSPQTJOUIFXPSME5IFTFEBUBTFUTDBOCFVTFE GPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBU-FWFM# TFF5BCMF 'PSBDDPVOUJOHBU -FWFM$ POFXJMMIBWFUPBQQMZBOBQQSPQSJBUFXBUFSCBMBODFNPEFMPOFTFMG  UPHFUIFSXJUIMPDBMMZTQFDJàDJOQVUEBUB 28 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

8FëOBMJ[FUIJTTFDUJPOCZDPOTJEFSJOHUXPTQFDJëDDBTFTGPSXIJDIJUNBZ OPUCFJNNFEJBUFMZDMFBSUPUIFSFBEFSIPXUPQSPQFSMZBDDPVOUɨFëSTUDBTF DPODFSOTUIFJTTVFPGXBUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFɨFTFDPOEDBTFDPODFSOTUIF RVFTUJPOPGIPXUPBDDPVOUJOUIFDBTFPGBOJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFS

Water recycling and reuse 8BUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFBSFPGUFOVTFEBTUXPJOUFSDIBOHFBCMFUFSNT)FSF XFEFëOFAXBUFSSFDZDMJOHTQFDJëDBMMZBTUIFon-siteSFVTFPGXBUFSfor the same purpose BOEAXBUFSSFVTFBTUIFSFVTFPGXBUFSFMTFXIFSF QPTTJCMZGPSBOPUIFS QVSQPTF*OUIFDBTFPGSFDZDMJOH XFDBONBLFBOBEEJUJPOBMEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO SFDZDMJOHPGXBTUFXBUFS CZUSFBUJOHJUGPSSFVTF BOESFDZDMJOHPGFWBQPSBUFE XBUFS CZDPOEFOTJOHXBUFSWBQPVSGPSSFVTF ɨFEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGXBUFS SFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFBSFTIPXOGPSBTJNQMFFYBNQMFJO'JHVSFɨFëHVSF TIPXTUXPQSPDFTTFT UIFTFDPOEPGXIJDISFVTFT USFBUFE XBTUFXBUFSGSPNUIF ëSTUɨFTDIFNFTIPXTUIBUGPSUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGCPUIQSPDFTTFTJU JTUIFDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF FWBQPSBUJPOBOEJODPSQPSBUJPOJOUPQSPEVDUT  that counts. Water recycling and reuse can be instrumental in reducing the blue XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTPOMZXIFOJUFêFDUJWFMZSFEVDFTDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFS use. Water recycling and reuse may also be instrumental in reducing the grey XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGXBUFSVTFST CVUUIJTXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEJO4FDUJPO

Blue water footprint Blue water footprint of process 1 of process 2

Consumptive Consumptive water use water use

Capture and recycling of water vapour

Reuse of Treatment wastewater Process 1 Process 2

Treatment Recycling of Abstraction wastewater Abstraction Effluent

Figure 3.5 #MVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJOUIFDBTFPGXBUFSSFDZDMJOH and reuse Water Footprint Accounting 29

Inter-basin water transfer "OJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFSJTUIFBCTUSBDUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNBSJWFSCBTJO"BOE NPWFJUoUISPVHIQJQFMJOFT DBOBMTPSCVMLUSBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF CZMPSSZPS TIJQ oUPBOPUIFSSJWFSCBTJO#"DDPSEJOHUPUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEFëOJUJPO  NPWJOHXBUFSBXBZGSPNBSJWFSCBTJOJTBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIBUCBTJO  CFDBVTFJUJTADPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFUPUBMUSBOTGFS XJMMCFBMMPDBUFEUPUIFCFOFëDJBSJFTPGUIFXBUFSJOUIFSFDFJWJOHSJWFSCBTJO ɨVT QSPDFTTFTJOCBTJO#UIBUVTFXBUFSGSPNBOPUIFSCBTJO"IBWFBCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUMPDBUFEJOCBTJO" UIFTJ[FPGXIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFS UIFZSFDFJWFQMVTUIFQPTTJCMFMPTTFTPOUIFXBZ*GUIFXBUFSVTFSTJOUIFSFDFJWJOH SJWFSCBTJO#SFUVSO QBSUPG UIFVTFEXBUFSUPUIFJSPXOCBTJO XFTFFUIBU XBUFSJTABEEFEUPUIFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOSJWFSCBTJO#ɨJTABEEFEXBUFSNBZ DPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPUIFSVTFSTUIBUIBWFDPOTVNFEXBUFS GSPNCBTJO#JOUIBUTFOTFPOFNBZBSHVFUIBUUIFJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFSDSFBUFT BAOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFSFDFJWJOHSJWFSCBTJO JOTPGBSBTUIFXBUFS EPFTOPUFWBQPSBUFBOEJOEFFEBEETUPUIFXBUFSTZTUFNPGUIFSFDFJWJOHCBTJO  ɨFOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOCBTJO#QBSUMZDPNQFOTBUFTUIFQPTJUJWFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPUIFSVTFSTJOCBTJO#/PUFUIBUJUEPFTOPUDPNQFOTBUFGPSUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOSJWFSCBTJO"8IFOUIFHPBMJTUPBTTFTTUIFPWFSBMMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOTJOCBTJO# XFSFDPNNFOEUPJODMVEFBQPTTJCMFAOFHBUJWF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUFYJTUTBTBSFTVMUPGSFBMXBUFSUSBOTGFSJOUPUIFCBTJO QSPWJEFEUIBUJUJOEFFEDPNQFOTBUFTGPSBQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIF CBTJOJOUIFTBNFQFSJPE *OUIFDBTFPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTGPSJOEJWJEVBM QSPDFTTFT QSPEVDUT DPOTVNFSTPSQSPEVDFST POFTIPVMEMFBWFDBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPVUPGUIFGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTJOPSEFSUPNBLFBDMFBS TFQBSBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFEJTDVTTJPOBCPVUUIFHSPTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT  QSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSBOEUIFEJTDVTTJPOBCPVUQPTTJCMFDPNQFOTBUJPO ɨFJTTVFPGDPNQFOTBUJPO TVCUSBDUBCJMJUZ JTEFCBUBCMFBOETIPVMECFEFBMUXJUI TFQBSBUFMZGSPNUIFBDDPVOUJOHQIBTF*UIBTCFFOBSHVFEUIBUEPJOHHPPEJOPOF CBTJO GPSFYBNQMF UISPVHIBOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIBUCBTJO DBOOPU DPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOPUIFSCBTJO TJODFXBUFS EFQMFUJPOBOESFTVMUJOHJNQBDUTJOPOFQMBDFXJMMOPUCFTPMWFECZBEEJOHXBUFS TPNFXIFSFFMTF*OUIJTDBTF BEEJOHBDBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUP UIFDBMDVMBUFEQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMESFTVMUJOBNJTMFBEJOHëHVSF 3FBENPSFPOUIFJNQPTTJCJMJUZUPDPNQFOTBUFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOPOFCBTJOCZ BEEJOHXBUFSJOBOPUIFSCBTJOJO$IBQUFS #PY 

3.3.2 Green water footprint ɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIFIVNBOVTFPGTPDBMMFEHSFFO XBUFS(SFFOXBUFSSFGFSTUPUIFQSFDJQJUBUJPOPOMBOEUIBUEPFTOPUSVOPêPS 30 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

SFDIBSHFUIFHSPVOEXBUFSCVUJTTUPSFEJOUIFTPJMPSUFNQPSBSJMZTUBZTPOUPQ PGUIFTPJMPSWFHFUBUJPO&WFOUVBMMZ UIJTQBSUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTPS USBOTQJSFTUISPVHIQMBOUT(SFFOXBUFSDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSDSPQHSPXUI CVUOPUBMMHSFFOXBUFSDBOCFUBLFOVQCZDSPQT CFDBVTFUIFSFXJMMBMXBZTCF FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMBOECFDBVTFOPUBMMQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSPSBSFBTBSF TVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUI  ɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUIFWPMVNFPGSBJOXBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIF QSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTTɨJTJTQBSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZ QSPEVDUT QSPEVDUTCBTFEPODSPQTPSXPPE XIFSFJUSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNëFMETBOEQMBOUBUJPOT QMVTUIFXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFE JOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQPSXPPEɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBQSPDFTTTUFQJT FRVBMUP

WFproc,green = GreenWaterEvaporation + GreenWaterIncorporation  

ɨF EJTUJODUJPO CFUXFFO UIF CMVF BOE HSFFO XBUFS GPPUQSJOU JT JNQPSUBOU CFDBVTFUIFIZESPMPHJDBM FOWJSPONFOUBMBOETPDJBMJNQBDUT BTXFMMBTUIF FDPOPNJDPQQPSUVOJUZDPTUTPGTVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSVTFGPSQSPEVDUJPO  EJêFSEJTUJODUJWFMZGSPNUIFJNQBDUTBOEDPTUTPGSBJOXBUFSVTF 'BMLFONBSLBOE 3PDLTUSÚN )PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO   (SFFOXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJOBHSJDVMUVSFDBOCFNFBTVSFEPSFTUJNBUFE XJUIBTFUPGFNQJSJDBMGPSNVMBTPSXJUIBDSPQNPEFMTVJUBCMFGPSFTUJNBUJOH FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOCBTFEPOJOQVUEBUBPODMJNBUF TPJMBOEDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT *O4FDUJPOXFXJMMQSFTFOUJONPSFEFUBJMIPXPOFDBOFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODSPQHSPXUI

3.3.3 Grey water footprint ɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTTUFQJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIFEFHSFFPG GSFTIXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPDFTTTUFQ*UJTEFëOFE BTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUT CBTFEPOOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOTBOEFYJTUJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUIBTHSPXOPVUPGUIFSFDPHOJUJPO UIBUUIFTJ[FPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPODBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFS UIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUTTVDIUIBUUIFZCFDPNFIBSNMFTT #PY  ɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTDBMDVMBUFECZEJWJEJOHUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBE L JO NBTTUJNF CZUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPS

UIBUQPMMVUBOU UIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOcmax JONBTTWPMVNF 

BOEJUTOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ cnat JONBTTWPMVNF  Water Footprint Accounting 31

Box 3.4 The history of the grey water footprint concept

The grey water footprint refers to the volume of water that is required to BTTJNJMBUFXBTUF RVBOUJàFEBTUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSOFFEFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUT UPTVDIBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPGUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSSFNBJOTBCPWFBHSFFE XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET5IFJEFBPGFYQSFTTJOHXBUFSQPMMVUJPOJOUFSNTPG BXBUFSWPMVNFOFFEFEUPEJMVUFUIFXBTUFJTOPUOFX'BMLFONBSLBOE -JOEI  QSPQPTFEBTBSVMFPGUIVNCUPSFDLPOXJUIBEJMVUJPOGBDUPS PGmUJNFTUIFXBTUFXBUFSáPX1PTUFMFUBM  BQQMJFEBEJMVUJPO GBDUPSGPSXBTUFBCTPSQUJPOPGMJUSFTQFSTFDPOEQFSQPQVMBUJPO These generic dilution factors do not account for the sort of pollution and UIFMFWFMPGUSFBUNFOUCFGPSFEJTQPTBM CVUJNQMJDJUMZBTTVNFTPNFBWFSBHF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGIVNBOXBTUFáPXT$IBQBHBJOFUBM C QSPQPTFEUP NBLFUIFEJMVUJPOGBDUPSEFQFOEFOUPOUIFUZQFPGQPMMVUBOUBOEUPVTFUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPSBDFSUBJOQPMMVUBOUBTUIFDSJUFSJPOUP quantify the dilution requirement. The term ‘grey water footprint’ was for UIFàSTUUJNFJOUSPEVDFECZ)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO  BOEEFàOFE BTUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJO UIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ"CJUMBUFS JUXBTSFDPHOJ[FEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTCFUUFSDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFEJGGFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPO )PFLTUSBFUBM B 5IFXPSLPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSLTHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPSLJOHHSPVQ ;BSBUF B IBTGVSUIFSSFTVMUFEJOB OVNCFSPGSFàOFNFOUT JODMVEJOHUIFSFDPHOJUJPOUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPGJOUBLF XBUFSTIPVMECFUBLFOJOUPBDDPVOUBOEUIFJEFBPGBNVMUJUJFSBQQSPBDI JOPSEFSUPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOEJGGFSFOUMFWFMTPGEFUBJMJOBTTFTTJOHBHSFZ water footprint in the case of diffuse pollution. "MUIPVHIUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFVOEFSTUPPEBTBAEJMVUJPOXBUFS requirement’, we prefer not to use that term since it appeared to cause confusion with some people who thought that the term implies we need to dilute pollutants instead of reduce their emission. This is, of course, not the meaning of the concept. The grey water footprint is an indicator of pollution BOEUIFMFTTQPMMVUJPOUIFCFUUFS5SFBUNFOUPGXBTUFXBUFSCFGPSFEJTQPTBM XJMMPCWJPVTMZSFTVMUJOBSFEVDFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU QPTTJCMZEPXOUP[FSP 4PNFSFDFOUTUVEJFTUIBUJODMVEFRVBOUJàDBUJPOPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JODMVEF%BCSPXTLJFUBM  &SDJOFUBM  (FSCFOT-FFOFTBOE )PFLTUSB  7BO0FMFUBM  "MEBZBBOE)PFLTUSB  #VMTJOL FUBM  $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  BOE.FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB B C  32 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

L WF =   proc, grey − ccmax nat

ɨFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZJTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJO UIFXBUFSCPEZUIBUXPVMEPDDVSJGUIFSFXFSFOPIVNBOEJTUVSCBODFTJOUIF DBUDINFOU'PSIVNBONBEFTVCTUBODFTUIBUOBUVSBMMZEPOPUPDDVSJOXBUFS  cnat = 0. 8IFOOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTBSFOPULOPXOQSFDJTFMZCVUBSFFTUJNBUFE

UPCFMPX GPSTJNQMJDJUZPOFNBZBTTVNFcnatɨJTXJMM IPXFWFS SFTVMUJOBO

VOEFSFTUJNBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXIFOcnat JTBDUVBMMZOPUFRVBMUP[FSP 0OFNBZBTLXIZUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJTVTFEBTBSFGFSFODFBOE OPUUIFBDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZɨFSFBTPOJTUIBU UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGBQQSPQSJBUFEBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ ɨFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZEFQFOETPOUIFEJêFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBTVCTUBODF *GPOFXPVMEDPNQBSFUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOXJUIUIFBDUVBM DPODFOUSBUJPOPGBTVCTUBODF POFXPVMEMPPLBUUIFremaining assimilation DBQBDJUZ XIJDIJTPCWJPVTMZDIBOHJOHBMMUIFUJNF BTBGVODUJPOPGUIFBDUVBM MFWFMPGQPMMVUJPOBUBDFSUBJOUJNF (SFZ XBUFS GPPUQSJOU DBMDVMBUJPOT BSF DBSSJFE PVU VTJOH BNCJFOU XBUFS RVBMJUZTUBOEBSETGPSUIFSFDFJWJOHGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ JOPUIFSXPSET TUBOEBSET XJUISFTQFDUUPNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOTɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIF HSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOU BJNT UPTIPXUIF SFRVJSFE BNCJFOUXBUFS WPMVNF UP BTTJNJMBUFDIFNJDBMT"NCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFBTQFDJëDDBUFHPSZ PGXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET0UIFSTPSUTPGTUBOEBSETBSF GPSFYBNQMF ESJOLJOH XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET JSSJHBUJPORVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBOEFNJTTJPO PSFðVFOU  TUBOEBSET0OFTIPVMEUBLFDBSFVTJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET'PS POFQBSUJDVMBSTVCTUBODF UIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSENBZWBSZGSPN POFUPBOPUIFSXBUFSCPEZ#FTJEFT UIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPONBZWBSZGSPN QMBDFUPQMBDF"TBSFTVMU BDFSUBJOQPMMVUBOUMPBEDBOSFTVMUJOPOFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOPOFQMBDFBOEBOPUIFSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOPUIFSQMBDFɨJT JTSFBTPOBCMF CFDBVTFUIFSFRVJSFEXBUFSWPMVNFGPSBTTJNJMBUJOHBDFSUBJO QPMMVUBOUMPBEXJMMJOEFFECFEJêFSFOUEFQFOEJOHPOUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF NBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO "MUIPVHIBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETPGUFOFYJTUJOOBUJPOBMPSTUBUF MFHJTMBUJPOPSIBWFUPCFGPSNVMBUFECZDBUDINFOUBOEPSXBUFSCPEZJOUIF GSBNFXPSLPGOBUJPOBMMFHJTMBUJPOPSCZSFHJPOBMBHSFFNFOU MJLFJOUIF&VSPQFBO 8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWFoTFF&6  UIFZEPOPUFYJTUGPSBMMTVCTUBODFT BOEGPSBMMQMBDFT.PTUJNQPSUBOUJT PGDPVSTF UPTQFDJGZXIJDIXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETBOEOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTIBWFCFFOVTFEJOQSFQBSJOHBHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOU Water Footprint Accounting 33

#PUIBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBOEOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOT WBSZ GPS TVSGBDF BOE HSPVOEXBUFS CPEJFT5ISFTIPMET JO HSPVOEXBUFS BSF PGUFOCBTFEPOSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSESJOLJOHXBUFS XIJMFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMF DPODFOUSBUJPOTJOTVSGBDFXBUFSTBSFUZQJDBMMZEFUFSNJOFECZFDPMPHJDBMDPOTJEFSB UJPOT0OFDPVMEUIFSFGPSFQSPQPTFUPDBMDVMBUFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTFQBSBUFMZ GPSTVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSTZTUFNTɨFQSPCMFNXJUIEPJOHTP IPXFWFS JT UIBUHSPVOEXBUFSHFOFSBMMZFOETVQBTTVSGBDFXBUFS TPUIBUGPSBQPMMVUBOU MPBEUPHSPVOEXBUFSPOFDBOCFUUFSUBLFUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSEBOEOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIFNPTUDSJUJDBMXBUFSCPEZ FJUIFSUIFHSPVOEXBUFSTZTUFNPSUIFTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN 'PSMPBETUPUIF TVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFNPOFDBOUBLFUIFSFMFWBOUEBUBBTGPSUIFTVSGBDFXBUFS TZTUFN8IFOJUJTQSFDJTFMZLOPXOXIJDIMPBETBSSJWF ëSTU JOUIFHSPVOEXBUFS TZTUFNBOEXIJDIMPBETJOUIFTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN JUNBLFTTFOTFUPTIPXUXP DPNQPOFOUTPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIFHSFZHSPVOEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIF HSFZTVSGBDFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU "HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMBSHFSUIBO[FSPEPFTOPUBVUPNBUJDBMMZJNQMZUIBU BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFWJPMBUFEJUKVTUTIPXTUIBUQBSUPGUIF assimilation capacity has been consumed already. As long as the calculated HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTNBMMFSUIBOUIFFYJTUJOHSJWFSìPXPSHSPVOEXBUFSìPX  UIFSFJTTUJMMTVïDJFOUXBUFSUPEJMVUFUIFQPMMVUBOUTUPBDPODFOUSBUJPOCFMPX UIFTUBOEBSE8IFOUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTQSFDJTFMZFRVBMUP UIFBNCJFOUXBUFSìPX UIFOUIFSFTVMUBOUDPODFOUSBUJPOXJMMCFFYBDUMZBUUIF TUBOEBSE8IFOUIFFðVFOUDPOUBJOTBWFSZIJHIMPBEPGDIFNJDBMTJUNBZ IBQQFOUIBUUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFYDFFETUIFFYJTUJOHSJWFSìPXPS HSPVOEXBUFSìPX*OUIJTDBTF QPMMVUJPOHPFTCFZPOEUIFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ PGUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZɨFGBDUUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFMBSHFS UIBOUIFFYJTUJOHXBUFSìPXJMMVTUSBUFTUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPFTOPU TIPXAUIFQPMMVUFEXBUFSWPMVNF CFDBVTFPOFXPVMEOPUCFBCMFUPQPMMVUF BMBSHFSWPMVNFUIBOUIFFYJTUJOHPOF *OTUFBE UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBO JOEJDBUPSPGUIFTFWFSJUZPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO FYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGUIFGSFTIXBUFS WPMVNFSFRVJSFEUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFFYJTUJOHMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUT ɨFBQQSPBDIUBLFOJOHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTUIFTBNFBTUIF TPDBMMFEDSJUJDBMMPBEBQQSPBDI #PY *OCPUIDBTFT UIFCBTJDSFDPHOJUJPO JTUIBUUIFSPPNGPSXBTUFVQUBLFPGBXBUFSCPEZJTMJNJUFECZUIFEJêFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOɨFDSJUJDBMMPBESFGFST UPUIFTJUVBUJPOXIFSFUIFSPPNGPSXBTUFVQUBLFIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE"U UIFDSJUJDBMMPBE UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFBWBJMBCMFXBUFS ìPX XIJDIJTUIFOSFRVJSFEJOGVMMUPEJMVUFUIFDIFNJDBMTEPXOUPBDDFQUBCMF concentrations. 34 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 3.5 The concept of critical load

8IFOUIFMPBEJOUPBáPXJOHXBUFSCPEZSFBDIFTBDFSUBJOADSJUJDBMMPBE UIF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFSVOPGG XIJDINFBOTUIBUGVMMSVO

off is appropriated for waste assimilation. The critical load (Lcrit JONBTTUJNF  is the load of pollutants that will fully consume the assimilation capacity of UIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ*UDBOCFDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFSVOPGGPG UIFXBUFSCPEZ R JOWPMVNFUJNF CZUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFBOEOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO

LcritR × (cmax – cnat 

5IFDPODFQUPGUIFADSJUJDBMMPBEJTTJNJMBSBTUIFAUPUBMNBYJNVNEBJMZ MPBE 5.%- EFWFMPQFECZUIF64&OWJSPONFOUBM1SPUFDUJPO"HFODZ &1"  B 5IF5.%-DBMDVMBUFTUIFNBYJNVNBNPVOUPGBQPMMVUBOUBMMPXFEUP FOUFSBXBUFSCPEZTPUIBUUIFXBUFSCPEZXJMMNFFUBOEDPOUJOVFUPNFFU water quality standards for that particular pollutant and allocates that load UPQPJOUBOEEJGGVTFTPVSDFT XIJDIJODMVEFCPUIBOUISPQPHFOJDBOEOBUVSBM CBDLHSPVOETPVSDFTPGUIFQPMMVUBOU"OPUIFSDPODFQUDMPTFMZSFMBUFEUPUIF DPODFQUPGADSJUJDBMMPBEJTUIFDPODFQUPGANBYJNVNQFSNJTTJCMFBEEJUJPO .1" XIJDIJTEFàOFEBTUIFANBYJNVNQFSNJTTJCMFDPODFOUSBUJPO .1$ 

NJOVT UIF CBDLHSPVOE DPODFOUSBUJPO BOE UIVT FRVJWBMFOU UP cmax – cnat $SPNNFOUVJKOFUBM  

Point sources of water pollution *OUIFDBTFPGQPJOUTPVSDFTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET XIFODIFNJDBMT BSFEJSFDUMZSFMFBTFEJOUPBTVSGBDFXBUFSCPEZJOUIFGPSNPGBXBTUFXBUFS EJTQPTBM UIFMPBEDBOCFFTUJNBUFECZNFBTVSJOHUIFFðVFOUWPMVNFBOEUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU.PSFQSFDJTFMZUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBE DBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF Effl JOWPMVNFUJNF NVMUJQMJFECZ

UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFQPMMVUBOUJOUIFFðVFOU ceffl JONBTTWPMVNF NJOVT UIFXBUFSWPMVNFPGUIFBCTUSBDUJPO Abstr JOWPMVNFUJNF NVMUJQMJFECZUIF

BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFJOUBLFXBUFS cact JONBTTWPMVNF ɨFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOUIFOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTGPMMPXT

L Effl×− c Abstr × c WF == effl act    proc, grey −− ccmax nat cc max nat

The pollutant load LJTUIVTEFëOFEBTUIFMPBEUIBUDPNFTPOUPQPGUIFMPBE UIBUXBTBMSFBEZDPOUBJOFEJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZCFGPSFJOUFSGFSFODFCZ UIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFE"OFYBNQMFPGUIFBQQMJDBUJPOPGUIJTFRVBUJPOJOB DPODSFUFDBTFJTHJWFOJO"QQFOEJY*76OEFSNPTUDJSDVNTUBODFT UIFBNPVOUPG Water Footprint Accounting 35

DIFNJDBMTEJTDIBSHFEJOUPBXBUFSCPEZ Effl× ceffl XJMMCFFRVBMPSMBSHFSUIBOUIF

BNPVOUBCTUSBDUFEDIFNJDBMT Abstr × cact TPUIFMPBEJTQPTJUJWF*OFYDFQUJPOBM

DJSDVNTUBODFT FJUIFSCFDBVTF ceffl < cact or because Effl < Abstr POFDPVME DBMDVMBUFBOFHBUJWFMPBE XIJDIIBTUPCFOFHMFDUFEGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUT TPPOFTIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSB[FSPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTVDIBDBTF ɨFQPTJUJWF DPOUSJCVUJPONBEFUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUJOUIFFYDFQUJPOBMDBTFPGBAOFHBUJWFMPBE JTUPCFBQQSFDJBUFECVUTIPVMEOPUCFDPVOUFEJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUT JO PSEFSUPTFQBSBUFUIFEJTDVTTJPOPGQPTTJCMFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQFOTBUJPOGSPN FYJTUJOHQPTJUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT8BUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQFOTBUJPOPSAPêTFUUJOH JTBEFCBUFJOJUTFMG TFF#PYJO$IBQUFS XIJDITIPVMECFIFMEBOENBEF FYQMJDJU OPUIJEEFOJOUIFBDDPVOUT*UJTGVSUIFSUPCFOPUFEUIBU XIFOXBUFS GPSBDFSUBJOQSPDFTTJTBCTUSBDUFEJODBUDINFOU"XIJMFUIFFðVFOUJTEJTDIBSHFE JOUPDBUDINFOU# POFTIPVMEUBLFAbstr GPSUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJODBUDINFOU# 8IFOUIFSFJTOPDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF JOPUIFSXPSET XIFOUIFFðVFOU WPMVNFFRVBMTUIFBCTUSBDUJPOWPMVNF BCPWFFRVBUJPOTJNQMJëFTJOUP

cc− WF=×effl act Effl    proc, grey − ccmax nat

ɨFGBDUPSUIBUTUBOETJOGSPOUPGEfflJTUIFTPDBMMFEAEJMVUJPOGBDUPS XIJDI SFQSFTFOUTUIFOVNCFSPGUJNFTUIBUUIFFðVFOUWPMVNFIBTUPCFEJMVUFEXJUI BNCJFOUXBUFSJOPSEFSUPBSSJWFBUUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOMFWFM )PXUIJTFRVBUJPOXPSLTPVUVOEFSBOVNCFSPGQBSUJDVMBSDBTFTJTEJTDVTTFEJO #PY

8BUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTF 'SPN&RVBUJPO POFDBOTFFUIBUXBUFSSFDZDMJOHPSXBUFSSFVTFXJMMBêFDU UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU8IFOoBGUFSUSFBUNFOUXIFOOFDFTTBSZoXBUFSJT GVMMZSFDZDMFEPSSFVTFEGPSUIFTBNFPSBOPUIFSQVSQPTF UIFSFJTOPFðVFOU UPUIFFOWJSPONFOU TPUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCF[FSP*GBGUFSPOFUJNF PSBOVNCFSPGUJNFTPGSFVTF IPXFWFS UIFXBUFSJTTUJMMEJTQPTFEJOUPUIF FOWJSPONFOU UIFSFXJMMCFBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU SFMBUFEUPUIFRVBMJUZPGUIF FðVFOUPGDPVSTF

8BTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU 8IFOXBTUFXBUFSJTUSFBUFECFGPSFJUJTEJTQPTFEJOUPUIFFOWJSPONFOU UIJT PCWJPVTMZMPXFSTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGQPMMVUBOUTJOUIFëOBMFðVFOU TPJUXJMM MPXFSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU*UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBQSPDFTTEFQFOETPOUIFRVBMJUZPGUIFFðVFOUBTJUJTëOBMMZEJTQPTFEJOUP UIFFOWJSPONFOU OPUPOUIFRVBMJUZCFGPSFUSFBUNFOU8BTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU 36 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 3.6 The grey water footprint in different cases of point-source pollution

Let us consider the common case in which the effluent volume is equal (or DMPTF UPUIFBCTUSBDUJPOWPMVNF

r 8IFO cefflcactUIFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOJM5IJTDBOFBTJMZCF VOEFSTUPPE CFDBVTFUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZXJMM remain unchanged.

r 8IFO cefflcmax the grey water footprint is equal to a certain fraction

PGUIFFGáVFOUWPMVNF8IFO JOBEEJUJPO cactcnat then the grey water GPPUQSJOUJTQSFDJTFMZFRVBMUPUIFFGáVFOUWPMVNF0OFNBZBTLXIZUIFSF JTBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMBSHFSUIBO[FSPXIFOUIFFGáVFOUDPODFOUSBUJPO NFFUTUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSE 5IFBOTXFSJTUIBUTPNFPGUIF DBQBDJUZUPBTTJNJMBUFQPMMVUBOUTIBTCFFODPOTVNFE%VFUPUIFFGáVFOU  UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZIBTNPWFE

from cnat in the direction of cmax*OUIFFYUSFNFDBTFUIBUBMMXBUFSJOB river is withdrawn and returned as effluent with a concentration equal to

cmax UIFOUIFGVMMBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFSJWFSIBTCFFODPOTVNFE TP UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMECFFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMSJWFSSVOPGG

r 8IFOceffl < cactUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMECFOFHBUJWF  XIJDIJTFYQMBJOFECZUIFGBDUUIBUUIFFGáVFOUJTDMFBOFSUIBOUIFJOUBLF water. ‘Cleaning’ when the river is actually still under natural conditions EPFTOPUNBLFNVDITFOTF CFDBVTFTPNFCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOJT BQQBSFOUMZOBUVSBM*G IPXFWFS PUIFSBDUJWJUJFTIBWFCSPVHIUUIFOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOVQBMSFBEZ DMFBOJOHBDUVBMMZDPOUSJCVUFTUPCSJOHJOHUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZCBDLJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT TP UIJTQPTJUJWFMZDPOUSJCVUFTUPXBUFSRVBMJUZ)PXFWFS DBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIBWFUPCFJHOPSFEGSPNUIFBDDPVOUT JOPSEFSUP TFQBSBUFUIFEJTDVTTJPOPOTPNFCPEZTBDUVBMQPTJUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU GSPNUIFEJTDVTTJPOPOTPNFPOFTQPTTJCMFSPMFJOUFSNTPGDPNQFOTBUJPO The issue of compensation or ‘offsetting’ of water footprints is discussed JO$IBQUFS #PY 

r 8IFO cmax UIFDBTFPGBDPNQMFUFCBOPGBIJHIMZQFSTJTUFOUPS

UPYJDQPMMVUBOU GPSXIJDIBMTPcnat BOZFGáVFOUXJUIBDPODFOUSBUJPO MBSHFSUIBO[FSPXJMMDSFBUFBOJOàOJUFMZMBSHFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU5IJT JOàOJUFOFTTDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFBCTPMVUFCBOBCTPMVUFMZVOBDDFQUBCMF NFBOTUIFGPPUQSJOUHPFTTLZIJHI

r 5IFDBTFPGcmaxcnatDSFBUFTBOJOàOJUFMZMBSHFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBT XFMM CVUUIJTDBTFXJMMOPUPDDVS CFDBVTFTFUUJOHTUBOEBSETFRVBMUPUIF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFBOEXJMMOPSNBMMZOPUIBQQFO Water Footprint Accounting 37

DBOCSJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPXOUP[FSPXIFOUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOTPG QPMMVUBOUTJOUIFFðVFOUBSFFRVBMUPPSMPXFSUIBOUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOTJOUIF XBUFSBTJUXBTBCTUSBDUFE"TBTJEFSFNBSL JUJTOPUFEIFSFUIBUUIFQSPDFTTPG XBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOUJOJUTFMGXJMMIBWFBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXIFOFWBQPSBUJPO UBLFTQMBDFEVSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOUQSPDFTTJOPQFOCBTJOT 'PSUIFSNBMQPMMVUJPO XFDBOBQQMZBTJNJMBSBQQSPBDIBTGPSQPMMVUJPOCZ DIFNJDBMTɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOPXDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFO UIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGBOFðVFOUìPXBOEUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ o$ EJWJEFE CZUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTF o$ UJNFTUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF WPMVNFUJNF 

TT− WF=×effl act Effl    proc, grey − TTmax nat

ɨFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTF Tmax – Tnat EFQFOETPOUIFUZQF PGXBUFSBOEMPDBMDPOEJUJPOT*GOPMPDBMHVJEFMJOFJTBWBJMBCMF XFSFDPNNFOE SFDLPOJOHXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVFPGo$ &6  

Diffuse sources of water pollution &TUJNBUJOHUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEJOUIFDBTFPGEJêVTFTPVSDFTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPOJT OPUBTTUSBJHIUGPSXBSEBTJOUIFDBTFPGQPJOUTPVSDFT8IFOBDIFNJDBMJTBQQMJFE POPSQVUJOUPUIFTPJM BTJOUIFDBTFPGTPMJEXBTUFEJTQPTBMPSVTFPGGFSUJMJ[FST PSQFTUJDJEFT JUNBZIBQQFOUIBUPOMZBGSBDUJPOTFFQTJOUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPS SVOTPêPWFSUIFTVSGBDFUPBTVSGBDFXBUFSTUSFBN*OUIJTDBTF UIFQPMMVUBOU MPBEJTUIFGSBDUJPOPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMTBQQMJFE QVUPOPSJOUPUIF TPJM UIBUSFBDIFTUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSɨFBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMT BQQMJFEDBOCFNFBTVSFE CVUUIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTUIBUSFBDIFTUIF HSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSDBOOPUCFNFBTVSFE TJODFJUFOUFSTUIFXBUFSJO BEJêVTFXBZ TPJUJTOPUDMFBSXIFSFBOEXIFOUPNFBTVSF"TBTPMVUJPO POF DBONFBTVSFUIFXBUFSRVBMJUZBUUIFPVUMFUPGBDBUDINFOU CVUEJêFSFOUTPVSDFT PGQPMMVUJPODPNFUPHFUIFS TPUIBUUIFDIBMMFOHFCFDPNFTUPBQQPSUJPOUIF NFBTVSFEDPODFOUSBUJPOTUPEJêFSFOUTPVSDFTɨFSFGPSF JUJTDPNNPOQSBDUJDF  BOEBMTPSFDPNNFOEFEIFSF UPFTUJNBUFUIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTUIBU FOUFSUIFXBUFSTZTUFNCZVTJOHTJNQMFPSNPSFBEWBODFENPEFMTɨFTJNQMFTU NPEFMJTUPBTTVNFUIBUBDFSUBJOëYFEGSBDUJPOPGUIFBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTëOBMMZ SFBDIUIFHSPVOEPSTVSGBDFXBUFS

Lα × Appl WF ==    proc, grey −− ccmax nat cc max nat

ɨFEJNFOTJPOMFTTGBDUPSαTUBOETGPSUIFMFBDIJOHSVOPêGSBDUJPO EFëOFEBT UIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTSFBDIJOHGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFTɨFWBSJBCMFAppl 38 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 3.7 Three-tier approach in estimating diffuse pollution loads

"UISFFUJFSBQQSPBDIJTSFDPNNFOEFEGPSFTUJNBUJOHEJGGVTFQPMMVUJPOMPBET  similar to the one of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) GPSFTUJNBUJOHHSFFOIPVTFHBTFNJTTJPOT *1$$  'SPN5JFSUP UIF BDDVSBDZJODSFBTFTCVUUIFGFBTJCJMJUZEFDSFBTFT

r 5JFSVTFTBàYFEGSBDUJPOUPUSBOTMBUFEBUBPOUIFBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMT applied to the soil to an estimate of the amount of chemicals that enter UIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN5IFGSBDUJPOJTUPCFEFSJWFE GSPNFYJTUJOHMJUFSBUVSFBOENBZEFQFOEPOUIFDIFNJDBMDPOTJEFSFE5IJT 5JFSFTUJNBUFXJMMTVGàDFBTBàSTUSPVHIFTUJNBUFCVUPCWJPVTMZFYDMVEFT relevant factors such as soil type, agricultural practice, soil hydrology and JOUFSBDUJPOCFUXFFOEJGGFSFOUDIFNJDBMTJOUIFTPJM r 5JFSBQQMJFTTUBOEBSEJ[FEBOETJNQMJàFENPEFMBQQSPBDIFT XIJDIDBO CFVTFECBTFEPOXJEFMZBWBJMBCMFEBUB TVDIBTBHSJDVMUVSBMOVUSJFOU CBMBODFT TPJMMPTTEBUB CBTJDIZESPMPHJD QFUSPMPHJDBOEIZESPNPSQIPMPHJD JOGPSNBUJPO 5IFTFTJNQMFBOETUBOEBSEJ[FENPEFMBQQSPBDIFTTIPVMECF derived from widely accepted and validated models. r 5JFSVTFTTPQIJTUJDBUFENPEFMMJOHUFDIOJRVFTHJWFOUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMF SFTPVSDFTBMMPXJUBOEUIFDIPTFOUPQJDSFRVJSFTJU8IFSFBTEFUBJMFE NFDIBOJTUJD NPEFMT PG DPOUBNJOBOU áPXT UISPVHI TPJM BSF BWBJMBCMF  UIFJSDPNQMFYJUZPGUFOSFOEFSTUIFNJOBQQSPQSJBUFGPSVTFJO5JFS UZQFNPEFMMJOHPGUIFEJGGVTFQPMMVUJPOMPBE)PXFWFS WBMJEBUFEFNQJSJDBM NPEFMTESJWFOCZJOGPSNBUJPOPOGBSNQSBDUJDFT BOEXIJDIVTFTJNQMJàFE TPJMBOEXFBUIFSEBUBBSFQSFTFOUMZBWBJMBCMFGPSVTFJOEJGGVTFMPBETUVEJFT 5JFSTUVEJFTTIPVMECFVTFEUPGVSUIFSSFàOF5JFSBQQSPBDIFT

SFQSFTFOUTUIFBQQMJDBUJPOPGDIFNJDBMTPOPSJOUPUIFTPJMJOBDFSUBJOQSPDFTT JONBTTUJNF ɨJTNPEFMJTUIFTJNQMFTU MFBTUEFUBJMFENFUIPEUPFTUJNBUFUIF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBTFPGEJêVTFQPMMVUJPOTPJUJTSFDPNNFOEFEPOMZ BTUIFEFGBVMUNFUIPE UPCFVTFEJGUJNFEPFTOPUBMMPXBNPSFEFUBJMFETUVEZ )JHIFSMFWFMTPGEFUBJMBSFQPTTJCMFJUJTQSPQPTFEUPEJTUJOHVJTIUISFFMFWFMTPG EFUBJMGSPN5JFS UIFEFGBVMUNFUIPE UP5JFS UIFNPTUEFUBJMFENFUIPE *O 5JFSTBOE NPSFTQFDJëDEBUBBOEBEWBODFENFUIPETBSFUPCFVTFE #PY 

The effect of evaporation on water quality "TQFDJëDGPSNPGAQPMMVUJPODBOPDDVSXIFOXBUFSRVBMJUZEFUFSJPSBUFTBTB SFTVMUPGFWBQPSBUJPO8IFOBQBSUPGBXBUFSìPXFWBQPSBUFT UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOT PGDIFNJDBMTJOUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSìPXXJMMJODSFBTF CFDBVTFXIFOXBUFS FWBQPSBUFTUIFDIFNJDBMTJOUIFXBUFSTUBZCFIJOE $POTJEFS BTBOFYBNQMF UIF DBTFPGIJHITBMUDPODFOUSBUJPOTJOESBJOBHFXBUFSGSPNJSSJHBUFEëFMET8IFO Water Footprint Accounting 39

UIFSFJTDPOUJOVFEJSSJHBUJPOXJUIMJUUMFESBJOBHFDPNQBSFEUPUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFS FWBQPSBUJOH UIFTBMUTOBUVSBMMZDPOUBJOFEJOUIFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSBDDVNVMBUFJO UIFTPJM TJODFUIFXBUFSFWBQPSBUFT OPUUIFTBMU "TBSFTVMU BMTPUIFESBJOBHF XBUFSXJMMIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZIJHITBMUDPOUFOU0OFNBZDBMMUIJTAQPMMVUJPO#VU PCWJPVTMZJUJTBOPUIFSTPSUPGQPMMVUJPOUIBOXIFOIVNBOTBEEDIFNJDBMTUP UIFXBUFS CFDBVTFJOUIJTDBTFUIFSFJTOPBEEJUJPOPGDIFNJDBMTCZIVNBOT CVU UIFOBUVSBMMZQSFTFOUDIFNJDBMTHFUDPODFOUSBUFECZXBUFSFWBQPSBUJPO8FDBO HFOFSBMJ[FUIJTDBTFUPBMMDBTFTXIFSFAXBUFSJTUBLFOPVUPGUIFTZTUFNUISPVHI FWBQPSBUJPO*UBMTPIBQQFOT GPSJOTUBODF JOBSUJëDJBMSFTFSWPJSTXIFSFXBUFS evaporates and chemicals accumulate. *ODSFBTJOHUIFDIFNJDBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBXBUFSCPEZCZAUBLJOHXBUFS PVUUISPVHIFWBQPSBUJPOXIJMFMFBWJOHUIFDIFNJDBMTJOJTFêFDUJWFMZUIFTBNF BTBEEJOHBDFSUBJOBEEJUJPOBMMPBE*GPOFUBLFTPVU9NPGQVSFXBUFS UIF  AFRVJWBMFOUMPBEJT9N UJNFTUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ cnat  in mass per m ɨFAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEPG9¨cnat FYQSFTTFEBTBNBTT JTOBUVSBM  CVUOPMPOHFSFNCFEEFEJOOBUVSBMXBUFS CFDBVTFUIFXBUFSXBTUBLFOBXBZ JUFWBQPSBUFE ɨJTAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEIBTUPCFBTTJNJMBUFECZPUIFSOBUVSBM XBUFSɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFEUPUIJTAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEDBOCFDBMDVMBUFE XJUIUIFTUBOEBSEFRVBUJPO XIFSFCZUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFRVBMUPUIF AFRVJWBMFOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBOEOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPO &RVBUJPO ɨJTHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMDPNFPOUPQPGHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOUSFMBUFEUPSFBMMPBET JOPUIFSXPSET DIFNJDBM MPBETBEEFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUJFT 

Integration over time and different pollutants %BJMZWBMVFTGPSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFBEEFEPWFSUIFZFBSUPHFUBOOVBM WBMVFT8IFOBXBTUFìPXDPODFSOTNPSFUIBOPOFGPSNPGQPMMVUJPO BTJT HFOFSBMMZUIFDBTF UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEFUFSNJOFECZUIFQPMMVUBOUUIBU JTNPTUDSJUJDBM UIBUJTUIFPOFUIBUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFMBSHFTUQPMMVUBOU TQFDJëDHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU'PSUIFQVSQPTFPGëOEJOHBOPWFSBMMJOEJDBUPS PGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCBTFEPOUIFDSJUJDBMTVCTUBODFJT TVïDJFOU*GPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFQPMMVUBOUTQFDJëDHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT POF DBOPGDPVSTFSFQPSUUIPTFWBMVFTTFQBSBUFMZ'PSGPSNVMBUJOHSFTQPOTFNFBTVSFT UBSHFUFEBUTQFDJëDQPMMVUBOUT UIJTJTPGDPVSTFWFSZSFMFWBOU'PSUIFPWFSBMM QJDUVSFPGQPMMVUJPO IPXFWFS TIPXJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUGPSUIFDSJUJDBM substance is good enough. "TBëOBMOPUF JUJTPCTFSWFEIFSFUIBUHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFNFBTVSFE CBTFEPOUIF IVNBOJOEVDFE MPBETUIBUenter intoGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFT OPUPOUIF CBTJTPGUIFMPBETUIBUDBOëOBMMZCFNFBTVSFEJOUIFSJWFSPSHSPVOEXBUFSìPXBU some downstreamQPJOU4JODFXBUFSRVBMJUZFWPMWFTPWFSUJNFBOEJOUIFDPVSTFPG UIFXBUFSìPXBTBSFTVMUPGOBUVSBMQSPDFTTFT UIFMPBEPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBMBUB 40 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

EPXOTUSFBNQPJOUDBOCFEJTUJODUMZEJêFSFOUGSPNUIFTVNPGUIFMPBETUIBUPODF FOUFSFEUIFTUSFBN VQTUSFBN ɨFDIPJDFUPNFBTVSFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BUUIFQPJOUXIFSFQPMMVUBOUTFOUFSUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN has the advantage that it is relatively simple – because one does not need to NPEFMUIFQSPDFTTFTUIBUDIBOHFXBUFSRVBMJUZBMPOHUIFSJWFSoBOETBGFoCFDBVTF XBUFSRVBMJUZNBZJNQSPWFBMPOHUIFìPXPGBSJWFSCZEFDBZQSPDFTTFToCVUJUJT VODMFBSXIZPOFTIPVMEUBLFJNQSPWFEXBUFSRVBMJUZEPXOTUSFBNBTBOJOEJDBUPS JOTUFBEPGNFBTVSJOHUIFJNNFEJBUFJNQBDUPGBMPBEBUUIFQPJOUXIFSFJUFOUFST UIFTZTUFN8IJMFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOEJDBUPSUIVTEPFTOPUBDDPVOUGPS OBUVSBMQSPDFTTFTUIBUNBZJNQSPWFXBUFSRVBMJUZBMPOHUIFXBUFSìPX JUEPFT BMTPOPUBDDPVOUGPSQSPDFTTFTUIBUDPOTJEFSUIFDPNCJOFEFêFDUPGQPMMVUBOUT  XIJDINBZTPNFUJNFTCFHSFBUFSUIBOXIBUPOFNBZFYQFDUPOUIFCBTJTPGUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOTPGDIFNJDBMTXIFODPOTJEFSFETFQBSBUFMZ*OUIFFOE UIFHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUSPOHMZEFQFOETPOBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET NBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOT XIJDIJTSFBTPOBCMFHJWFOUIFGBDUUIBUTVDITUBOEBSET BSFTFUCBTFEPOUIFCFTUBWBJMBCMFLOPXMFEHFBCPVUUIFQPTTJCMFIBSNGVMFêFDUTPG DIFNJDBMTJODMVEJOHUIFJSQPTTJCMFJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIPUIFSDIFNJDBMT

3.3.4 Calculation of the green, blue and grey water footprint of growing a crop or tree .BOZQSPEVDUTDPOUBJOJOHSFEJFOUTGSPNBHSJDVMUVSFPSGPSFTUSZ$SPQTBSFVTFE GPSGPPE GFFE ëCSF GVFM PJMT TPBQT DPTNFUJDTBOETPPO8PPEGSPNUSFFTBOE TISVCTJTVTFEGPSUJNCFS QBQFSBOEGVFM4JODFUIFBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZ TFDUPSTBSFNBKPSXBUFSDPOTVNJOHTFDUPST QSPEVDUTUIBUJOWPMWFBHSJDVMUVSFPS GPSFTUSZJOUIFJSQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNXJMMPGUFOIBWFBTJHOJëDBOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'PSBMMUIPTFQSPEVDUTJUJTSFMFWBOUUPQBSUJDVMBSMZMPPLJOUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHUIFDSPQPSUSFFɨJTTFDUJPOEJTDVTTFTUIFEFUBJMTPG BTTFTTJOHUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHDSPQTPSUSFFTɨFNFUIPEJT BQQMJDBCMFUPCPUIBOOVBMBOEQFSFOOJBMDSPQT XIFSFUSFFTDBOCFDPOTJEFSFEB QFSFOOJBMDSPQ*OUIFGPMMPXJOH UIFUFSNADSPQJTVTFEJOBCSPBETFOTF UIVT BMTPJODMVEJOHAUSFFTHSPXOGPSUIFXPPE

ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHDSPQTPSUSFFT WFproc JT UIFTVNPGUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZDPNQPOFOUT

=++ WFproc WF proc,,, green WF proc blue WF proc grey   

8FXJMMFYQSFTTBMMQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIJTTFDUJPOQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU  OBNFMZJOXBUFSWPMVNFQFSNBTT6TVBMMZXFFYQSFTTQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJO BHSJDVMUVSFPSGPSFTUSZBTNUPO XIJDIJTFRVJWBMFOUUPMJUSFLH Water Footprint Accounting 41

ɨFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHBDSPQPS  USFF WFproc,green N UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJODSPQXBUFSVTF  CWUgreen N IB EJWJEFECZUIFDSPQZJFME Y UPOIB ɨFCMVFDPNQPOFOU  WFproc,blue N UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ

CWU WF = green    proc, green Y

CWU WF = blue    proc, blue Y

:JFMETGPSBOOVBMDSPQTDBOCFUBLFOBTHJWFOJOZJFMETUBUJTUJDT*OUIFDBTFPG QFSFOOJBMDSPQT POFTIPVMEDPOTJEFSUIFBWFSBHFBOOVBMZJFMEPWFSUIFGVMM MJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQ*OUIJTXBZ POFBDDPVOUTGPSUIFGBDUUIBUUIFZJFMEJOUIF JOJUJBMZFBSPGQMBOUJOHJTMPXPS[FSP UIBUZJFMETBSFIJHIFTUBGUFSTPNFZFBSTBOE UIBUZJFMETPGUFOHPEPXOBUUIFFOEPGUIFMJGFTQBOPGBQFSFOOJBMDSPQ"MTPGPS UIFDSPQXBUFSVTF POFOFFETUPUBLFUIFBWFSBHFBOOVBMDSPQXBUFSVTFPWFSUIF MJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQ

ɨFHSFZDPNQPOFOUJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHBDSPQPSUSFF WFproc,grey  mUPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFDIFNJDBMBQQMJDBUJPOSBUFUPUIFëFMEQFSIFDUBSF AR LHIB UJNFTUIFMFBDIJOHSVOPêGSBDUJPO α EJWJEFECZUIFNBYJNVN  BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPO cmax LHN NJOVTUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIF  QPMMVUBOUDPOTJEFSFE cnat LHN BOEUIFOEJWJEFECZUIFDSPQZJFME Y UPOIB 

()()α ×−AR c c WF = max nat    proc, grey Y

ɨFQPMMVUBOUTHFOFSBMMZDPOTJTUPGGFSUJMJ[FST OJUSPHFO QIPTQIPSVTBOETPPO  QFTUJDJEFTBOEJOTFDUJDJEFT0OFIBTUPDPOTJEFSPOMZUIFAXBTUFìPXUPGSFTIXBUFS CPEJFT XIJDIJTHFOFSBMMZBGSBDUJPOPGUIFUPUBMBQQMJDBUJPOPGGFSUJMJ[FSTPS QFTUJDJEFTUPUIFëFME0OFOFFETUPBDDPVOUGPSPOMZUIFNPTUDSJUJDBMQPMMVUBOU  UIBUJTUIFQPMMVUBOUXIFSFBCPWFDBMDVMBUJPOZJFMETUIFIJHIFTUXBUFSWPMVNF ɨF HSFFO BOE CMVF DPNQPOFOUT JO DSPQ XBUFS VTF CWU  NIB  BSF DBMDVMBUFECZBDDVNVMBUJPOPGEBJMZFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ET NNEBZ PWFSUIF DPNQMFUFHSPXJOHQFSJPE

lgp =× CWUgreen10 ∑ ET green    d =1

lgp =× CWUblue10 ∑ ET blue   d =1 42 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

JOXIJDIETgreenSFQSFTFOUTHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBOEETblueCMVFXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOɨFGBDUPSJTNFBOUUPDPOWFSUXBUFSEFQUITJONJMMJNFUSFT JOUPXBUFSWPMVNFTQFSMBOETVSGBDFJONIBɨFTVNNBUJPOJTEPOFPWFSUIF QFSJPEGSPNUIFEBZPGQMBOUJOH EBZ UPUIFEBZPGIBSWFTU lgpTUBOETGPSMFOHUI PGHSPXJOHQFSJPEJOEBZT 4JODFEJêFSFOUDSPQWBSJFUJFTDBOIBWFTVCTUBOUJBM EJêFSFODFTJOUIFMFOHUIPGUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE UIJTGBDUPSDBOTJHOJëDBOUMZ JOìVFODFUIFDBMDVMBUFEDSPQXBUFSVTF'PSQFSNBOFOU QFSFOOJBM DSPQTBOE QSPEVDUJPOGPSFTU POFTIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUISPVHIPVU UIFZFBS#FTJEFT JOPSEFSUPBDDPVOUGPSEJêFSFODFTJOFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPWFS UIFGVMMMJGFTQBOPGBQFSNBOFOUDSPQPSUSFF POFTIPVMEMPPLBUUIFBOOVBM BWFSBHFPGFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPWFSUIFGVMMMJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQPSUSFF4VQQPTF  GPSFYBNQMF UIBUBDFSUBJOQFSFOOJBMDSPQIBTBMJGFTQBOPGZFBST XIJMFJUHJWFT BZJFMEPOMZGSPNUIFTJYUIZFBSPO*OUIJTDBTF UIFDSPQXBUFSVTFPWFSUIF ZFBSTOFFETUPCFEJWJEFEPWFSUIFUPUBMZJFMEPWFSUIFZFBSTPGQSPEVDUJPO ɨFAHSFFODSPQXBUFSVTFSFQSFTFOUTUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFSFWBQPSBUFEGSPNUIF ëFMEEVSJOHUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEUIFACMVFDSPQXBUFSVTFSFQSFTFOUTUIFUPUBM JSSJHBUJPOXBUFSFWBQPSBUFEGSPNUIFëFME &WBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBëFMEDBOCFFJUIFSNFBTVSFEPSFTUJNBUFECZNFBOT PGBNPEFMCBTFEPOFNQJSJDBMGPSNVMBT.FBTVSJOHFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTDPTUMZ BOEVOVTVBM(FOFSBMMZ POFFTUJNBUFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOEJSFDUMZCZNFBOT PGBNPEFMUIBUVTFTEBUBPODMJNBUF TPJMQSPQFSUJFTBOEDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBT JOQVUɨFSFBSFNBOZBMUFSOBUJWFXBZTUPNPEFMETBOEDSPQHSPXUI0OFPG UIFNPEFMTGSFRVFOUMZVTFEJTUIF&1*$NPEFM 8JMMJBNTFUBM 8JMMJBNT   BMTPBWBJMBCMFJOHSJECBTFEGPSN -JVFUBM  "OPUIFSNPEFMJTUIF $3018"5NPEFMEFWFMPQFECZUIF'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF0SHBOJ[BUJPOPGUIF 6OJUFE/BUJPOT '"0 C XIJDIJTCBTFEPOUIFNFUIPEEFTDSJCFEJO"MMFO FUBM  :FUBOPUIFSNPEFMJTUIF"26"$301NPEFM TQFDJëDBMMZEFWFMPQFE GPSFTUJNBUJOHDSPQHSPXUIBOEETVOEFSXBUFSEFëDJUDPOEJUJPOT '"0 F  ɨF$3018"5NPEFMPêFSTUXPEJê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ater Footprint Accounting 43

&TUJNBUJOHUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGHSPXJOHBDSPQSFRVJSFT BMBSHFOVNCFSPGEBUBTPVSDFT #PY *OHFOFSBMJUJTBMXBZTQSFGFSBCMFUP ëOEMPDBMEBUBQFSUBJOJOHUPUIFDSPQëFMEMPDBUJPO*ONBOZDBTFTJUJTUPP MBCPSJPVTUPDPMMFDUMPDBUJPOTQFDJëDEBUBHJWFOUIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBTTFTTNFOU*G UIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBTTFTTNFOUBMMPXTBSPVHIFTUJNBUF POFDBOEFDJEFUPXPSL XJUIEBUBGSPNOFBSCZMPDBUJPOTPSXJUISFHJPOBMPSOBUJPOBMBWFSBHFTUIBUNBZ be more easily available. *OUIFBCPWFDBMDVMBUJPOT XFIBWFOPUZFUBDDPVOUFEGPSUIFHSFFOBOECMVF XBUFSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQ0OFDBOëOEUIBUDPNQPOFOUPG UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZTJNQMZMPPLJOHBUUIFXBUFSGSBDUJPOPGUIFIBSWFTUFE DSPQ'PSGSVJUTUIJTJTUZQJDBMMZJOUIFSBOHFPGoQFSDFOUPGUIFXFUNBTT  GPSWFHFUBCMFTPGUFOoQFSDFOUɨFHSFFOCMVFSBUJPJOUIFXBUFSUIBU

JTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUIFDSPQDBOCFBTTVNFEFRVBMUPUIFSBUJPPGCWUgreen to

CWUblue)PXFWFS BEEJOHJODPSQPSBUFEXBUFSUPFWBQPSBUFEXBUFSXJMMBEEMJUUMF UPUIFëOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUOVNCFS CFDBVTFJODPSQPSBUFEXBUFSJTUZQJDBMMZJO UIFPSEFSPGQFSDFOUPGUIFFWBQPSBUFEXBUFS VQUPQFSDFOUBUNPTU *OUIJTTFDUJPOXFIBWFMPPLFEJOUPUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG HSPXJOHBDSPQJOUIFëFMEɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBMDVMBUFEIFSFSFGFSTUP UIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSGSPNUIFDSPQëFMEPOMZ*UFYDMVEFT UIFFWBQPSBUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNBSUJëDJBMTVSGBDFXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTCVJMUGPSTUPSJOH JSSJHBUJPOXBUFSBOEUIFFWBQPSBUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNUSBOTQPSUDBOBMTUIBUCSJOH UIFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSGSPNUIFQMBDFPGBCTUSBDUJPOUPUIFëFME8BUFSTUPSBHFBOE USBOTQPSUBSFUXPQSPDFTTFTUIBUQSFDFEFUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHUIFDSPQJOUIF ëFMEBOEIBWFUIFJSPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'JHVSF ɨFFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTFTJO UIFTFUXPQSFDFEJOHQSPDFTTTUFQTDBOCFWFSZTJHOJëDBOUBOETIPVMEJEFBMMZCF JODMVEFEXIFOPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFIBSWFTUFE crop.

Water footprint Water footprint Water footprint

Storing Transport of Irrigation of water water the field

Figure 3.6 5IFTVCTFRVFOUQSPDFTTFTJOJSSJHBUJPOTUPSJOHXBUFS USBOTQPSUPG XBUFS JSSJHBUJPOPOUIFàFME&BDIQSPDFTTTUFQIBTJUTPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 44 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 3.8 Data sources for the calculation of the water footprint of ‘growing a crop’

r $MJNBUFEBUB5IFDBMDVMBUJPOTIPVMECFEPOFVTJOHDMJNBUFEBUBGSPN the nearest and most representative meteorological station(s) located OFBSUIFDSPQàFMEDPOTJEFSFEPSXJUIJOPSOFBSUIFDSPQQSPEVDJOH region considered. For regions with more than one climate station, one DBONBLFDBMDVMBUJPOTGPSFBDITUBUJPOBOEXFJHIUIFPVUQVUT5IFDMJNBUF EBUBCBTF$-*.8"5 '"0 B QSPWJEFTUIFDMJNBUJDEBUBOFFEFE JOUIFBQQSPQSJBUFGPSNBUSFRVJSFECZUIF$3018"5NPEFM5IF EBUBCBTFEPFTOPUQSPWJEFEBUBGPSTQFDJàDZFBST CVUZFBSBWFSBHFT "OPUIFSTPVSDFJT-PD$MJN '"0  XIJDIQSPWJEFTFTUJNBUFTPG BWFSBHFDMJNBUJDDPOEJUJPOTBUMPDBUJPOTGPSXIJDIOPPCTFSWBUJPOTBSF BWBJMBCMF0OFDBOBMTPVTFHSJECBTFEDMJNBUFEBUBCBTFTNPOUIMZWBMVFT PGNBKPSDMJNBUJDQBSBNFUFSTXJUIBTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUF DBOCFPCUBJOFEGSPN$3654UISPVHIUIF$(*"3$4*(FP1PSUBM .JUDIFMMBOE+POFT  5IF64/BUJPOBM$MJNBUJD%BUB$FOUSFQSPWJEFT EBJMZDMJNBUJDEBUBGPSBMBSHFOVNCFSPGTUBUJPOTHMPCBMMZ /$%$   *OBEEJUJPO '"0QSPWJEFTUISPVHIJUT(FP/FUXPSLXFCTJUFMPOHUFSN average precipitation and reference evapotranspiration with a spatial SFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUF '"0 H  r $SPQQBSBNFUFST$SPQDPFGàDJFOUTBOEDSPQQJOHQBUUFSO QMBOUJOH BOEIBSWFTUJOHEBUFT DBOCFTUCFUBLFOGSPNMPDBMEBUB5IFDSPQWBSJFUZ BOETVJUBCMFHSPXJOHQFSJPEGPSBQBSUJDVMBSUZQFPGDSPQMBSHFMZEFQFOET upon the climate and many other factors such as local customs, traditions, TPDJBMTUSVDUVSF FYJTUJOHOPSNTBOEQPMJDJFT5IFSFGPSF UIFNPTUSFMJBCMF DSPQEBUBBSFUIFEBUBPCUBJOFEGSPNMPDBMBHSJDVMUVSBMSFTFBSDITUBUJPOT (MPCBMEBUBCBTFTUIBUDBOCFVTFEBSF"MMFOFUBM  5BCMFTm  '"0 C 64%"  '"0TPOMJOF(MPCBM*OGPSNBUJPOBOE&BSMZ 8BSOJOH4ZTUFN (*&84 QSPWJEFTDSPQDBMFOEBSTGPSNBKPSDSPQTGPS EFWFMPQJOHDPVOUSJFT0OFDBOBDDFTTUIF[JQQFEDSPQDBMFOEBSJNBHFTGPS FBDIDPOUJOFOUEJSFDUMZGSPNUIFXFC '"0 G  r $SPQNBQT$SPQIBSWFTUBSFBTBOEZJFMETGPSDSPQTBUBSDNJOVUF HSJEDFMMSFTPMVUJPOBSFBWBJMBCMFGSPNUIFXFCTJUFPGUIF-BOE6TFBOE (MPCBM&OWJSPONFOUBM$IBOHFSFTFBSDIHSPVQ %FQBSUNFOUPG(FPHSBQIZ  .D(JMM6OJWFSTJUZ .POGSFEBFUBM   r $SPQ ZJFMET:JFME EBUB DBO CFTU CF PCUBJOFE MPDBMMZ BU UIF TQBUJBM SFTPMVUJPOMFWFMSFRVJSFE0OFIBTUPNBLFTVSFUIBUJUJTDMFBSIPXZJFMET BSFNFBTVSFE GPSFYBNQMF XIBUQBSUPGUIFDSPQ ESZPSXFUXFJHIU " HMPCBMEBUBCBTFJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHIUIF'"0 E  r 4PJM NBQT*43*$8*4& QSPWJEFT B HMPCBM EBUB TFU GPS EFSJWFE TPJM QSPQFSUJFTCPUIBUBSDNJOVUFBOEBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPO #BUKFT   *OBEEJUJPO UIF'"0(FP/FUXPSLXFCTJUFQSPWJEFTNBYJNVN BWBJMBCMFTPJMNPJTUVSFEBUBBUBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPO '"0 I  8IFOBQQMZJOHUIFAJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOJOUIF$3018"5NPEFM  POFOFFETTPJMEBUBJGOPTPJMEBUBBSFBWBJMBCMFXFBEWJTFUPDIPPTF ‘medium soil’ as a default. Water Footprint Accounting 45

r *SSJHBUJPONBQT5IF(MPCBM.BQPG*SSJHBUJPO"SFBT (.*" WFSTJPO  4JFCFSUFUBM  XJUIBTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUFEFàOFT BSFBTFRVJQQFEGPSJSSJHBUJPO*SSJHBUJPONBQTGPSNBKPSDSPQTCPUI BUBOEBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPOTDBOCFPCUBJOFEGSPN6OJWFSTJUZPG 'SBOLGVSUXFCTJUF 1PSUNBOOFUBM   5IFTFEBUBBMTPQSPWJEF SBJOGFEDSPQHSPXJOHBSFBTGPSUIFTBNFDSPQT r 'FSUJMJ[FSBQQMJDBUJPOSBUFT1SFGFSBCMZPOFVTFTMPDBMEBUB"VTFGVM HMPCBMEBUBCBTFJT'FSUJ4UBU '"0 D 5IF*OUFSOBUJPOBM'FSUJMJ[FS "TTPDJBUJPO *'"   QSPWJEFT BOOVBM GFSUJMJ[FS DPOTVNQUJPO QFS DPVOUSZ)FGGFS  QSPWJEFTGFSUJMJ[FSVTFQFSDSPQGPSNBKPSDSPQ types and major countries. r 1FTUJDJEFT BQQMJDBUJPO SBUFT1SFGFSBCMZ POF VTFT MPDBM EBUB5IF /BUJPOBM"HSJDVMUVSBM4UBUJTUJDT4FSWJDF /"44  QSPWJEFTBOPOMJOF EBUBCBTFGPSUIF64XJUIDIFNJDBMVTFQFSDSPQ$SPQ-JGF'PVOEBUJPO  QSPWJEFTBEBUBCBTFPOQFTUJDJEFTVTFJOUIF64"&VSPTUBU   HJWFTEBUBGPS&VSPQF r -FBDIJOHSVOPGGGSBDUJPO/PEBUBCBTFTBWBJMBCMF0OFXJMMIBWFUPXPSL XJUIFYQFSJNFOUBMEBUBGSPNàFMETUVEJFTBOENBLFSPVHIBTTVNQUJPOT 0OFDBOBTTVNFQFSDFOUGPSOJUSPHFOGFSUJMJ[FST GPMMPXJOH$IBQBHBJO FUBM C  r "NCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET1SFGFSBCMZVTFMPDBMTUBOEBSET BTSFHVMBUFEJOMFHJTMBUJPO5IJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMFGPSTPNFQBSUT PGUIFXPSME TVDIBTGPSUIF&VSPQFBO6OJPO &6  UIF64 &1"  C $BOBEB $BOBEJBO$PVODJMPG.JOJTUFSTPGUIF&OWJSPONFOU   "VTUSBMJB/FX;FBMBOE "/;&$$BOE"3.$"/;  $IJOB $IJOFTF.JOJTUSZPG&OWJSPONFOUBM1SPUFDUJPO  +BQBO +BQBOFTF .JOJTUSZPGUIF&OWJSPONFOU  "VTUSJB "VTUSJBO'FEFSBM.JOJTUSZPG "HSJDVMUVSF 'PSFTUSZ &OWJSPONFOUBOE8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU  #SB[JM $0/"."  4PVUI"GSJDB 4PVUI"GSJDBO%FQBSUNFOUPG8BUFS "GGBJSTBOE'PSFTUSZ  (FSNBOZ -"8""0  BOEUIF6, 6,5"(  "DPNQJMBUJPODBOCFGPVOEJO.BD%POBMEFUBM  *G OPBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFBWBJMBCMFBOEUIFXBUFSCPEZJTUP CFTVJUBCMFGPSESJOLJOH POFDBOEFDJEFUPBQQMZESJOLJOHXBUFSTUBOEBSET 4FF GPSFYBNQMF &6  BOE&1"   r /BUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOT in receiving water bodies: In more or less pristine rivers, one can assume that natural concentrations are equal to the actual concentrations and thus rely on long-term daily or monthly BWFSBHFTBTNFBTVSFEJOBOFBSCZNFBTVSJOHTUBUJPO'PSEJTUVSCFESJWFST  one will have to rely on historical records or model studies. For some QBSUTPGUIFXPSMEHPPETUVEJFTBSFBWBJMBCMFGPSUIF64TFF GPSFYBNQMF  $MBSLFUBM  BOE4NJUIFUBM  GPS"VTUSJBTFF"VTUSJBO'FEFSBM .JOJTUSZPG"HSJDVMUVSF 'PSFTUSZ &OWJSPONFOUBOE8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU  GPS(FSNBOZTFF-"8""0  "TBSFGFSFODF BHMPCBMEBUB CBTFPOBDUVBM OPUOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOTJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHI6/&1  8IFOOPJOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMF BTTVNFUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSB UJPOBDDPSEJOHUPUIFCFTUFTUJNBUFPSUPCF[FSP r "DUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFJOUBLFXBUFS"HMPCBMEBUBCBTFPO BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHI6/&1   46 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

3.4 Water footprint of a product

3.4.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS UIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU*UJTFTUJNBUFECZ DPOTJEFSJOHXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOJOBMMTUFQTPGUIFQSPEVDUJPO chain.1ɨFBDDPVOUJOHQSPDFEVSFJTTJNJMBSUPBMMTPSUTPGQSPEVDUT CFJUQSPEVDUT EFSJWFEGSPNUIFBHSJDVMUVSBM JOEVTUSJBMPSTFSWJDFTFDUPSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG BQSPEVDUCSFBLTEPXOJOUPBHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZDPNQPOFOU"OBMUFSOBUJWF UFSNGPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTJUTAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOU CVUUIF NFBOJOHPGUIFMBUUFSUFSNJTOBSSPXFS #PY 

Box 3.9 Terminology: Water footprint, virtual-water content, embedded water

5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTTJNJMBSUPXIBUJOPUIFSQVCMJDBUJPOT IBTCFFODBMMFEBMUFSOBUJWFMZUIFAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGUIFQSPEVDUPS UIFQSPEVDUTFNCFEEFE FNCPEJFE FYPHFOPVTPSTIBEPXXBUFS )PFLTUSB BOE$IBQBHBJO  5IFUFSNTWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUBOEFNCFEEFEXBUFS  IPXFWFS SFGFSUPUIFXBUFSWPMVNFFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDUBMPOF XIJMF UIFUFSNAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTOPUPOMZUPUIFWPMVNF CVUBMTPUPUIF TPSUPGXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFE HSFFO CMVF HSFZ BOEUPXIFOBOEXIFSFUIF water was used. The water footprint of a product is thus a multidimensional JOEJDBUPS XIFSFBTAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPSAFNCFEEFEXBUFSSFGFSUPB WPMVNFBMPOF8FSFDPNNFOEVTJOHUIFUFSNAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCFDBVTFPGJUT CSPBEFSTDPQF5IFWPMVNFJTKVTUPOFBTQFDUPGXBUFSVTFQMBDFBOEUJNJOH PGXBUFSVTFBOEUZQFPGXBUFSVTFEBSFBTJNQPSUBOU#FTJEFT UIFUFSN AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOBMTPCFVTFEJOBDPOUFYUXIFSFXFTQFBLBCPVUUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS*UXPVMETPVOETUSBOHFUPTQFBL BCPVUUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS8FVTFUIFUFSN AWJSUVBMXBUFSJOUIFDPOUFYUPGJOUFSOBUJPOBM PSJOUFSSFHJPOBM WJSUVBMXBUFS áPXT*GBOBUJPO SFHJPO FYQPSUTJNQPSUTBQSPEVDU JUFYQPSUTJNQPSUT XBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSN*OUIJTDPOUFYUPOFDBOTQFBLBCPVUWJSUVBMXBUFS FYQPSUPSJNQPSU PSNPSFHFOFSBMBCPVUWJSUVBMXBUFSáPXTPSUSBEF

*OUIFDBTFPGBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHFOFSBMMZFYQSFTTFE JOUFSNTPGNUPOPSMJUSFTLH*ONBOZDBTFT XIFOBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUTBSF DPVOUBCMF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSQJFDF *OUIFDBTFPGJOEVTUSJBMQSPEVDUT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNT PGN64PSXBUFSWPMVNFQFSQJFDF0UIFSXBZTUPFYQSFTTBQSPEVDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBSFGPSFYBNQMFXBUFSWPMVNFLDBM GPSGPPEQSPEVDUTJOUIFDPOUFYUPG EJFUT PSXBUFSWPMVNFKPVMF GPSFMFDUSJDJUZPSGVFMT  Water Footprint Accounting 47

3.4.2 Schematization of the production system into process steps *OPSEFSUPFTUJNBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU POFXJMMIBWFUPTUBSUCZ VOEFSTUBOEJOHUIFXBZBQSPEVDUJTQSPEVDFE'PSUIBUSFBTPO POFXJMMIBWF UPJEFOUJGZUIFAQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN"QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNDPOTJTUTPGTFRVFOUJBM AQSPDFTTTUFQT" TJNQMJëFE FYBNQMFPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNPGBDPUUPO TIJSUJTDPUUPOHSPXUI IBSWFTUJOH HJOOJOH DBSEJOH LOJUUJOH CMFBDIJOH EZJOH  QSJOUJOH ëOJTIJOH(JWFOUIFGBDUUIBUNBOZQSPEVDUTSFRVJSFNVMUJQMFJOQVUT JU PGUFOIBQQFOTUIBUNVMUJQMFQSPDFTTTUFQTQSFDFEFPOFOFYUQSPDFTTTUFQ*OTVDI BDBTFXFXJMMOPUIBWFBMJOFBSDIBJOPGQSPDFTTTUFQT CVUSBUIFSBAQSPEVDUUSFF " TJNQMJëFE FYBNQMFPGBQSPEVDUUSFFJTQSPEVDFGFFEBOEBMMTPSUTPGPUIFS JOQVUTOFDFTTBSZJOJOUFOTJWFMJWFTUPDLGBSNJOH SBJTFUIFBOJNBMTBOEëOBMMZ QSPEVDFNFBU4JODFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTPGUFOQSPEVDFNPSFUIBOPOFëOBM QSPEVDUoGPSFYBNQMF DPXTDBOEFMJWFSNJMLBTXFMMBTNFBUBOEMFBUIFSoFWFO UIFNFUBQIPSPGBQSPEVDUUSFFJTJOTVïDJFOU*OSFBMJUZQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTBSF DPNQMFYOFUXPSLTPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTFT JONBOZDBTFTFWFODJSDVMBS 'PSFTUJNBUJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU POFXJMMIBWFUPTDIFNBUJ[F UIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNJOUPBMJNJUFEOVNCFSPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTTUFQT#FTJEFT  XIFOPOFJOUFOETUPHPCFZPOEBWFSZTVQFSëDJBMBOBMZTJTCBTFEPOHMPCBM BWFSBHFT POFXJMMIBWFUPTQFDJGZUIFTUFQTJOUJNFBOETQBDF XIJDINFBOTUIBU POFXJMMIBWFUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJOPGUIF JOQVUTPGUIF QSPEVDU*OUIFDPUUPO TIJSUFYBNQMFBCPWF DPUUPOHSPXUINBZIBQQFOJOPOFQMBDF $IJOB XIJMF NBOVGBDUVSJOHNBZIBQQFOJOBOPUIFSQMBDF .BMBZTJB BOEDPOTVNQUJPOJOZFU BOPUIFSQMBDF (FSNBOZ 1SPEVDUJPODJSDVNTUBODFTBOEQSPDFTTDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT XJMMEJêFSGSPNQMBDFUPQMBDF TPUIBUQMBDFPGQSPEVDUJPOXJMMJOìVFODFUIFTJ[F BOEDPMPVSPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU#FTJEFT JOUIFFOEPOFNBZMJLFUPCFBCMF UPHFPHSBQIJDBMMZNBQUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBëOBMQSPEVDU TPUIBUJTBOPUIFS SFBTPOUPLFFQUSBDLPGQMBDF 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNJOUPEJTUJODUQSPDFTTTUFQTJOFWJUBCMZ SFRVJSFTBTTVNQUJPOTBOETJNQMJëDBUJPOT1BSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUJTUIFUSVODBUJPO QSPCMFNNFOUJPOFEJO$IBQUFSɨFPSFUJDBMMZ CFDBVTFNBOZQSPEVDUJPO TZTUFNTDPOUBJODJSDVMBSDPNQPOFOUT POFDPVMEJOëOJUFMZLFFQPOUSBDJOHCBDL JOQVUTUISPVHIUIFOFUXPSLPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTTUFQT*OQSBDUJDF POFXJMMIBWF UPTUPQUIFBOBMZTJTBUUIPTFQPJOUTXIFSFBEEJUJPOBMXPSLXJMMOPUBEENPSF TJHOJëDBOUJOGPSNBUJPOGPSUIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBOBMZTJT 1SPEVDUJPOTZTUFNEJBHSBNTGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUTDBOCFGPVOEGPS FYBNQMFJO'"0  BOE$IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  'PSJOEVTUSJBM QSPEVDUT POFDBOHFOFSBMMZSFMBUJWFMZFBTJMZDPOTUSVDUBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN EJBHSBNCBTFEPOQVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMFEBUBTPVSDFT#FUUFS PGDPVSTF JTUPTFFL JOGPSNBUJPOPOXIJDIQSPDFTTTUFQTBSFUBLFOJOUIFBDUVBMTVQQMZDIBJOPGUIF QSPEVDUDPOTJEFSFEɨJTSFRVJSFTUIFUSBDJOHPGBMMQSPEVDUJOHSFEJFOUT 48 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

3.4.3 Calculation of a product water footprint ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEJOUXPBMUFSOBUJWFXBZTXJUI UIFDIBJOTVNNBUJPOBQQSPBDIPSUIFTUFQXJTFBDDVNVMBUJWFBQQSPBDIɨF GPSNFSDBOCFBQQMJFEGPSQBSUJDVMBSDBTFTPOMZUIFMBUUFSJTUIFHFOFSJDBQQSPBDI

The chain-summation approach ɨJTBQQSPBDIJTTJNQMFSUIBOUIFPOFUIBUXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEOFYU CVUDBOCF BQQMJFEPOMZJOUIFDBTFXIFSFBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNQSPEVDFTPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU 'JHVSF *OUIJTQBSUJDVMBSDBTF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFE XJUIUIFWBSJPVTQSPDFTTTUFQTJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNDBOBMMCFGVMMZBUUSJCVUFE UPUIFQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFTZTUFN *OUIJTTJNQMFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUp WPMVNF NBTT JTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFSFMFWBOUQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTEJWJEFECZUIF QSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUp

k WF [s] £ proc    WF [ p]  s1 prod P[ p]

JOXIJDIWFprocJTUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPDFTTTUFQs WPMVNFUJNF  and P

UIFQSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUp NBTTUJNF *OQSBDUJDF TJNQMF QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTXJUIPOMZPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDUSBSFMZFYJTU UIVTBNPSF HFOFSJDXBZPGBDDPVOUJOHJTOFDFTTBSZ POFUIBUDBOEJTUSJCVUFUIFXBUFSVTFE

WFproc[1] WFproc[2]

Process s=1 Process s=2

Process s=3 Process s=4 Process s=k P[p]

WFproc[3] WFproc[4] WFproc[k]

Figure 3.7 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPQSPEVDFQSPEVDUp into k process steps. Some steps are in series, others are parallel. The water footprint of output product p is calculated as the sum of the process water footprints of the processes that constitute the production system. Note: this TJNQMJàFETDIFNFQSFTVQQPTFTUIBUp is the only output product following from the production system Water Footprint Accounting 49

UISPVHIPVUBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPUIFWBSJPVTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTUIBUGPMMPXGSPN UIBUTZTUFNXJUIPVUEPVCMFDPVOUJOH

The stepwise accumulative approach ɨJTBQQSPBDIJTBHFOFSJDXBZPGDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU CBTFEPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTUIBUXFSFOFDFTTBSZJOUIF MBTUQSPDFTTJOHTUFQUPQSPEVDFUIBUQSPEVDUBOEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG UIBUQSPDFTTJOHTUFQ4VQQPTFXFIBWFBOVNCFSPGJOQVUQSPEVDUTXIFONBLJOH POFPVUQVUQSPEVDU*OUIJTDBTFXFDBOHFUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFPVUQVU QSPEVDUCZTJNQMZTVNNJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBOE BEEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU4VQQPTFBOPUIFSDBTFXIFSFXFIBWFPOFJOQVU QSPEVDUBOEBOVNCFSPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUT*OUIJTDBTF POFOFFETUPEJTUSJCVUF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUUPJUTTFQBSBUFQSPEVDUTɨJTDBOCF EPOFQSPQPSUJPOBMMZUPUIFWBMVFPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDUT*UDPVMEBMTPCFEPOF QSPQPSUJPOBMMZUPUIFXFJHIUPGUIFQSPEVDUT CVUUIJTXPVMECFMFTTNFBOJOHGVM 'JOBMMZ DPOTJEFSUIFNPTUHFOFSJDDBTF 'JHVSF 8FXBOUUPDBMDVMBUFUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUp XIJDIJTCFJOHQSPDFTTFEGSPNy input products. ɨFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBSFOVNCFSFEGSPNi=1 to y4VQQPTFUIBUQSPDFTTJOHPGUIF y input products results in z output products. We number the output products GSPNp=1 to z. *GUIFSFJTTPNFXBUFSVTFJOWPMWFEEVSJOHQSPDFTTJOH UIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTBEEFEUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTCFGPSFUIFUPUBM

Input products Output products

WFprod[1] Input product i=1 Output product p=1

WFprod[2] Input product i=2 Output product p=2

WFprod[m] Input product i=y WFproc Output product p=z

Figure 3.8 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGUIFMBTUQSPDFTTTUFQJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN to produce product p. The water footprint of output product p is calculated CBTFEPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBOEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFS footprint when processing the inputs into the outputs 50 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

JTEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPVUQVU product pJTDBMDVMBUFEBT

⎛⎞y WF[] i =+⎜⎟∑ prod × WFprod[] p⎜⎟ WF proc [] p f v [] p    ⎝⎠i=1 fpip[,]

JOXIJDIWFprod

JTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WPMVNFNBTT PGPVUQVUQSPEVDUp 

WFprodUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGJOQVUQSPEVDUi and WFproc

UIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTJOHTUFQUIBUUSBOTGPSNTUIFy input products into the z PVUQVUQSPEVDUT FYQSFTTFEJOXBUFSVTFQFSVOJUPGQSPDFTTFEQSPEVDUp WPMVNF

NBTT 1BSBNFUFS fpJTBTPDBMMFEAQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOBOEQBSBNFUFSfv

JTB AWBMVFGSBDUJPO#PUIXJMMCFEFëOFECFMPX#FBXBSFUIBUJOUIFFRVBUJPOUIF QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPCFUBLFOJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPG processedQSPEVDUXIFOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHJWFOQFSVOJUPGBTQFDJëD inputQSPEVDU UIFHJWFOWPMVNFOFFETUPCFEJWJEFECZUIFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOGPS that input product. ɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOPGBOPVUQVUQSPEVDUpUIBUJTQSPDFTTFEGSPNBOJOQVU product i fp NBTTNBTT JTEFëOFEBTUIFRVBOUJUZPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDU w

NBTT PCUBJOFEQFSRVBOUJUZPGJOQVUQSPEVDU w NBTT 

w[ p] f [ p,i] =    p w[i]

ɨFWBMVFGSBDUJPOPGBOPVUQVUQSPEVDUp fv

NPOFUBSZVOJUNPOFUBSZ VOJU JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFNBSLFUWBMVFPGUIJTQSPEVDUUPUIFBHHSFHBUFE NBSLFUWBMVFPGBMMUIFPVUQVUTQSPEVDUT p=1 to z PCUBJOFEGSPNUIFJOQVU QSPEVDUT

× = price[] p w [] p fpv [] z    ∑ ()price[] p× w [] p p=1

JOXIJDIprice

SFGFSTUPUIFQSJDFPGQSPEVDUp NPOFUBSZVOJUNBTT ɨF denominator is summed over the zPVUQVUQSPEVDUT p=1 to z UIBUPSJHJOBUF GSPNUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUT/PUFUIBUXFUBLFAQSJDFIFSFBTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIF FDPOPNJDWBMVFPGBQSPEVDU XIJDIJTOPUBMXBZTUIFDBTF FHXIFOUIFSFJTOP NBSLFUGPSBQSPEVDUPSXIFOUIFNBSLFUJTEJTUPSUFE0GDPVSTFPOFDBOCFTU UBLFUIFSFBMFDPOPNJDWBMVF /PUFUIBUJOBTJNQMFDBTF XIFSFXFQSPDFTTKVTUPOFJOQVUQSPEVDUJOUPPOF PVUQVUQSPEVDU UIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDU CFDPNFTSBUIFSTJNQMF Water Footprint Accounting 51

WF[] i =+prod WFprod[] p WF proc [] p    fpip [,] *OPSEFSUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDUJOBQSPEVDUJPO TZTUFN POFDBOCFTUTUBSUDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFNPTUPSJHJOBM SFTPVSDFT XIFSFUIFTVQQMZDIBJOTUBSUT BOEUIFODBMDVMBUF TUFQCZTUFQ  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOUFSNFEJBUFQSPEVDUT VOUJMPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDUɨFëSTUTUFQJTBMXBZTUPPCUBJOUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBOEUIFXBUFSVTFEUPQSPDFTTUIFNJOUPUIF PVUQVUQSPEVDUɨFUPUBMPGUIFTFDPNQPOFOUTJTUIFOEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIF WBSJPVTPVUQVUQSPEVDUT CBTFEPOUIFJSQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOBOEWBMVFGSBDUJPO "QSBDUJDBMFYBNQMFPGUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDSPQQSPEVDU JTHJWFOJO"QQFOEJY*** 1SPEVDU GSBDUJPOT DBO CFTU CF UBLFO GSPN UIF MJUFSBUVSF BWBJMBCMF GPS B TQFDJëDQSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTT1SPEVDUGSBDUJPOTBSFPGUFOJOBSBUIFSOBSSPX SBOHF CVUTPNFUJNFTUIFBNPVOUPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUQFSVOJUPGJOQVUQSPEVDU SFBMMZEFQFOETPOUIFQSFDJTFQSPDFTTBQQMJFE*OUIBUDBTFJUJTJNQPSUBOUUP LOPXXIJDIUZQFPGQSPDFTTJTCFJOHBQQMJFEJOUIFDBTFDPOTJEFSFE'PSDSPQ BOEMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT QSPEVDUGSBDUJPOTDBOCFGPVOEJO'"0  BOE JO$IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  WPM 7BMVFGSBDUJPOTìVDUVBUFPWFSUIF ZFBSTEFQFOEJOHPOQSJDFEFWFMPQNFOUT*OPSEFSUPBWPJEBMBSHFFêFDUPG UIFQSJDFìVDUVBUJPOPOUIFPVUDPNFPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBMDVMBUJPOT XF SFDPNNFOEFTUJNBUJOHWBMVFGSBDUJPOTCBTFEPOUIFBWFSBHFQSJDFPWFSBUMFBTUB ëWFZFBSQFSJPE7BMVFGSBDUJPOTGPSBMBSHFSBOHFPGDSPQBOEMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT BSFSFQPSUFEJO$IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  8FSFDPNNFOE IPXFWFS UP MPPLëSTUGPSEBUBUIBUMJOLUPUIFBDUVBMDBTFDPOTJEFSFECFGPSFUBLJOHEFGBVMU WBMVFTGSPNMJUFSBUVSFɨFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDFSUBJOQSPDFTTTUFQ NBZWBSZEFQFOEJOHPOUIFUZQFPGNFUIPEBQQMJFE GPSFYBNQMF XFUPSESZ NJMMJOH ESZPSXFUDMFBOJOH DMPTFEDPPMJOHTZTUFNPSPQFODPPMJOHTZTUFNXJUI XBUFSFWBQPSBUJOH 'PSNBOZQSPDFTTFT POFDBOëOETPNFFTUJNBUFTPOXBUFS XJUIESBXBMTJOMJUFSBUVSF CVUOPUPODPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF(FOFSBMEBUBPO QPMMVUJPOQFSQSPDFTTBSFBMTPTDBSDFUIFZXJMMTUSPOHMZWBSZGSPNQMBDFUPQMBDF BTXFMM TPVTJOHHFOFSBMFTUJNBUFTXPVMECFWFSZDSVEF0OFXJMMIBWFUPMPPLGPS UIFEBUBBUUIFTPVSDF OBNFMZUIFQSPEVDFSTBOEGBDUPSJFT 52 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

3.5 Water footprint of a consumer or group of consumers

3.5.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTVTFECZUIF DPOTVNFSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPG UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFST

3.5.2 Calculation

ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS WFcons JTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMBOEIJTIFSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU

=+ WFcons WF cons,, dir WF cons indir   

ɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUJT SFMBUFEUPXBUFSVTFBUIPNFPSJOUIFHBSEFOɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFST UPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFSUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUI UIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTVTFECZUIFDPOTVNFS*USFGFSTUPUIF XBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPQSPEVDFGPSFYBNQMFUIFGPPE DMPUIFT QBQFS FOFSHZBOE JOEVTUSJBMHPPETDPOTVNFEɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFJTDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOH BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU

=×* WFcons, indir∑() C[] p WF prod [] p    p

* C

JTDPOTVNQUJPOPGQSPEVDUp QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BOEWFprod [] p UIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPEVDU XBUFSWPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU ɨFTFUPGQSPEVDUT DPOTJEFSFESFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHFPGëOBMDPOTVNFSHPPETBOETFSWJDFTɨF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTEFëOFEBOEDBMDVMBUFEBTEFTDSJCFEJOUIFQSFWJPVT section. ɨFUPUBMWPMVNFPGpDPOTVNFEXJMMHFOFSBMMZPSJHJOBUFGSPNEJêFSFOUQMBDFT xɨFBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUpDPOTVNFEJTDBMDVMBUFEBT

× ∑()Cxp[, ] WFprod [, xp ] WF* [] p = x    prod ∑Cxp[, ] x XIFSFCJTDPOTVNQUJPOPGQSPEVDUpGSPNPSJHJOx QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF  and WFprodUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUpGSPNPSJHJOx XBUFSWPMVNF Water Footprint Accounting 53

QSPEVDUVOJU %FQFOEJOHPOUIFQSFGFSSFEMFWFMPGEFUBJMPGBOBMZTJT POFDBO USBDFUIFPSJHJOPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFEXJUINPSFPSMFTTQSFDJTJPO*GPOF DBOOPUPSEPFTOPUXBOUUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJOTPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFE POF XJMMIBWFUPSFMZPOFJUIFSHMPCBMPSOBUJPOBMBWFSBHFFTUJNBUFTPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFE*G IPXFWFS POFJTQSFQBSFEUPUSBDFUIF PSJHJOPGQSPEVDUT POFDBOFTUJNBUFUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIBIJHI MFWFMPGTQBUJBMEFUBJM TFFUIFBMUFSOBUJWFMFWFMTPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMFYQMJDBUJPOJO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBTEFTDSJCFEJO$IBQUFS 1SFGFSBCMZUIFDPOTVNFS LOPXTQFSQSPEVDUIPXNVDIIFPSTIFDPOTVNFTGSPNWBSJPVTPSJHJOT*GUIF DPOTVNFSEPFTOPULOPXUIBU POFDBOBTTVNFUIBUUIFWBSJBUJPOJOPSJHJOFRVBMT UIFWBSJBUJPOJOPSJHJOBTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFOBUJPOBMNBSLFUGPSUIBUQSPEVDUɨF * WBMVFPGWF prod

DBOUIFOCFDBMDVMBUFEXJUIUIFGPSNVMBBTXJMMCFJOUSPEVDFE JO4FDUJPO ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGëOBMQSJWBUFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTBSFFYDMVTJWFMZ BMMPDBUFEUPUIFDPOTVNFSPGUIFQSJWBUFHPPEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQVCMJD or shared goods and services are allocated to consumers based on the share that FBDIJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFSUBLFT

3.6 Water footprint within a geographically delineated area

3.6.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOXJUIJOUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFB*UJTDSVDJBMUP DMFBSMZEFëOFUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFBSFBDBOCFBDBUDINFOU BSFB BSJWFSCBTJO BQSPWJODF TUBUFPSOBUJPOPSBOZPUIFSIZESPMPHJDBMPS administrative spatial unit.

3.6.2 Calculation

ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB WFarea JTDBMDVMBUFE BTUIFTVNPGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTTFTJOUIFBSFB

= WFarea∑ WF proc [] q    q

XIFSF WFproc SFGFST UP UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG B QSPDFTT q XJUIJO UIF HFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBɨFFRVBUJPOTVNTPWFSBMMXBUFSDPOTVNJOHPS QPMMVUJOHQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB 54 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

ɨFFYQPSUPGSFBMXBUFSPVUPGBOBSFB BTJOUIFDBTFPGBOJOUFSCBTJOUSBOTGFS  XJMMCFDPVOUFEBTBQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFBSFBGSPNXIJDIUIFXBUFSJT exported. 'SPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQSPUFDUJPOXJUIJOBDFSUBJOBSFBo QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFOUIFBSFBJTXBUFSTDBSDFoJUJTJOUFSFTUJOHUPLOPXIPXNVDI XBUFSJTVTFEJOUIFBSFBUPQSPEVDFFYQPSUQSPEVDUTBOEIPXNVDIXBUFSJT JNQPSUFEJOWJSUVBMGPSN JOUIFGPSNPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUT TPUIBUUIFZ EPOPUOFFEUPCFQSPEVDFEXJUIJOUIFBSFB*OPUIFSXPSET JUJTJOUFSFTUJOH UPLOPXUIFAWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGBOBSFBɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGB HFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBPWFSBDFSUBJOUJNFQFSJPEJTEFëOFEBTUIFOFU

JNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSPWFSUIJTQFSJPE Vi,net XIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIFHSPTTJNQPSU

PGWJSUVBMXBUFS Vi NJOVTUIFHSPTTFYQPSU Ve 

=− VVVinet, i e  

"QPTJUJWFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFJNQMJFTOFUJOìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUPUIFBSFB GSPNPUIFSBSFBT"OFHBUJWFCBMBODFNFBOTOFUPVUìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSɨF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJTJOUFSFTUJOHJOUIFTFOTFUIBUJNQPSUJOHWJSUVBM XBUFSTBWFTXBUFSXJUIJOUIFBSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU JTJOUFSFTUJOHJOUIFTFOTFUIBUJUSFGFSTUPBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFBSFBSFMBUFE UPDPOTVNQUJPOCZQFPQMFMJWJOHPVUTJEFUIFBSFB7JSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUTBOE FYQPSUTDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPMMPXJOHUIFTBNFBQQSPBDIBTTQFDJëDBMMZEJTDVTTFE GPSUIFDBTFPGOBUJPOTJO4FDUJPO

3.7 National water footprint accounting

3.7.1 The national water footprint accounting scheme 'VMMOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFPCUBJOFECZDPNCJOJOHUIFBDDPVOUTPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO DPOTVNFSBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFE JO4FDUJPO BOEUIFBDDPVOUTPOUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO BSFB BDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO4FDUJPO JOPOFDPNQSFIFOTJWFTDIFNF'JHVSF TIPXTBWJTVBMSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGUIFOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF BTXBTJOUSPEVDFECZ)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO   5SBEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFBDDPVOUTPOMZSFGFSUPUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXBM XJUIJO B DPVOUSZ ɨFZ EP OPU EJTUJOHVJTI CFUXFFO XBUFS VTF GPS NBLJOH QSPEVDUT GPS EPNFTUJD DPOTVNQUJPO BOE XBUFS VTF GPS QSPEVDJOH FYQPSU QSPEVDUTɨFZBMTPFYDMVEFEBUBPOXBUFSVTFPVUTJEFUIFDPVOUSZUPTVQQPSU OBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO*OBEEJUJPO UIFZJODMVEFCMVFXBUFSVTFPOMZ FYDMVEJOH HSFFOBOEHSFZXBUFS*OPSEFSUPTVQQPSUBCSPBEFSTPSUPGBOBMZTJTBOECFUUFS Water Footprint Accounting 55

JOGPSNEFDJTJPONBLJOH UIFUSBEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFBDDPVOUTOFFEUPCF extended.

5IF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG UIF DPOTVNFST JO B OBUJPO WFcons,nat  IBT UXP DPNQPOFOUTUIFJOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU

=+ WFcons,,,,, nat WF cons nat int WF cons nat ext   

ɨFJOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,int JTEFëOFEBT UIFVTFPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTUPQSPEVDFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZ UIFOBUJPOBMQPQVMBUJPO*UJTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO

WFarea,nat NJOVTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUUPPUIFSOBUJPOTJOTPGBSBT

SFMBUFEUPUIFFYQPSUPGQSPEVDUTQSPEVDFEXJUIEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFT Ve,d 

=− WFcons,, nat int WF area , nat V e , d   

ɨFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext JTEFëOFE BTUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTVTFEJOPUIFSOBUJPOTUPQSPEVDFHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFQPQVMBUJPOJOUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFE*UJTFRVBMUP

UIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPUIFOBUJPO Vi NJOVTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFS

FYQPSUUPPUIFSOBUJPOTBTBSFTVMUPGSFFYQPSUPGJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUT Ve,r 

=− WFcons,, nat ext V i V e , r   

ɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU Ve GSPNBOBUJPODPOTJTUTPGFYQPSUFEXBUFSPGEPNFTUJD

PSJHJO Ve,d BOESFFYQPSUFEXBUFSPGGPSFJHOPSJHJO Ve,r 

=+ VVeeder,, V  

ɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBOBUJPOXJMMQBSUMZCFDPOTVNFE UIVTDPOTUJUVUJOH

UIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext BOEQBSUMZCF

SFFYQPSUFE Ve,r 

=+ VWFi cons,, nat ext V e , r   

ɨFTVNPGVi and WFarea,natJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGVe and WFcons,nat. This sum is

DBMMFEUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFU Vb PGBOBUJPO

=+ =+ VVWFb i area,, nat VWF e cons nat    56 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Internal water External water Water footprint footprint of footprint of + = of national national national consumption consumption consumption

+ + +

Virtual water export related Virtual water + = to domestically re-export export made products

= = =

Water footprint Virtual water Virtual water within the area + import = budget of the nation

Figure 3.9 The national water footprint accounting scheme. The BDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFTIPXTUIFWBSJPVTCBMBODFTUIBUIPMEGPSUIFXBUFS

GPPUQSJOUSFMBUFEUPOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO 8'cons,nat), the water footprint

XJUIJOUIFBSFBPGUIFOBUJPO 8'area,nat UIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU 7e)

BOEUIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU 7i).

3.7.2 Calculation of the water footprint within a nation

ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO WFarea,nat WPMVNFUJNF JTEFëOFEBTUIF UPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNFDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO *UDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPMMPXJOHUIFNFUIPEEFTDSJCFEJO4FDUJPO

= WFarea, nat∑ WF proc [] q    q

XIFSFWFprocSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPDFTTqXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO UIBUDPOTVNFTPSQPMMVUFTXBUFSɨFFRVBUJPOTVNTPWFSBMMXBUFSDPOTVNJOH PSQPMMVUJOHQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFOBUJPO1SPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSF FYQSFTTFEIFSFJOWPMVNFUJNF

3.7.3 Calculation of the water footprint of national consumption

ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat DBOCFDBMDVMBUFE UISPVHIUXPBMUFSOBUJWFBQQSPBDIFTUIFUPQEPXOBOEUIFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDI Water Footprint Accounting 57

Top-down approach *O UIF UPQEPXO BQQSPBDI  UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO

WFcons,nat WPMVNFUJNF JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO

WFarea,nat QMVTUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU Vi NJOVTUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU Ve 

=+− WFcons,, nat WF area nat V i V e   

ɨFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJTDBMDVMBUFEBT

=× Viieprode∑∑() TnpWFnp[,] [,]   npe

JOXIJDITiSFQSFTFOUTUIFJNQPSUFERVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpGSPNFYQPSUJOH nation ne QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BOEWFprodUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDU p as in the exporting nation ne WPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU *GGVSUIFSEFUBJMTBSFOPU BWBJMBCMF POFDBOBTTVNFUIBUBQSPEVDUJTQSPEVDFEJOUIFFYQPSUJOHDPVOUSZ 0OFDBOUIVTUBLFUIFBWFSBHFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTJOUIFFYQPSUJOH DPVOUSZ*GPOFLOPXTUIFMPDBUJPOPGPSJHJOXJUIJOUIFFYQPSUJOHDPVOUSZ  POFDBOUBLFUIFMPDBUJPOTQFDJëDQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU8IFOBQSPEVDUJT JNQPSUFEGSPNBDPVOUSZUIBUEPFTOPUQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUBOEXIFOGVSUIFS JOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIFSFBMPSJHJOJTMBDLJOH POFDBOBTTVNFUIFHMPCBMBWFSBHF QSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUGPSUIBUJNQPSUìPX*EFBMMZ GPSFBDIQSPEVDUJNQPSU  POFUBLFTUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTNFBTVSFEBMPOHUIFBDUVBMTVQQMZDIBJO PGUIFQSPEVDU CVUJOQSBDUJDFUIJTJTQPTTJCMZEPBCMFPOBDBTFCZDBTFCBTJT BTTIPXOCZ$IBQBHBJOBOE0SS  JOBTUVEZPG6,TXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  CVUOPUJOHFOFSJDTFOTFGPSBMMJNQPSUTJOUPBDPVOUSZ0CWJPVTMZ POFOFFETUP TQFDJGZUIFTQFDJëDBTTVNQUJPOTUBLFOJOUIJTSFTQFDU ɨFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUJTDBMDVMBUFEBT

=×* VTpWFpe∑ e[] prod []   p

JOXIJDITe

SFQSFTFOUTUIFRVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpFYQPSUFEGSPNUIFOBUJPO * QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BOEWF prod

UIFBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFFYQPSUFE product p WPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU ɨFMBUUFSJTFTUJNBUFEBT

×+ × P[] p WFprod [] p∑() T i [ n e ,] p WF prod [ n e ,] p  WF* [] p = ne prod + Pp[]∑ Tnie [ ,] p ne JOXIJDIP

SFQSFTFOUTUIFQSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpJOUIFOBUJPO 

TiUIFJNQPSUFERVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpGSPNFYQPSUJOHOBUJPOne WFprod

 UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUpXIFOQSPEVDFEJOUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFEBOE 58 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

WFprodUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUp as in the exporting nation ne. The BTTVNQUJPONBEFIFSFJTUIBUFYQPSUPSJHJOBUFTGSPNEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPOBOE imports according to their relative volumes.

Bottom-up approach ɨFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIJTCBTFEPOUIFNFUIPEPGDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFST 4FDUJPO ɨFHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTDPOTJTUT PGUIFJOIBCJUBOUTPGBOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO JTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGDPOTVNFST XJUIJOUIFOBUJPO

=+ WFcons,,,,, nat WF cons nat dir WF cons nat indir   

ɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFSEVFUP XBUFSVTFCZDPOTVNFSTBUIPNFPSJOUIFHBSEFOɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGDPOTVNFSTSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFCZPUIFSTUPNBLFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFT DPOTVNFE*USFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPQSPEVDFGPSFYBNQMFUIF GPPE DMPUIFT QBQFS FOFSHZBOEJOEVTUSJBMHPPETDPOTVNFEɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHBMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOIBCJUBOUT PGUIFOBUJPOCZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU

=×* WFcons,, nat indir∑() C[] p WF prod [] p    p C

JTDPOTVNQUJPOPGQSPEVDUpCZDPOTVNFSTXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO QSPEVDU * VOJUTUJNF BOEWF prod

UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPEVDU WPMVNFQSPEVDU VOJU ɨFTFUPGQSPEVDUTDPOTJEFSFESFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHFPGëOBMDPOTVNFS HPPETBOETFSWJDFTɨFWPMVNFPGpDPOTVNFEJOBOBUJPOXJMMHFOFSBMMZQBSUMZ PSJHJOBUFGSPNUIFOBUJPOJUTFMGBOEQBSUMZGSPNPUIFSOBUJPOTɨFBWFSBHFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUp consumed in a nation is estimated by applying the same BTTVNQUJPOUIBUXBTVTFEJOUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI

×+ × P[] p WFprod [] p∑() T i [ n e ,] p WF prod [ n e ,] p WF* [] p = ne  ne

ɨFBTTVNQUJPOJTUIBUDPOTVNQUJPOPSJHJOBUFTGSPNEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPOBOE imports according to their relative volumes.

The bottom-up versus the top-down approach ɨFCPUUPNVQBOEUPQEPXODBMDVMBUJPOTUIFPSFUJDBMMZSFTVMUJOUIFTBNF ëHVSF QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFJTOPQSPEVDUTUPDLDIBOHFPWFSBZFBSɨFUPQEPXO Water Footprint Accounting 59

DBMDVMBUJPODBOUIFPSFUJDBMMZHJWFBTMJHIUMZIJHIFS MPXFS ëHVSFJGUIFTUPDLTPG XBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUTJODSFBTF EFDSFBTF PWFSUIFZFBSɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIF

UPQEPXOBQQSPBDIQSFTVQQPTFTBCBMBODFWFarea,nat plus Vi becomes WFcons,nat plus VeɨJTJTBOBQQSPYJNBUJPOPOMZ CFDBVTF UPCFNPSFQSFDJTFWFarea,nat plus

Vi becomes WFcons,nat plus VeQMVTWJSUVBMXBUFSTUPDLJODSFBTF"OPUIFSESBXCBDL PGUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDIJTUIBUUIFSFDBOCFEFMBZTCFUXFFOUIFNPNFOUPG XBUFSVTFGPSQSPEVDUJPOBOEUIFNPNFOUPGUSBEF'PSJOTUBODF JOUIFDBTFPG USBEFJOMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT UIJTNBZIBQQFOCFFGPSMFBUIFSQSPEVDUTUSBEFEJO POFZFBSPSJHJOBUFGSPNMJWFTUPDLSBJTFEBOEGFEJOQSFWJPVTZFBST1BSUPGUIF XBUFSWJSUVBMMZFNCFEEFEJOCFFGPSMFBUIFSSFGFSTUPXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPHSPX GFFEDSPQTJOQSFWJPVTZFBST"TBSFTVMUPGUIJT UIFCBMBODFQSFTVNFEJOUIFUPQ EPXOBQQSPBDIXJMMIPMEPWFSBQFSJPEPGBGFXZFBST CVUOPUOFDFTTBSJMZPWFSB single year. /FYUUPUIFPSFUJDBMEJêFSFODFTCFUXFFOUIFUXPBQQSPBDIFT EJêFSFODFTDBO SFTVMUGSPNUIFVTFPGEJêFSFOUUZQFTPGEBUBBTJOQVUTPGUIFDBMDVMBUJPOTɨF CPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIEFQFOETPOUIFRVBMJUZPGDPOTVNQUJPOEBUB XIJMFUIFUPQ EPXOBQQSPBDISFMJFTPOUIFRVBMJUZPGUSBEFEBUB8IFOUIFEJêFSFOUEBUBCBTFT BSFOPUDPOTJTUFOUXJUIPOFBOPUIFS UIFSFTVMUTPGCPUIBQQSPBDIFTXJMMEJêFS*O POFQBSUJDVMBSUZQFPGDBTF UIFPVUDPNFPGUIFUPQEPXODBOCFWFSZWVMOFSBCMF UPSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMFSSPSTJOUIFJOQVUEBUBɨJTIBQQFOTXIFOUIFJNQPSU BOEFYQPSUPGBDPVOUSZBSFMBSHFSFMBUJWFUPJUTEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPO XIJDIJT UZQJDBMGPSSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMOBUJPOTTQFDJBMJ[FEJOUSBEFɨ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

External water footprint of national consumption 8JUIFJUIFSUIFUPQEPXOPSCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFUPUBM

XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat  8JUI UIF UPQEPXO

BQQSPBDI POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBDPVOUSZ Vi &BSMJFS  JO4FDUJPO XFIBWFTFFOIPXPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO

BOBUJPO WFarea,nat #BTFEPOUIFTFEBUB UIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM

DPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext DBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBT 60 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

WF WF=×cons, nat V    cons,, nat ext+ i WFarea, nat V i

ɨJTGPSNVMBDBOCFBQQMJFETFQBSBUFMZGPSUIFDBUFHPSZPGBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUT DSPQBOEMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT BOEGPSUIFDBUFHPSZPGUIFJOEVTUSJBMQSPEVDUTɨF GPSNVMBTBZTUIBUPOMZBGSBDUJPOPGUIFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUDBOCFTBJEUP CFUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIBUUIJTGSBDUJPO JTFRVBMUPUIFQPSUJPOPGUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFU TVNPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBOEWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU UIBUJTUPCFBUUSJCVUFEUPOBUJPOBM consumption.2ɨFPUIFSQPSUJPOPGUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFUJTFYQPSUFEBOEJT UIFSFGPSFOPUQBSUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO ɨFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBOCFFTUJNBUFECZ export nation ne and product pCZBTTVNJOHUIBUUIFOBUJPOBMSBUJPCFUXFFOUIF FYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUBQQMJFTUPBMMQBSUOFS OBUJPOTBOEJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUT

WF =×cons,, nat ext WFcons,, nat ext[,] n e p V i [,] n e p    Vi

*UIBQQFOTUIBUQSPEVDUTBSFJNQPSUFEGSPNOBUJPOTJOXIJDIUIFZBSFOPU QSPEVDFE'PSUIPTFQSPEVDUTPOFXJMMIBWFUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJODPVOUSZGVSUIFS CBDL'PSTPNFQSPEVDUHSPVQT XPSMEQSPEVDUJPOJTDPODFOUSBUFEJOTQFDJëD SFHJPOT'PSUIFTFQSPEVDUTPOFDBOSPVHIMZFTUJNBUFUIFVMUJNBUFQMBDFPGPSJHJO CBTFEPOXPSMEQSPEVDUJPOEBUBɨJTNFBOTUIBUPOFEJTUSJCVUFTUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOBOPOQSPEVDJOHOBUJPOPWFSQSPEVDJOHOBUJPOTBDDPSEJOHUPUIF EJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIFXPSMEQSPEVDUJPO

3.7.4 Water savings related to trade

ɨFOBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHSn WPMVNFUJNF PGBOBUJPOBTBSFTVMUPGUSBEFJO product pJTEFëOFEBT

[]=×() [] [] [] Spnieprod TpTp- WFp  

XIFSFWFprod

JTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU PGQSPEVDUp in the

OBUJPODPOTJEFSFE Ti

UIFWPMVNFPGQSPEVDUpJNQPSUFE QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF  and Te

UIFWPMVNFPGUIFQSPEVDUFYQPSUFE QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF 0CWJPVTMZ 

SnDBOIBWFBOFHBUJWFTJHO XIJDINFBOTBOFUXBUFSMPTTJOTUFBEPGBTBWJOH

ɨFHMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHSg WPMVNFUJNF UISPVHIUIFUSBEFJOQSPEVDUp

GSPNBOFYQPSUJOHOBUJPOne to an importing nation ni JT [][][][]=× Sg nnp e,, i Tnnp e ,, i() WF prod npWF i , - prod np e ,    Water Footprint Accounting 61

XIFSFTJTUIFWPMVNFPGUSBEFJOp QSPEVDUTVOJUTUJNF CFUXFFOUIFUXP OBUJPOTɨFHMPCBMTBWJOHJTUIVTPCUBJOFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFXBUFS QSPEVDUJWJUJFTPGUIFUSBEJOHQBSUOFST8IFO JOBQBSUJDVMBSDBTF UIFJNQPSUJOH OBUJPOJTOPUBCMFUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUEPNFTUJDBMMZ XFSFDPNNFOEUBLJOH UIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFHMPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUBOEUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFFYQPSUJOHOBUJPO ɨFUPUBMHMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHDBOCFPCUBJOFECZTVNNJOHVQUIFHMPCBM TBWJOHTPGBMMJOUFSOBUJPOBMUSBEFìPXT#ZEFëOJUJPO UIFUPUBMHMPCBMXBUFS TBWJOHJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFOBUJPOBMTBWJOHTPGBMMOBUJPOT

3.7.5 National water dependency versus water self- sufficiency 8FEFëOFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZ WD,  PGBOBUJPOBTUIFSBUJP PGUIFFYUFSOBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO

WF WD =×cons,, nat ext 100  <>  WFcons, nat

/BUJPOBMXBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ WSS,  JTEFëOFEBTUIFJOUFSOBMEJWJEFECZUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO

WF WSS =×cons,, nat int 100  <>  WFcons, nat

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3.8 Water footprint accounting for catchments and river basins

'VMMDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFTJNJMBSUPGVMMOBUJPOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBTEJTDVTTFEJOUIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPOɨFPOMZEJêFSFODF JTJOUIFEFëOJUJPOPGUIFBSFBCPVOEBSJFTDPOTJEFSFE/BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BDDPVOUTDPOTJEFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBMUFSSJUPSZBOEUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTMJWJOHJOUIBUUFSSJUPSZ$BUDINFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 62 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

BDDPVOUTDPNCJOFBDDPVOUTPOUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPOTVNFSTMJWJOHJOB DBUDINFOU DPOTVNFSBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO4FDUJPO BOEBDDPVOUTPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUBSFB BSFBBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO 4FDUJPO 'JHVSFTIPXTBWJTVBMSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGUIFDBUDINFOUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF XIJDIJOEFFEMPPLTTJNJMBSUPUIFOBUJPOBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF "TBHVJEF POFDBOGPMMPXUIFTBNFNFUIPEBTGPSOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BDDPVOUJOH 4FDUJPO 4JNQMZSFQMBDFAOBUJPOBMXJUIADBUDINFOUɨFPOMZ QSBDUJDBM EJêFSFODFXJUIOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTUIFGBDUUIBU USBEFEBUBBSFOPUBWBJMBCMFBTJOUIFDBTFPGOBUJPOT0OFDBOUIVTOPUNBLF VTFPGUSBEFTUBUJTUJDT*OTUFBE USBEFìPXTOFFEUPCFJOGFSSFEGSPNBWBJMBCMF EBUBPSFTUJNBUFTPOQSPEVDUJPOBOEDPOTVNQUJPOXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU0OF DBOBTTVNFUIBUBQSPEVDUJPOTVSQMVT XIFOQSPEVDUJPO DPOTVNQUJPOJO UIFDBUDINFOU IBTCFFOFYQPSUFEPVUPGUIFCBTJO TVQQPTFEUIBUUIFSFJTOP TUPSBHFXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUUBLFOUPOFYUZFBS TJNJMBSMZ POFDBOBTTVNFUIBU BQSPEVDUJPOTIPSUBHF QSPEVDUJPODPOTVNQUJPO IBTCFFOJNQPSUFE *UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUPOFEPFTOPUBMXBZTOFFEUPNBLFfull catchment XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBTTIPXOJO'JHVSF*UEFQFOETPOUIFHPBMPG UIFBDDPVOUT1BSUJDVMBSMZ DBUDINFOUNBOBHFSTXJMMQSJNBSJMZCFJOUFSFTUFEJO

Internal water External water Water footprint footprint of footprint of of consumers + = consumers in consumers in in the the catchment the catchment catchment

+ + +

Virtual water Virtual water export related Virtual water export from the to products + re-export = made in the catchment catchment

= = =

Water footprint Virtual water Virtual water within the import into the + = budget catchment area catchment

Figure 3.10 The catchment water footprint accounting scheme. The BDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFTIPXTUIFWBSJPVTCBMBODFTUIBUIPMEGPSUIFXBUFS footprint of consumers living within the catchment, the water footprint within UIFDBUDINFOUBSFB UIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUGSPNUIFDBUDINFOUBOEUIF total virtual-water import into the catchment Water Footprint Accounting 63

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3.9 Water footprint accounting for municipalities, provinces or other administrative units

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3.10 Water footprint of a business

3.10.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS UIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZUPSVOBOETVQQPSUUIFCVTJOFTT*UDPOTJTUT PGUXPNBJODPNQPOFOUTɨFPQFSBUJPOBM PSEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB CVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEEVFUPUIFCVTJOFTTT PXOPQFSBUJPOTɨFTVQQMZDIBJO PSJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJT UIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEUPQSPEVDFBMMUIFHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTUIBUGPSNUIFJOQVUTPGQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFCVTJOFTT*OTUFBEPGUIFUFSN ACVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOFDBOBMTPVTFUIFUFSNTADPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PSAPSHBOJ[BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTDBOCFTDIFNBUJ[FEJOUPDPNQPOFOUT BTTIPXOJO'JHVSF"GUFSUIFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFOPQFSBUJPOBMBOETVQQMZ DIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU POFDBOEJêFSFOUJBUFCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUDBO 64 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Water footprint of a business

Operational water footprint Supply-chain water footprint

Operational water footprint directly associated Supply-chain water footprint related to with the production of the product the product inputs

Green water footprint Green water footprint

Blue water footprint Blue water footprint Water consumption

Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water Water pollution

Overhead operational water footprint Overhead supply-chain water footprint

Green water footprint Green water footprint

Blue water footprint Blue water footprint Water consumption

Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water Water pollution

Figure 3.11 $PNQPTJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

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Table 3.1 Examples of the components of a business water footprint

Operational water footprint Supply chain water footprint Water footprint Overhead water Water footprint Overhead water directly associated footprint directly associated footprint with the production with the production of the business’s of the business product(s) product(s) r8BUFSJODPSQPSBUFEr8BUFSDPOTVNQUJPO r8BUFSGPPUQSJOUPG r8BUFSGPPUQSJOU into the product. or pollution related product ingredients of infrastructure r8BUFSDPOTVNFEPS to water use in CPVHIUCZUIF (construction polluted through a LJUDIFOT UPJMFUT  company. materials and so on). washing process. cleaning, gardening, r8BUFSGPPUQSJOUPG r8BUFSGPPUQSJOU r8BUFSUIFSNBMMZ PSXBTIJOHXPSLJOH PUIFSJUFNTCPVHIU of materials and polluted through use clothes. CZUIFDPNQBOZGPS energy for general for cooling. processing their VTF PGàDFNBUFSJBMT  product. DBSTBOEUSVDLT GVFMT  electricity and so on). Water Footprint Accounting 65

UPJEFOUJGZXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUJTOFDFTTBSZGPSUIFDPOUJOVFEGVODUJPOJOHPG UIFCVTJOFTTCVUUIBUEPFTOPUEJSFDUMZSFMBUFUPUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGPOFQBSUJDVMBS QSPEVDU*OFWFSZDBTF POFDBOEJTUJOHVJTIBHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPNQPOFOU&YBNQMFTPGUIFWBSJPVTDPNQPOFOUTJOBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BSFHJWFOJO5BCMF *OBEEJUJPOUPUIFPQFSBUJPOBMBOETVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BCVTJOFTT NBZMJLFUPEJTUJOHVJTIBOAFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGJUTQSPEVDUɨJTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOCZDPOTVNFSTXIFO VTJOHUIFQSPEVDU GPSFYBNQMF UIJOLBCPVUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUSFTVMUTGSPN UIFVTFPGTPBQTJOUIFIPVTFIPMEɨFFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJT TUSJDUMZTQPLFOOPUQBSUPGUIFCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIFQSPEVDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOU CVUQBSUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU$POTVNFSTDBOVTF QSPEVDUTJOWBSJPVTXBZT TPUIBUFTUJNBUJOHUIFAFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB QSPEVDUXJMMSFRVJSFBTTVNQUJPOTBCPVUBWFSBHFVTBHF #ZEFëOJUJPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTFRVBMUPUIFATVNPGUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFCVTJOFTTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTɨFATVQQMZDIBJOXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTFRVBMUPUIFATVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFCVTJOFTT JOQVUQSPEVDUT$BMDVMBUJOHBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFNBKPSQSPEVDU T QSPEVDFECZBCVTJOFTTJTBCPVUUIFTBNF UIJOH CVUUIFGPDVTJTEJêFSFOU*OUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  UIFSFJTBTUSPOHGPDVTPONBLJOHUIFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFOBOPQFSBUJPOBM EJSFDU  BOETVQQMZDIBJO JOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨJTJTIJHIMZSFMFWBOUGSPNB QPMJDZQFSTQFDUJWF CFDBVTFBCVTJOFTTIBTEJSFDUDPOUSPMPWFSJUTPQFSBUJPOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEJOEJSFDUJOìVFODFPOJUTTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 8IFODBMDVMBUJOHBQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIFSFJTOPEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO UIFEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPOFTJNQMZDPOTJEFSTUIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTGPSBMMSFMFWBOUQSPDFTTFTXJUIJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN JHOPSJOHIPX UIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNNBZCFPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZEJêFSFOUDPNQBOJFT"O IZCSJECFUXFFOBQSPEVDUBOECVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJTQPTTJCMFCZ GPDVTTJOHPOUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQBSUJDVMBSQSPEVDUoGPS FYBNQMF CZMPPLJOHBUKVTUPOFPGNBOZQSPEVDUTQSPEVDFECZBCVTJOFTTo CVUNBLJOHFYQMJDJUXIJDIQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPDDVSTJOUIF CVTJOFTTTPXOPQFSBUJPOTBOEXIJDIQBSUJOUIFCVTJOFTTTTVQQMZDIBJO #VTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHPêFSTBOFXQFSTQFDUJWFGPSEFWFMPQJOH BXFMMJOGPSNFEDPSQPSBUFXBUFSTUSBUFHZɨJTJTCFDBVTFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTBOJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSVTFEJêFSTGSPNUIFJOEJDBUPSAXBUFSXJUIESBXBMJOUIF CVTJOFTTTPXOPQFSBUJPOTVTFECZNPTUDPNQBOJFTUIVTGBS#PYEJTDVTTFTB GFXQPTTJCMFJNQMJDBUJPOTGPSDPNQBOJFTUIBUTUBSUUPMPPLBUUIFJSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 66 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 3.10 What is new for companies when considering their business water footprint?

r $PNQBOJFTIBWFUSBEJUJPOBMMZGPDVTFEPOXBUFSVTFJOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOT  OPUJOUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJO5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPFTUBLFBOJOUFHSBUFE approach. Most companies will discover that their supply chain water GPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU"TBSFTVMU  companies may conclude that it is more cost-effective to shift investments from efforts to reduce their operational water use to efforts to reduce UIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEBTTPDJBUFESJTLT r $PNQBOJFTIBWFUSBEJUJPOBMMZMPPLFEBUSFEVDUJPOPGXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT The water footprint shows water use in terms of consumption rather UIBOJOUFSNTPGXJUIESBXBM3FUVSOáPXTDBOCFSFVTFE TPJUNBLFT TFOTFUPTQFDJàDBMMZMPPLBUDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF r $PNQBOJFT NBLF TVSF UIBU UIFZ IBWF B XBUFS VTF SJHIU PS MJDFODF 1PTTFTTJOHUIBUJTOPUTVGàDJFOUUPNBOBHFXBUFSSFMBUFESJTLT*UJTVTFGVM UPMPPLJOUPUIFTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJMTPGBDPNQBOZTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  CFDBVTFEFUBJMTPOXIFSFBOEXIFOXBUFSJTVTFEDBOCFVTFEBTJOQVU UPBEFUBJMFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU UPJEFOUJGZUIF FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDJNQBDUTBOEUPàOEPVUBTTPDJBUFE CVTJOFTTSJTLT r $PNQBOJFT IBWF USBEJUJPOBMMZ MPPLFE BU NFFUJOH FNJTTJPO TUBOEBSET FGáVFOUTUBOEBSET 5IFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMPPLTBUUIFSFRVJSFEXBUFS WPMVNFGPSBTTJNJMBUJOHXBTUFCBTFEPOBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET .FFUJOHFNJTTJPOTUBOEBSETJTPOFUIJOH CVUMPPLJOHBUIPXFGáVFOUT BDUVBMMZSFTVMUJOSFEVDFEBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGBNCJFOUGSFTIXBUFS CPEJFTBOEBUCVTJOFTTSJTLTBTTPDJBUFEUPUIBUJTBOPUIFS.FFUJOHFGáVFOU standards (which are formulated in terms of concentrations) can easily CFEPOFCZUBLJOHJONPSFXBUFSJOPSEFSUPEJMVUFUIFFGáVFOUCFGPSF EJTQPTBM%JMVUJOHFGáVFOUTNBZCFIFMQGVMJONFFUJOHFGáVFOUTUBOEBSET  CVU OPU JO SFEVDJOH UIF HSFZ XBUFS GPPUQSJOU CFDBVTF UIF MBUUFS JT related to the total load of chemicals added to the environment, not the concentration of chemicals in the effluent. (This is nicely illustrated in the àSTUFYBNQMFJO"QQFOEJY*7

3.10.2 Choosing the organizational boundaries of the business "CVTJOFTTJTDPODFJWFEIFSFBTBDPIFSFOUFOUJUZQSPEVDJOHHPPETBOEPSTFSWJDFT UIBUBSFTVQQMJFEUPDPOTVNFSTPSPUIFSCVTJOFTTFT*UDBOCFBQSJWBUFDPNQBOZ PSDPSQPSBUJPO CVUBMTPBHPWFSONFOUBMPSOPOHPWFSONFOUBMPSHBOJ[BUJPO*U DBOSFGFSUPWBSJPVTMFWFMTPGTDBMF GPSJOTUBODF BTQFDJëDVOJUPSEJWJTJPOPGB Water Footprint Accounting 67

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Input products i I1[x,i] I2[x,i] I3[x,i] from origins x

WFbus,oper,1 WFbus,oper,2 WFbus,oper,3

Business

Business unit 1 Business unit 2 Business unit 3

P1[A] P2[B] P3[C]

* * P 1[A] P 2[B] * P 3[C]

* * * Output products p P1[A] – P 1[A] P2[B] – P 2[B] P3[C] – P 3[C]

Product flows Operational business water footprint

Figure 3.12 #VTJOFTTUIBUDPOTJTUTPGUISFFCVTJOFTTVOJUTQSPEVDJOHQSPEVDUT

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the part of PuUIBUHPFTUPBOPUIFSCVTJOFTTVOJUXJUIJOUIFTBNFCVTJOFTT

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=+ WFbus WF bus,, oper WF bus sup   

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=+ WFbus,,,,, oper WF bus oper inputs WF bus oper overhead   

=+ WFbus,,,,, sup WF bus sup inputs WF bus sup overhead   

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⎛⎞ =× WFbus, sup∑∑⎜⎟() WF prod [,] x i I [,] x i    xi⎝⎠

JOXIJDIWFbus,supSFQSFTFOUTUIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTVOJU

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Notes

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TVCTUBOUJBMQBSUPGJNQPSUɨFOBUJPOBMSBUJPCFUXFFOWFcons,nat,ext and Vi is not a

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Chapter 4

Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment

4.1 Introduction

ɨ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êFSFOUTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOTUIBUPOFDBO QPTFBOEUIBUUIFSFBSFNBOZDPNQMFYJUJFTJOWPMWFE4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ GPSJOTUBODF  IBT EJGGFSFOU EJNFOTJPOT FOWJSPONFOUBM  TPDJBM  FDPOPNJD  JNQBDUT DBO CFGPSNVMBUFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMT QSJNBSZ TFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT BOEUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUIBTEJêFSFOUDPMPVST HSFFO CMVF HSFZ *OUIJTDIBQUFSXFQSFTFOUB HVJEFUPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU XIJDIIBTHSPXOPVUPGUIF SFDFOUQBTUPGJODSFBTFEBUUFOUJPOUPUIFTVCKFDU #PY  ɨFRVFTUJPOPGUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTDBOCFDPOTJEFSFEGSPN BOVNCFSPGEJTUJODUQPJOUTPGWJFX'SPNUIFHFPHSBQIJDBMWJFXQPJOU POFDBO BTL*TUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDFSUBJOHFPHSBQIJDBSFBTVTUBJOBCMF ɨJTXJMMOPUCFUIFDBTFXIFO GPSFYBNQMF FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPS BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBBSFDPNQSPNJTFEPSXIFO UIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBJTSFHBSEFEBTVOGBJSPSJOFïDJFOU 8IFODPOTJEFSJOHBTQFDJëDXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTT POFDBOBTL*TUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPDFTTTVTUBJOBCMF ɨFBOTXFSEFQFOETPOUXPDSJUFSJB'JSTU  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJTVOTVTUBJOBCMFXIFOUIFQSPDFTTJTTJUVBUFEJO BDFSUBJOQFSJPEPGUIFZFBSJOBDFSUBJODBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOJOXIJDIUIF PWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF4FDPOE UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT JTVOTVTUBJOBCMFJOJUTFMGoJOEFQFOEFOUPGUIFHFPHSBQIJDDPOUFYUoXIFOFJUIFS UIFHSFFO CMVFPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFE BMUPHFUIFS BUBDDFQUBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU 'SPNUIFWJFXQPJOUPGBQSPEVDU UIF 74 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 4.1 History of water footprint sustainability assessment

%VSJOHUIFàSTUZFBSTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU m UIFGPDVTXBT on water footprint accounting. The water footprint is primarily an innovation SFHBSEJOHIPXUPNFBTVSFGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPOCZIVNBOCFJOHT#FGPSF  water was not measured along supply chains and green and grey water were FYDMVEFEGSPNXBUFSVTFTUBUJTUJDT#FTJEFT NFBTVSFNFOUTGPDVTFEPOCMVF water withdrawals, ignoring the fact that it is particularly consumptive use that determines the impact on the water system of a catchment. From the CFHJOOJOHPGUIFDPODFQUJUXBTSFDPHOJ[FEUIBUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJT BCPVUGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPOPOMZ UIBUUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFBOFFEUPCFDPNQBSFEUPUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSUIBUJT BWBJMBCMFBOEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUOFFETUPCFDPNQBSFEUPUIFDBQBDJUZ PGBDBUDINFOUUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFXBTUF-JUUMFXPSLPOUIBUXBTEPOF IPXFWFS )PFLTUSB B NBEFGPSUIFàSTUUJNFFYQMJDJUNFOUJPOJOHPGUIFOFFEGPSB ATVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUQIBTFBGUFSUIFBDDPVOUJOHQIBTF BMUIPVHIBUUIBUUJNF it was called ‘impact assessment’. Comparing water footprints to actual water BWBJMBCJMJUZBOEJEFOUJGZJOHIPUTQPUTPGTDBSDJUZXBTEPOFGPSUIFàSTUUJNFCZ7BO 0FMFUBM  ,BNQNBOFUBM  BOE$IBQBHBJOBOE0SS   *OUIFàSTUWater Footprint Manual, the term ‘impact assessment’ was changed JOUPATVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUCFDBVTFUIFMBUUFSUFSNCFUUFSSFáFDUTXIBUJU TIPVMEFODPNQBTT )PFLTUSBFUBM B 5IFUFSNAJNQBDUESBXTUIFBUUFOUJPO UPMPDBMJNQBDUT OBNFMZUIFJNNFEJBUFMZWJTJCMFJNQBDUTPOUIFHSPVOE XIJDIJT a too restricted view. Since freshwater resources in the world are limited, one OFFETUPMPPLBUUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBNVDICSPBEFSDPOUFYU 0WFSMPPLJOHUIFJTTVFPGXBUFSVTFPSQPMMVUJPOJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTJTTJNJMBS UPJHOPSJOHFOFSHZVTFJOPJMSJDIDPVOUSJFT8BTUJOHXBUFSPSQPMMVUJOHXBUFSJOB DFSUBJOXBUFSSJDIHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTBDPODFSOKVTUMJLFXBTUJOHFOFSHZJOPJMSJDI DPVOUSJFT&GàDJFOUVTFPGXBUFSJOXBUFSSJDIBSFBTUPQSPEVDFXBUFSJOUFOTJWF commodities reduces the need to use water for producing those commodities JOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT5IFSFGPSF BTTFTTJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JTNPSFUIBOMPPLJOHBUXIFUIFSBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTJNNFEJBUFMPDBMJNQBDUT "OJOJUJBMTUFQUPHJWFTUSVDUVSFUPUIFQIBTFPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ assessment’ was made in the Water Footprint Manual4VCTFRVFOUMZ JOUIFQFSJPE %FDFNCFS m+VMZ  UIF8BUFS 'PPUQSJOU 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ"TTFTTNFOU 8PSLJOH(SPVQPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSL 8'/ SFáFDUFEPOUIF NBOVBM BOE QSPWJEFE B OVNCFS PG SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT ;BSBUF C  UIBU IBWFCFFOUBLFOJOUPUIFQSPDFTTPGQSFQBSJOHUIJTWFSTJPOPGUIFNBOVBM.PTU OPUBCMZXFIBWFBEPQUFEUIFJEFBPGAFOWJSPONFOUBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZCPVOEBSJFT BGUFS3JDIUFS  BOEUIFDPODFQUPGQSJNBSZTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT"TPOF XJMMOPUFXIFODPNQBSJOHUIFDVSSFOUNBOVBMXJUIUIFàSTUPOF UIFDIBQUFS POTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUIBTCFFODPNQMFUFMZSFTUSVDUVSFE*UJTCFUUFS SFDPHOJ[FEOPXUIBUFTUJNBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTTPNFUIJOHEJGGFSFOUGSPNFTUJNBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGB QBSUJDVMBSQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFS"DMFBSEJTUJODUJPOJTNBEF CFUXFFOUIFEJGGFSFOUTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOTUIBUFYJTUBOEUIFEJGGFSFOUXBZTUIFZ OFFEUPCFBEESFTTFE Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 75

SFMFWBOURVFTUJPOJT*TUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUTVTUBJOBCMF ɨFBOTXFS UPUIJTRVFTUJPOXJMMEFQFOEPOUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIF QSPDFTTFTUIBUBSFQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPNBLFUIFQSPEVDU'SPNUIF WJFXQPJOUPGUIFQSPEVDFS POFDBOBTL*TUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDFS TVTUBJOBCMF 4JODFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDFSJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFQSPEVDUTQSPEVDFECZUIFQSPEVDFS UIFBOTXFSUPUIJT RVFTUJPOEFQFOETPOUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFQSPEVDUTNBEFCZUIFQSPEVDFS 'JOBMMZ GSPNUIFWJFXQPJOUPGBDPOTVNFS POFDBOBTL*TUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGUIFDPOTVNFSTVTUBJOBCMF 4JODFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTFRVBM UPUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFS  UIFBOTXFSXJMMEFQFOEBHBJOPOUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIF QSPEVDUTDPOTVNFE)FSF IPXFWFS BOBEEJUJPOBMDSJUFSJPODPNFTJOUPQMBZ  CFDBVTFUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSBMTPEFQFOETPO XIFUIFSUIFDPOTVNFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTNBMMFSPSMBSHFSUIBOBOJOEJWJEVBMT GBJSTIBSFHJWFOUIFMJNJUBUJPOTUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZ ɨFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFS QBSUMZEFQFOETPOUIFHFPHSBQIJDDPOUFYUTJOXIJDIUIFWBSJPVTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPNQPOFOUTPGBQSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFSBSFMPDBUFE*UJTTFMEPNUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPOFQBSUJDVMBSQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFSUIBU DSFBUFTUIFQSPCMFNTPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEQPMMVUJPOBTXFFYQFSJFODFUIFN ɨPTFQSPCMFNTFNFSHFBTUIFDVNVMBUJWFFêFDUPGBMMBDUJWJUJFTJOUIFHFPHSBQIJD BSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBJTUIFTVNPGNBOZTNBMMFS GPPUQSJOUT FBDIPOFPGXIJDIXJMMCFSFMBUFEUPBDFSUBJOQSPDFTT QSPEVDU  QSPEVDFSBOEDPOTVNFS8IFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU  producer or consumer contributes to the unsustainable situation observed XJUIJOBDFSUBJOHFPHSBQIJDBMDPOUFYU POFDBOTBZUIBUUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT VOTVTUBJOBCMFBTXFMM *OUIJTDIBQUFSXFTIBMMTUBSUCZTIPXJOHIPXUPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO4VCTFRVFOUMZ XFXJMMTIPXIPX UPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFS BOEDPOTVNFSɨFPSEFSIBTCFFODIPTFOUIJTXBZ CFDBVTFJOUIFMBUFSTFDUJPOT XFXJMMSFGFSCBDLUPUIFFBSMJFSTFDUJPOT0OFDBOOPUBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTXJUIPVULOPXJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFUIFQSPDFTTJTMPDBUFE0OFDBOOPU BTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUXJUIPVULOPXJOH UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFQSPDFTTFTJOWPMWFE"OE ëOBMMZ POFDBOOPUBTTFTT UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQSPEVDFSTPSDPOTVNFSTXJUIPVU LOPXJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFQSPEVDUTCFJOHQSPEVDFEPSDPOTVNFE 76 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

4.2 Geographic sustainability: Sustainability of the water footprint within a catchment or river basin

4.2.1 Introduction &WBMVBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB DBOCFTUCFEPOFBUUIFMFWFMPGBDBUDINFOUBSFBPSSJWFSCBTJO"UUIFMFWFMPG TVDIBIZESPMPHJDBMVOJU POFDBOSFBTPOBCMZDPNQBSFUIFHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUUPUIFHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ PSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUP UIFBWBJMBCMFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ"MTPJTTVFTPGGBJSBOEFïDJFOUXBUFS SFTPVSDFTBMMPDBUJPOBSFNPTUSFMFWBOUPOUIFTDBMFPGBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO ɨFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO DBOCFBOBMZTFEGSPNUISFFEJêFSFOUQFSTQFDUJWFTFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOE FDPOPNJD'SPNFBDIPGUIFQFSTQFDUJWFTUIFSFBSFTPNFATVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJB #PY "TVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJPOTQFMMTPVUXIFOBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOB catchment or basin can no longer be considered sustainable. *EFOUJGZJOHBOERVBOUJGZJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBJTUIFëSTUTUFQXIFO BTTFTTJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO 'JHVSF ɨFTFDPOETUFQJTUPJEFOUJGZIPUTQPUTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUPS SJWFSCBTJO OBNFMZTVCDBUDINFOUTBOEQFSJPETXJUIJOUIFZFBSJOXIJDIUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTSFHBSEFEBTVOTVTUBJOBCMF*OUIFUIJSEBOEGPVSUITUFQT POF XJMMRVBOUJGZUIFQSJNBSZBOETFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTJOUIFIPUTQPUT "IPUTQPUJTBTQFDJëDQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS GPSFYBNQMF UIFESZQFSJPE JOB TQFDJëD TVC DBUDINFOUJOXIJDIUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF QFSIBQT CFDBVTFJUDPNQSPNJTFTFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETPSXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETPS CFDBVTFUIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOBOEVTFJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTDPOTJEFSFEVOGBJSBOE PSFDPOPNJDBMMZJOFïDJFOU*OBIPUTQPU QSPCMFNTPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZ QPMMVUJPOPS DPOìJDUPDDVS)PUTQPUTBSFUIFQMBDFTXIFSFBOEQFSJPETXJUIJOUIFZFBSXIFO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFOPUTVTUBJOBCMFBOEUIVTIBWFUPCFSFEVDFE 8IFOPOFDPOTJEFSTBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF XJUIPVUDPOTJEFSJOH TVCDBUDINFOUT UIFDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMFDBOCFDBUFHPSJ[FEBTB

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Identification of the Identification of Identification and Identification and (environmental, social hotspots (specific and economic) quantification of the quantification of the sub-catchments, primary impacts in the secondary impacts in sustainability periods of the year) criteria hotspots the hotspots

Figure 4.1 "TTFTTNFOUPGUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOB DBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOJOGPVSTUFQT Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 77

Box 4.2 Sustainability criteria for water use and allocation within a catchment or river basin

The water footprint within a catchment needs to meet certain criteria in PSEFSUPCFTVTUBJOBCMF4VTUBJOBCJMJUZIBTBOFOWJSPONFOUBMEJNFOTJPOBT well as a social and economic dimension. r &OWJSPONFOUBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ8BUFSRVBMJUZTIPVMESFNBJOXJUIJO DFSUBJOMJNJUT"TBOJOEJDBUPSPGXIBUUIFTFMJNJUTBSF POFDBOCFTU DPOTJEFSABNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETUIBUQFPQMFIBWFBHSFFEVQPO*O addition, river and groundwater flows should remain within certain limits compared to natural run-off, in order to maintain river and groundwater- dependent ecosystems and the livelihoods of the people that depend on those ecosystems. In the case of rivers, the so-called ‘environmental áPXSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSNCPVOEBSJFTGPSSVOPGGBMUFSBUJPO DPNQBSBCMFUP UIFXBZJOXIJDIXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETGPSNCPVOEBSJFTGPSQPMMVUJPO 3JDIUFS  *OUIFDBTFPGHSFFOXBUFS UIFAFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFS SFRVJSFNFOUTGPSNUIFCPVOEBSJFTGPSHSFFOXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPOGPS human purposes. r 4PDJBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ"NJOJNVNBNPVOUPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSBWBJMBCMF PO&BSUIOFFETUPCFBMMPDBUFEUPACBTJDIVNBOOFFET NPTUOPUBCMZB NJOJNVNEPNFTUJDXBUFSTVQQMZGPSESJOLJOH XBTIJOHBOEDPPLJOHBOE BNJOJNVNBMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPGPPEQSPEVDUJPOUPTFDVSFBTVGàDJFOU level of food supply to all. This criterion implies that only the fraction of BWBJMBCMFGSFTIXBUFSTVQQMZUIBUSFNBJOTBGUFSTVCUSBDUJPOPGFOWJSPONFOUBM XBUFSOFFETBOEXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUTUPTVTUBJOCBTJDIVNBOOFFETDBO CFBMMPDBUFEUPAMVYVSZHPPET"NJOJNVNEPNFTUJDXBUFSTVQQMZGPS ESJOLJOH XBTIJOHBOEDPPLJOHOFFETUPCFHVBSBOUFFEBUUIFDBUDINFOU PSSJWFSCBTJOMFWFM"NJOJNVNBMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPGPPEQSPEVDUJPO JTUPCFTFDVSFEBUHMPCBMMFWFM TJODFSJWFSCBTJODPNNVOJUJFTBSFOPU OFDFTTBSJMZTFMGTVGàDJFOUJOGPPE QSPWJEFEUIBUGPPETFDVSJUZJTFOTVSFE through food imports. r &DPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ8BUFSOFFETUPCFBMMPDBUFEBOEVTFEJOBO FDPOPNJDBMMZFGàDJFOUXBZ5IFCFOFàUTPGB HSFFO CMVFPSHSFZ XBUFS footprint that results from using water for a certain purpose should outweigh the full cost associated with this water footprint, including FYUFSOBMJUJFT PQQPSUVOJUZDPTUTBOEBTDBSDJUZSFOU*GUIJTJTOPUUIFDBTF  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF

8IFOUIFHSFFO CMVFPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUEPFTOPUGVMàM POFPGUIFDSJUFSJBPGFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMPSFDPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ UIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOOPUCFDPOTJEFSFEBTAHFPHSBQIJDBMMZTVTUBJOBCMF 78 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

IPUTQPUBSFBPSOPU EFQFOEJOHPOXIFUIFSQSPCMFNTFNFSHFBUUIFMFWFMPGUIF DBUDINFOUPSCBTJOBTBXIPMFɨFBEWBOUBHFPGMPPLJOHGPSIPUTQPUTBUUIFMFWFM PGSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMDBUDINFOUBSFBT GPSFYBNQMF VQUPLN2 JTUIBUPOFNBZ CFBCMFUPJEFOUJGZIPUTQPUTUIBUXPVMEEJTBQQFBSBUUIFDPVSTFSFTPMVUJPOMFWFM PGMBSHFSDBUDINFOUTPSBSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF*GPOFDPNQBSFTUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBCBTJOXJUIUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJOUIFCBTJOBTB XIPMF JUNBZTIPXUIBUUIFSFJTFOPVHIXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ XIJMFUIJT NBZOPUCFUIFDBTFJOTPNFTQFDJëDVQTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOUTXIFSFNPTUPGUIF QPMMVUJPOJOUIFCBTJOJTDPODFOUSBUFEɨFEJTBEWBOUBHFPGMPPLJOHGPSIPUTQPUT BUBëOFTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOJTUIBUNVDINPSFEBUBBSFOFFEFE POIPXUIFUPUBM HSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBCBTJOBOEPOIPXHSFFOBOECMVF XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBOEXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZBSFTQBUJBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEXJUIJO UIFCBTJO "OPUIFSEJTBEWBOUBHFJTUIBUTPNFQSPCMFNTNBZFNFSHFPOMZBUB MBSHFSTQBUJBMTDBMF GPSFYBNQMFCFDBVTFQPMMVUBOUTBDDVNVMBUFEPXOTUSFBNɨF CFTUBQQSPBDIJTUIFSFGPSFUPUBLFBXIPMFSJWFSCBTJOBTUIFBOBMZUJDBMVOJUBOE UPEJTUJOHVJTISFMBUJWFMZTNBMMTVCDBUDINFOUTXJUIJOUIJTCBTJOɨFBTTFTTNFOU DBOUIFOCFEPOFBUCPUIUIFëOFMFWFMPGTVCDBUDINFOUTBOEUIFBHHSFHBUFMFWFM PGMBSHFSDBUDINFOUTBOEUIFSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF "GUFSIBWJOHJEFOUJëFEIPUTQPUT POFDBOTUVEZUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM BOEFDPOPNJDJNQMJDBUJPOTJONPSFEFUBJM8FEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOJEFOUJGZJOH AQSJNBSZBOEATFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT1SJNBSZJNQBDUTBSFEFTDSJCFEJOUFSNTPG DIBOHFEXBUFSìPXTBOERVBMJUZ DPNQBSFEUPUIFOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT XJUIPVU IVNBOEJTUVSCBODFT 0OFXJMMTIPX GPSFYBNQMF IPXNVDISVOPêJOB DBUDINFOUIBTEFDSFBTFECZNBOTCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUBOE UPXIJDIFYUFOUUIJTDPOìJDUTXJUIFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT0SPOF EFTDSJCFTJOEFUBJMIPXXBUFSRVBMJUZIBTDIBOHFEDPNQBSFEUPOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT  GPSJOTUBODFQFSXBUFSRVBMJUZQBSBNFUFS BOEXIJDIQBSBNFUFSTWJPMBUFUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTBSFUIFFDPMPHJDBM TPDJBM and economic goods or services that are impaired in a catchment area as a result PGUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUT4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTDBOCFNFBTVSFEGPSJOTUBODFJO UFSNTPGMPTUTQFDJFT SFEVDFECJPEJWFSTJUZ SFEVDFEGPPETFDVSJUZ BêFDUFEIVNBO IFBMUI SFEVDFEJODPNFGSPNXBUFSEFQFOEFOUFDPOPNJDBDUJWJUJFT BOETPPO

4.2.2 Environmental sustainability criteria for identifying environmental hotspots ɨF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU JO B DBUDINFOU JT FOWJSPONFOUBMMZ VOTVTUBJOBCMF BOE UIVTDSFBUFTBOFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETBSF WJPMBUFEPSXIFOQPMMVUJPOFYDFFETXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ*OPSEFSUPIBWF BOJOEJDBUJPOPGUIFTFWFSJUZPGBIPUTQPU POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFHSFFOXBUFS TDBSDJUZ CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMBTXJMMCFEFëOFECFMPX Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 79

8FTQFBLBCPVUBOFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOUIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ CMVF XBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEPSUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMFYDFFETQFSDFOU*OUIFDBTF PGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JUJTBMTPJNQPSUBOUUPFWBMVBUFXIFUIFSUIFGPPUQSJOU SFTVMUTJOBESPQJOHSPVOEXBUFSPSMBLFMFWFMTUPBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFTFESPQT exceed a certain environmental threshold. &OWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUTDBOTQFDJëDBMMZSFMBUFUPUIFHSFFO CMVFPSHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOU TPUIFZXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHPOF CZPOF8IBUGPMMPXTDBOCFBQQMJFEGPSDBUDINFOUTPGWBSJPVTTJ[FT JODMVEJOH SJWFSCBTJOTBTBXIPMF

Environmental sustainability of the green water footprint 8IFUIFSBUPUBMHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTBDUVBMMZTJHOJëDBOU PSOPUXJMMCFDPNFDMFBSXIFOJUJTQVUJOUIFDPOUFYUPGIPXNVDIHSFFO XBUFSJTBWBJMBCMF"HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBO FOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOJUFYDFFETUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGHSFFOXBUFSɨF

AHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WAgreen JOBDBUDINFOUx in a certain period tJTEFëOFE

BT UIF UPUBM FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO PG SBJOXBUFS GSPN MBOE ETgreen  NJOVT UIF

FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOESFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO ETenv BOENJOVT UIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEUIBUDBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF

=−− WAgreen[,] xt ET green [,] xt ET env [,] xt ET unprod [,] xt   

"MMWBSJBCMFTBSFFYQSFTTFEIFSFJOUFSNTPGWPMVNFUJNFɨFWBSJBCMFETenv JTUIFAFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUBOESFGFSTUPUIFRVBOUJUZPG HSFFOXBUFSVTFECZOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOJOBSFBTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUUIBUBSF UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF JOPSEFSUPQSFTFSWFCJPEJWFSTJUZBOETVQQPSUIVNBO livelihoods that depend on the natural ecosystems. The environmental green XBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUDBOCFRVBOUJëFECZMPPLJOHBUUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPN UIFMBOEBSFBTUIBUOFFEUPCFQSPUFDUFEGSPNBOBUVSFDPOTFSWBUJPOQPJOUPG

WJFX #PY ɨFWBSJBCMFETunprodSFGFSTUPFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUIBUDBOOPU CFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFJODSPQQSPEVDUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO JOBSFBTPSQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSUIBUBSFVOTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUIɨJOLPG FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNNPVOUBJOPVTBSFBTXIFSFTMPQFTEPOPUBMMPXDSPQ DVMUJWBUJPO FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNCVJMUVQBSFBTPSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOQFSJPET UIBUBSFUPPDPMEGPSDSPQDVMUJWBUJPO JOUIFMBUUFSDBTFTETJTHFOFSBMMZMPX TP UIJTVOQSPEVDUJWFìPXJTOPUTPMBSHF  *OPSEFSUPCFUUFSVOEFSTUBOEUIFDPODFQUPGHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ MFUVT HJWFBOFYBNQMF$POTJEFSBDBUDINFOUBSFBPGLN20OBWFSBHF BOOVBM

FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTNN TPUIBUUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen GSPN UIFDBUDINFOUJTLN2¨NNNJMMJPON1SFTVNFUIBUTUVEJFT IBWFTIPXOUIBUGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZQSFTFSWBUJPOPGUIFDBUDINFOUBSFBOFFET 80 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEUIBUUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIJTBSFBPWFSB

ZFBSJTNNPOBWFSBHFɨFFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU ETenv  JOUIFDBUDINFOUJTUIVT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. Further TVQQPTFUIBUBOPUIFSPGUIFDBUDINFOUBSFBJTOPUTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUI CVJMUVQBSFBTJODMVEJOHSPBETBOEPUIFSJOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOEUIBUBWFSBHFBOOVBM FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIFTFBSFBTJTNNɨFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIJT VOQSPEVDUJWFBSFBJT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. The annual FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIFSFNBJOEFSPGUIFDBUDINFOUJT¨LN2¨ NNNJMMJPON)BMGPGUIFZFBS EVSJOHUIFXJOUFS DMJNBUFJTOPUTVJUBCMF GPSDSPQQSPEVDUJPO CVUEVSJOHUIJTIBMGPGUIFZFBSUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJT SFMBUJWFMZMPX NN&WBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIJTVOQSPEVDUJWFQFSJPEJOUIF BSFBBWBJMBCMFGPSGBSNJOHJTUIVT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. The total evapotranspiration in the catchment that cannot be made productive  JODSPQQSPEVDUJPO ETunprod JTUIVT NJMMJPON . From this example

POFDBOTFFUIBU BMUIPVHIUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen GSPNUIFDBUDINFOU JTNJMMJPON UIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTPOMZoo million m. 8IFOQFPQMFTQFBLBCPVUXBUFSTDBSDJUZ UIFZHFOFSBMMZSFGFSUPCMVFXBUFS TDBSDJUZ)PXFWFS HSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTBMTPMJNJUFE TPHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFT BSFTDBSDFBTXFMMɨFMFWFMPGHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUx in a period t JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFUPUBMPGHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOUUP UIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ

∑WF[,] x t = green WSgreen[,] x t    WAgreen[,] x t

%FëOFEJOUIJTXBZ UIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSJOGBDUEFOPUFTUIF AGSBDUJPOPGBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGBWBJMBCMFHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFT.FBTVSJOHHSFFO XBUFSTDBSDJUZDBOCFEPOFBUBEBJMZCBTJT CVUBNPOUIMZCBTJTXJMMHFOFSBMMZ CFTVïDJFOUUPTFFUIFWBSJBUJPOXJUIJOUIFZFBS"HSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZPG QFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMFHSFFOXBUFSIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE4DBSDJUZ values beyond 100 per cent are not sustainable. *UNVTUCFBENJUUFEIFSFUIBUUIFJTTVFPGBOBMZTJOHHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JT MBSHFMZ VOFYQMPSFE ɨF EJïDVMUZ MJFT JO UIF FTUJNBUJPO PG AHSFFO XBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ1BSUJDVMBSMZ EBUBBSFMBDLJOHPOUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFS SFRVJSFNFOU #PY BOEPOUIFRVBOUJUJFTPGFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUIBUDBOOPU be made productive in crop production. These quantities severely limit green XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBOEBSFUIFSFGPSFWJUBMUPUBLFJOUPDPOTJEFSBUJPO CVUXJUIPVU DPOTFOTVTSFHBSEJOHIPXNVDIMBOEBOEBTTPDJBUFEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBSF UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEBCPVUIPXUPQSFDJTFMZEFëOFXIFOBOEXIFSF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPODBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF JUJTJNQPTTJCMFUPQSPDFFEXJUI Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 81

Box 4.3 Environmental green water requirement

"TJHOJàDBOUQBSUPGUIFFWBQPSBUJWFáPXGSPNMBOEOFFETUPCFSFTFSWFE GPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO8IFOMBOEJTDPOTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF BVUPNBUJDBMMZUIF FWBQPSBUJWFáPXGSPNUIBUMBOEIBTCFFOSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEJTOP MPOHFSBWBJMBCMFGPSQSPEVDJOHDSPQTPSUSFFTGPSIVNBOVTF8IFOXFXBOU UPLOPXIPXNVDIPGUIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZOFFETUPCFTVCUSBDUFE GSPNUIFUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEJOPSEFSUPLOPXIPXNVDI HSFFOXBUFSJTMFGUGPSIVNBOVTF XFDBOMPPLBUIPXNVDIBOEXIJDI MBOETBSFDPOTJEFSFEBTMBOETUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF*OUIFJS(MPCBM 4USBUFHZGPS1MBOU$POTFSWBUJPO $#%  UIF$POWFOUJPOPO#JPMPHJDBM %JWFSTJUZGPSNVMBUFEUBSHFUTGPSUIFZFBSBUMFBTUQFSDFOUPGFBDI PGUIFXPSMETFDPMPHJDBMSFHJPOTTIPVMECFFGGFDUJWFMZDPOTFSWFEBOEQFS DFOUPGUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOUBSFBTGPSQMBOUEJWFSTJUZTIPVMECFQSPUFDUFE &TUJNBUFTGPSIPXNVDIPGPVSHMPCBMMBOEBSFBOFFETUPCFSFTFSWFEGPS OBUVSFSBOHFXJEFMZ"DDPSEJOHUPUIF8PSME$PNNJTTJPOPO&OWJSPONFOU BOE%FWFMPQNFOU 8$&%  BUMFBTUQFSDFOUPGBMMFDPTZTUFNUZQFT XJMMOFFEUPCFQSFTFSWFEGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZQSPUFDUJPO/PTTBOE$PPQFSSJEFS  FTUJNBUFUIBUNPTUSFHJPOTXJMMOFFEUPSFTFSWFmQFSDFOUPG UIFMBOEGPSTFDVSJOHCJPEJWFSTJUZ4WBODBSBFUBM  DPNQBSFENPSF UIBOUBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFQFSDFOUBHFPGMBOEUPCFDPOTFSWFEGPS CJPEJWFSTJUZQSPUFDUJPO BTQSPQPTFEJOEJGGFSFOUSFQPSUT BOEDPODMVEFEUIBU UIFBWFSBHFQFSDFOUBHFTPGBSFBSFDPNNFOEFEGPSFWJEFODFCBTFEUBSHFUT were nearly three times as high as those recommended in policy-driven BQQSPBDIFT3FTFSWJOHmQFSDFOUPGUIFUPUBMMBOEGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZ QSPUFDUJPOBTQSPQPTFEJOQPMJDZESJWFOQSPDFTTFT TVDIBT$#%  8$&%  XPVMEOPUSFQSFTFOUUIFBDUVBMCJPMPHJDBMOFFE XIJDIXPVME SBUIFSCFJOUIFPSEFSPGmQFSDFOU5IFQFSDFOUBHFTIPVMEWBSZBDSPTT SFHJPOTEFQFOEJOHPOUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGUIFSFHJPO8IFOEBUBGPSB TQFDJàDDBUDINFOUBSFMBDLJOHXFSFDPNNFOEUPSFDLPOXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVF PGBUMFBTUQFSDFOU.PSFSFBMJTUJDGSPNBOFDPMPHJDBMQPJOUPGWJFXJT QSPCBCMZUPXPSLXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVFPGQFSDFOU

BRVBOUJUBUJWFBOBMZTJTɨJTJTPCWJPVTMZBëFMEGPSGVSUIFSSFTFBSDI'PSUIF UJNFCFJOH XFSFDPNNFOEFYDMVEJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFBTTFTTNFOUPGHSFFOXBUFS TDBSDJUZJOQSBDUJDBMQPMJDZTFUUJOHT CVUJODMVEJOHJUJOQJMPUTUVEJFTUPFYQMPSFUIF VTFGVMOFTTPGTVDIBOBMZTJTBOEUPXPSLPOBOVOBNCJHVPVTEFëOJUJPOPGHSFFO XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ *UJTOPUFEIFSFUIBUoXIFOUIFSFJTBEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOBOEBDSPQëFMEoUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNBZBêFDU CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ BMUIPVHIUIFFêFDUPOSJWFSCBTJOTDBMFXJMMHFOFSBMMZCF TNBMM(FOFSBMMZ UIJTFêFDUDBOUIFSFGPSFCFOFHMFDUFE #PY  82 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 4.4 The effect of the green water footprint on blue water availability

The green water footprint in a catchment can result in a changed run-off QBUUFSOEPXOTUSFBN0GUFO FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGSBJOGBMMGSPNBDSPQàFME XJMMOPUEJGGFSNVDIGSPNFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIFàFMEVOEFSOBUVSBM DPOEJUJPOT CVUJUNBZEJGGFSTJHOJàDBOUMZEVSJOHQBSUJDVMBSQBSUTPGUIFZFBS "UUJNFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPONBZCFMPXFS BUPUIFSUJNFTIJHIFS MFBEJOHUP increased or reduced run-off respectively. This means that a green water footprint can affect blueXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ*UIBTCFFOTVHHFTUFEUPTQFBL BCPVUUIFAOFUHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPSFGFSUPUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF evapotranspiration from the crop and the evapotranspiration under natural DPOEJUJPOT 4"#.JMMFSBOE88'6,  5IJTUFSNJOPMPHZ IPXFWFS JT OPUDPOTJTUFOUXJUIUIFCBTJDEFàOJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBT BOJOEJDBUPSPGGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPO XIJDISFRVJSFTUIBUXFMPPLBU UPUBMT8FSFDPNNFOETQFBLJOHBCPVUADIBOHFESVOPGGBTBSFTVMUPGUIF HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTUFBEPGAOFUHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU"HSJDVMUVSFJT not the only human factor that affects the fraction of the precipitation that CFDPNFTSVOPGG UIVTBGGFDUJOHCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ BMTPGBDUPSTTVDIBT VSCBOJ[BUJPOBOEPUIFSMBOETDBQFDIBOHFTXJMMBGGFDUSVOPGGBOEUIFSFGPSF CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ5IFTFJTTVFTBSFUPCFDPOTJEFSFEXIFOBTTFTTJOHCMVF XBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEJUTVOEFSMZJOHDBVTFT4JODFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZSFGFSTUP UIFSBUJPCFUXFFOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBBOEUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZDBOCFJODSFBTFEFJUIFSCZBOJODSFBTFECMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSCZEFDSFBTFECMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ*OBMMSJWFSCBTJOT UIFIJTUPSJDBMJODSFBTFJOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTCFFOTPNVDICJHHFS UIBODIBOHFTJOCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIBUXIFODPOTJEFSJOHCMVFXBUFS TDBSDJUZJUNBZTVGàDFUPDPOTJEFSUIFDIBOHJOHCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBHBJOTU UIFCBDLHSPVOEPGUIFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBTBHFPHSBQIJDBMDPOTUBOU

Environmental sustainability of the blue water footprint ɨFUPUBMCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTFRVBMUPUIFBHHSFHBUFPGBMM CMVFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU"CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëDQFSJPEJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBIPUTQPUXIFOUIFCMVFXBUFS

GPPUQSJOUFYDFFETCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZɨFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WAblue  in a catchment x in a certain period tJTEFëOFEBTUIFOBUVSBMSVOPêJOUIF

DBUDINFOU Rnat NJOVTUIFTPDBMMFEAFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOU EFR 

=− WAblue[,] xt R nat [,] xt EFRxt [,]  

8IFO JOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEBOEDBUDINFOU UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFYDFFETUIF CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIJTNFBOTUIBUUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUJO UIBUQFSJPEBOEDBUDINFOUJTWJPMBUFE&OWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSF Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 83

100 Environmental flow requirement, met m 3 /s 90 Environmental flow requirement, not met

80 Blue water availability Run-off (under undeveloped conditions) 70 Blue water availability 60 Blue water footprint 50

40 Run-off 30 Environmental 20 flow requirement

10

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4.2 5IFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSBZFBSDPNQBSFEUPUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ XIFSFUIFMBUUFSJTFRVBMUPSVOPGG VOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOT  minus environmental flow requirements

UPCFGPSNVMBUFEJOUFSNTPGUIFRVBOUJUZBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSìPXTSFRVJSFE UPTVTUBJOGSFTIXBUFSBOEFTUVBSJOFFDPTZTUFNTBOEUIFIVNBOMJWFMJIPPETBOE XFMMCFJOHUIBUEFQFOEPOUIFTFFDPTZTUFNT"QQFOEJY7EJTDVTTFTUIFDPODFQU PGFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUJONPSFEFUBJM'JHVSFTIPXTIPX UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSUIFZFBSDBOCFDPNQBSFEXJUIUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZPWFSUIFZFBS*OUIFDBTFTIPXO FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT BSFWJPMBUFEEVSJOHBDFSUBJOQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS CVUOPUEVSJOHUIFSFTUPGUIF ZFBS&OWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFTVCUSBDUFEGSPNUIFOBUVSBMSVOPê  OPUUIFBDUVBMSVOPê CFDBVTFUIFMBUUFSIBTBMSFBEZCFFOBêFDUFECZVQTUSFBN XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOɨFOBUVSBMSVOPêDBOCFFTUJNBUFEBTUIFBDUVBMSVOPê QMVTUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU 8IFO JOBDFSUBJONPOUI UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOU FYDFFETUIFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFOWJSPONFOUBMMZ VOTVTUBJOBCMF CFDBVTFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFWJPMBUFEɨFSFBSF  IPXFWFS NPSFDSJUFSJBUIBUIBWFUPCFDPOTJEFSFEɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOB DBUDINFOUXJMMOPUPOMZBêFDUUIFSVOPêìPX CVUJUXJMMBMTPBêFDUCMVFXBUFS TUPDLTJOUIFCBTJO NPTUOPUBCMZHSPVOEXBUFSTUPDLTBOEXBUFSWPMVNFTJO MBLFTɨFSFGPSF BOBEEJUJPOBMXBZPGJEFOUJGZJOHVOTVTUBJOBCMFDPOEJUJPOTJTUP MPPLBUUIFFêFDUPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMTJO UIFDBUDINFOU #PY 

ɨFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUx WSblue JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPG Σ UIFUPUBMPGCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOU WFblue UPUIFCMVFXBUFS

BWBJMBCJMJUZ WAblue  84 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 4.5 The sustainability of a blue water footprint depends on how it affects both blue-water flows and stocks

5IFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOU HJWFOBTBWPMVNFPWFSBDFSUBJO UJNF QFSJPE TIPVME CF DPNQBSFE UP UIF CMVF XBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ JO UIF DBUDINFOUPWFSUIFTBNFQFSJPE0CWJPVTMZ QFSVOJUPGUJNF POFTIPVME OPUDPOTVNFNPSFUIBOXIBUJTBWBJMBCMF#PUIUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOE CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBSFFYQSFTTFEBTBWPMVNFPWFSUJNFBOEBSFUIFSFGPSF DBMMFEAáPXT"TFYQMBJOFEJOUIFNBJOUFYU GPSBTTFTTJOHUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPE  POFTIPVMEDPNQBSFUIFDPOTVNFEáPX UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIUIF BWBJMBCMFáPX SVOPGGNJOVTFOWJSPONFOUBMáPXSFRVJSFNFOU *OBEEJUJPOUP UIJT IPXFWFS POFTIPVMEBMTPMPPLBUUIFFGGFDUPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU POUIFCMVFXBUFSTUPDLT UIFXBUFSWPMVNFTTUPSFEJOUIFHSPVOEBOEJO MBLFT 8FDBOJMMVTUSBUFUIJTXJUIBTJNQMFFYBNQMF *NBHJOFBMBLFUIBUJTGFECZBSJWFSBUPOFTJEFBOEESBJOFECZUIFTBNF river on the other side. For simplicity, we assume that precipitation on and FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFMBLFBSFSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMDPNQBSFEUPUIFSJWFSáPX  so that the river outflow is equal to the river inflow. Suppose that the river JOáPXHFUTSFEVDFECZQFSDFOUBTBSFTVMUPGUIFUPUBMVQTUSFBNCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOU5IFMBLFMFWFMXJMMESPQVOUJMBMFWFMIBTSFBDIFEBUXIJDI UIFPVUáPXGSPNUIFMBLFXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFJOáPXBHBJO5IFMBLFIBTUIFO BSSJWFEBUBOFXFRVJMJCSJVN XJUIBMPXFSXBUFSWPMVNFBOEBTTPDJBUFE MPXFSXBUFSMFWFM8IFOUIFMBLFPVUáPXJTMJOFBSMZEFQFOEFOUPOUIFBDUJWF MBLFWPMVNF UIFWPMVNFBCPWFUIFIFJHIUPGUIFCPUUPNPGUIFPVUáPX QPJOU UIFOBQFSDFOUEFDSFBTFJOPVUáPXDPSSFTQPOETUPBQFSDFOU EFDSFBTFJOBDUJWFMBLFWPMVNF XIJDIXJMMSFTVMUJOBDFSUBJOEFDMJOFPGUIF MBLFMFWFM5IFRVFTUJPO OPX JTOPUPOMZXIFUIFSUIFQFSDFOUreduction in river flowJTTVTUBJOBCMF CVUBMTPXIFUIFSUIFQFSDFOUdecrease in the lake water volume and corresponding lake level declineJTTVTUBJOBCMF5IFGPSNFS depends on the environmental flow requirements. The latter depends on the ANBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOF XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFWVMOFSBCJMJUZPG UIFMBLFTBRVBUJDFDPTZTUFNBOEUIFSJQBSJBOFDPTZTUFNTUPBDIBOHJOHXBUFS MFWFM"TJNJMBSFYBNQMFDBOCFHJWFOGPSSFOFXBCMFHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFT 5IFOFUHSPVOEXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOGSPNBOBRVJGFSTIPVMESFNBJOCFMPX UIFHSPVOEXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIFSBUFPGHSPVOEXBUFSSFDIBSHFNJOVTUIF fraction of natural groundwater outflow required to sustain environmental áPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJOUIFSJWFS *OBEEJUJPO IPXFWFS POFTIPVMEMPPLIPX HSPVOEXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOTBGGFDUUIFHSPVOEXBUFSUBCMF8IFUIFSBDFSUBJO HSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMEFDMJOFJTTVTUBJOBCMF EFQFOETPOUIFANBYJNVNBMMPXBCMF HSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMEFDMJOF XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFWVMOFSBCJMJUZPGUFSSFTUSJBM FDPTZTUFNTUPBDIBOHJOHHSPVOEXBUFSMFWFM"XBSOJOHIBTUPCFNBEF IFSFUIBUXIFONFBTVSJOHHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOFPOFTIPVME CFDBSFGVMJOEJTUJOHVJTIJOHOBUVSBMBOEIVNBODBVTFT*OUSBBOEJOUFSBOOVBM Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 85

WBSJBUJPOTJOHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMTBSFOBUVSBM SFMBUFEUPDMJNBUJD WBSJBCJMJUZ#FGPSFBUUSJCVUJOHHSPVOEXBUFSPSMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOFUPUIFCMVF water footprint in the catchment, one should verify that the drop is not due to changes in climatic parameters within the period considered. Similar to FOWJSPONFOUBMáPXSFRVJSFNFOUT NBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFMBLFBOEHSPVOEXBUFS MFWFMEFDMJOFTBSFDPOUFYUEFQFOEFOUBOEUIFSFGPSFOFFEUPCFFTUJNBUFE separately per catchment. *OPSEFSUPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDI NFOU JUJTUIVTOFDFTTBSZUPNBLFUIFDPNQBSJTPOXJUICMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ CVU JO BEEJUJPO POF OFFET UP FWBMVBUF XIFUIFS MBLF PS HSPVOEXBUFS MFWFMTSFNBJOXJUIJOUIFJSATVTUBJOBCJMJUZCPVOEBSJFT 3JDIUFS  'PTTJM HSPVOEXBUFSJTBDBTFJOJUTFMG8IFOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTCBTFEPO GPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFS FWFSZESPQPGXBUFSDPOTVNFEXJMMTVCUSBDUGSPNUIF BWBJMBCMFGPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFSTUPDL'PTTJMHSPVOEXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJTBMXBZT EFQMFUJPOBOEUIVTCZEFàOJUJPOVOTVTUBJOBCMFBMUPHFUIFS

∑ = WFblue[,] x t WSblue[,] x t    WAblue[,] x t

"CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMFCMVFXBUFSIBTCFFO GVMMZDPOTVNFE"CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZCFZPOEQFSDFOUJTOPUTVTUBJOBCMFɨF CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJTUJNFEFQFOEFOUJUWBSJFTXJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEGSPNZFBSUP ZFBS.FBTVSJOHDBOCFEPOFBUEBJMZCBTJT CVUBmonthlyCBTJTXJMMHFOFSBMMZCF TVïDJFOUUPTFFUIFWBSJBUJPOXJUIJOUIFZFBS'SPN'JHVSFPOFDBOTFFUIBU NFBTVSJOHCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZPOBOBOOVBMCBTJTJTOPUBHPPEJEFB*OUIFFYBNQMF HJWFOJUJTDMFBSUIBUEVSJOHëWFNPOUITPGUIFZFBS .BZo4FQUFNCFS UIFXBUFS TDBSDJUZJTCFZPOEQFSDFOU%VSJOHUIFPUIFSTFWFONPOUIT UIFXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JTCFMPXQFSDFOU"WFSBHJOHUIFNPOUIMZTDBSDJUZWBMVFTPWFSBMMNPOUITPG UIFZFBSJOUIFHJWFOFYBNQMF HJWFTBOBWFSBHFNPOUIMZCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOUIJT DBUDINFOUPGTMJHIUMZMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOU*G JOUIFFYBNQMF POFUBLFTUIF BOOVBMCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSUIFBOOVBMCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ POFHFUTBWBMVF PGQFSDFOU BëHVSFUIBUPCTDVSFTUIFGBDUUIBUFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT BSFWJPMBUFEEVSJOHëWFNPOUITPGUIFZFBS UIFFOUJSFESZQFSJPE *UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUUIFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBTEFëOFEIFSFJTBQIZTJDBM BOEFOWJSPONFOUBMDPODFQU*UJTQIZTJDBMCFDBVTFJUDPNQBSFTBQQSPQSJBUFEUP BWBJMBCMFWPMVNFTBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMCFDBVTFJUBDDPVOUTGPSFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX OFFET*UJTOPUBOFDPOPNJDTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSBOFDPOPNJDTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPS XPVMEVTFNPOFUBSZWBMVFTUPFYQSFTTTDBSDJUZ'VSUIFS UIFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JOEJDBUPSBTEFëOFEBCPWFEJêFSTGSPNDPOWFOUJPOBMXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSTJO BOVNCFSPGXBZT BOECBTJDBMMZUSJFTUPJNQSPWFVQPOUIFTIPSUDPNJOHTPGUIPTF DPOWFOUJPOBMTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPST #PY  86 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 4.6 How the ‘blue water scarcity’ as defined in water footprint studies differs from conventional water scarcity indicators

8BUFSTDBSDJUZ JOEJDBUPST BSF BMXBZT CBTFE PO UXP CBTJD JOHSFEJFOUTB NFBTVSFPGXBUFSVTFBOEBNFBTVSFPGXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ5IFNPTUDPNNPO JOEJDBUPSPGCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJTUIFSBUJPPGUIFBOOVBMXBUFSXJUIESBXBM in a certain area to the total annual run-off in that area, called variously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áPXSFRVJSFNFOUGSPNUPUBMSVO PGG 4NBLIUJOFUBM 1PGGFUBM  5IJSE DPNQBSJOHXBUFSVTFUP BDUVBMSVOPGGGSPNBDBUDINFOUCFDPNFTQSPCMFNBUJDXIFOSVOPGGIBTCFFO TVCTUBOUJBMMZMPXFSFEEVFUPUIFXBUFSVTFXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU*UNBLFT more sense to compare water use to natural run-off from the catchment, in other words, the run-off that would occur without consumptive water use within the catchment. Finally, it is not so accurate to consider water scarcity CZDPNQBSJOHannualWBMVFTPGXBUFSVTFBOEBWBJMBCJMJUZ 4BWFOJKF  *O reality, water scarcity manifests itself at a monthly rather than annual scale, EVFUPUIFJOUSBBOOVBMWBSJBUJPOTPGCPUIXBUFSVTFBOEBWBJMBCJMJUZ*OUIF DPOUFYUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUVEJFT UIFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUJT EFàOFETVDIUIBUUIFGPVSXFBLOFTTFTBSFSFQBJSFE

Environmental sustainability of the grey water footprint ɨFFêFDUPGUIFUPUBMHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUEFQFOETPOUIFSVO PêJOUIFDBUDINFOUBWBJMBCMFUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFXBTUF"HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëDQFSJPEJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBIPUTQPUXIFOBNCJFOUXBUFS RVBMJUZTUBOEBSETJOUIBUQFSJPEJOUIBUDBUDINFOUBSFWJPMBUFE JOPUIFSXPSET  XIFOXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJTGVMMZDPOTVNFE "TBSFMFWBOUMPDBMJNQBDUJOEJDBUPS POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFAXBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFM WPL XJUIJOBDBUDINFOU XIJDINFBTVSFTUIFEFHSFFPGQPMMVUJPO *UJTEFëOFEBTUIFGSBDUJPOPGUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZDPOTVNFEBOE DBMDVMBUFECZUBLJOHUIFSBUJPPGUIFUPUBMPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBDBUDINFOU Σ WFgrey UPUIFBDUVBMSVOPêGSPNUIBUDBUDINFOU Ract "XBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFMPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZIBTCFFOGVMMZ Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 87

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∑WF[,] x t WPL[,] x t = grey    Rxtact [,]

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4.2.3 Social sustainability criteria for identifying social hotspots ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTTPDJBMMZVOTVTUBJOBCMFBOEUIVT DSFBUFTBTPDJBMIPUTQPUXIFOCBTJDIVNBOOFFETBSFOPUNFUCZBMMQFPQMFJOUIF DBUDINFOUPSXIFOCBTJDSVMFTPGGBJSOFTTBSFOPUNFU QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUDBOCFTFFOBTQBSUJBMMZSFMBUFEUPUIBU8BUFSSFMBUFE CBTJDIVNBOOFFETJODMVEFBNJOJNVNBNPVOUPGTBGFBOEDMFBOGSFTIXBUFS TVQQMZ GPS ESJOLJOH  XBTIJOH BOE DPPLJOH 6/  C  BOE B NJOJNVN BMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPGPPEQSPEVDUJPOUPTFDVSFBTVïDJFOUMFWFMPGGPPETVQQMZ UPBMMɨFMBUUFSSJHIU UIFASJHIUUPXBUFSGPSGPPEIBTOPUCFFOGPSNBMMZ FTUBCMJTIFE CVUGPPEJUTFMGBTBIVNBOSJHIUIBTBMSFBEZCFFOFTUBCMJTIFEJOUIF 6OJWFSTBM%FDMBSBUJPOPG)VNBO3JHIUT 6/  "OPUIFSCBTJDIVNBOOFFE JTFNQMPZNFOU XIJDINBZCFBUTUBLFXIFO GPSFYBNQMF EPXOTUSFBNëTIFSNFO BSFBêFDUFECZQPMMVUJPOGSPNVQTUSFBN#BTJDSVMFTPGGBJSOFTTJODMVEFUIFXBUFS VTFSQBZTQSJODJQMFBOEUIFQPMMVUFSQBZTQSJODJQMF*UJTOPUGBJSBOEUIFSFGPSF OPUTVTUBJOBCMFJGTPNFVQTUSFBNQFPQMFIBWFBCMVFPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBU MFBETUPQSPCMFNTGPSEPXOTUSFBNQFPQMFXIFOUIPTFEPXOTUSFBNQFPQMFBSFOPU 88 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

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4.2.4 Economic sustainability criteria for identifying economic hotspots ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTFDPOPNJDBMMZVOTVTUBJOBCMFBOE UIVTDSFBUFTBOFDPOPNJDIPUTQPUXIFOXBUFSJTOPUBMMPDBUFEBOEVTFEJOBO FDPOPNJDBMMZFïDJFOUXBZɨFCFOFëUTPGB HSFFO CMVFPSHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIBUSFTVMUTGSPNVTJOHXBUFSGPSBDFSUBJOQVSQPTFTIPVMEPVUXFJHIUIFGVMM DPTUBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JODMVEJOHFYUFSOBMJUJFT PQQPSUVOJUZ DPTUTBOEBXBUFSTDBSDJUZSFOU8BUFSJOBDBUDINFOUOFFETUPCFBMMPDBUFEJOBO FDPOPNJDBMMZFïDJFOUXBZUPEJêFSFOUVTFST BMMPDBUJPOFïDJFODZ BOEFBDIVTFS TIPVMEVTFJUTBMMPDBUFEXBUFSFïDJFOUMZBTXFMM QSPEVDUJWFFïDJFODZ 8IFO UIFQSJDFPGXBUFSGPSUIFVTFSJTCFMPXJUTSFBMFDPOPNJDDPTU UIJTPGUFOSFTVMUT JOJOFïDJFOUVTF TPUIFEFHSFFPGDIBSHJOHGVMMFDPOPNJDDPTUTUPUIFXBUFSVTFS can be an indicator.

4.2.5 Assessing primary and secondary impacts in the hotspots identified 8JUIUIFIPUTQPUTXFLOPXJOXIJDIDBUDINFOUTBOEJOXIJDIQFSJPETPGUIF ZFBSXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEXBUFSQPMMVUJPODPOìJDUXJUIFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOE FDPOPNJDDSJUFSJBPGTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ8FBMTPLOPXUIFTFWFSJUZJOUIFIPUTQPUT  CFDBVTFUIFMBSHFSUIFHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZPSUIFMBSHFSUIFXBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFM UIFHSFBUFSUIFQSPCMFN"GUFSIBWJOHMPDBMJ[FEUIFIPUTQPUT BOEIBWJOHFTUBCMJTIFEUIFTFWFSJUZQFSIPUTQPU POFDBOBTTFTTUIFQSJNBSZBOE TFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTQFSIPUTQPUJONPSFEFUBJMJGUIJTJTQBSUPGUIFTDPQFTFUGPS the assessment. Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 89

4IPXJOHUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUTJOUIFIPUTQPUTDBOCFEPOFBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMT PGEFUBJM0OFDBOBQQMZBTJNQMFXBUFSCBMBODFNPEFMPSBOBEWBODFEQIZTJDBM CBTFEIZESPMPHJDBMNPEFMPSBOZUIJOHJOCFUXFFOUPFTUJNBUFUIFFêFDUPGUIF HSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOUIFDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZ8BUFSRVBMJUZ NPEFMTBSFBMTPBWBJMBCMFJOBMMGPSNT GSPNTJNQMFNPEFMTSFRVJSJOHGFXJOQVUT UPBEWBODFENPEFMTXJUIIJHIEBUBSFRVJSFNFOUɨFNPTUJNQPSUBOUQSJNBSZ JNQBDUWBSJBCMFTBSFSVOPêBOEBTTPDJBUFEXBUFSMFWFMT BOETPNFXBUFSRVBMJUZ QBSBNFUFSTSFMFWBOUUPUIFDBTFTUVEJFE*OPSEFSUPCFNFBOJOHGVM BMMWBSJBCMFT OFFEUPCFDPNQBSFEXJUICBTFMJOFIZESPMPHJDBMBOEXBUFSRVBMJUZDPOEJUJPOT"T BCBTFMJOFPOFDBOCFTUUBLFUIFOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU BTJO VOEFWFMPQFETUBUF*OUIJTXBZPOFDBOWJTVBMJ[FUIFGVMMIVNBOJNQBDU 8IFOXFTQFBLBCPVUBTTFTTJOHUIFTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTPGHSFFO CMVFBOE HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT XFFOUFSBëFMEXIFSFNVDIMJUFSBUVSFJTBWBJMBCMFBMSFBEZ  BMUIPVHITUSVDUVSJOHBOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMPSFDPOPNJDJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU JTTUJMMBNBKPSDIBMMFOHF'PSBCSPBEBTTFTTNFOU POFFYQMJDJUMZEJTUJOHVJTIFT CFUXFFOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDJNQBDUTɨFëSTURVFTUJPOJT HFOFSBMMZXIBUJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTBSFUPCFUBLFOJOUPBDDPVOU5FYUCPPLTPO JNQBDUBTTFTTNFOUHFOFSBMMZQSPWJEFMPOHMJTUTPGJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTUPCFJODMVEFE &OWJSPONFOUBMWBSJBCMFTHFOFSBMMZJODMVEFQBSBNFUFSTTVDIBTBCVOEBODFPG DFSUBJOTQFDJFT CJPEJWFSTJUZ MPTTPGIBCJUBU4PDJBMWBSJBCMFTPGUFOJODMVEFUIJOHT MJLFIVNBOIFBMUI FNQMPZNFOU EJTUSJCVUJPOPGXFMGBSFBOEGPPETFDVSJUZ &DPOPNJDWBSJBCMFTXJMMJODMVEFJODPNFJOEJêFSFOUTFDUPSTPGUIFFDPOPNZ JO UIFDBTFPGSFEVDFEXBUFSìPXTPSEFUFSJPSBUFEXBUFSRVBMJUZ TQFDJëDTFDUPSTTVDI BTëTIJOH UPVSJTN IZESPQPXFSHFOFSBUJPOBOEOBWJHBUJPONBZTVêFS "MMUIF UJNF JUJTBDIBMMFOHFUPNBLFUIFTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTNFBTVSBCMF8IFO JUJTDMFBSXIBUMJTUPGTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTJTHPJOHUPCFVTFE UIFTFDPOE RVFTUJPOJTIPXUPFTUJNBUFIPXUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUT DIBOHFEXBUFSìPXTBOE XBUFSRVBMJUZ DBOCFUSBOTMBUFEJOUPSFMJBCMFFTUJNBUFTPGTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT 0OFDBOVTFNPEFMT FYQFSUKVEHFNFOUBOEQBSUJDJQBUPSZBQQSPBDIFTUPNBLF UIJTTUFQ8FTVïDFIFSFXJUISFGFSSJOHUIFSFBEFSUPUIFWBTUBOEEJWFSTFBNPVOU PGMJUFSBUVSFUIBUFYJTUTJOUIFëFMEPGJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU

4.3 Sustainability of the water footprint of a process

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1. Geographic context:UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJTVOTVTUBJOBCMFXIFO UIFQSPDFTTJTTJUVBUFEJOBIPUTQPU JOPUIFSXPSET JOBDFSUBJODBUDINFOU BSFBJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEPGUIFZFBSJOXIJDIUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT 90 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

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4.4 Sustainability of the water footprint of a product

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4.5 Sustainability of the water footprint of a business

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4.6 Sustainability of the water footprint of a consumer

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5.1 Shared responsibility

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5.2 Reducing the water footprint of humanity: What is possible?

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Table 5.1 Possible water footprint reduction targets per sector and water footprint component

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Table 5.2 Priorities in water footprint reduction

Non-hotspots Hotspots* Little reduction potential  + Large reduction potential** + ++

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DPOUSJCVUFTUPMFTTFOJOHUIFQSFTTVSF QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFEVDFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU QFSVOJUPGQSPEVDUJPOJTOPUOVMMJëFECZJODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOBUUIFTBNF UJNF4P BMUIPVHIBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOTDPOUSJCVUFUPTPMWJOHUIFHMPCBM QSPCMFNPGMJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFT POFDBOBSHVFUIBUQSJPSJUZJTUPCF HJWFOUPSFEVDJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUIBUBSFMPDBUFEJOIPUTQPUT CFDBVTFBDUJOH JOIPUTQPUTIBTCPUIBHMPCBMBOEMPDBMSBUJPOBMF XIJMFBDUJOHJOOPOIPUTQPUT IBTBHMPCBMSBUJPOBMFPOMZ5BCMFTVNNBSJ[FTJOBWFSZTDIFNBUJDXBZIPX QSJPSJUJFTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPODBOCFTFU 8IFOUBMLJOHBCPVUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUP[FSP POFDPVMEVTFUIF UFSNAXBUFSOFVUSBM BUFSNDIPTFOBTBOBOBMPHVFUPADBSCPOOFVUSBM BUFSNUIBU BQQMJFTUPBDUJWJUJFTXJUIBDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUPG[FSPɨFUFSNXBUFSOFVUSBMDBO CFJOUFSQSFUFEJOEJêFSFOUXBZT XIJDINBLFTJUBCJUPGBQSPCMFNBUJDDPODFQU #PY *UJTDMFBSFTUXIFOJUTJNQMZSFGFSTUPA[FSPXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDIJT QPTTJCMFJOUIFDBTFPGUIFPQFSBUJPOTPGJOEVTUSJFT XIFSFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG [FSPJTUFDIOJDBMMZQPTTJCMFɨFDPODFQUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZCFDPNFTMFTTDMFBS XIFOJUJODMVEFTBGPSNPGAPêTFUUJOHɨFJEFBPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPêTFUUJOHJT PCWJPVTMZBOJEFBEFWFMPQFEJOBOBMPHVFUPUIFDPODFQUPGADBSCPOPêTFUUJOH 8IFSFBT ADBSCPO PêTFUUJOH BMSFBEZ HJWFT SJTF UP BSHVNFOUT BCPVU XIBU JU QSFDJTFMZFOUBJMT UIFDPODFQUPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPêTFUUJOHJTQSPCBCMZFWFONPSF DPOUFOUJPVT #PY 8FSFDPNNFOEHJWJOHQSJPSJUZUPTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWF UBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSFEVDUJPOPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEBTTPDJBUFEJNQBDUT  SBUIFSUIBOPêTFUUJOH

5.3 Consumers

ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTTVTUBJOBCMFXIFO J UIFUPUBMSFNBJOT CFMPXUIFDPOTVNFSTGBJSTIBSFJOUIFXPSME  JJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGUIFUPUBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEJOBIPUTQPU BOE JJJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGUIFUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFSBUSFBTPOBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU 104 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Box 5.1 Water neutrality

‘8BUFSOFVUSBM’ is an idea similar to ‘DBSCPOOFVUSBM’)PXFWFS KVTUBTJOUIFDBTF PGDBSCPOOFVUSBMJUZ UIFUFSNXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZJTBSHVBCMF5IFQSPCMFNBMSFBEZ MJFTJOJUTEFàOJUJPO8IFOVTFEGPSUIFàSTUUJNF BUUIF+PIBOOFTCVSH 8PSME4VNNJUGPS4VTUBJOBCMF%FWFMPQNFOU UIFJEFBXBTUPRVBOUJGZUIF XBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIFDPOGFSFODFCZEFMFHBUFTBOEUSBOTMBUFUIJTJOUP NPOFZ%FMFHBUFT DPSQPSBUJPOTBOEDJWJMTPDJFUZHSPVQTXFSFFODPVSBHFE UPNBLFUIFTVNNJU‘water neutral’CZQVSDIBTJOHXBUFSOFVUSBMDFSUJàDBUFT to offset their water consumption during the ten-day summit, with the PGGTFUJOWFTUNFOUCFJOHFBSNBSLFEGPSUIFJOTUBMMBUJPOPGQVNQTUPXBUFS OFFEZDPNNVOJUJFTJO4PVUI"GSJDBBOEGPSXBUFSDPOTFSWBUJPOJOJUJBUJWFT 8BUFS/FVUSBM  *O UIF$PDB$PMB$PNQBOZNBEFBQMFEHFUP CFDPNFXBUFSOFVUSBMJOJUTPQFSBUJPOT XIFSF‘water neutral’ refers to (i) reduce water use in its own operations, (ii) return the water used in its own PQFSBUJPOTJODMFBOGPSNCBDLUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUBOE JJJ DPNQFOTBUFGPS UIFXBUFSUIBUJTDPOUBJOFEJOUIFàOJTIFECFWFSBHFTUISPVHIDPOTFSWBUJPO BOESFDZDMJOHQSPHSBNNFT"MTPJO UIF6,)PVTJOH.JOJTUSZSFMFBTFE PGàDJBMEFUBJMTPOUIFFYQBOTJWFSFEFWFMPQNFOUQSPKFDU‘Thames Gateway’ UIBUXPVMECFXBUFSOFVUSBM JOUIJTDPOUFYUNFBOJOHUIBUUIFSFHJPOXJMMOPU SFRVJSFUIFVTFPGBEEJUJPOBMXBUFSEFTQJUFUIFQMFUIPSBPGOFXIPNFTCFJOH CVJMUBOEQFPQMFNPWJOHJO5IJTDPVMECFEPOFCZPGGTFUUJOHBEEJUJPOBMXBUFS EFNBOETJOUIFOFXCVJMEJOHTCZSFEVDJOHXBUFSVTFJOFYJTUJOHCVJMEJOHT &OWJSPONFOU"HFODZ  *OBMMUISFFDBTFTXBUFSVTFJTNFBTVSFEJOUFSNT PGXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOT OPUXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO BOEBMMUISFFDBTFTJODMVEF some form of ‘offsetting’#FTJEFT BMMUISFFDBTFTDPOTJEFSEJSFDUXBUFSVTF POMZ OPUJOEJSFDUGPSNTPGXBUFSVTF)PXFWFS UIFUISFFBQQMJDBUJPOTPGUIF water neutral concept put different weights to ‘reducing water use’ versus PGGTFUUJOH5IF+PIBOOFTCVSHBOE5IBNFT(BUFXBZDBTFTBSFFTTFOUJBMMZBCPVU offsetting, while the Coca-Cola case uses ‘offsetting’ only for that part of the XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUSFBMMZDBOOPUCFSFEVDFE UIFXBUFSUIBUHPFTJOUP UIFCFWFSBHFT 5IF+PIBOOFTCVSHBOE5IBNFT(BUFXBZDBTFTEJGGFSJOUIBU UIFMBUUFSTFFLTPGGTFUUJOHXJUIJOUIFTBNFDMFBSMZEFàOFEBSFB XIJMFUIF GPSNFSJTOPUTPTIBSQJOUIBUSFTQFDU)PFLTUSB B QSPQPTFEUPSFMBUF UIFDPODFQUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBOEUPEFàOFJU BTSFEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBOBDUJWJUZPSQSPEVDUBTNVDIBTSFBTPOBCMZ QPTTJCMFBOEPGGTFUUIFOFHBUJWFFYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOU #ZSFMBUJOHUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMDPODFQUUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJUOPXBEESFTTFT indirect water use as well. In some particular cases, when interference with UIFXBUFSDZDMFDBOCFDPNQMFUFMZBWPJEFE–GPSFYBNQMF CZGVMMXBUFS SFDZDMJOHBOE[FSPXBTUF– ‘water neutral’BDDPSEJOHUPUIJTEFàOJUJPONFBOT UIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOVMMJàFEJONBOZPUIFSDBTFT TVDIBTJOUIFDBTF PGDSPQHSPXUI XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPODBOOPUCFOVMMJàFE5IFSFGPSF XJUIUIJT EFàOJUJPO ‘water neutral’ does not always mean that water consumption is CSPVHIUEPXOUP[FSP CVUUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTSFEVDFEBTNVDIBT Library of Water Footprint Response Options 105

QPTTJCMFBOEUIBUUIFQPTTJCMFJNQBDUTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHGPPUQSJOUBSFGVMMZ DPNQFOTBUFE$PNQFOTBUJPODBOCFEPOFCZDPOUSJCVUJOHUP JOWFTUJOHJO  BNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFVTFPGXBUFSJOUIFIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTJO which the impacts of the remaining water footprint are located. In the latest EFàOJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMDPODFQU BOVNCFSPGJNQPSUBOURVFTUJPOT SFNBJO5IFTFBSF GPSFYBNQMF)PXNVDISFEVDUJPOPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOSFBTPOBCMZCFFYQFDUFE 8IBUJTBOBQQSPQSJBUFXBUFSPGGTFUQSJDF  8IBUUZQFPGFGGPSUTDPVOUBTBOPGGTFU "TMPOHBTUIFTFTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOT IBWFOPUCFFOBOTXFSFEZFU UIFSJTLPGUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZDPODFQUJTUIBU JUTDPOUFOUEFQFOETPOUIFVTFS"TBSFTVMU TPNFNBZVTFJUUPSFGFSUP SFBMHPPENFBTVSFTUBLFOJOCPUIPQFSBUJPOTBOETVQQMZDIBJOXIJMFPUIFST NBZVTFJUPOMZBTBOBUUSBDUJWFUFSNJOBOBEWFSUJTFNFOU5IFSJTLXJUIUIF water-neutral concept is also that the focus will shift from water footprint SFEVDUJPOUPPGGTFUUJOH"XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFNFBTVSFEFNQJSJDBMMZ TPDBO JUTSFEVDUJPO%FàOJOHPGGTFUUJOHBOENFBTVSJOHJUTFGGFDUJWFOFTTJTNVDINPSF EJGàDVMU FOMBSHJOHUIFSJTLPGNJTVTF#FTJEFT DPNQFOTBUJOHNFBTVSFTTIPVME CFDPOTJEFSFEBMBTUSFTPSUPQUJPO UPCFMPPLFEBUBGUFSIBWJOHSFEVDFEUIF DPNQBOZTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUàSTU

Box 5.2 Water footprint offsetting

5IFDPODFQUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGGTFUUJOHJTTUJMMJMMEFàOFE*OHFOFSBMUFSNTJU NFBOTUBLJOHNFBTVSFTUPDPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUUIBUSFNBJOTBGUFSSFEVDUJPONFBTVSFTIBWFCFFOJNQMFNFOUFE#VU UIFUXPXFBLQPJOUTJOUIFEFàOJUJPOBSFUIBU J JUEPFTOPUTQFDJGZXIJDITPSU of compensation measures and which level of compensation are good enough to offset a certain water footprint impact and (ii) it does not specify which JNQBDUTTIPVMECFDPNQFOTBUFEQSFDJTFMZBOEIPXUPNFBTVSFUIPTFJNQBDUT *O$IBQUFS XFIBWFTFFOUIBUUIFUFSNAJNQBDUDBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEWFSZ CSPBEMZ5IFGBDUUIBUUIFPGGTFUDPODFQUJTJMMEFàOFENFBOTUIBUJUDBOFBTJMZ CFNJTVTFE8JUIPVUBDMFBSEFàOJUJPO NFBTVSFTUBLFOVOEFSUIFCBOOFSPG APGGTFUDBOQPUFOUJBMMZCFBGPSNPGAHSFFOXBTIJOHSBUIFSUIBOBSFBMFGGPSU aimed at full compensation. For this reason, we strongly recommend focusing SFTQPOTFPOSFEVDJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEMPPLJOHBUPGGTFUUJOHBTBSFBMMBTU TUFQPOMZ"OPUIFSSFBTPOJTUIBUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEUIFJSBTTPDJBUFEJNQBDUT BSFBMXBZTMPDBM*OUIJTSFTQFDU UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNBSLFEMZEJGGFSFOUGSPN UIFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOU5IFJEFBPGBHMPCBMPGGTFUNBSLFUBTIBTEFWFMPQFE PWFSUIFQBTUGFXZFBSTGPSDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUPGGTFUTEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFGPS XBUFS"OPGGTFUPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIPVMEBMXBZTPDDVSJOUIFDBUDINFOU where the water footprint is located. This drives the attention to a company’s PXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBHBJOBOEEPFTOPUBMMPXUPUIJOLJOUFSNTPGHFOFSBM DPNQFOTBUJPOTDIFNFTXIFSFPOFDBOTJNQMZACVZBOPGGTFU 106 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

$POTVNFSTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU IPNFXBUFSVTF CZ JOTUBMMJOHXBUFSTBWJOHUPJMFUT BQQMZJOHBXBUFSTBWJOHTIPXFSIFBE UVSOJOH PêUIFUBQEVSJOHUFFUICSVTIJOH VTJOHMFTTXBUFSJOUIFHBSEFOBOECZOPU EJTQPTJOHPGNFEJDJOFT QBJOUTPSPUIFSQPMMVUBOUTUISPVHIUIFTJOL ɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIF EJSFDUPOF"DPOTVNFSIBTCBTJDBMMZUXPPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFIJTPSIFSJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOU0OFPQUJPOJTUPDIBOHFUIFDPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOCZTVCTUJUVUJOH BTQFDJëDDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZBOPUIFSUZQFPG QSPEVDUUIBUIBTBTNBMMFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU&YBNQMFTJODMVEFFBUJOHMFTTNFBU PSCFDPNJOHWFHFUBSJBO ESJOLJOHQMBJOXBUFSJOTUFBEPGDPêFF PSXFBSJOHMFTT DPUUPOBOENPSFBSUJëDJBMëCSFDMPUIFTɨJTBQQSPBDIIBTMJNJUBUJPOT CFDBVTF NBOZQFPQMFEPOPUFBTJMZTIJGUGSPNFBUJOHNFBUUPCFJOHWFHFUBSJBOBOEQFPQMF MJLFUIFJSDPêFFBOEDPUUPO"TFDPOEPQUJPOJTUPTFMFDUUIFDPUUPO CFFGPS DPêFFUIBUIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMPXXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIBUIBTJUTGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFB UIBUEPFTOPUIBWFIJHIXBUFSTDBSDJUZɨJTSFRVJSFT IPXFWFS UIBUDPOTVNFST IBWFUIFQSPQFSJOGPSNBUJPOUPNBLFUIBUDIPJDF4JODFUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJT HFOFSBMMZOPUFBTJMZBWBJMBCMF BOJNQPSUBOUUIJOHDPOTVNFSTDBOEPOPXJTBTL QSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZGSPNCVTJOFTTFTBOESFHVMBUJPOGSPNHPWFSONFOUT8IFO JOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFJNQBDUTPGBDFSUBJOBSUJDMFPOUIFXBUFSTZTUFN  DPOTVNFSTDBONBLFDPOTDJPVTDIPJDFTBCPVUXIBUUIFZCVZ

5.4 Companies

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ëOBMMZEJTDIBSHFEJOUPUIFBNCJFOUXBUFS TZTUFNUIBUEFUFSNJOFTUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT UIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIF PQFSBUJPOBMGPPUQSJOU*UJTUIFSFGPSFDSVDJBMUIBUCVTJOFTTFTBEESFTTUIBUBTXFMM "DIJFWJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJONBZCFNPSFEJïDVMUoCFDBVTF OPUVOEFSEJSFDUDPOUSPMoCVUUIFZNBZCFNPSFFêFDUJWF#VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDF UIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZNBLJOHTVQQMZBHSFFNFOUTJODMVEJOH DFSUBJOTUBOEBSETXJUIUIFJSTVQQMJFSTPSCZTJNQMZDIBOHJOHUPBOPUIFSTVQQMJFS *ONBOZDBTFTUIJTNBZCFRVJUFBUBTL CFDBVTFUIFXIPMFCVTJOFTTNPEFMNBZ Library of Water Footprint Response Options 107

OFFEUPCFUSBOTGPSNFEJOPSEFSUPJODPSQPSBUFPSCFUUFSDPOUSPMTVQQMZDIBJOT BOEUPNBLFTVQQMZDIBJOTGVMMZUSBOTQBSFOUUPDPOTVNFST "DPNQBOZDBOBMTPBJNUPSFEVDFUIFDPOTVNFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUJT JOIFSFOUUPUIFVTFPGUIFJSQSPEVDU8IFODPOTVNFSTVTFBTPBQ TIBNQPP  DMFBOJOHDIFNJDBMPSQBJOU JUJTMJLFMZUIBUUIFZXJMMìVTIJUUISPVHIUIFESBJO 8IFOUIFXBUFSJTOPUUSFBUFEPSXIFOUIFDIFNJDBMJTTVDIUIBUJUJTOPUPS POMZQBSUMZSFNPWFE UIJTXJMMHJWFBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUDPVMEIBWFCFFO BWPJEFEXIFOUIFDPNQBOZIBEVTFETVCTUBODFTUIBUBSFMFTTUPYJD MFTTIBSNGVM and more easily degradable. Among the various alternative or supplementary tools that can help improving USBOTQBSFODZBSFDPOGPSNUPTIBSFEEFëOJUJPOTBOENFUIPET BTDPOUBJOFEJO UIJTNBOVBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOHBOEEJTDMPTVSFPGSFMFWBOUEBUB$MBSJUZ BCPVUBDUJWJUJFTVOEFSUBLFOUPSFEVDFUIFDPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCF FOIBODFECZTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTJOUJNF" QPUFOUJBMUPPMXJUIJOMBSHFDPNQBOJFTPSJOTQFDJëDTFDUPSTJTCFODINBSLJOH XIBUDBOCFBDIJFWFEJO UIFTVQQMZDIBJOPG POFGBDUPSZTIPVMEBMTPCFQPTTJCMF JO UIFTVQQMZDIBJOPG BOPUIFSGBDUPSZ

5.5 Farmers

'BSNJOHJTBTPSUPGCVTJOFTTGPSXIJDIUIFTBNFUIJOHTBQQMZBTEJTDVTTFEJO UIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPO'PSMJWFTUPDLGBSNFST BNBKPSDPODFSOTIPVMECFUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFGFFEUIFZCVZPSQSPEVDFUIFNTFMWFT'PSDSPQGBSNFST BOVNCFS PGTQFDJëDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOPQUJPOTBSFBWBJMBCMFBTMJTUFEJO5BCMF ɨFBEWBOUBHFPGSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTQFSVOJUPGDSPQJOSBJOGFE BHSJDVMUVSFJTUIBUUPUBMQSPEVDUJPOGSPNSBJOGFEMBOETJODSFBTFT"TBSFTVMUPG JODSFBTFESBJOGFEQSPEVDUJPO MFTTOFFETUPCFQSPEVDFEFMTFXIFSF MFTTFOJOHUIF DMBJNTPOMBOEBOE HSFFOPSCMVF XBUFSSFTPVSDFTFMTFXIFSF3FEVDJOHUIFHSFFO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSUPOPGDSPQJOPOFQMBDFDBOUIVTSFTVMUJOBSFEVDUJPOPGUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODSPQQSPEVDUJPOBTBXIPMF*OJSSJHBUFEBHSJDVMUVSF  changing irrigation technique and application philosophy can greatly reduce UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU6TJOHESJQJSSJHBUJPOJOTUFBEPGTQSJOLMFSPSGVSSPX JSSJHBUJPO DBO SFEVDF FWBQPSBUJPO TVCTUBOUJBMMZ'VSUIFS  UIF DPOWFOUJPOBM GBSNFSTUSBUFHZUPPQUJNJ[FZJFMET UPOIB PGUFOMFBETUPVOOFDFTTBSZVTFPG JSSJHBUJPOXBUFS*OTUFBEPGBQQMZJOHGVMMJSSJHBUJPO JUNBZCFXJTFSUPDIPPTF GPSTPDBMMFEAEFëDJUJSSJHBUJPO BOJSSJHBUJPOQIJMPTPQIZUIBUBJNTBUPCUBJOJOH NBYJNVNDSPQXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON SBUIFSUIBONBYJNVNZJFMET UPO IB *OEFëDJUJSSJHBUJPO XBUFSJTBQQMJFEEVSJOHUIFESPVHIUTFOTJUJWFHSPXUI TUBHFTPGBDSPQPVUTJEFUIFTFQFSJPET JSSJHBUJPOJTMJNJUFEPSFWFOVOOFDFTTBSZ JGSBJOGBMMQSPWJEFTBNJOJNVNTVQQMZPGXBUFS"OPUIFSBMUFSOBUJWFJTTPDBMMFE 108 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table 5.3 Corporate water footprint response options

8BUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTmPQFSBUJPOT r #FODINBSLJOHQSPEVDUTPSTJUFT%FàOFCFTUQSBDUJDFBOEGPSNVMBUFUBSHFUTUPBDIJFWFCFTU QSBDUJDFUISPVHIPVUUIFCVTJOFTT$BOCFEPOFJOPXODPNQBOZPSXJUIJOBTFDUPSBTBXIPMF r 3FEVDUJPOPGCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOHFOFSBM3FEVDUJPOPGDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFJO PQFSBUJPOTCZSFDZDMJOH BEPQUXBUFSTBWJOHBQQMJBODFT SFQMBDFXBUFSJOUFOTJWFCZXBUFS FYUFOTJWFQSPDFTTFT r 3FEVDUJPOPGCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOIPUTQPUT'PDVTBCPWFNFBTVSFTJOXBUFSTDBSDF areas or in areas where environmental flow requirement in a river are violated or where HSPVOEXBUFSPSMBLFMFWFMTBSFESPQQJOH r 3FEVDUJPOPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOHFOFSBM3FEVDFXBTUFXBUFSWPMVNFSFDZDMF DIFNJDBMT8BTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOUCFGPSFEJTQPTBM3FDBQUVSFIFBUGSPNXBTUFáPXT r 3FEVDUJPOPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOIPUTQPUT'PDVTBCPWFNFBTVSFTJOBSFBTXIFSF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFWJPMBUFE 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTmTVQQMZDIBJO r"HSFFPOSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTXJUITVQQMJFST r 4IJGUUPPUIFSTVQQMJFS r (FUNPSFPSGVMMDPOUSPMPWFSUIFTVQQMZDIBJO$IBOHFCVTJOFTTNPEFMJOPSEFSUP JODPSQPSBUFPSHFUCFUUFSDPOUSPMPWFSUIFTVQQMZDIBJO 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTmFOEVTF r 3FEVDFJOIFSFOUXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUTJOVTFQIBTF3FEVDFFYQFDUFEXBUFSVTFXIFO QSPEVDUJTVTFE GPSFYBNQMF EVBMáVTIUPJMFUT ESZTBOJUBUJPOFRVJQNFOU XBUFSTBWJOH showerheads, water-saving washing machines, water-saving irrigation equipment). r 3FEVDFSJTLPGQPMMVUJPOJOVTFQIBTF"WPJEPSNJOJNJ[FUIFVTFPGTVCTUBODFTJO QSPEVDUTUIBUNBZCFIBSNGVMXIFOSFBDIJOHUIFXBUFS GPSFYBNQMF JOTPBQT TIBNQPPT  8BUFSGPPUQSJOUPGGTFUUJOHNFBTVSFT r &OWJSPONFOUBMDPNQFOTBUJPO*OWFTUJOJNQSPWFEDBUDINFOUNBOBHFNFOUBOETVTUBJOBCMF water use in the catchment where the company’s (residual) water footprint is located. r 4PDJBMDPNQFOTBUJPO*OWFTUJOFRVJUBCMFXBUFSVTFJOUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFUIFDPNQBOZT SFTJEVBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFE GPSFYBNQMF CZQPWFSUZBMMFWJBUJPOBOEJNQSPWFE access to clean water supply and sanitation. r &DPOPNJDDPNQFOTBUJPO$PNQFOTBUFEPXOTUSFBNVTFSTUIBUBSFBGGFDUFECZJOUFOTJWF upstream water use in the catchment where the company’s (residual) water footprint is located. 1SPEVDUBOECVTJOFTTUSBOTQBSFODZ r $POGPSNUPTIBSFEEFàOJUJPOTBOENFUIPET1SPNPUFBOEBEPQUUIFHMPCBMTUBOEBSEGPS water footprint accounting and assessment as laid down in this manual. r 1SPNPUFXBUFSBDDPVOUJOHPWFSUIFGVMMTVQQMZDIBJO$PPQFSBUFXJUIPUIFSTBMPOHUIF TVQQMZDIBJOUPCFBCMFUPQSPEVDFGVMMBDDPVOUTGPSàOBMQSPEVDUT r $PSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOH3FQPSUXBUFSSFMBUFEFGGPSUT UBSHFUTBOEQSPHSFTT NBEFJOBOOVBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZSFQPSU BMTPDPWFSJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJO r 1SPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEJTDMPTVSF%JTDMPTVSFPGSFMFWBOUEBUBUISPVHISFQPSUJOHPSJOUFSOFU r 1SPEVDUXBUFSMBCFMMJOH4BNFBTBCPWF CVUOPXQVUUJOHUIFJOGPSNBUJPOPOBMBCFM FJUIFS TFQBSBUFPSJODMVEFEJOBCSPBEFSMBCFM r #VTJOFTTXBUFSDFSUJàDBUJPO1SPNPUFBOEIFMQTFUUJOHVQBXBUFSDFSUJàDBUJPOTDIFNF and conform to it. &OHBHFNFOU r $POTVNFSDPNNVOJDBUJPOFOHBHFNFOUXJUIDJWJMTPDJFUZPSHBOJ[BUJPOT r 1SPBDUJWFMZXPSLXJUIHPWFSONFOUTPOEFWFMPQJOHSFMFWBOUSFHVMBUJPOBOEMFHJTMBUJPO Library of Water Footprint Response Options 109

Table 5.4 Options for crop farmers to reduce their water footprint

Reduce green water footprint in crop growth r *ODSFBTFMBOEQSPEVDUJWJUZ ZJFME UPOIB JOSBJOGFEBHSJDVMUVSFCZJNQSPWJOHBHSJDVMUVSBM QSBDUJDFTJODFUIFSBJOPOUIFàFMESFNBJOTUIFTBNF XBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON) will increase and the green water footprint (mUPO XJMMSFEVDF r .VMDIJOHPGUIFTPJM UIVTSFEVDJOHFWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMTVSGBDF 3FEVDFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODSPQHSPXUI r Shift to an irrigation technique with lower evaporation loss. r $IPPTFBOPUIFSDSPQPSDSPQWBSJFUZUIBUCFUUFSàUTUIFSFHJPOBMDMJNBUF TPOFFETMFTT irrigation water. r *ODSFBTFCMVFXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON JOTUFBEPGNBYJNJ[JOHMBOEQSPEVDUJWJUZ ZJFME  UPOIB  r *NQSPWFUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFCZPQUJNJ[JOHUJNJOHBOEWPMVNFTPGBQQMJDBUJPO r *SSJHBUFMFTT EFàDJUJSSJHBUJPOPSTVQQMFNFOUBSZJSSJHBUJPO PSOPUBUBMM r Reduce evaporation losses from water storage in reservoirs and from the water EJTUSJCVUJPOTZTUFN Reduce grey water footprint in crop growth r "QQMZMFTTPSOPDIFNJDBMT BSUJàDJBMGFSUJMJ[FST QFTUJDJEFT GPSFYBNQMF PSHBOJDGBSNJOH r "QQMZGFSUJMJ[FSTPSDPNQPTUJOBGPSNUIBUBMMPXTFBTZVQUBLF TPUIBUMFBDIJOHBOESVOPGG are reduced. r 0QUJNJ[FUIFUJNJOHBOEUFDIOJRVFPGBEEJOHDIFNJDBMT TPUIBUMFTTJTOFFEFEBOEPSMFTT leaches or runs off.

ATVQQMFNFOUBSZJSSJHBUJPO XIJDITBWFTFWFONPSFXBUFS*OUIJTTUSBUFHZ TNBMM BNPVOUTPGXBUFSBSFBEEFEUPFTTFOUJBMMZSBJOGFEDSPQTEVSJOHUJNFTXIFO SBJOGBMMGBJMTUPQSPWJEFTVïDJFOUNPJTUVSFGPSOPSNBMQMBOUHSPXUI JOPSEFSUP JNQSPWFBOETUBCJMJ[FZJFMETɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFPQFSBUJPOTPGUIF GBSNFSDBOCFMBSHFMZSFEVDFECZBEPQUJOHPSHBOJDGBSNJOH XIJDIFYDMVEFTPS TUSJDUMZMJNJUTUIFVTFPGNBOVGBDUVSFEGFSUJMJ[FST QFTUJDJEFTBOEPUIFSDIFNJDBMT

5.6 Investors

/PUFYQMJDJUMZBEESFTTJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTBOEGPSNVMBUJOH BQQSPQSJBUFSFTQPOTF TFFUIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPO NBZUSBOTMBUFJOWBSJPVTTPSUTPG CVTJOFTTSJTL -FWJOTPOFUBM 1FHSBNFUBM .PSSJTPOFUBM   #BSUPO  'JSTU UIFSFJTUIFQIZTJDBMSJTLUIBUDPNQBOJFTNBZGBDF GSFTIXBUFSTIPSUBHFBêFDUJOHUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOPSPXOPQFSBUJPOT4FDPOE UIF DPSQPSBUFJNBHFPGBDPNQBOZNBZCFEBNBHFEJOBTJUVBUJPOXIFSFRVFTUJPOT BSFSBJTFEBNPOHUIFQVCMJDBOEJOUIFNFEJBSFHBSEJOHXIFUIFSUIFDPNQBOZ QSPQFSMZBEESFTTFTJTTVFTPGTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFXBUFSVTF1SPCMFNTPG XBUFSEFQMFUJPOPSQPMMVUJPOJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJOPSPQFSBUJPOTPGBDPNQBOZ 110 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

BOEUIFMBDLPGNJUJHBUJOHTUSBUFHJFTDPOTUJUVUFBSFQVUBUJPOBMSJTLGPSBDPNQBOZ ɨJSE USJHHFSFECZUIFXJTIUPBDIJFWFBNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFVTFPG TDBSDFGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFT HPWFSONFOUBMJOUFSGFSFODFBOESFHVMBUJPOJOUIFBSFB PGXBUFSVTFXJMMVOEPVCUFEMZJODSFBTF6ODFSUBJOUZBCPVUGVUVSFSFHVMBUPSZ DPOUSPMDPOTUJUVUFTBSJTLGPSDPNQBOJFTUIBUUIFZDBOCFUUFSBOUJDJQBUFUIBO JHOPSF&BDIPGUIFUISFFBCPWFNFOUJPOFESJTLTNBZUSBOTMBUFUPBëOBODJBM SJTLJOUFSNTPGJODSFBTFEDPTUTBOEPSSFEVDFESFWFOVFT)FODFJOWFTUPSTBSF CFDPNJOHNPSFBOENPSFJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFEJTDMPTVSFPGJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIF XBUFSSFMBUFESJTLTPGUIFCVTJOFTTUIFZJOWFTUJO 3JTLDBOBDUVBMMZUVSOJOUPPQQPSUVOJUZGPSUIPTFDPNQBOJFTUIBUQSPBDUJWFMZ SFTQPOEUPUIFDIBMMFOHFPGHMPCBMGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZ'SPOUSVOOFSTUIBUDSFBUF QSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZCFGPSFPUIFSTEP UIBUGPSNVMBUFTQFDJëDBOENFBTVSBCMF UBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOoXJUITQFDJBMBUUFOUJPOUPBSFBT XIFSFQSPCMFNTPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEQPMMVUJPOBSFNPTUDSJUJDBMoBOEUIBUDBO EFNPOTUSBUFBDUVBMJNQSPWFNFOUT DBOUVSOUIJTJOUPBDPNQFUJUJWFBEWBOUBHF 'JOBMMZ BQBSUGSPNUIFOFFEUPBEESFTTSJTLTBOEUIFPQQPSUVOJUZUPQSPëU GSPN B QSPBDUJWF TUSBUFHZ BEESFTTJOH UIF JTTVFT PG GSFTIXBUFS TDBSDJUZ BOE QPMMVUJPOTIPVMECFTFFOBTQBSUPGUIFDPSQPSBUFTPDJBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ$VSSFOUMZ  environmental concerns in companies are mostly related to energy issues. &YQBOEJOHUIFBUUFOUJPOUPXBSETUIFëFMEPGGSFTIXBUFSJTBNBUUFSPGMPHJD JOBXPSMEXIFSFGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZJTHFOFSBMMZNFOUJPOFEBTUIFPUIFSCJH FOWJSPONFOUBMDIBMMFOHFOFYUUPHMPCBMXBSNJOH

5.7 Governments

%FWFMPQJOHBOEJNQMFNFOUJOHHPPEXBUFSQPMJDZJTPOMZPOFQBSUPGXJTFXBUFS HPWFSOBODF8JTFXBUFSHPWFSOBODFBMTPSFRVJSFTUIBUHPWFSONFOUTUSBOTMBUFUIF HPBMPGTVTUBJOBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTVTFUPXIBUJUNFBOTGPSPUIFSQPMJDZëFMETɨF HPWFSONFOUBMBJNUPVTFGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOBXBZUIBUJTFOWJSPONFOUBMMZ TVTUBJOBCMF TPDJBMMZFRVJUBCMFBOEFDPOPNJDBMMZFïDJFOU OFFETUPCFSFìFDUFE JOUIFHPWFSONFOUTXBUFSQPMJDZ CVUBMTPJOUIFHPWFSONFOUTFOWJSPONFOUBM  BHSJDVMUVSBM JOEVTUSJBM FOFSHZ USBEFBOEGPSFJHOQPMJDZ$PIFSFODFCFUXFFO EJêFSFOUTFDUPSQPMJDJFTJTDSVDJBM CFDBVTFHPPEAXBUFSQPMJDZJOJUTNPSFOBSSPX  DPOWFOUJPOBMNFBOJOHIBTOPJNQBDUJGJUJTVOEFSNJOFECZ GPSFYBNQMF BO BHSJDVMUVSBMQPMJDZUIBUMFBETUPUIFBHHSBWBUJPOPGXBUFSEFNBOEJOBXBUFS TDBSDFBSFB*OBEEJUJPO DPIFSFODFJTOFFEFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMTPGHPWFSOBODF  GSPNUIFMPDBMUPUIFOBUJPOBMMFWFM CVUJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPPQFSBUJPOXJMMCFDSVDJBM BTXFMM"OBUJPOBMQPMJDZUPJNQMFNFOUQSPQFSXBUFSQSJDJOHTUSVDUVSFTJO BHSJDVMUVSF GPSFYBNQMF JTWVMOFSBCMFUPGBJMVSFJGoJOBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPOUFYU oJUJTOPUBHSFFEUIBUPUIFSDPVOUSJFTXJMMEFWFMPQTJNJMBSQPMJDJFT CFDBVTFPGUIF Library of Water Footprint Response Options 111

Table 5.5 Options for governments to reduce water footprints and mitigate related impacts

8BUFSQPMJDZBUOBUJPOBM SJWFSCBTJOBOEMPDBMMFWFM r"EPQUUIFOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFUPCSPBEFOUIFLOPXMFEHFCBTF GPSNBLJOHXFMMJOGPSNFEEFDJTJPOT6TFJOGPSNBUJPOPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEWJSUVBMXBUFS USBEFUPTVQQPSUUIFGPSNVMBUJPOPGCPUIOBUJPOBMXBUFSQMBOTBOESJWFSCBTJOQMBOT r *ODSFBTFUIFXBUFSVTFFGàDJFODZBUUIFVTFSMFWFM JOBMMTFDUPST CZQSPNPUJOHUFDIOJRVFT that enlarge water productivities and thus reduce water footprints per unit of production. r *ODSFBTFUIFXBUFSVTFFGàDJFODZBUUIFSJWFSCBTJOMFWFMCZBMMPDBUJOHXBUFSSFTPVSDFTUP UIFQVSQPTFTXJUIIJHIFTUTPDJFUBMCFOFàU r 1SPNPUFUIFBMMPDBUJPOPGBWBJMBCMFEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTTVDIUIBUUIFDPVOUSZ produces goods for which it has a comparative advantage relative to other countries. r 'PSOBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHEFDSFBTFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU JODSFBTFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFS JNQPSUBOESFEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO "MMBO $IBQBHBJOFUBM  B  r 'PSSFEVDJOHOBUJPOBMXBUFSEFQFOEFODZSFEVDFUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU National environmental policy r 'PSTVTUBJOBCMFQSPEVDUJPOGPSNVMBUFSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTSFHBSEJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOUIFOBUJPO UPCFTQFDJàFECZDBUDINFOUBSFBGPDVTPOIPUTQPUTXIFSFJNQBDUTBSF largest. Translate catchment targets to operational plans involving the relevant sectors. r 'PSTVTUBJOBCMFDPOTVNQUJPOTFUUBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSFEVDUJPOPGUIFJOUFSOBMBOE FYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOGPDVTPOIPUTQPUT5SBOTMBUFUBSHFUTUP TQFDJàDQSPEVDUDBUFHPSJFTBOEFDPOPNJDTFDUPST r5SBOTMBUFOBUVSFQSPUFDUJPOBOECJPEJWFSTJUZQSFTFSWBUJPOHPBMTJOUPCMVFBOEHSFFO FOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETJOUFHSBUFFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETJOUPSJWFSCBTJOQMBOOJOH %ZTPOFUBM "DSFNBOBOE%VOCBS 1PGGFUBM   r &OHBHFXJUIDPOTVNFS FOWJSPONFOUBMBOEPUIFSTPSUTPGDJWJMTPDJFUZPSHBOJ[BUJPOTJO helping to raise ‘water awareness’ among consumers, farmers and company leaders. r 4FUUBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSFEVDUJPOPGXBTUBHFJOUIFFOUJSFGPPEDIBJO GSPNàFME to household losses) and formulate appropriate measures. This loss of food is equivalent to a loss in water. National agricultural policy r *ODMVEFUIFHPBMPGTVTUBJOBCMFVTFPGBWBJMBCMFEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOGPSNVMBUJOH national food security policy. r %POPUTVCTJEJ[FXBUFSJOUFOTJWFBHSJDVMUVSFJOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT r 1SPNPUFDSPQTUIBUBSFTVJUBCMFBOEBEBQUFEUPUIFMPDBMDMJNBUFJOPSEFSUPSFEVDF irrigation demand. r 4VQQPSUJOWFTUNFOUTJOJSSJHBUJPOTZTUFNTBOEUFDIOJRVFTUIBUDPOTFSWFXBUFS r 1SPNPUFGBSNFSTUPBWPJEPSSFEVDFUIFVTFPGGFSUJMJ[FST QFTUJDJEFTBOEJOTFDUJDJEFTPS UPCFUUFSBQQMZTPUIBUMFTTDIFNJDBMTSFBDIUIFXBUFSTZTUFN r 1SPNPUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOJOBHSJDVMUVSFmTFF5BCMF5IJTDBOCFEPOFJO WBSJPVTBMUFSOBUJWFPSDPNQMFNFOUBSZXBZTSFHVMBUJPOPSMFHJTMBUJPO GPSFYBNQMF PO timing, volumes and techniques of irrigation and on application of chemicals), water use MJDFODFT RVPUB GVMMDPTUXBUFSQSJDJOH USBEBCMFXBUFSVTFQFSNJUT TVCTJEJFTGPSTQFDJàD irrigation techniques, compulsory water metering, awareness-raising. 112 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table 5.5 Options for governments to reduce water footprints and mitigate related impacts (continued)

/BUJPOBMJOEVTUSJBMFDPOPNJDQPMJDZ r 1SPNPUFQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ*NQMFNFOUCZNFBOTPGWPMVOUBSZBHSFFNFOUTCZTFDUPS PSCZMFHJTMBUJPO r5SBOTMBUFOBUJPOBMUBSHFUTPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUPTQFDJàDSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTGPS QSPEVDUT QSPEVDFSTBOEPSTFDUPST*NQMFNFOUUISPVHIMFHJTMBUJPOBOEPSFDPOPNJD JODFOUJWFT XBUFSGPPUQSJOUUBY BOEPSTVCTJEJFTUPTQFDJàDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPO measures). National energy policy r 4UVEZUIFJNQMJDBUJPOTPGFOFSHZTDFOBSJPTGPSXBUFSEFNBOE XJUIQBSUJDVMBSBUUFOUJPOUP UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGCJPFOFSHZ r )BSNPOJ[FXBUFSBOEFOFSHZQPMJDJFTTPUIBUFOFSHZQPMJDJFTEPOPUJODSFBTFUIFXBUFS footprint of the energy sector and that water policies do not increase the energy use and DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUPGUIFXBUFSTFDUPS National trade policy r &OTVSFDPIFSFODFCFUXFFOUSBEFBOEXBUFSQPMJDJFT3FEVDFFYQPSUPGMPXWBMVF XBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUTGSPNXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT BOEJODSFBTFJNQPSU 6TFMPDBMXBUFS BCVOEBODFBTBGBDUPSUPQSPNPUFQSPEVDUJPOPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETGPSFYQPSU r 3FEVDFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZ JOPUIFSXPSET SFEVDFFYUFSOBMXBUFS footprint) if considered necessary from a national security perspective. r 1SPNPUFQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZPGUSBEFEQSPEVDUT TPUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG QSPEVDUTDBOCFUSBDFECBDL National foreign policy and international cooperation r 1SPNPUFBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMBHSFFNFOUPOXPSMEXJEFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPO GPS FYBNQMF JOUIFGPSNPGBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSNJUQSPUPDPMTFUUJOHUBSHFUFE NBYJNVNXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTGPSJOEJWJEVBMDPVOUSJFT )PFLTUSB  B)PFLTUSBBOE $IBQBHBJO 7FSLFSLFUBM   r 1SPNPUFBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMBHSFFNFOUPOQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ )PFLTUSB B C  r 1SPNPUFBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMXBUFSQSJDJOHQSPUPDPM )PFLTUSB  B)PFLTUSBBOE $IBQBHBJO 7FSLFSLFUBM   r $PPQFSBUFXJUIHPWFSONFOUTBOEPUIFSBHFOUTJOEFWFMPQJOHDPVOUSJFTUPSFEVDFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTGPDVTPOIPUTQPUTJOUIFXPSMEXIFSFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEQPMMVUJPOQSPCMFNT BSFNPTUTFWFSFBOEXIFSFUIFOBUJPODPOUSJCVUFTUISPVHIJUTPXOFYUFSOBMXBUFS footprint. 3FEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHPWFSONFOUBMPSHBOJ[BUJPOBOETFSWJDFT r 4FFUIFPQUJPOTQSPWJEFEGPSCVTJOFTT 5BCMF r *ODMVEFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUTBTBDSJUFSJPOJOHPWFSONFOUTTVTUBJOBCMF procurement policy.

SJTLPGVOGBJSDPNQFUJUJPO"TBOPUIFSFYBNQMF BDIJFWJOHQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ SFRVJSFTJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPPQFSBUJPOBTXFMM CFDBVTFNBOZTVQQMZDIBJOTPGXBUFS intensive commodities are truly international. 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ DPVOUSJFTGPSNVMBUFOBUJPOBMXBUFSQMBOTCZMPPLJOHIPXUP TBUJTGZXBUFSVTFST&WFOUIPVHIDPVOUSJFTOPXBEBZTDPOTJEFSPQUJPOTUPSFEVDF Library of Water Footprint Response Options 113

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Chapter 6

Limitations

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7.1 Water footprint assessment methodology and data

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7.2 Application of the water footprint in different contexts

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Table 7.1 An overview of water footprint studies

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r DPUUPO $IBQBHBJOFUBM C  r áPXFST .FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB C r KBUSPQIB +POHTDIBBQFUBM .BFTFUBM (FSCFOT-FFOFT FUBM D)PFLTUSBFUBM D r NBOHP 3JEPVUUFUBM  r NBJ[F "MEBZBFUBM B r NFBU $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB (BMMPXBZFUBM  )PFLTUSB C r POJPOT *'$FUBM  r QBQFS 7BO0FMBOE)PFLTUSB  r QBTUB "MEBZBBOE)PFLTUSB  r QJ[[B "MEBZBBOE)PFLTUSB  r SJDF $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  r TPGUESJOLT &SDJOFUBM  r TPZCFBO "MEBZBFUBM B r TVHBS (FSCFOT-FFOFTBOE)PFLTUSB  r UFB $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB  r UPNBUPFT $IBQBHBJOBOE0SS  r XIFBU -JVFUBM "MEBZBFUBM B;XBSUFUBM  .FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB B r GPPEJOHFOFSBM $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB )PFLTUSBBOE $IBQBHBJO )PFLTUSB D #VTJOFTTXBUFS r CFFSGSPN4"#.JMMFS 4"#.JMMFSBOE88'6, 4"#.JMMFS footprint studies FUBM  r DPMBBOEPSBOHFKVJDFGSPNUIF$PDB$PMB$PNQBOZ 5$$$BOE 5/$  r CSFBLGBTUDFSFBMGSPN/FTUMÊ $IBQBHBJOBOE0SS  r DBOEJFTBOEQBTUBTBVDFGSPN.BST 3JEPVUUFUBM 

7.3 Embedding the water footprint in existing water and environmental accounts and reports

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7.4 Linking to ecological, energy and carbon footprint methods

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7.5 Linking to material flow analysis, input-output modelling and life cycle assessment

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Table 7.2 How water footprint assessments can feed LCA

Water footprint Outcome Physical Resolution LCA phase assessment meaning phase Product water (SFFO CMVF 8BUFSWPMVNF Spatiotemporally Life cycle footprint and grey water consumed or FYQMJDJU inventory accounting footprints polluted per unit 4FDUJPO (volumetric) of product Product water "OFWBMVBUJPOPG 7BSJPVT Spatiotemporally Life cycle impact footprint UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ NFBTVSBCMF FYQMJDJU assessment TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ of a green, JNQBDUWBSJBCMFT assessment CMVFBOEHSFZ 4FDUJPO product water footprint from an environmental, social and economic perspective "HHSFHBUJPO "HHSFHBUFEXBUFSNone Non of selected footprint impact spatiotemporally information indices FYQMJDJU from the water footprint TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ assessment 4FDUJPO

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Chapter 8

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GPSETcɨF$3018"5NPEFM IPXFWFS EPFTOPUBMMPXUIFTQFDJëDBUJPOPGKcb and KeTFQBSBUFMZJUSFRVJSFTTQFDJëDBUJPOPGUIFSFTVMUBOUKc#FTJEFT Kc cannot CFTQFDJëFEQFSEBZCVUPOMZGPSUISFFEJêFSFOUQFSJPETJOUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE TP UIBUUIFFêFDUPGEJêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFTDBOCFTJNVMBUFEJO$3018"5

POMZCZSPVHIMZBEKVTUJOHKcBTBGVODUJPOPGUIFJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFVTFE0O

BWFSBHF KcXJMMCFIJHIFSXIFOJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFTBSFBQQMJFEUIBUXFUUIFTPJM JOUFOTJWFMZUIBOXIFOUFDIOJRVFTBSFVTFEUIBUEPOPUXFUUIFUPQTPJMNVDI"T BOBMUFSOBUJWFUP$3018"5 POFDBOEFDJEFUPVTF"26"$301 '"0 F  BDSPQNPEFMUIBUCFUUFSTJNVMBUFTDSPQZJFMEVOEFSXBUFSTUSFTTDPOEJUJPOTBOE that separates Kcb and Ke.

&êFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPO Peff JTUIFQBSUPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPO UIBUJTSFUBJOFECZUIFTPJMTPUIBUJUJTQPUFOUJBMMZBWBJMBCMFGPSNFFUJOHUIFXBUFS OFFEPGUIFDSPQ*UJTPGUFOMFTTUIBOUIFUPUBMSBJOGBMMCFDBVTFOPUBMMSBJOGBMM DBOBDUVBMMZCFBQQSPQSJBUFECZUIFDSPQ GPSFYBNQMF EVFUPTVSGBDFSVOPêPS QFSDPMBUJPO %BTUBOF  ɨFSFBSFWBSJPVTXBZTUPFTUJNBUFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM CBTFEPOUPUBMSBJOGBMM4NJUI  SFDPNNFOETUIF64%"4$4NFUIPE UIF NFUIPEPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG"HSJDVMUVSF 4PJM$POTFSWBUJPO 4FSWJDF ɨJTJTPOFPGUIFGPVSBMUFSOBUJWFNFUIPETUIBUUIFVTFSTPG$3018"5 DBODIPPTFGSPN ɨFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOU IR JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFODSPQ XBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUBOEFêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPOɨFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUJT[FSP JGFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMMJTMBSHFSUIBOUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUɨJTNFBOTIR =

NBY  CWR – Peff *UJTBTTVNFEUIBUUIFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFGVMMZNFU

(SFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JOPUIFSXPSET FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO Appendix I 133

PGSBJOGBMM DBOCFFRVBUFEXJUIUIFNJOJNVNPGUPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO

ETc BOEFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff #MVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JOPUIFS XPSET ëFMEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFS JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMDSPQ

FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPONJOVTFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff CVU[FSPXIFOFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM FYDFFETDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO

( ) ETgreen = min ETc , Peff  

(0, ) ETblue = max ETc – Peff  

"MMXBUFSìPXTBSFFYQSFTTFEJONNEBZPSJONNQFSQFSJPEPGTJNVMBUJPO FH UFOEBZT 

The ‘irrigation schedule option’ in the CROPWAT model

(SFFOBOECMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOEVSJOHDSPQHSPXUIDBOCFFTUJNBUFE XJUI'"0}T$3018"5NPEFM '"0 C ɨFNPEFMPêFSTUXPBMUFSOBUJWF PQUJPOTɨFAJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOJTNPSFBDDVSBUFBOEOPUNVDINPSF DPNQMFY UIBO UIF A$83 PQUJPO  BMMPXJOH UIF TQFDJëDBUJPO PG UIF BDUVBM JSSJHBUJPOPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEɨFNPEFMEPFTOPUXPSLXJUIUIFDPODFQU PGFêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPO BTJOUIFDBTFPGUIFA$83PQUJPO TFFBCPWF *OTUFBE  UIFNPEFMJODMVEFTBTPJMXBUFSCBMBODFXIJDILFFQTUSBDLPGUIFTPJMNPJTUVSF DPOUFOUPWFSUJNFVTJOHBEBJMZUJNFTUFQ'PSUIJTSFBTPO UIFNPEFMSFRVJSFT input data on soil type. The calculated evapotranspiration is called ETa UIF

BEKVTUFEDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO XIJDINBZCFTNBMMFSUIBOETcEVFUPOPO optimal conditions. ETa is calculated as the crop evapotranspiration under

PQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOT ETc UJNFTBXBUFSTUSFTT DPFïDJFOU Ks 

ETa = Ks × ETc = Ks × Kc × ETo  

ɨFTUSFTTDPFïDJFOUKs EFTDSJCFTUIFFêFDUPGXBUFSTUSFTTPODSPQUSBOTQJSBUJPO

'PSTPJMXBUFSMJNJUJOHDPOEJUJPOT KsXIFOUIFSFJTOPTPJMXBUFSTUSFTT Ks =

'PSUIFDSPQDPFïDJFOUKcUIFTBNFDBOCFTBJEBTXIBUIBTCFFOTBJEBMSFBEZ GPSUIFA$83PQUJPOBCPWF Rain-fed conditions can be simulated by the model by choosing to apply no

JSSJHBUJPO*OUIFSBJOGFETDFOBSJP UIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen  is equal to the total evapotranspiration as simulated by the model and the blue

XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JT[FSP 134 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Irrigated conditionsDBOCFTJNVMBUFECZTQFDJGZJOHIPXUIFDSPQJTJSSJHBUFE %JêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUJNJOHBOEBQQMJDBUJPOPQUJPOTDBOCFTFMFDUFEEFQFOEJOH POUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZɨFEFGBVMUPQUJPO AJSSJHBUFBUDSJUJDBMEFQMFUJPO BOEASFëMMTPJMUPëFMEDBQBDJUZ BTTVNFTAPQUJNBMJSSJHBUJPOXIFSFUIFJSSJHBUJPO JOUFSWBMTBSFBUBNBYJNVNXIJMFBWPJEJOHBOZDSPQTUSFTTɨFBWFSBHFJSSJHBUJPO application depth per irrigation period is related to the irrigation method QSBDUJTFE(FOFSBMMZ JOUIFDBTFPGIJHIGSFRVFODZJSSJHBUJPOTZTUFNT TVDIBT NJDSPJSSJHBUJPOBOEDFOUSFQJWPU BCPVUNNPSMFTTQFSXFUUJOHFWFOUBSF BQQMJFE*OUIFDBTFPGTVSGBDFPSTQSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO JSSJHBUJPOEFQUITPGNN PSNPSFBSFDPNNPO"GUFSSVOOJOHUIFNPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPO

PQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEJTFRVBM UPXIBUJTDBMMFEABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFS

FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTFRVBMUPUIFNJOJNVNPGAUPUBMOFUJSSJHBUJPOBOE ABDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUBTTQFDJëFEJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFHSFFOXBUFS

FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa NJOVT

UIFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue BTTJNVMBUFEJOUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDFOBSJP "MUFSOBUJWFMZ POF DBO SVO UXP TDFOBSJPT XJUI BOE XJUIPVU JSSJHBUJPO *OCPUITDFOBSJPTPOFTIPVMEUBLFUIFDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT TVDIBTSPPUJOH EFQUI BTUIFZBSFVOEFSDPOEJUJPOTPGJSSJHBUJPO CFDBVTFUIFTFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT NBZEJêFSDPOTJEFSBCMZGPSJSSJHBUFEBOESBJOGFEGBSNJOHɨFHSFFOXBUFS evapotranspiration under irrigation conditions can be estimated by assuming it to be equal to the total evapotranspiration as simulated in the scenario XJUIPVUJSSJHBUJPOɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPODBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTUIF UPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBTTJNVMBUFEJOUIFTDFOBSJPXJUIJSSJHBUJPONJOVTUIF FTUJNBUFEHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO /PUFUIBU PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEBTBXIPMF CMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO JTHFOFSBMMZMFTTUIBOUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOWPMVNFBQQMJFEɨFEJêFSFODFSFGFST UPJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSUIBUQFSDPMBUFTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSSVOTPêGSPNUIFëFME Appendix II

$BMDVMBUJOHUIF1SPDFTT8BUFS'PPUQSJOU PG(SPXJOHB$SPQ"O&YBNQMFGPS4VHBS #FFUJO7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO

ɨJTBQQFOEJYQSPWJEFTBOFYBNQMFPGIPXUPFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZ QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGHSPXJOHBDSPQ*UGPDVTFTPOUIFDBTFPGBTVHBSCFFU Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris QSPEVDUJPOJOBPOFIFDUBSFJSSJHBUFEDSPQëFMEJO 7BMMBEPMJE OPSUIDFOUSBM4QBJO 

Green and blue components of the process water footprint

'JSTU UIFHSFFOCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOIBTCFFOFTUJNBUFEVTJOHUIF $3018"5NPEFM "MMFOFUBM '"0 C ɨFSFBSFUXPEJêFSFOU XBZTUPEPUIJTVTJOHUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUPQUJPO BTTVNJOHPQUJNBM DPOEJUJPOT PSUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPO JODMVEJOHUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPTQFDJGZ BDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTVQQMZJOUJNF "DPNQSFIFOTJWFNBOVBMGPSUIFQSBDUJDBMVTF PGUIFQSPHSBNJTBWBJMBCMFPOMJOF '"0 C  *OCPUIDBTFT UIFDBMDVMBUJPOTIBWFCFFOEPOFVTJOHDMJNBUFEBUBGSPNUIF OFBSFTUBOENPTUSFQSFTFOUBUJWFNFUFPSPMPHJDBMTUBUJPOMPDBUFEJOUIFDSPQ QSPEVDJOHSFHJPO 'JHVSF** 8IFOQPTTJCMF DSPQEBUBXFSFPCUBJOFEGSPN MPDBMBHSJDVMUVSBMSFTFBSDITUBUJPOTɨFQMBOUJOHEBUFTBUQSPWJODJBMMFWFMXFSF PCUBJOFEGSPNUIF4QBOJTI.JOJTUSZPG"HSJDVMUVSF 'JTIFSJFTBOE'PPE ."1"    5BCMF** *OUIFUFNQFSBUFOPSUIPG4QBJO CFFUTBSFQMBOUFEJOUIF TQSJOHBOEIBSWFTUFEJOUIFBVUVNO*OXBSNFSTPVUIFSOBSFBT "OEBMVTJB  TVHBSCFFUTBSFBXJOUFSDSPQ QMBOUFEJOUIFBVUVNOBOEIBSWFTUFEJOUIFTQSJOH $SPQDPFïDJFOUTBOEDSPQMFOHUITBDDPSEJOHUPUIFUZQFPGSFHJPOBOEDMJNBUF XFSFUBLFOGSPNUIF6/T'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF0SHBOJ[BUJPO '"0  "MMFOFU BM  5BCMFTBOE %BUBPOSPPUJOHEFQUI DSJUJDBMEFQMFUJPOMFWFMBOE ZJFMESFTQPOTFGBDUPSXFSFPCUBJOFEGSPN'"0HMPCBMEBUBCBTFT '"0 C  #FTJEFT JOUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPO TPJMEBUBBSFSFRVJSFEUPFTUJNBUFUIF TPJMXBUFSCBMBODF4PJMJOGPSNBUJPOXBTBMTPPCUBJOFEGSPN'"0 C  136 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Figure II.1 $MJNBUFTUBUJPOJO7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO  EPUJOCMBDL BOETVHBSCFFU harvested area in Spain (unit: proportion of grid cell area)

4PVSDFPGTVHBSCFFUBSFB.POGSFEBFUBM 

Table II.1 Planting and harvesting dates and yield for sugar beet production in Valladolid (Spain)

Crop Planting date* Harvesting date* Yield (ton/ha)** 4VHBSCFFU "QSJM .BSDI"QSJM 4FQU 4FQU0DU  4PVSDF."1"  4PVSDF."3.  QFSJPEm

Crop water requirement option

ɨJTPQUJPOFTUJNBUFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFSPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOT XIJDI

NFBOTUIBUDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc FRVBMTUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU CWR 0QUJNBMNFBOTEJTFBTFGSFF XFMMGFSUJMJ[FEDSPQT HSPXOJOMBSHFëFMET  VOEFSPQUJNVNTPJMXBUFSDPOEJUJPOTBOEBDIJFWJOHGVMMQSPEVDUJPOVOEFSUIF HJWFODMJNBUJDDPOEJUJPOT "MMFOFUBM  ɨFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUPQUJPO

DBOCFSVOXJUIDMJNBUFBOEDSPQEBUBBMPOFETcJTFTUJNBUFEXJUIBUFOEBZUJNF TUFQBOEPWFSUIFUPUBMHSPXJOHTFBTPOVTJOHUIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM5PDBMDVMBUF UIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM UIFNFUIPEPGUIF4PJM$POTFSWBUJPO4FSWJDFPGUIF6OJUFE 4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG"HSJDVMUVSF 64%"4$4 XBTDIPTFOBTJUJTPOFPGUIF

NPTUXJEFMZVTFENFUIPETɨFNPEFMDBMDVMBUFTETcBTGPMMPXT Appendix II 137

Table II.2 Total green-blue water evapotranspiration based on the CWR output table of CROPWAT 8.0

Month Period Stage Kc ETc ETc Peff Irr. req. ETgreen ETblue – mm/day mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/ period period period period period "QS  Init        "QS  Init        "QS  Init        May  Init        May  Init        May  %FW        Jun  %FW        Jun  %FW        Jun  Mid        Jul  Mid        Jul  Mid        Jul  Mid        "VH  Mid        "VH  Late        "VH  Late        Sep  Late        Sep  Late        Sep  Late        0WFS      the total growing period

=× ETcc K ET o  

)FSF KcSFGFSTUPUIFDSPQDPFïDJFOU XIJDIJODPSQPSBUFTDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT

BOEBWFSBHFEFêFDUTPGFWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMEToSFQSFTFOUTUIFSFGFSFODF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO XIJDIFYQSFTTFTUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBIZQPUIFUJDBM HSBTTSFGFSFODFDSPQOPUTIPSUPGXBUFS

ɨFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFNJOJNVNPG

UPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc BOEFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff XJUIBUJNFTUFQ PGUFOEBZTɨFUPUBMHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTPCUBJOFECZTVNNJOH up ETgreenPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JT

FTUJNBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFUPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc BOE

UIFUPUBMFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff POBUFOEBZCBTJT8IFOUIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMMJT greater than the crop total crop evapotranspiration ETblueJTFRVBMUP[FSPɨF total blue XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTPCUBJOFECZBEEJOHETbluePWFSUIFXIPMF HSPXJOHQFSJPE 5BCMF**  138 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

( ) ETgreen = min ETc , Peff  

( ) ETblue = max  ETc - Peff  

Irrigation schedule option

*OUIFTFDPOEPQUJPOXFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFSCPUI PQUJNBMBOEOPOPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOTPWFSUIFUPUBMHSPXJOHTFBTPOVTJOHUIF EBJMZTPJMXBUFSCBMBODFBQQSPBDIɨFDBMDVMBUFEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTDBMMFE

ETa UIFBEKVTUFEDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOETa may be smaller than ETc due to OPOPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOTɨFXBUFSNPWFNFOUTJOUIFTPJM UIFXBUFSIPMEJOH DBQBDJUZPGUIFTPJMBOEUIFBCJMJUZPGUIFQMBOUTUPVTFUIFXBUFSDBOCFJOìVFODFE CZEJêFSFOUGBDUPST TVDIBTQIZTJDBMDPOEJUJPO GFSUJMJUZBOECJPMPHJDBMTUBUVTPG the soil. ETaJTDBMDVMBUFEVTJOHBXBUFSTUSFTT DPFïDJFOU Ks 

ETa = Ks × ETc = Ks × Kc × ETo  

Ks EFTDSJCFTUIFFêFDUPGXBUFSTUSFTTPODSPQUSBOTQJSBUJPO'PSTPJMXBUFSMJNJUJOH

DPOEJUJPOT KsXIFOUIFSFJTOPTPJMXBUFSTUSFTT Ks = 1. ɨFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOSFRVJSFTDMJNBUF DSPQBOETPJMEBUB5P

FTUJNBUFUIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JOSBJOGFEBHSJDVMUVSF  UIFAOPJSSJHBUJPO SBJOGFE DIPJDFJTTFMFDUFEXJUIJOUIFAPQUJPOTCVUUPOPO UIF5PPMCBS 5BCMF** 6OEFSUIJTTDFOBSJP UIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE

ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBTTJNVMBUFE XIJDIJTHJWFO VOEFSABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQBTTQFDJëFEJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFS

FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTPCWJPVTMZ[FSPJOUIJTDBTF 5PFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOJSSJHBUFEBHSJ DVMUVSF EJêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUJNJOHBOEBQQMJDBUJPOPQUJPOTDBOCFTFMFDUFE EFQFOEJOHPOUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZɨFEFGBVMUPQUJPO AJSSJHBUFBUDSJUJDBM EFQMFUJPOBOEASFëMMTPJMUPëFMEDBQBDJUZ BTTVNFTAPQUJNBMJSSJHBUJPOXIFSFUIF JSSJHBUJPOJOUFSWBMTBSFBUBNBYJNVNXIJMFBWPJEJOHBOZDSPQTUSFTTɨFBWFSBHF irrigation application depth per irrigation is related to the irrigation method QSBDUJTFE(FOFSBMMZ JOUIFDBTFPGIJHIGSFRVFODZJSSJHBUJPOTZTUFNT TVDIBT NJDSPJSSJHBUJPOBOEDFOUSFQJWPU BCPVUNNPSMFTTQFSXFUUJOHFWFOUBSF BQQMJFE*OUIFDBTFPGTVSGBDFPSTQSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO JSSJHBUJPOEFQUITBSFNN PSNPSF*OUIFTVHBSCFFUQSPEVDUJPOJO7BMMBEPMJE NNBSFBQQMJFEFWFSZ TFWFOEBZT 5BCMF** "GUFSSVOOJOHUIFNPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPO

PQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFEJTFRVBMUPETaPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE BTHJWFOJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVU ABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ "GUFSSVOOJOHUIF Appendix II 139

Table II.3 Irrigation schedule under the rain-fed scenario: Output table of CROPWAT 8.0

$301*33*("5*0/4$)&%6-&

&5PTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%$SPQ4VHBSCFFU1MBOUJOHEBUF 3BJOTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%4PJM.FEJVN MPBN )BSWFTUEBUF

:JFMESFE

Crop scheduling options Timing: No irrigation (rain-fed) "QQMJDBUJPOm 'JFMEFGG

5BCMFGPSNBU%BJMZTPJMNPJTUVSFCBMBODF

%BUF %BZ Stage Rain Ks &5a %FQM Net Irr %FàDJU Loss Gr. Irr Flow mm–mm mm mm mm mm MTIB

"QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init          "QS  Init          "QS  Init          … 4FQ  &OE          4FQ  &OE          4FQ &OE &OE    

Totals: Total gross irrigation  mm Total rainfall  mm Total net irrigation  mm &GGFDUJWFSBJOGBMM  mm Total irrigation losses  mm Total rain loss  mm "DUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ  mm .PJTUEFàDJUBUIBSWFTU  mm 1PUFOUJBMXBUFSVTFCZ  mm "DUVBMJSSJHBUJPO  mm crop requirement &GàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO –  &GàDJFODZSBJO   schedule %FàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO   schedule Yield reductions: 4UBHFMBCFM " # C % Season

3FEVDUJPOTJO&5c       Yield response factor      Yield reduction       Cumulative yield      reduction 140 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table II.4 Irrigation schedule under the irrigation scenario: Output table of CROPWAT 8.0

$301*33*("5*0/4$)&%6-&

&5PTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%$SPQ4VHBSCFFU1MBOUJOHEBUF 3BJOTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%4PJM.FEJVN MPBN )BSWFTUEBUF

:JFMESFE

Crop scheduling options 5JNJOH*SSJHBUFBUVTFSEFàOFEJOUFSWBMT "QQMJDBUJPO'JYFEBQQMJDBUJPOEFQUIPGNN 'JFMEFGG

5BCMFGPSNBU%BJMZTPJMNPJTUVSFCBMBODF

%BUF %BZ Stage Rain Ks &5a %FQM Net Irr %FàDJU Loss Gr. Irr Flow mm – mm  mm mm mm mm MTIB "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init          "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init  "QS  Init          "QS  Init          "QS  Init          … 4FQ  &OE          4FQ  &OE          4FQ &OE &OE 

Totals: Total gross irrigation  mm Total rainfall  mm Total net irrigation  mm &GGFDUJWFSBJOGBMM  mm Total irrigation losses  mm Total rain loss  mm

"DUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ  mm .PJTUEFàDJUBUIBSWFTU  mm 1PUFOUJBMXBUFSVTFCZ  mm "DUVBMJSSJHBUJPO  mm crop requirement

&GàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO   &GàDJFODZSBJO   schedule %FàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO   schedule

Yield reductions: 4UBHFMBCFM " # C % Season

3FEVDUJPOTJO&5c  Yield response factor      Yield reduction  Cumulative yield reduction   Appendix II 141

NPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPOPQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa  PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEJTFRVBMUPXIBUJTDBMMFEABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQJOUIF

NPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTFRVBMUPUIFNJOJNVN PGAUPUBMOFUJSSJHBUJPOBOEABDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUBTTQFDJëFEJOUIF

NPEFMPVUQVUɨFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBM

XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa NJOVTUIFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue BT simulated in the irrigation scenario. *O CPUI PQUJPOT $83 BOE JSSJHBUJPO TDIFEVMF  UIF FTUJNBUFE DSPQ evapotranspiration in mm is converted to mIBBQQMZJOHUIFGBDUPSɨF  HSFFODPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDSPQ WFproc,green N   UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJODSPQXBUFSVTF CWUgreen N IB   divided by the crop yield Y UPOIB ɨFCMVFDPNQPOFOU WFproc,blue N UPO JT DBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ CWU WF = green    proc, green Y

CWU WF = blue    proc, blue Y ɨFPVUDPNFPGCPUIPQUJPOTJTHJWFOJO5BCMF**ɨFSFTVMUTBSFTJNJMBSXJUI respect to the total ETBOEUIFSFTVMUBOUUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CVURVJUFEJêFSFOU XJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSBUJPCMVFHSFFO ɨFDBMDVMBUJPOTBCPWFSFGFSUPUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIFëFMEXFIBWF OPUZFUBDDPVOUFEGPSUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFIBSWFTUFE DSPQɨFXBUFSGSBDUJPOPGTVHBSCFFUJTJOUIFSBOHFPGoQFSDFOU XIJDI NFBOTUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGTVHBSCFFUJToNUPOJGXFMPPLBU JODPSQPSBUFEXBUFSBMPOFɨJTJTMFTTUIBOQFSDFOUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU SFMBUFEUPFWBQPSBUFEXBUFS

Table II.5 Calculation of the green and blue components of the process water footprint (m3/ton) for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain) using the CWR-option and irrigation schedule option for a medium soil

$3018"5 ETgreen ETblue ETa CWUgreen CWUblue CWUtot Y* WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc option NNHSPXJOHQFSJPE mIB UPOIB mUPO Crop water           requirement option Irrigation           schedule option

4PVSDF."3.  QFSJPEm 142 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table II.6 Calculation of the grey component of the process water footprint (m3/ton) for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain)

Average Area Total Nitrogen max. Total Production** WFproc,grey fertilizer fertilizer leaching or conc. WFproc,grey sugar beet application applied running off to sugar beet rate* water bodies 10% LHIB ha UPOZFBS UPOZFBS NHM  mZFBS ton mUPO         4PVSDF'FSUJ4UBU '"0 D 4PVSDF."3.  QFSJPEm

Grey component in the process water footprint

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$BMDVMBUJOHUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU PGB1SPEVDU&YBNQMFGPS3FëOFE 4VHBSGSPN7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO

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SUGAR BEET

5.4% Dry beet pulp

4.7% Molasses

14% Raw centrifugal beet sugar

Sugar refined

Figure III.1 4QBOJTISFàOFETVHBSQSPEVDUJPO GSPNTVHBSCFFU EJBHSBN including product fractions

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⎛⎞y WF[] i =+⎜⎟∑ prod × WFprod[] p⎜⎟ WF proc [] p f v [] p    ⎝⎠i=1 fpip[,]

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CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUTVHBSCFFU WFprod QSPEVDFEJO7BMMBEPMJE  BNPVOUTUPBCPVUN UPO "QQFOEJY** ɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPO fp JOMJOF

XJUIUIFTVHBSQSPEVDUJPOEJBHSBNJTUPOUPO"OEUIFWBMVFGSBDUJPO fv

 BNPVOUTUPBCPVU6464DBMDVMBUFEBTGPMMPXT × = price[] p w [] p fpv [] z    ∑ ()price[] p× w [] p p=1

pricerawcentr.. beetsugarr weight rawcentr beetsugar fpv ;= pricedrybeetpulpr w drybeetpulp price molasses r w molasses price rawcentr.. beetsugar r w rawcentr beetsugar

 

"MMJOBMMUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSBXDFOUSJGVHBMCFFUTVHBSBEETVQUPN ton. 4FDPOE UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSFëOFETVHBSJTDBMDVMBUFE)FSFBHBJOUIF

QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WFproc

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fp JOMJOFXJUIUIFTVHBSQSPEVDUJPOEJBHSBNJTUPOUPOBOEUIFWBMVF 146 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Table III.1 Green, blue and grey water footprint for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain) (m3/ton)

Process water footprint of sugar beet crop Product water footprint of refined sugar (m3/ton) (m3/ton)

WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc,grey WFtotal WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc,grey WFtotal        

GSBDUJPO fv

JT6464TJODFUIFSFJTKVTUPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU'JOBMMZUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSFëOFETVHBSQSPEVDFEJO7BMMBEPMJEJTNUPOɨF HSFFOBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFDBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ 5BCMF***  Appendix IV

&YBNQMFTPG(SFZ8BUFS 'PPUQSJOU$BMDVMBUJPOT

Example 1: Grey water footprint from point source pollution

$POTJEFSBXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTTBTEFQJDUFECFMPXɨFBCTUSBDUJPOJTNT UIFFðVFOUJTNT BCJUTNBMMFSUIBOUIFBCTUSBDUJPOCFDBVTFTPNFPG UIFXBUFSUIBUXBTBCTUSBDUFEFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHUIFQSPDFTT TPUIBUJUJTOPU SFUVSOFEUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZɨFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBM  JOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ cnat JTHN CVUUIFBDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPO cact BUUIF QPJOUPGBCTUSBDUJPOJTBMSFBEZHN EVFUPQPMMVUJOHBDUJWJUJFTVQTUSFBNɨF  DPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU ceffl JTHN . The maximum  BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ cmax JTHN ɨF BEEJUJPOBM  MPBEPGUIJTQSPDFTTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZJTFRVBMUP¨o¨ HTɨFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT o NT

3 Abstr = 0.10 m /s Effl = 0.09 m3/s

3 Cact = 1 g/m 3 ceffl = 15 g/m Process

Freshwater body

*OUIJTFYBNQMF UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOUJTMBSHFSUIBOUIFNBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ"TNBSUQSPDFTTNBOBHFS XIP IPXFWFSEPFTOUSFBMMZVOEFSTUBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUT EFDJEFTUPBCTUSBDU NPSFXBUFSJOPSEFSUPCFBCMFUPEJMVUFUIFFðVFOUTVDIUIBUUIFDPODFOUSBUJPO JOUIFFðVFOUCFDPNFTFRVBMUPUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOɨF WPMVNFPGBCTUSBDUJPOJTJODSFBTFEGSPNUPNTɨFFðVFOUWPMVNF 148 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

CFDPNFTNT CFDBVTFUIFFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTJOUIFQSPDFTTSFNBJOTUIF TBNFɨFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOUJTOPXEJMVUFEUPBMFWFM PGHNɨF BEEJUJPOBM MPBEPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZSFNBJOTUIFTBNFBT CFGPSF¨o¨HTɨFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVT SFNBJOTUIFTBNFBTXFMM o NT*UBQQFBSTUIBUXIBUUIF QSPDFTTNBOBHFSIBTEPOFMPPLTOJDFoCFDBVTFUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOU IBTCFFOSFEVDFEUPABDDFQUBCMFMFWFMoCVUUIBUGPSUIFSFDFJWJOHGSFTIXBUFSJU NBLFTOPEJêFSFODFoCFDBVTFUIFMPBEBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFNBJOUIF same. 'JOBMMZ JUJTEFDJEFEUPTUPQUIFJOUBLFPGBEEJUJPOBMXBUFSBHBJO TPUIBU abstraction is 0.10 mTBHBJO*OTUFBE POFUSFBUTUIFXBTUFXBUFSCFGPSFJUJT EJTQPTFEJOUPUIFFOWJSPONFOU%VSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOU BMBSHFGSBDUJPOPGUIF DIFNJDBMTJTSFNPWFEGSPNUIFFðVFOUɨFUSFBUNFOUJTEFTJHOFETVDIUIBU UIFSFJTOPFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTEVSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOU TPUIBUUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF SFNBJOTNT)PXFWFS UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU   ceffl JTSFEVDFEGSPNHN EPXOUPHN ɨF BEEJUJPOBM MPBEPGUIF QSPDFTTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZJTOPXFRVBMUP¨o¨HTɨF BTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT o NT"MUIPVHIUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOUJTCFMPXUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMF DPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ POFDBOTFFUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTOPU[FSPɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOUJTTUJMMCFZPOEUIF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ TPUIBUUIFQSPDFTTTUJMMQVUTTPNFDMBJN POUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ

Example 2: Calculating the water pollution level at different scales

$POTJEFSBDBUDINFOUUIBUDBOCFTVCEJWJEFEJOUPUISFFTVCDBUDINFOUTBT TDIFNBUJ[FEJOUIFQJDUVSFCFMPXɨFSFBSFUXPVQTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOUTUIBU ESBJOJOUPBUIJSE EPXOTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOU*OFBDITVCDBUDINFOUUIFSFJT BUPUBMMPBEPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBMPGLHJOBDFSUBJONPOUI8JUIBOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOPG[FSPBOEBNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIJTDIFNJDBM PGLHN UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOFBDITVCDBUDINFOUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFE BT o NJMMJPONJOUIFNPOUIVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPO*OUIBU NPOUI SVOPêGSPNTVCDBUDINFOUBNPVOUTUPNJMMJPON SVOPêGSPNTVC catchment 2 is 0.2 million mBOESVOPêGSPNTVCDBUDINFOUJTNJMMJPO m1SFTVNJOHUIBUUIFSFTJEFODFUJNFPGUIFXBUFSJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTMPX UIF UPUBMSVOPêGSPNUIFDBUDINFOUJOUIFNPOUIDPOTJEFSFEJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPG UIFSVOPêWPMVNFTGSPNUIFUISFFTVCDBUDINFOUT JFNJMMJPON0OFDBO DBMDVMBUFBAXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMQFSTVCDBUDINFOUGPSUIFNPOUIDPOTJEFSFE Appendix IV 149

Total catchment Sub-catchment 1 Load = 6000 kg/month Load = 2000 kg/month Grey water footprint = 0.6 million m3/month 3 Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m /month Run-off = 2 million m3/month 3 Run-off = 1 million m /month Water pollution level = 0.3 Water pollution level = 0.2

Sub-catchment 2 Sub-catchment 3 Load = 2000 kg/month Load = 2000 kg/month Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m3/month Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m3/month Run-off = 0.2 million m3/month Run-off = 0.8 million m3/month Water pollution level = 1 Water pollution level = 0.25

CZUBLJOHUIFSBUJPPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPUIFSVOPêɨFSFTVMUTBSF TIPXOJOUIFQJDUVSFCFMPX*OTVCDBUDINFOUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJT  XIJDINFBOTUIBUUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJOUIJTTVCDBUDINFOUIBTCFFO GVMMZDPOTVNFEɨJTJTOPUUIFDBTFJOUIFPUIFSUXPTVCDBUDINFOUT8IFO MPPLJOHBUUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMF POFBSSJWFTBUBXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPG ɨJTJMMVTUSBUFTUIFGBDUUIBU XIFOQPMMVUJPOJTVOFRVBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEXJUIJO BDBUDINFOU UIFIPUTQPUTCFDPNFWJTJCMFPOMZXIFOUIFSFTPMVUJPOMFWFMPGUIF BOBMZTJTJTTVïDJFOUMZIJHI ɨJTFYBNQMFDBOBMTPCFVTFEUPFYQMBJOXIZHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSF NFBTVSFECBTFEPOUIF IVNBOJOEVDFE MPBETUIBUFOUFSJOUPGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFT  BOEOPUPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFMPBETUIBUDBOëOBMMZCFNFBTVSFEEPXOTUSFBNJOUIF SJWFSBUUIFQPJOUXIFSFJUMFBWFTUIFDBUDINFOU4VQQPTFUIBUUIFMPBEBEEFEJO TVCDBUDINFOU POUIFXBZUISPVHITVCDBUDINFOUTBOE JTQBSUMZCSPLFO EPXOVOEFSJOìVFODFPGCJPDIFNJDBMQSPDFTTFTJOUIFSJWFS TPUIBUPOMZQFS DFOUPGUIFPSJHJOBMMPBEëOBMMZMFBWFTTVCDBUDINFOU"TTVNFUIBUUIFTBNF IPMETGPSUIFMPBEUIBUXBTEJTQPTFEJOUPUIFXBUFSJOTVCDBUDINFOU'JOBMMZ  BTTVNFUIBUQFSDFOUPGUIFMPBECSPVHIUJOUPTVCDBUDINFOUëOBMMZMFBWFT UIBUTVCDBUDINFOUɨFOXFDBODBMDVMBUFUIBUUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEJOUIFSJWFSBU UIFNPTUEPXOTUSFBNQPJOUBNPVOUTUPLHɨJTJTMFTTUIBOUIFLH UIBUXBTPSJHJOBMMZBEEFEUPUIFXBUFSTPGUIFDBUDINFOU EJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIF DBUDINFOU$BMDVMBUJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPO UIFCBTJTPGEPXOTUSFBNMPBETJOTUFBEPGMPBETBTUIFZFOUFSUIFTZTUFNHJWFTB GBMTFJNQSFTTJPOPGUIFTJUVBUJPOɨJTCFDPNFTNPTUDMFBSJGXFTMJHIUMZDIBOHF UIFBCPWFFYBNQMF"TTVNFOPXUIBUUIFMPBETJOTVCDBUDINFOUTBNPVOU UP BOELHNPOUI SFTQFDUJWFMZɨJTNFBOTUIBUXFDBMDVMBUFB XBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPGGPSFBDITVCDBUDINFOU*GUIBUJTUIFDBTFGPSFBDITVC DBUDINFOU UIFOUIJTNVTUBMTPCFUIFDBTFGPSUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMF8IFO  IPXFWFS POFXPVMEMPPLBUUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEBUUIFPVUMFUPGTVCDBUDINFOU  150 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

UIFOPOFëOETBMPBEPG¨    ¨LHNPOUI*G XFBTTFTTUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJOUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMFPOUIFCBTJTPG UIFMPBEJOUIFPVUMFU POFDBMDVMBUFTBNJTMFBEJOHPWFSBMMQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPG Appendix V

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WAblue JTUIVTEFëOFEBT

WAblue = Rnat – EFR  

ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WFblue JOBDBUDINFOUOFFETUPCFDPNQBSFEUP

WAblue. When WFblue approaches or exceeds WAblueUIFSFJTBSFBTPOGPSDPODFSO ɨFOBUVSBMSVOPêDBOCFFTUJNBUFEBTUIFBDUVBMSVOPêQMVTUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOU8FLOPXSVOPêGPSNBOZDBUDINFOUTJOUIFXPSMEBOEJGOP FNQJSJDBMEBUBBSFBWBJMBCMFXFIBWFNPEFMFTUJNBUFTɨFUJNFSFTPMVUJPOJT TPNFUJNFTEBJMZ CVUBUMFBTUXFHFOFSBMMZLOPXSVOPêPOBNPOUIMZCBTJT 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBIBWFTPGBSNPTUMZCFFOQSFTFOUFEPOBOBOOVBMCBTJT CVU CFIJOEUIPTFFTUJNBUFTJTBMXBZTJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUJUTDPVSTFPWFSUJNF CFDBVTF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBMDVMBUJPOTBSFCBTFEPOJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSVTFDBMDVMBUJPOTXJUIB

UJNFTUFQPGUPEBZT$PNQBSJOHWFblue to WAblue can be done on an annual CBTJT CVUUIBUJTWFSZDSVEFBOEJOTFOTJUJWFUPXIBUBDUVBMMZIBQQFOTUISPVHIPVU UIFZFBS TPJUJTCFUUFSUPNBLFUIJTDPNQBSJTPOPO GPSFYBNQMF BNPOUIMZCBTJT ɨFSFJTTVïDJFOUMJUFSBUVSFUPDPODMVEFUIBUFTUBCMJTIJOHEFR in a particular DBUDINFOUXJMMBMXBZTCFBOFMBCPSBUFKPC*UJTUFNQUJOHUPIBWFBTJNQMF HFOFSJD  easily applicable standard on estimating EFR TPUIBUPOFDBOFBTJMZBTTFTTUIF 152 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

FOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSCJUSBSZDBUDINFOUJO UIFXPSMEɨFCSPBEMJUFSBUVSFPOFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTQSPWJEFT NBOZVTFGVMNFUIPET HVJEFMJOFTBOEFYBNQMFT CVUUIFSFJTPOMZPOFXPSMEXJEF TUVEZPOFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTCBTFEPOBTJNQMFSVMFBOESFBEJMZ BWBJMBCMFEBUBUIFTUVEZCZ4NBLIUJOFUBM  ɨFHPPEUIJOHBCPVUUIJT TUVEZJTUIBUJUPêFSTXIBUNBOZQSBDUJUJPOFSTXBOU FBTZNFUIPE DMFBSOVNCFST  XPSMEDPWFSBHF UIF4NBLIUJONBQGSFRVFOUMZGFBUVSFTJOCVTJOFTTSFQPSUTBOE QSFTFOUBUJPOTɨFEPXOTJEFJTUIBUUIFNFUIPEHJWFTBOOVBMJOTUFBEPGNPOUIMZ WBMVFTGPSEFRBOEUIBUNBOZFYQFSUTEPOPUBHSFFXJUIUIFDBMDVMBUJPOSVMFT  parameters used and the resultant EFR estimates. According to Arthington et BM  UIF4NBLIUJONFUIPEHSFBUMZVOEFSFTUJNBUFTFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX requirements. 'PSQSBDUJDBMQVSQPTFTJUJTQSPQPTFEIFSFUPXPSLUPXBSETBTJNQMF CBTFEPO SFBEJMZBWBJMBCMFEBUB BOEHFOFSJD XPSMEXJEFBQQMJDBCMF NFUIPEUPFTUBCMJTI FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSDBUDINFOUTXJUIBMPXUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPO CVUIJHIFOPVHIUPDBQUVSFUIFNBJOWBSJBUJPOTXJUIJOBZFBSɨFFTUJNBUFT PCUBJOFEXJUIUIJTNFUIPEDBOGVODUJPOBTEFGBVMUEFRFTUJNBUFTJODBTFTXIFSF NPSFBEWBODFEFTUJNBUFTBSFOPUZFUBWBJMBCMF*UTIPVMECFTUSFTTFEUIBUUIF TJNQMFHFOFSJDNFUIPEXPVMEHJWFëSTUFTUJNBUFTPOMZ UPCFSFQMBDFECZCFUUFS FTUJNBUFTXIFOQPTTJCMF'PSUIBUQVSQPTFPOFDPVMESFMZ GPSFYBNQMF POUIF &-0)" GSBNFXPSL GPS FTUBCMJTIJOH FOWJSPONFOUBM ìPX SFRVJSFNFOUT BO BEWBODFEGSBNFXPSLCFJOHQSPQPTFECZTPNFPGXPSMETUPQFYQFSUTJOUIJTëFME 1PêFUBM  ɨJTNFUIPEJTNPOFZBOEMBCPVSJOUFOTJWF TPJUXJMMUBLF BUMFBTUTFWFSBMZFBSTCFGPSFXFXJMMIBWFBXPSMEXJEFDPWFSBHFPGEFR estimates based on this approach. 'PS UIF UJNF CFJOH  UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNQMF HFOFSJD SVMF GPS FTUBCMJTIJOH FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJTQSPQPTFE

 'PSFBDINPOUIPGUIFZFBS UIFNFBONPOUIMZSVOPêJOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJ UJPOJTJOBSBOHFœQFSDFOUPGUIFNFBONPOUIMZìPXBTXPVMEIBQQFO VOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPO BOE  'PSFBDINPOUIPGUIFZFBS UIFNFBONPOUIMZCBTFìPXJTJOBSBOHFœQFS DFOUPGUIFNFBONPOUIMZCBTFìPXBTXPVMEIBQQFOVOEFSVOEFWFMPQFE condition.

.FBONPOUIMZìPXTBSFPGUFOBWBJMBCMFUISPVHISJWFSìPXNFBTVSFNFOUT BOEJG OPUXFDBOVTFNPEFMFTUJNBUFTɨFUFSNACBTFìPXSFGFSTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFS DPOUSJCVUJPOUPBSJWFS XIJDIDBOCFFTUJNBUFECBTFEPOGPSJOTUBODFBZFBS SJWFSìPXSFDPSE *OPSEFSUPDSFBUFNPSFEFUBJMJUJTQSPQPTFEUPEJTUJOHVJTIAMFWFMTPGSJWFSCBTJO NPEJëDBUJPO3FGFSSJOHUPUIFEFWJBUJPO Lj PGUIFNFBONPOUIMZìPXTVOEFS Appendix V 153

EFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOTUPUIPTFVOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOT UIFGPMMPXJOH TDIFNFDBOCFVTFE

Ljœ VONPEJëFEPSTMJHIUMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT" œLjœ NPEFSBUFMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT# œLjœ TJHOJëDBOUMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT$ Lj œ TFSJPVTMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT%

5PEBZ IPXNBOZCBTJOTXJMMGBMMJOUIFGPVSDBUFHPSJFT"UP% ɨFNBKPSJUZPG OPOEBNSFHVMBUFESJWFSTXJMMGBMMJOTUBUVT"ɨFEBNSFHVMBUFESJWFSTXJMMGBMM JODBUFHPSJFT#%ɨFQFSDFOUSVMFJTSFHBSEFEBTBAQSFDBVUJPOBSZEFGBVMU EFRɨFBCPWFCPVOEBSJFTDBOCFDBMMFEAUISFTIPMETGPSQPUFOUJBMDPODFSO ɨJTUFSNJOPMPHZCFUUFSSFìFDUTUIFGBDUUIBUUIFBCPWFCPVOEBSJFTBSFJOEJDBUJWF rather than decisive. ɨFBQQSPQSJBUFTQBUJBMTDBMFGPSFTUBCMJTIJOHEFR is the catchment level. EFR BUSJWFSCBTJOMFWFMDBOCFEFSJWFEBTUIFTVNPGEFRWBMVFTPGUIFDBUDINFOUT that together constitute the river basin. Given that EFR can best be expressed BUDBUDINFOUMFWFM JEFBMMZUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTQFDJëFEBUUIBUEFUBJMBTXFMM *EFBMMZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTEPOFJOBTQBUJBMFYQMJDJUXBZVTJOHB HFPHSBQIJDJOGPSNBUJPOTZTUFN (*4 TPJOUIBUDBTFPOFDBOBMXBZTMPDBMJ[FUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSBUIFSQSFDJTF ɨFMPDBMJNQBDUPGBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBSJWFSDBOCFRVBOUJëFECZ DPVOUJOHUIF BWFSBHF OVNCFSPGNPOUITJOBZFBSUIBUUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX SFRVJSFNFOUTJOUIFSJWFSBSFOPUNFUBOECZDPOTJEFSJOHUIFEFHSFFUPXIJDI UIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFWJPMBUFE*UJTOPUTBJEUIBUUIFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFEJTGVMMZSFTQPOTJCMFGPSUIFWJPMBUJPO PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT CFDBVTFJUJTUIFTVNPGUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGBMMBDUJWJUJFTUIBUSFTVMUTJOWJPMBUJPOɨFSFGPSFPOFDBOBMTPMPPLBU UIFSFMBUJWFDPOUSJCVUJPOPGUIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFE ɨFBCPWFTJNQMFNFUIPEJTCBTFEPOJOJUJBMUIPVHIUTGSPNTPNFXBUFS SFTPVSDFFYQFSUT QFSTPOBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOCFUXFFO+BZ0,FFêF 6/&4$0 *)&#SJBO3JDIUFS 5/$4UVBSU0SS 88'"SKFO)PFLTUSB 6OJWFSTJUZPG 5XFOUF 8FOFFEBHSFFNFOUBNPOHBOETVQQPSUGSPNUIFCSPBEDPNNVOJUZPG EFRFYQFSUTPOUIJTTJNQMFHFOFSJDNFUIPE CFDBVTFVOEPVCUFEMZUIFNFUIPE XJMMCFDSJUJDJ[FE XIJDIJTVOEFSTUBOEBCMFHJWFOCPUIUIFEJWFSTFJOUFSFTUT FOWJSPONFOUWFSTVTXBUFSVTFST BOEUIFTDJFOUJëDEJïDVMUZUPUSBOTMBUFUIF BDUVBMDPNQMFYJUZUPXBSETTJNQMFSVMFT)PXFWFS QPTTJCMFDSJUJDJTNIBTOPU XJUIIPMEFYQFSUTGSPNTFUUJOHTJNQMFUPYJDJUZBOEXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET  TPXIZXPVMEJUXJUIIPMEVTGSPNFTUBCMJTIJOHEFRTUBOEBSET 2VBOUJGZJOH FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJTFTTFOUJBMUPCFBCMFUPMFUUIFNDPVOUJO BTTFTTJOHUIFJNQBDUTPGCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO

Appendix VI

'SFRVFOUMZ"TLFE2VFTUJPOT

Practical questions

1. Why should we bother about our water footprint? 'SFTIXBUFSJTBTDBSDFSFTPVSDFJUTBOOVBMBWBJMBCJMJUZJTMJNJUFEBOEEFNBOEJT HSPXJOHɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZIBTFYDFFEFETVTUBJOBCMFMFWFMTJO TFWFSBMQMBDFTBOEJTVOFRVBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEBNPOHQFPQMF(PPEJOGPSNBUJPO SFHBSEJOH XBUFS GPPUQSJOUT PG DPNNVOJUJFT BOE CVTJOFTTFT XJMM IFMQ VT UP VOEFSTUBOEIPXXFDBOBDIJFWFBNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFVTFPGGSFTI XBUFSɨFSFBSFNBOZTQPUTJOUIFXPSMEXIFSFTFSJPVTXBUFSEFQMFUJPOPS QPMMVUJPOUBLFTQMBDFSJWFSTSVOOJOHESZ ESPQQJOHMBLFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMT BOEFOEBOHFSFETQFDJFTSFTVMUJOHGSPNDPOUBNJOBUFEXBUFSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU IFMQTUPTIPXUIFMJOLUIBUFYJTUTCFUXFFOPVSEBJMZDPOTVNQUJPOPGHPPET BOEUIFQSPCMFNTPGXBUFSEFQMFUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUFYJTUFMTFXIFSF JOUIF SFHJPOTXIFSFPVSHPPETBSFQSPEVDFE/FBSMZFWFSZQSPEVDUIBTBTNBMMFSPS MBSHFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDIJTPGJOUFSFTUGPSCPUIUIFDPOTVNFSTUIBUCVZUIPTF QSPEVDUTBOEUIFCVTJOFTTFTUIBUQSPEVDF QSPDFTT USBEFPSTFMMUIPTFQSPEVDUTJO TPNFTUBHFPGUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJO

2. Why should my business bother about its water footprint? 'JSTUPGBMM FOWJSPONFOUBMBXBSFOFTTBOETUSBUFHZJTPGUFOQBSUPGXIBUBCVTJOFTT SFHBSETBTJUTADPSQPSBUFTPDJBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ3FEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOCFQBSUPGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMTUSBUFHZPGBCVTJOFTT KVTUMJLFSFEVDJOHUIF DBSCPOGPPUQSJOU4FDPOE NBOZCVTJOFTTFTBDUVBMMZGBDFTFSJPVTSJTLTSFMBUFE UPGSFTIXBUFSTIPSUBHFJOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOTPSTVQQMZDIBJO8IBUJTBCSFXFSZ XJUIPVUBTFDVSFXBUFSTVQQMZPSIPXDBOBDPNQBOZUIBUNBLFTKFBOTTVSWJWF XJUIPVUDPOUJOVFETVQQMZPGXBUFSUPUIFDPUUPOëFMET "UIJSESFBTPOUPEP XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBOEGPSNVMBUFNFBTVSFTUPSFEVDFUIFDPSQPSBUF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPBOUJDJQBUFSFHVMBUPSZDPOUSPMCZHPWFSONFOUT*OUIF 156 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

DVSSFOUTUBHF JUJTOPUTPDMFBSIPXHPWFSONFOUTXJMMSFTQPOE CVUPCWJPVTMZ SFHVMBUJPOTJOTPNFTFDUPSTPGCVTJOFTTNBZCFFYQFDUFE'JOBMMZ TPNFCVTJOFTTFT TFFBDPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUSBUFHZBMTPBTBOJOTUSVNFOUUPSFJOGPSDFUIF corporate image or to strengthen the brand name.

3. What can consumers do to reduce their water footprint? $POTVNFSTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSdirect XBUFSGPPUQSJOU IPNFXBUFSVTF CZJOTUBMMJOH XBUFSTBWJOHUPJMFUT BQQMZJOHBXBUFSTBWJOHTIPXFSIFBE UVSOJOHPêUIFUBQ EVSJOHUFFUICSVTIJOH VTJOHMFTTXBUFSJOUIFHBSEFOBOECZOPUEJTQPTJOHPG NFEJDJOFT QBJOUTPSPUIFSQPMMVUBOUTEPXOUIFTJOLɨFindirectXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBDPOTVNFSJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFEJSFDUPOF"DPOTVNFSIBT CBTJDBMMZUXPPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFIJTIFSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU0OFPQUJPOJTUP TVCTUJUVUFBDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZBEJêFSFOUUZQF PGQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBTNBMMFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU&YBNQMFTJODMVEFFBUJOHMFTTNFBU PSCFDPNJOHWFHFUBSJBO ESJOLJOHUFBJOTUFBEPGDPêFFPS FWFOCFUUFS ESJOLJOH QMBJOXBUFS/PUXFBSJOHDPUUPOCVUDMPUIFTNBEFGSPNBSUJëDJBMëCSFTXPVME TBWFBMPUPGXBUFS#VUUIJTBQQSPBDIIBTMJNJUBUJPOT CFDBVTFNBOZQFPQMFEP OPUFBTJMZTIJGUGSPNFBUJOHNFBUUPCFJOHWFHFUBSJBOBOEQFPQMFMJLFUIFJSDPêFF BOEDPUUPO"TFDPOEPQUJPOJTUPTUJDLUPUIFTBNFDPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOCVUUP TFMFDUUIFDPUUPO CFFGPSDPêFFUIBUIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMPXXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIBU IBTJUTGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBUIBUEPFTOPUIBWFIJHIXBUFSTDBSDJUZɨJTSFRVJSFT  IPXFWFS UIBUDPOTVNFSTIBWFUIFQSPQFSJOGPSNBUJPOUPNBLFUIBUDIPJDF4JODF UIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTHFOFSBMMZOPUBWBJMBCMFJOUIFXPSMEPGUPEBZ BOJNQPSUBOU UIJOHDPOTVNFSTDBOEPOPXJTBTLGPSQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZGSPNCVTJOFTTFT BOESFHVMBUJPOGSPNHPWFSONFOUT8IFOJOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFJNQBDUT PGBDFSUBJOBSUJDMFPOUIFXBUFSTZTUFN DPOTVNFSTDBONBLFDPOTDJPVTDIPJDFT BCPVUXIBUUIFZCVZ

4. What can businesses do to reduce their water footprint? #VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSoperationalXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZTBWJOHXBUFSJOUIFJS PXOPQFSBUJPOTBOECSJOHJOHXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUP[FSP,FZXPSETBSFBWPJE  SFEVDF SFDZDMFBOEUSFBUCFGPSFEJTQPTBM'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT IPXFWFS UIFsupply chainXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFPQFSBUJPOBMGPPUQSJOU*UJTUIFSFGPSF DSVDJBMUIBUCVTJOFTTFTBEESFTTUIBUBTXFMM"DIJFWJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIF TVQQMZDIBJONBZCFNPSFEJïDVMUoCFDBVTFOPUVOEFSEJSFDUDPOUSPMoCVUUIFZ NBZCFNPSFFêFDUJWF#VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CZNBLJOHTVQQMZBHSFFNFOUTXJUIDFSUBJOTUBOEBSETXJUIUIFJSTVQQMJFSTPSCZ TJNQMZDIBOHJOHUPBOPUIFSTVQQMJFS*ONBOZDBTFTJUQSPCBCMZNFBOTRVJUF TPNFUIJOH CFDBVTFUIFXIPMFCVTJOFTTNPEFMNBZOFFEUPCFUSBOTGPSNFEJO Appendix VI 157

PSEFSUPJODPSQPSBUFPSCFUUFSDPOUSPMTVQQMZDIBJOTBOEUPNBLFTVQQMZDIBJOT GVMMZUSBOTQBSFOUUPDPOTVNFST"NPOHUIFWBSJPVTBMUFSOBUJWFPSTVQQMFNFOUBSZ UPPMTUIBUDBOIFMQJNQSPWJOHUSBOTQBSFODZBSFTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUT CFODINBSLJOH QSPEVDUMBCFMMJOH DFSUJëDBUJPOBOE XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOH

5. Why should governments make national water footprint accounts? 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ DPVOUSJFTGPSNVMBUFOBUJPOBMXBUFSQMBOTCZMPPLJOHBUIPXUPTBUJTGZ XBUFSVTFST&WFOUIPVHIDPVOUSJFTOPXBEBZTDPOTJEFSPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFXBUFS EFNBOEJOBEEJUJPOUPPQUJPOTUPJODSFBTFTVQQMZ UIFZHFOFSBMMZEPOPUJODMVEF UIFHMPCBMEJNFOTJPOPGXBUFSNBOBHFNFOU*OUIJTXBZUIFZEPOPUFYQMJDJUMZ DPOTJEFSPQUJPOTUPTBWFXBUFSUISPVHIJNQPSUPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUT*O BEEJUJPO CZMPPLJOHPOMZBUXBUFSVTFJOUIFJSPXODPVOUSZ NPTUHPWFSONFOUT IBWFBCMJOETQPUUPUIFJTTVFPGTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO"T BNBUUFSPGGBDU NBOZDPVOUSJFTIBWFTJHOJëDBOUMZFYUFSOBMJ[FEUIFJSXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIPVUMPPLJOHBUXIFUIFSUIFJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUTBSFSFMBUFEUPXBUFS depletion or pollution in the producing countries. Governments can and should FOHBHFXJUIDPOTVNFSTBOECVTJOFTTFTUPXPSLUPXBSETTVTUBJOBCMFDPOTVNFS QSPEVDUT/BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTIPVMECFBTUBOEBSEDPNQPOFOU JOOBUJPOBMXBUFSTUBUJTUJDTBOEQSPWJEFBCBTJTUPGPSNVMBUFBOBUJPOBMXBUFS QMBOBOESJWFSCBTJOQMBOTUIBUBSFDPIFSFOUXJUIOBUJPOBMQPMJDJFTXJUISFTQFDU UPUIFFOWJSPONFOU BHSJDVMUVSF JOEVTUSZ FOFSHZ USBEF GPSFJHOBêBJSTBOE international cooperation.

6. When is my water footprint sustainable? "TBDPOTVNFS ZPVSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTVTUBJOBCMFXIFO J UIFUPUBMSFNBJOT CFMPXZPVSGBJSTIBSFJOUIFXPSME  JJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGZPVSUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEJOBIPUTQPU BOE JJJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGZPVSUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFSBUSFBTPOBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU

7. How can I offset my water footprint? ɨJTJTBRVFTUJPOPGUFOQPTFECZQFPQMFUIBUBSFGBNJMJBSXJUIUIFJEFBPGDBSCPO PêTFUUJOH*OUIFDBTFPGDBSCPOJUEPFTOPUNBUUFSXIFSFNJUJHBUJOHNFBTVSFT

BSFUBLFO TPPOFDBOPêTFUPXO$02FNJTTJPOTCZIFMQJOHUPSFEVDF$02 FNJTTJPOTPSFOIBODJOHDBSCPOTFRVFTUSBUJPOFMTFXIFSF*OUIFDBTFPGXBUFS  UIJTJTEJêFSFOU CFDBVTFXBUFSEFQMFUJPOPSQPMMVUJPOJOPOFQMBDFDBOOPUCF DPNQFOTBUFECZXIBUFWFSNFBTVSFJOBOPUIFSQMBDFɨFGPDVTTIPVMEUIFSFGPSF 158 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

CFPOUIFSFEVDUJPOPGPOFTPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU NPTUVSHFOUBUUIFQMBDFT XIFSFBOEUJNFTXIFOUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBVTFTQSPCMFNT8FTIPVMEEPBMM UIBUJTASFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMFUPSFEVDFPVSPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CPUIUIFEJSFDU BOEJOEJSFDUPOFɨJTIPMETGPSCPUIDPOTVNFSTBOECVTJOFTTFT0OMZJOUIF TFDPOEJOTUBODF XIFOFWFSZUIJOHIBTCFFOEPOFUPSFEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  DBOPOFDPOTJEFSPêTFUUJOHɨJTNFBOTUIBUUIFSFTJEVBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTPêTFU CZNBLJOHBASFBTPOBCMFJOWFTUNFOUJOFTUBCMJTIJOHPSTVQQPSUJOHQSPKFDUT UIBUBJNBUBTVTUBJOBCMF FRVJUBCMFBOEFïDJFOUVTFPGXBUFSJOUIFDBUDINFOU XIFSFUIFSFTJEVBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEɨFUFSNTASFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMF BOEASFBTPOBCMFJOWFTUNFOUJODMVEFOPSNBUJWFFMFNFOUTUIBUOFFEGVSUIFS RVBOUJUBUJWFTQFDJëDBUJPOBOEBCPVUXIJDIXFOFFEUPSFBDITPDJFUBMDPOTFOTVT

8. I already pay for the water, is that not enough? (FOFSBMMZUIFQSJDFQBJEGPSCMVFXBUFSJTGBSCFMPXJUTSFBMFDPOPNJDDPTU .PTUHPWFSONFOUTTVCTJEJ[FCMVFXBUFSTVQQMZPOBIVHFTDBMFCZJOWFTUJOHJO JOGSBTUSVDUVSFMJLFEBNT DBOBMT EJTUSJCVUJPOTZTUFNTBOEXBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU ɨFTFDPTUTBSFPGUFOOPUDIBSHFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFST"TBSFTVMU UIFSFJT JOTVïDJFOUFDPOPNJDJODFOUJWFGPSXBUFSVTFSTUPTBWFXBUFS#FTJEFT EVFUP UIFQVCMJDDIBSBDUFSPGXBUFS XBUFSTDBSDJUZJTHFOFSBMMZOPUUSBOTMBUFEJOUPBO BEEJUJPOBMDPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSJDFPGHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUBSFQSPEVDFEXJUI UIFXBUFS BTIBQQFOTOBUVSBMMZJOUIFDBTFPGQSJWBUFHPPET'JOBMMZ XBUFSVTFST HFOFSBMMZEPOPUQBZGPSUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTUIBUUIFZDBVTFPOEPXOTUSFBN people or ecosystems.

9. Why should we reduce green water footprints? 0OFDBOBSHVFUIBUUIFSBJODPNFTGPSGSFFJGIVNBOTEPOPUVTFHSFFOXBUFS UPQSPEVDFGPPE ëCSFT UJNCFSPSCJPFOFSHZ JUXJMMFWBQPSBUFBOZXBZɨFSF BSF IPXFWFS UXPHPPESFBTPOTGPSSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTɨFëSTUJT SBJOJTGSFF CVUOPUVOMJNJUFE*OGBDU HSFFOXBUFSJTBTDBSDFSFTPVSDF KVTUMJLF CMVFXBUFS QBSUJDVMBSMZJOTPNFQMBDFTBOEEVSJOHDFSUBJOQBSUTPGUIFZFBS4JODF QBSUPGUIFMBOEJOBOZSJWFSCBTJOIBTUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF BVUPNBUJDBMMZ BDFSUBJOBNPVOUPGHSFFOXBUFSJTOPUBWBJMBCMFGPSBHSJDVMUVSF*ODBUDINFOUT XIFSFHSFFOXBUFSJTTDBSDF JODSFBTJOHUIFQSPEVDUJWJUZPGHSFFOXBUFS JOPUIFS XPSET SFEVDJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU JTDSVDJBMJOPSEFSUP HBJOPQUJNVNQSPEVDUJPOHJWFOUIFHSFFOXBUFSDPOTUSBJOUɨFTFDPOESFBTPO JTUIBUJODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOCBTFEPOHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTSFEVDFTUIFOFFE GPSQSPEVDUJPOXJUICMVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTɨJTJTXIZSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTJTBMTPVTFGVMJOBSFBTXIFSFHSFFOXBUFSJTBCVOEBOUMZBWBJMBCMF#FUUFS VTFPGSBJOJOBSFBTXIFSFSBJOJTTVïDJFOUXJMMJODSFBTFUIFXPSMEXJEFQSPEVDUJPO Appendix VI 159

PGSBJOCBTFEQSPEVDUT XIJDISFEVDFTUIFOFFEUPQSPEVDFJSSJHBUJPOCBTFE QSPEVDUTJOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT

10. Why should we reduce blue water footprints in areas with sufficient run-off? "UëSTUTJHIU JUTFFNTOFDFTTBSZUPSFEVDFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPOMZJODBUDINFOUT XIFSFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTJOTVïDJFOU'PDVTTJOHPOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT  IPXFWFS JTJOBEFRVBUF*OFïDJFOUXBUFSVTFJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUQMBDFTJNQMJFT UIBUQSPEVDUJPOQFSVOJUPGXBUFSDBOCFJODSFBTFE XIJDIJTJNQPSUBOUCFDBVTF JODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUQMBDFTNFBOT UIBUQSPEVDUJPOPGUIPTFHPPETJOXBUFSTDBSDFQMBDFTDBOCFSFEVDFE-PXFSJOH UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDUJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTUIVTDPOUSJCVUFT UPUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPSFEVDFUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT "OPUIFSSFBTPOGPSSFEVDJOHCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTJT UIBUUIFBMMPDBUJPOPGCMVFXBUFSUPPOFQVSQPTFXJUIESBXTGSPNUIFQPTTJCJMJUZ UPBMMPDBUFJUGPSBOPUIFSQVSQPTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFBOE MVYVSZQSPEVDUTTVDIBTNFBU CJPFOFSHZPSDVUìPXFSTDBOQSFTTJODBUDINFOUT XIFSF XBUFS JT BCVOEBOUMZ BWBJMBCMF BOE XIFSF MPDBM FOWJSPONFOUBM GMPX SFRVJSFNFOUTBSFGVMëMMFE CVUUIFHMPCBMJNQMJDBUJPOTPGUIFTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT BSFUIBUMFTTXBUFSSFNBJOTUPCFBMMPDBUFEUPPUIFSQVSQPTFT TVDIBTHSPXJOH DFSFBMDSPQTUPGVMëMCBTJDGPPEEFNBOE3FEVDJOHUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB TQFDJëDQSPEVDUJOBXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBUIVTDSFBUFTUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPQSPEVDF NPSFPGUIBUTQFDJëDQSPEVDUPSUPBMMPDBUFUIFTBWFEXBUFSUPBOPUIFSQSPEVDU

11. What are reasonable water footprint reduction targets? ɨ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ïDVMUUPSFEVDFUP[FSP CVUFWFOUIJTTPSUPGQPMMVUJPO DBOCF MBSHFMZ QSFWFOUFECZSFDBQUVSJOHUIFIFBUɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO UIFBHSJDVMUVSBMTUBHFPGQSPEVDUTDBOTVCTUBOUJBMMZCFCSPVHIUEPXOCZSFEVDJOH DPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSMPTTFT JODSFBTJOHCMVFXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZBOESFMZJOHNPSF POSBJOGFEBHSJDVMUVSF*OUIFJOEVTUSJBMTUBHFJUXJMMEFQFOEWFSZNVDIPO 160 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

UIFTFDUPSBOEXIBUIBTBMSFBEZCFFOEPOF5FDIOPMPHJDBMMZ JOEVTUSJFTDBO GVMMZSFDZDMFXBUFS TPUIBUUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFWFSZXIFSFDBOCFSFEVDFE UPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUJTBDUVBMMZCFJOHJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFQSPEVDU #FODINBSLTDBOCFEFWFMPQFEGPSTQFDJëDQSPEVDUTCZUBLJOHUIFQFSGPSNBODF PGUIFCFTUQSPEVDFSTBTBSFGFSFODF(SFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBHSJDVMUVSFDBO PGUFOCFSFEVDFEWFSZTVCTUBOUJBMMZCZVTJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTNPSF FïDJFOUMZ JOPUIFSXPSET CZJODSFBTJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ*ODSFBTFE QSPEVDUJPOCBTFEPOHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOPOFQMBDFXJMMSFEVDFUIFOFFEGPS QSPEVDUJPOXJUICMVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTFMTFXIFSF"HFOFSBMSVMFGPSBOZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUNJUJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZJTUPBWPJEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQSFTTJOHJOBSFBTPS UJNFTXIFSFFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETBSFWJPMBUFE"ëOBMSBUJPOBMFGPSBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUNJUJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZDBOCFUIFGBJSTIBSJOHPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTɨJTNBZ CFUIFCBTJTGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOQBSUJDVMBSMZGPSMBSHFXBUFSVTFST

12. Is the water footprint similar to the carbon footprint? ɨFUXPDPODFQUTOJDFMZDPNQMFNFOUFBDIPUIFS FBDIDPODFQUBEESFTTJOHBOPUIFS FOWJSPONFOUBMJTTVFUIFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBEESFTTFTUIFJTTVFPGDMJNBUFDIBOHF  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFTUPUIFJTTVFPGGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZ*OCPUIDBTFT B TVQQMZDIBJOQFSTQFDUJWFJTQSPNPUFEɨFSFBSFBMTPEJêFSFODFT IPXFWFS'PSB DBSCPOFNJTTJPOJUEPFTOPUNBUUFSXIFSFJUIBQQFOT CVUGPSBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTEPFTNBUUFS"DBSCPOFNJTTJPOJOPOFQMBDFDBOCFPêTFUCZDBSCPOFNJTTJPO SFEVDUJPOPSTFRVFTUSBUJPOJOBOPUIFSQMBDF XIJDIJTOPUUSVFGPSXBUFSPOF DBOOPUSFEVDFUIFMPDBMJNQBDUPGXBUFSVTFJOPOFQMBDFCZTBWJOHXBUFSJO another place.

13. Freshwater can be obtained by desalinating seawater, so why is water scarce? %FTBMJOBUJPOPGTBMUPSCSBDLJTIXBUFSDBOPOMZCFBTPMVUJPOGPSGSFTIXBUFS TDBSDJUZJOBMJNJUFEOVNCFSPGBQQMJDBUJPOT OPUCFDBVTFPOFDBOOPUPCUBJOUIF SJHIURVBMJUZPGXBUFSGPSBMMQVSQPTFT CVUCFDBVTFEFTBMJOBUJPOSFRVJSFTFOFSHZ  BOPUIFSTDBSDFSFTPVSDF*OGBDU EFTBMJOBUJPOJTBXBZPGTVCTUJUVUJOHPOFTDBSDF SFTPVSDF GSFTIXBUFS GPSBOPUIFS FOFSHZ *G BUBDFSUBJOTQPU UIFGSFTIXBUFS JTTVFJTQSFTTJOHFWFONPSFUIBOUIFFOFSHZJTTVF POFDBOEFDJEFJOGBWPVSPG EFTBMJOBUJPO CVUJOHFOFSBMJUEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFUPQSPQPTFEFTBMJOBUJPOBTB HFOFSBMTPMVUJPOUPGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZ#FTJEFT BQBSUGSPNUIFFOFSHZBSHVNFOU  EFTBMJOBUJPOJTTUJMMFYQFOTJWF UPPFYQFOTJWFGPSVTFJOBHSJDVMUVSFXIFSFNPTU PGUIFXBUFSJTVTFE'JOBMMZ TBMUPSCSBDLJTIXBUFSJTPOMZBWBJMBCMFBMPOHDPBTUT  XIJDINFBOTUIBUCSJOHJOHEFTBMJOBUFEXBUFSFMTFXIFSFXPVMEJNQMZBEEJUJPOBM DPTUT BHBJOJODMVEJOHFOFSHZ  Appendix VI 161

14. Should products get a water label? *OBXPSMEXIFSFNBOZQSPEVDUTBSFSFMBUFEUPXBUFSEFQMFUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPO JUJTWFSZVTFGVMUPNBLFUIFIJTUPSZPGQSPEVDUTNPSFUSBOTQBSFOU*UJTHPPE UPIBWFUIFGBDUTQVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMF TPUIFDPOTVNFSIBTBDIPJDF*OGPSNBUJPO can be provided on a label or can be made available through the internet. This JTNPTUVTFGVMGPSQSPEVDUTUIBUBSFPGUFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIMBSHFFêFDUTPOXBUFS  TVDIBTQSPEVDUTUIBUDPOUBJODPUUPOPSTVHBS'PSDPOTVNFSTJUXPVMECFIFMQGVM UPJOUFHSBUFBXBUFSMBCFMJOCSPBEFSMBCFMTUIBUJODMVEFPUIFSJTTVFTBTXFMM  TVDIBTFOFSHZBOEGBJSUSBEF*EFBMXPVMECFBXPSMEJOXIJDIXFEPOPUOFFE MBCFMTCFDBVTFXFDBOUSVTUUIBUBMMQSPEVDUTNFFUTUSJDUDSJUFSJB*GBXBUFSMBCFM JTDPOTJEFSFE UIFRVFTUJPOJTXIBUTIPVMECFPOUIFMBCFM0OFDPVMEQVUUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUPOBMBCFM XIJDIJTGVODUJPOBMPOMZGPS SBJTJOHBXBSFOFTTBNPOHDPOTVNFST OPUGPSFOBCMJOHUIFDPOTVNFSUPNBLF BXFMMJOGPSNFEDIPJDFCFUXFFOUXPQSPEVDUT'PSTVQQPSUJOHHPPEQSPEVDU DIPJDF POFXPVMEBMTPOFFEUPTQFDJGZUIFHSFFOCMVFHSFZDPNQPOFOUTBOE NFOUJPOUIFEFHSFFJOXIJDIUIFQSPEVDUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFTUPWJPMBUJPO PGMPDBMFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPSBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET 'PSFYBNQMF UISFFRVBSUFSTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTJUVBUFEJOBSFBTXIFSF FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPSBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFNFU  CVUUIFPUIFSRVBSUFSPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTJOBSFBTXIFSFUIPTFOPSNT BSFWJPMBUFE8IFUIFSBQSPEVDUJTAHPPEPSOPUGSPNBXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQPJOU PGWJFXEFQFOETPOBXIPMFSBOHFPGDSJUFSJB JODMVEJOHXIFUIFSQMBOTBSFJO QMBDFUPBDIJFWFDPOUJOVFEJNQSPWFNFOUTBMPOHUIFQSPEVDUJPODIBJO*OUIF FOE MBCFMMJOHPGQSPEVDUTJTBQBSUJBMTPMVUJPOBUCFTU"TBNFBOTPGBXBSFOFTT SBJTJOHBOECBTJTGPSQSPEVDUDIPJDF JUDBOCFGVODUJPOBM CVUJUJTKVTUPOFXBZPG QSPWJEJOHQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ SFTUSJDUFECZUIFQSBDUJDBMQSPCMFNUIBUBMBCFM DBODPOUBJOMJNJUFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOMZ#FTJEFT SFBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPO XJMMOPUPDDVSKVTUCZQSPWJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOPOBMBCFM

Technical questions

1. What is a water footprint? ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBOFNQJSJDBMJOEJDBUPSPGIPXNVDIXBUFSJT DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFE XIFOBOEXIFSF NFBTVSFEPWFSUIFXIPMFTVQQMZDIBJO PGUIFQSPEVDUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBNVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOH WPMVNFTCVUBMTPNBLJOHFYQMJDJUUIFUZQFPGXBUFSVTF DPOTVNQUJWFVTFPG SBJOXBUFS TVSGBDFXBUFSPSHSPVOEXBUFS PSQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFS BOEUIFMPDBUJPO BOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSVTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBOJOEJWJEVBM DPNNVOJUZPS CVTJOFTT JTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIF 162 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by UIFCVTJOFTTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIPXTIVNBOBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIFXPSMET MJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBOEUIVTQSPWJEFTBCBTJTGPSEJTDVTTJOHXBUFS BMMPDBUJPOBOEJTTVFTUIBUSFMBUFUPTVTUBJOBCMF FRVJUBCMFBOEFïDJFOUXBUFSVTF #FTJEFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUGPSNTBCBTJTGPSBTTFTTJOHUIFJNQBDUTPGHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTBUDBUDINFOUMFWFMBOEGPSNVMBUJOHTUSBUFHJFTUPSFEVDFUIPTFJNQBDUT

2. What is new about the water footprint? 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ TUBUJTUJDTPOXBUFSVTFGPDVTPONFBTVSJOHAXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT BOEAEJSFDUXBUFSVTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHNFUIPEUBLFTBNVDI CSPBEFSQFSTQFDUJWF'JSTUPGBMM UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTCPUIEJSFDUBOE JOEJSFDUXBUFSVTF XIFSFUIFMBUUFSSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJO PGBQSPEVDUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVTMJOLTëOBMDPOTVNFSTBOEJOUFSNFEJBUF CVTJOFTTFTBOEUSBEFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFBMPOHUIFXIPMFQSPEVDUJPODIBJOPGB QSPEVDUɨJTJTSFMFWBOU CFDBVTFHFOFSBMMZUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGBDPOTVNFS JTTNBMMJGDPNQBSFEUPJUTJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFBOEUIFPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFPG BCVTJOFTTJTHFOFSBMMZTNBMMJGDPNQBSFEUPUIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSVTF4PUIF QJDUVSFPGUIFBDUVBMXBUFSEFQFOEFODZPGBDPOTVNFSBOECVTJOFTTDBODIBOHF SBEJDBMMZɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFUIPEEJêFSTGVSUIFSJOUIBUJUMPPLTBUXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPO BTPQQPTFEUPXJUIESBXBM XIFSFDPOTVNQUJPOSFGFSTUPUIFQBSU PGUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXBMUIBUFWBQPSBUFTPSHFUTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU #FTJEFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUHPFTCFZPOEMPPLJOHBUCMVFXBUFSVTFPOMZ VTFPG HSPVOEBOETVSGBDFXBUFS *UBMTPJODMVEFTBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOU VTFPGSBJOXBUFS BOEBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOU QPMMVUFEXBUFS 

3. Is the water footprint more than a nice metaphor? ɨFUFSNAGPPUQSJOUJTPGUFOVTFEBTBNFUBQIPSUPSFGFSUPUIFGBDUUIBUIVNBOJUZ BQQSPQSJBUFTBTJHOJëDBOUQSPQPSUJPOPGUIFBWBJMBCMFOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFT MBOE  FOFSHZ XBUFS )PXFWFS KVTUMJLFUIFAFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFADBSCPO GPPUQSJOU UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNPSFUIBOBNFUBQIPSUIFSFJTBSJHPSPVT BDDPVOUJOH GSBNFXPSL XJUI XFMMEFGJOFE NFBTVSBCMF WBSJBCMFT BOE XFMM FTUBCMJTIFEBDDPVOUJOHQSPDFEVSFTUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQSPEVDUT  JOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFST DPNNVOJUJFT OBUJPOTPSCVTJOFTTFT8FEJTDPVSBHF QFPQMFUPVTFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBTBNFUBQIPS CFDBVTFJUTTUSFOHUIMJFT JOJUTFêFDUJWFOFTTXIFOVTFEJOBDPOUFYUPGTUSJDUBDDPVOUJOHBOENFBTVSBCMF reduction targets. Appendix VI 163

4. Water is a renewable resource, it remains in the cycle, so what is the problem? 8BUFSJTBSFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF CVUUIBUEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUJUTBWBJMBCJMJUZJT VOMJNJUFE*OBDFSUBJOQFSJPE QSFDJQJUBUJPOJTBMXBZTMJNJUFEUPBDFSUBJOBNPVOU ɨFTBNFIPMETUPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUSFDIBSHFTHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFTPS ìPXTUISPVHIBSJWFS3BJOXBUFSDBOCFVTFEJOBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUJPOBOE XBUFSJOSJWFSTBOEBRVJGFSTDBOCFVTFEGPSJSSJHBUJPOPSJOEVTUSJBMPSEPNFTUJD QVSQPTFT#VUPOFDBOOPUVTFNPSFXBUFSUIBOJTBWBJMBCMF0OFDBOOPUUBLF NPSFGSPNBSJWFSUIBOJUTìPXJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEBOE JOUIFMPOHUFSN POF DBOOPUUBLFNPSFXBUFSGSPNMBLFTBOEHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTUIBOUIFSBUF XJUIXIJDIUIFZBSFSFDIBSHFEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFBNPVOUPG XBUFSBWBJMBCMFJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEUIBUJTDPOTVNFE FWBQPSBUFE PSQPMMVUFE*O UIJTXBZ JUQSPWJEFTBNFBTVSFPGUIFBNPVOUPGBWBJMBCMFXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFECZ IVNBOTɨFSFNBJOEFSJTMFGUGPSOBUVSFɨFSBJOXBUFSOPUVTFEGPSBHSJDVMUVSBM QSPEVDUJPOJTMFGUUPTVTUBJOOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOɨFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDF XBUFSìPXTOPUFWBQPSBUFEGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFTPSQPMMVUFEBSFMFGUUPTVTUBJO healthy aquatic ecosystems.

5. Is there agreement regarding how to measure a water footprint? ɨFNFUIPETGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHIBWFCFFOQVCMJTIFEJOQFFS SFWJFXFE TDJFOUJëD KPVSOBMT *O BEEJUJPO  UIFSF BSF BMTP QSBDUJDBM FYBNQMFT BWBJMBCMFPGIPXPOFDBOBQQMZUIFNFUIPETUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBTQFDJëDQSPEVDU BOJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFS BDPNNVOJUZPSBCVTJOFTTPS PSHBOJ[BUJPO*OBHFOFSJDTFOTF UIFSFJTBHSFFNFOUSFHBSEJOHUIFEFëOJUJPOBOE DBMDVMBUJPOPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU)PXFWFS FWFSZUJNFPOFBQQMJFTUIFDPODFQU JOBTJUVBUJPOOPUFODPVOUFSFECFGPSF OFXQSBDUJDBMRVFTUJPOTBSJTFɨFTFBSF RVFTUJPOTTVDIBTXIBUTIPVMECFJODMVEFEBOEXIBUDBOCFFYDMVEFE IPXUP EFBMXJUITJUVBUJPOTXIFSFUIFTVQQMZDIBJODBOOPUCFQSPQFSMZUSBDFE XIBU XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETUPVTFXIFODBMDVMBUJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOETP PO%JTDVTTJPOUIFSFGPSFGPDVTFTPOIPXUPIBOEMFUIPTFQSBDUJDBMJTTVFT

6. Why distinguish between a green, blue and grey water footprint? 'SFTIXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZPO&BSUIJTEFUFSNJOFECZBOOVBMQSFDJQJUBUJPOBCPWF MBOE0OFQBSUPGUIFQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTBOEUIFPUIFSQBSUSVOTPêUP UIFPDFBOUISPVHIBRVJGFSTBOESJWFST#PUIUIFFWBQPSBUJWFìPXBOEUIFSVO PêìPXDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFTɨFFWBQPSBUJWFìPX 164 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

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7. Why should we look at the total green water footprint of a crop? Why not look at the additional evaporation if compared to evaporation from natural vegetation? *U EFQFOET PO XIBU RVFTUJPO POF XPVME MJLF UP BEESFTT ɨF HSFFO XBUFS GPPUQSJOU NFBTVSFT UPUBM FWBQPSBUJPO BOE JT NFBOU UP GFFE UIF EFCBUF SFHBSEJOHUIFBMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPEJêFSFOUQVSQPTFTJOBDPOUFYUPGMJNJUFE BWBJMBCJMJUZ*OGPSNBUJPOBCPVUJODSFBTFEPSSFEVDFEFWBQPSBUJPOJTSFMFWBOU GSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZBOEQPUFOUJBMEPXOTUSFBNFêFDUT 3FTFBSDIIBTTIPXOUIBUDSPQTDBOTPNFUJNFTSFTVMUJOJODSFBTFEFWBQPSBUJPO XIFODPNQBSFEUPOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO QBSUJDVMBSMZJOUIFQFSJPEPGSBQJEDSPQ HSPXUI BOEPUIFSUJNFTJOSFEVDFEFWBQPSBUJPO GPSFYBNQMF CFDBVTFPGTPJM EFUFSJPSBUJPOPSSFEVDFEBCPWFHSPVOECJPNBTT *ONBOZDBTFTUIFEJêFSFODFT BSFOPUWFSZTJHOJëDBOUBUCBTJOTDBMFɨFDIBOHFJOFWBQPSBUJPOJTJOUFSFTUJOH GSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZBOEQPUFOUJBMEPXOTUSFBNFêFDUT  CVUOPUGPSUIFEFCBUFPOIPXMJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFBMMPDBUFEPWFS EJêFSFOUQVSQPTFTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEFTJHOFEGPSUIFMBUUFSEFCBUFɨF QVSQPTFPGUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPNFBTVSFIVNBOTBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIF FWBQPSBUJWFìPX KVTUMJLFUIFCMVFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBJNTUPNFBTVSFIVNBOT BQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIFSVOPêìPXɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFQBSU PGUIFFWBQPSBUFESBJOXBUFSUIBUIBTCFFOBQQSPQSJBUFECZIVNBOCFJOHTBOEJT UIFSFGPSFOPUBWBJMBCMFGPSOBUVSFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVTFYQSFTTFTUIFDPTUPG BDSPQJOUFSNTPGJUTUPUBMXBUFSVTF Appendix VI 165

8. Is it not too simplistic to add all cubic metres of water used into one aggregate indicator? ɨFBHHSFHBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSTIPXTUIF UPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFE DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE *UTFSWFTBT BSPVHIJOEJDBUPS JOTUSVNFOUBMJOSBJTJOHBXBSFOFTTBOEGPSHFUUJOHBOJEFB PGXIFSFNPTUPGUIFXBUFSHPFTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFQSFTFOUFEBTPOF BHHSFHBUFOVNCFS CVUJOGBDUJUJTBNVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSVTF  TIPXJOHEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOBTBGVODUJPOPG TQBDFBOEUJNF'PSEFWFMPQJOHTUSBUFHJFTGPSTVTUBJOBCMFXBUFSVTF POFXJMMOFFE UPVTFUIFNPSFEFUBJMFEMBZFSPGJOGPSNBUJPOFNCFEEFEJOUIFDPNQPTJUFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOEJDBUPS

9. Should we not weigh the different water footprint components based on their local impact? ɨFJEFBPGAXFJHIJOHGBDUPSTTPVOETMJLFBOBUUSBDUJWFJEFB CFDBVTFOPUFWFSZ DVCJDNFUSFPGXBUFSVTFEIBTUIFTBNFMPDBMJNQBDU)PXFWFS XFTUSPOHMZ EJTDPVSBHFUIJTBQQSPBDIGPSUISFFSFBTPOT'JSTU XFJHIJOHJTBOEXJMMBMXBZT SFNBJOWFSZTVCKFDUJWF CFDBVTFUIFSFBSFNBOZEJêFSFOUTPSUTPG FOWJSPONFOUBM  TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJD JNQBDUT TPNFPGXIJDIDBOOPUFWFOCFFBTJMZRVBOUJëFE 4FDPOE JNQBDUTBSFBMXBZTGVMMZMPDBMDPOUFYUEFQFOEFOU XIJDINFBOTJUJT JNQPTTJCMFUPEFTJHOVOJWFSTBMMZWBMJEXFJHIJOHGBDUPSTɨFJNQBDUPGPOFDVCJD NFUSFPGXBUFSXJUIESBXOGSPNPOFQBSUJDVMBSQPJOUJOBSJWFSBUBDFSUBJOQPJOU JOUJNFEFQFOETPOUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGUIBUSJWFS TVDIBTUIFWPMVNFBOE WBSJBCJMJUZPGXBUFSìPXJOUIFSJWFS UIFDPNQFUJUJPOPWFSXBUFSBUUIBUQPJOUJO UIFSJWFSBUUIBUQBSUJDVMBSNPNFOUBOEUIFFêFDUTPGXJUIESBXBMPOEPXOTUSFBN FDPTZTUFNTBOEPUIFSVTFSTɨJSE BOENPTUJNQPSUBOU UIFWPMVNFUSJDXBUFS GPPUQSJOUëHVSFTBDUVBMMZDPOUBJODSVDJBMJOGPSNBUJPO XIJDIJTPCTDVSFEXIFO XFJHIFE8BUFSGPPUQSJOUTSFGFSUPBDUVBMWPMVNFTPGXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFE XIJDIJT DSVDJBMJOGPSNBUJPOJOJUTFMG CFDBVTFJOBXPSMEJOXIJDIGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSF TDBSDF JUJTJNQPSUBOUUPLOPXXIBUWPMVNFTBSFBMMPDBUFEUPEJêFSFOUQVSQPTFT ɨBUMPDBMJNQBDUTPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOPSQPMMVUJPOEJêFSJTBOPUIFSJTTVF*O PSEFSUPQSPQFSMZBEESFTTUIFGBDUUIBUEJêFSFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOUTEP JOEFFEIBWFEJêFSFOUMPDBMJNQBDUT XFFNQIBTJ[FUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOHWPMVNFT CVUBMTPUIFUZQFPGXBUFSVTF BOEUIFMPDBUJPOTBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSVTFA8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHNFBOT UIBUPOFRVBOUJëFTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBMMJUTEFUBJMTɨJTGPSNTUIFQSPQFS CBTJTGPSBMPDBMJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU JOXIJDIPOFBTTFTTFTUIFWBSJPVTJNQBDUT GPSFBDITFQBSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOUJOUJNFBOETQBDF0CWJPVTMZ UIF MPDBMJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOUXJMMTIPXUIBUUIFJNQBDUJTEJêFSFOUGPSFBDITFQBSBUF 166 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

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10. How does water footprint accounting relate to life cycle assessment? ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUDBOCFBOJOEJDBUPSJOUIFMJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOU -$" PGBQSPEVDU#FJOHBQQMJFEJOBO-$"JTPOFPGUIFNBOZBQQMJDBUJPOTPG UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU*OBHMPCBMDPOUFYU UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBSFMFWBOUJOEJDBUPS PGUIFIPXNVDIPGUIFHMPCFTTDBSDFGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFVTFEGPSBDFSUBJO QSPEVDU*OBNPSFMPDBMDPOUFYU UIFTQBUJPUFNQPSBMMZFYQMJDJUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOCFPWFSMBJEXJUIBXBUFSTUSFTTNBQJOPSEFSUPBSSJWFBUBTQBUJPUFNQPSBMMZ FYQMJDJUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUNBQɨFWBSJPVTJNQBDUTTIPVMETVCTFRVFOUMZ CFXFJHIFEBOEBHHSFHBUFEJOPSEFSUPBSSJWFBUBOBHHSFHBUFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JNQBDUJOEFY'PS-$" BOJNQPSUBOURVFTUJPOJTIPXEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGOBUVSBM SFTPVSDFVTFBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUTDBOCFBHHSFHBUFEoXIJDIJTBTQFDJëD SFRVJSFNFOUGPS-$"BOEOPUSFMFWBOUUPPUIFSBQQMJDBUJPOTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 0UIFSBQQMJDBUJPOTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSF GPSFYBNQMF JEFOUJGZJOHIPUTQPU BSFBTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGDFSUBJOQSPEVDUT DPOTVNFSHSPVQTPSCVTJOFTTFT  BOEGPSNVMBUJOHSFTQPOTFTUSBUFHJFTUPSFEVDFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOENJUJHBUF BTTPDJBUFEJNQBDUT'PSUIFTFQVSQPTFT BHHSFHBUJPOJTOPUGVODUJPOBM CFDBVTF TQFDJëDBUJPOJOUZQFPGXBUFSBOETQBDFUJNFJTFTTFOUJBMJOUIPTFBQQMJDBUJPOT

11. How does the water footprint relate to ecological and carbon footprints? ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUJTQBSUPGBMBSHFSGBNJMZPGDPODFQUTUIBUIBWFCFFO EFWFMPQFEJOUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMTDJFODFTPWFSUIFQBTUEFDBEF"AGPPUQSJOUJO HFOFSBMIBTCFDPNFLOPXOBTBRVBOUJUBUJWFNFBTVSFTIPXJOHUIFBQQSPQSJBUJPO PGOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFTPSQSFTTVSFPOUIFFOWJSPONFOUCZIVNBOCFJOHTɨF FDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUJTBNFBTVSFPGUIFVTFPGCJPQSPEVDUJWFTQBDF IFDUBSFT ɨF DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFBNPVOUPGHSFFOIPVTFHBTFT ()(T QSPEVDFE  NFBTVSFEDBSCPOEJPYJEFFRVJWBMFOUT JOUPOOFT ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFT XBUFSVTF JODVCJDNFUSFTQFSZFBS ɨFUISFFJOEJDBUPSTBSFDPNQMFNFOUBSZ  TJODFUIFZNFBTVSFDPNQMFUFMZEJêFSFOUUIJOHT.FUIPEPMPHJDBMMZ UIFSFBSFNBOZ TJNJMBSJUJFTCFUXFFOUIFEJêFSFOUGPPUQSJOUT CVUFBDIIBTJUTPXOQFDVMJBSJUJFT SFMBUFEUPUIFVOJRVFOFTTPGUIFTVCTUBODFDPOTJEFSFE.PTUUZQJDBMGPSUIF Appendix VI 167

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12. What is the difference between water footprint and virtual water? ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBUFSNUIBUSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFEUPNBLFBQSPEVDU *OUIJTDPOUFYUXFDBOBMTPTQFBLBCPVUUIFAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDU JOTUFBEPGJUTAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU IPXFWFS IBTBXJEFS BQQMJDBUJPO8FDBO GPSFYBNQMF TQFBLBCPVUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS CZMPPLJOHBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFE PSBCPVU UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDFS CVTJOFTT NBOVGBDUVSFS TFSWJDFQSPWJEFS CZ MPPLJOHBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTQSPEVDFE'VSUIFSNPSF  UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUEPFTOPUTJNQMZSFGFSPOMZUPBXBUFSWPMVNF BTJO UIFDBTFPGUIFUFSNAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT BNVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS OPUPOMZSFGFSSJOHUPBXBUFSWPMVNFVTFE CVU BMTPNBLJOHFYQMJDJUXIFSFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFE XIBUTPVSDFPGXBUFSJT VTFEBOEXIFOUIFXBUFSJTVTFEɨFBEEJUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPOJTDSVDJBMJOPSEFS UPBTTFTTUIFMPDBMJNQBDUTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU

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Symbol Unit a Explanation α – MFBDIJOHSVOPêGSBDUJPO JFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFE DIFNJDBMTSFBDIJOHGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFT Abstr WPMVNFUJNF WPMVNFPGXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPO Appl NBTTUJNF BQQMJDBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBM GFSUJMJ[FSPSQFTUJDJEF  QFSVOJUPGUJNF AR NBTTBSFB BQQMJDBUJPOSBUFPGBDIFNJDBM GFSUJMJ[FSPS QFTUJDJEF QFSVOJUPGMBOE C NBTTUJNFb DPOTVNQUJPOPGBQSPEVDU cact NBTTWPMVNF BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBMJOBXBUFS CPEZGSPNXIJDIXBUFSJTBCTUSBDUFE ceffl NBTTWPMVNF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBMJOBOFðVFOU cmax NBTTWPMVNF NBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGB DIFNJDBMJOBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ cnat NBTTWPMVNF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBMJOUIF SFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ CWR MFOHUIUJNF DSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU

CWUblue WPMVNFBSFB CMVFDSPQXBUFSVTF

CWUgreen WPMVNFBSFB HSFFODSPQXBUFSVTF E NPOFZUJNF UPUBMFDPOPNJDWBMVFPGBQSPEVDUQSPEVDFEJOB business unit Effl WPMVNFUJNF WPMVNFPGFðVFOU XBTUFXBUFSìPX EFR WPMVNFUJNF FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOU

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ETblue MFOHUIUJNF CMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO

ETc MFOHUIUJNF DSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO VOEFSPQUJNBM DPOEJUJPOT

ETenv WPMVNFUJNF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOESFTFSWFEGPS natural vegetation

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Symbol Unit a Explanation

ETo MFOHUIUJNF SFGFSFODFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO

ETunprod WPMVNFUJNF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEUIBUDBOOPUCF made productive in crop production fp – QSPEVDUGSBDUJPOPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUp that is QSPEVDFEGSPNJOQVUQSPEVDUi fv

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Kc – DSPQDPFïDJFOU

Kcb – CBTBMDSPQDPFïDJFOU

Ke – TPJMFWBQPSBUJPODPFïDJFOU

Ks – XBUFSTUSFTTDPFïDJFOU L NBTTUJNF MPBEPGBQPMMVUBOU

Lcrit NBTTUJNF DSJUJDBMMPBEPGBQPMMVUBOU P NBTTUJNFb QSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGBQSPEVDU

Peff MFOHUIUJNF FêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM price NPOFZNBTT QSJDFPGBQSPEVDU

Ract WPMVNFUJNF BDUVBMSVOPêGSPNBDBUDINFOU

Rnat WPMVNFUJNF OBUVSBMSVOPêGSPNBDBUDINFOU XJUIPVUCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU

Sg WPMVNFUJNF HMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEFJOBQSPEVDU

Sn WPMVNFUJNF OBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEFJOBQSPEVDU T NBTTUJNF b WPMVNFPGUSBEFJOBQSPEVDU b Te NBTTUJNF WPMVNFPGFYQPSUPGBQSPEVDU b Ti NBTTUJNF WPMVNFPGJNQPSUPGBQSPEVDU

Teffl temperature UFNQFSBUVSFPGBOFðVFOU

Tmax temperature NBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFUFNQFSBUVSFGPSBSFDFJWJOH XBUFSCPEZ

Tnat temperature OBUVSBMUFNQFSBUVSFPGBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ

Vb WPMVNFUJNF WJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFUPGBEFMJOFBUFEBSFB FHB OBUJPO

Ve WPMVNFUJNF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUGSPNBEFMJOFBUFEBSFB FHBOBUJPO

Ve,d WPMVNFUJNF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUJOTPGBSDPODFSOJOH FYQPSUPGEPNFTUJDBMMZQSPEVDFEQSPEVDUT

Ve,r WPMVNFUJNF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUJOTPGBSDPODFSOJOHSF FYQPSUPGJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUT

Vi WPMVNFUJNF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBEFMJOFBUFEBSFB FHBOBUJPO List of Symbols 185

Symbol Unit a Explanation

Vi,net WPMVNFUJNF OFUWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBEFMJOFBUFEBSFB FHBOBUJPO w mass RVBOUJUZPGJOQVUQSPEVDUi w

mass RVBOUJUZPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUp

WAblue WPMVNFUJNF CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ

WAgreen WPMVNFUJNF HSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WD % OBUJPOBMWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZ

WFarea WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZ delineated area

WFarea,nat WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO

WFbus WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

WFCVT PQFS WPMVNFUJNF PQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

WFbus,sup WPMVNFUJNF TVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

WFcons WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS

WFcons,dir WPMVNFUJNF EJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS

WFcons,indir WPMVNFUJNF JOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS

WFcons,nat WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO

WFcons,nat,dir WPMVNFUJNF EJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOB nation

WFcons,nat,indir WPMVNFUJNF JOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOB nation

WFcons,nat,ext WPMVNFUJNF FYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOB nation

WFcons,nat,int WPMVNFUJNF JOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOB nation c WFproc WPMVNFUJNF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT c WFproc,blue WPMVNFUJNF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT c WFproc,green WPMVNFUJNF HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT c WFproc,grey WPMVNFUJNF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT b WFprod WPMVNFNBTT XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU * b WF prod WPMVNFNBTT BWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUBTBWBJMBCMF UPUIFDPOTVNFSPSGPSFYQPSU

WFIIblue – CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY

WFIIgreen – HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY

WFIIgrey – HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY WPL – XBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBJOB TQFDJëDQFSJPEXJUIJOUIFZFBS

WSblue – CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBJOB TQFDJëDQFSJPEXJUIJOUIFZFBS 186 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Symbol Unit a Explanation

WSgreen – HSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBJOB TQFDJëDQFSJPEXJUIJOUIFZFBS WSS % OBUJPOBMXBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ Y NBTTBSFB crop yield

Dimension Explanation i input product n nation ne exporting nation ni importing nation p PVUQVU QSPEVDU q process s process step t time u business unit x QMBDFQMBDFPGPSJHJO aɨ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the units used. b"QSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTPGUFOFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPG NBTTJOUIJTDBTFXFOFFEUPFYQSFTTQSPEVDUJPO DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUSBEFJOQSPEVDUT JOUFSNTPGNBTTUJNF"QSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU IPXFWFS DBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEJO UFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGNPOFZJOUIJTDBTFXFOFFEUPFYQSFTTQSPEVDUJPO  DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUSBEFJOQSPEVDUTJOUFSNTPGNPOFUBSZVOJUTUJNF0UIFSBMUFSOBUJWF XBZTUPFYQSFTTBQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFGPSFYBNQMFXBUFSWPMVNFQJFDF GPS QSPEVDUTUIBUBSFDPVOUFEQFSQJFDFSBUIFSUIBOXFJHIU XBUFSWPMVNFLDBM GPSGPPE QSPEVDUT PSXBUFSWPMVNFKPVMF GPSFMFDUSJDJUZPSGVFMT  c"QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHFOFSBMMZFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJU PGUJNF)PXFWFS UISPVHIEJWJEJOHCZUIFBNPVOUPGQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIF QSPDFTT QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPG XBUFSWPMVNFQFSQSPEVDUVOJU Glossary

Ambient water quality standards oɨFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFBNPVOUPGB TVCTUBODFJOSJWFST MBLFTPSHSPVOEXBUFS HJWFOBTBDPODFOUSBUJPO"NCJFOU XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETDBOBMTPSFGFSUPPUIFSQSPQFSUJFTPGUIFXBUFS TVDIBT UFNQFSBUVSFPSQ)4UBOEBSETBSFTFUUPQSPUFDUBHBJOTUBOUJDJQBUFEBEWFSTF FêFDUTPOIVNBOIFBMUIPSXFMGBSF XJMEMJGFPSUIFGVODUJPOJOHPGFDPTZTUFNT

Blue water o'SFTITVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFS JOPUIFSXPSET UIFXBUFSJO GSFTIXBUFSMBLFT SJWFSTBOEBRVJGFST

Blue water availability o/BUVSBMSVOPê UISPVHIHSPVOEXBUFSBOESJWFST  NJOVTFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT#MVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZUZQJDBMMZWBSJFT XJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEBMTPGSPNZFBSUPZFBS

Blue water footprinto7PMVNFPGTVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSDPOTVNFEBTB SFTVMUPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGBHPPEPSTFSWJDF$POTVNQUJPOSFGFSTUPUIFWPMVNF PGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEBOEUIFOFWBQPSBUFEPSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU*UBMTP JODMVEFTXBUFSBCTUSBDUFEGSPNTVSGBDFPSHSPVOEXBUFSJOBDBUDINFOUBOE SFUVSOFEUPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUPSUIFTFB*UJTUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBCTUSBDUFE GSPNHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSUIBUEPFTOPUSFUVSOUPUIFDBUDINFOUGSPN XIJDIJUXBTXJUIESBXO

Blue water footprint impact indexo"OBHHSFHBUFEBOEXFJHIFENFBTVSF PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBUDBUDINFOUMFWFM*U JTCBTFEPOUXPJOQVUT J UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSTQFDJëFECZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIBOE JJ UIFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZ CZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIɨFJOEFYJTPCUBJOFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFUXP NBUSJDFTBOEUIFOTVNNJOHUIFFMFNFOUTPGUIFSFTVMUBOUNBUSJYɨFPVUDPNF DBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXFJHIFEBDDPSEJOHUPUIFCMVF XBUFSTDBSDJUZJOUIFQMBDFTBOEQFSJPETXIFSFUIFWBSJPVTCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU components occur.

Blue water scarcity oɨFSBUJPPGCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ #MVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZWBSJFTXJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEGSPNZFBSUPZFBS 188 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Business water footprinto4FFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

Corporate water footprint o4FFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

Critical loadoɨFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUTUIBUXJMMGVMMZDPOTVNFUIFBTTJNJMBUJPO DBQBDJUZPGUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ

Crop water requirementoɨFUPUBMXBUFSOFFEFEGPSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPN QMBOUJOHUPIBSWFTUGPSBHJWFODSPQJOBTQFDJëDDMJNBUFSFHJNF XIFOBEFRVBUF TPJMXBUFSJTNBJOUBJOFECZSBJOGBMMBOEPSJSSJHBUJPOTPUIBUJUEPFTOPUMJNJU QMBOUHSPXUIBOEDSPQZJFME

Crop yieldo8FJHIUPGIBSWFTUFEDSPQQFSVOJUPGIBSWFTUFEBSFB

Dilution factoroɨFOVNCFSPGUJNFTUIBUBQPMMVUFEFðVFOUWPMVNFIBTUP CFEJMVUFEXJUIBNCJFOUXBUFSJOPSEFSUPBSSJWFBUUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMF concentration level.

Direct water footprintoɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS PSBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTPSQSPEVDFST SFGFSTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOE QPMMVUJPOUIBUJTBTTPDJBUFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFCZUIFDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS*UJT EJTUJODUGSPNUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO BOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOE services consumed by the consumer or the inputs used by the producer.

Effective precipitationoɨFQPSUJPOPGUIFUPUBMQSFDJQJUBUJPOUIBUJTSFUBJOFE CZUIFTPJMTPUIBUJUJTBWBJMBCMFGPSDSPQQSPEVDUJPO

End-use water footprint of a product o8IFODPOTVNFSTVTFBQSPEVDU UIFSF DBOCFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFFOEVTFTUBHFɨJOLBCPVUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPO UIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFVTFPGTPBQTJOUIFIPVTFIPME*OUIJTDBTF POFDBOTQFBL BCPVUUIFFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUɨJTGPPUQSJOUJTTUSJDUMZTQPLFO OPUQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CVUQBSUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTXBUFS GPPUQSJOU

Environmental flow requirementsoɨFRVBOUJUZ RVBMJUZBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFS ìPXTSFRVJSFEUPTVTUBJOGSFTIXBUFSBOEFTUVBSJOFFDPTZTUFNTBOEUIFIVNBO MJWFMJIPPETBOEXFMMCFJOHUIBUEFQFOEPOUIFTFFDPTZTUFNT

Environmental green water requirementoɨFRVBOUJUZPGHSFFOXBUFSGSPN MBOETUIBUOFFEUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOECJPEJWFSTJUZQSFTFSWBUJPOBOEGPS human livelihoods that depend on the ecosystems in the natural areas. Glossary 189

Evapotranspirationo&WBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMBOETPJMTVSGBDFXIFSFDSPQT BSFHSPXO JODMVEJOHUIFUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGXBUFSUIBUBDUVBMMZQBTTFTDSPQT

External water footprint of national consumptionoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUGBMMTPVUTJEFUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFE*U SFGFSTUPUIFBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOPUIFSOBUJPOTGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPO PGHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUBSFJNQPSUFEJOUPBOEDPOTVNFEXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO considered.

Geographic sustainability oɨFHFPHSBQIJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFHSFFO CMVF BOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJODBOCFBTTFTTFECBTFEPO BOVNCFSPGFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJB

Global water saving through trade o*OUFSOBUJPOBMUSBEFDBOTBWFGSFTIXBUFS HMPCBMMZJGBXBUFSJOUFOTJWFDPNNPEJUZJTUSBEFEGSPNBOBSFBXIFSFJUJT QSPEVDFEXJUIIJHIXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ TNBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UPBOBSFBXJUI MPXFSXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ MBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 

Green wateroɨFQSFDJQJUBUJPOPOMBOEUIBUEPFTOPUSVOPêPSSFDIBSHFUIF HSPVOEXBUFSCVUJTTUPSFEJOUIFTPJMPSUFNQPSBSJMZTUBZTPOUPQPGUIFTPJMPS WFHFUBUJPO&WFOUVBMMZ UIJTQBSUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTPSUSBOTQJSFTUISPVHI QMBOUT(SFFOXBUFSDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSDSPQHSPXUI BMUIPVHIOPUBMM HSFFOXBUFSDBOCFUBLFOVQCZDSPQT CFDBVTFUIFSFXJMMBMXBZTCFFWBQPSBUJPO GSPNUIFTPJMBOECFDBVTFOPUBMMQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSPSBSFBTBSFTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQ HSPXUI 

Green water availability oɨFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGSBJOXBUFSGSPNMBOE NJOVTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOESFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOBOENJOVT FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEUIBUDBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF

Green water footprinto7PMVNFPGSBJOXBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIFQSPEVDUJPO QSPDFTTɨJTJTQBSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZQSPEVDUT QSPEVDUTCBTFEPODSPQTPSXPPE XIFSFJUSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNëFMETBOEQMBOUBUJPOT QMVTUIFXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFE JOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQPSXPPE

Green water footprint impact indexo"OBHHSFHBUFEBOEXFJHIFENFBTVSF PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBUDBUDINFOUMFWFM*U JTCBTFEPOUXPJOQVUT J UIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSTQFDJëFECZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIBOE JJ UIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ CZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIɨFJOEFYJTPCUBJOFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFUXP NBUSJDFTBOEUIFOTVNNJOHUIFFMFNFOUTPGUIFSFTVMUBOUNBUSJYɨFPVUDPNF 190 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

DBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXFJHIFEBDDPSEJOHUPUIFHSFFO XBUFSTDBSDJUZJOUIFQMBDFTBOEQFSJPETXIFSFUIFWBSJPVTHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU components occur.

Green water scarcity oɨFSBUJPPGHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPHSFFOXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ(SFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZWBSJFTXJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEGSPNZFBSUPZFBS

Grey water footprintoɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBOJOEJDBUPS PGGSFTIXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGBQSPEVDU PWFSJUTGVMMTVQQMZDIBJO*UJTEFëOFEBTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFE UPBTTJNJMBUFUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUTCBTFEPOOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOT BOEFYJTUJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET*UJTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFWPMVNFPG XBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUTUPTVDIBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPG UIFXBUFSSFNBJOTBCPWFBHSFFEXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET

Grey water footprint impact indexo"OBHHSFHBUFEBOEXFJHIFENFBTVSF PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBUDBUDINFOUMFWFM*U JTCBTFEPOUXPJOQVUT J UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSTQFDJëFECZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIBOE JJ UIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFMCZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIɨFJOEFYJTPCUBJOFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFUXP NBUSJDFTBOEUIFOTVNNJOHUIFFMFNFOUTPGUIFSFTVMUBOUNBUSJYɨFPVUDPNF DBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXFJHIFEBDDPSEJOHUPUIFXBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFMJOUIFQMBDFTBOEQFSJPETXIFSFUIFWBSJPVTHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU components occur.

Hotspoto"IPUTQPUJTBTQFDJëDQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS TVDIBTUIFESZQFSJPE  JOBTQFDJëD TVC DBUDINFOUJOXIJDIUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF GPS FYBNQMF CFDBVTFJUDPNQSPNJTFTFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETPSXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETPSCFDBVTFUIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOBOEVTFJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTDPOTJEFSFE VOGBJSBOEPSFDPOPNJDBMMZJOFïDJFOU

Indirect water footprintoɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSSFGFSTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOACFIJOEQSPEVDUT CFJOHDPOTVNFEPSQSPEVDFE*UJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFSPSPGBMM OPOXBUFS JOQVUTVTFECZUIF producer.

Internal water footprint of national consumptionoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUGBMMTJOTJEFUIFOBUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET  UIFBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTGPSQSPEVDJOHHPPETBOETFSWJDFT that are consumed domestically. Glossary 191

Irrigation requirement oɨFRVBOUJUZPGXBUFSFYDMVTJWFPGQSFDJQJUBUJPO  JOPUIFSXPSET UIFRVBOUJUZPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFS SFRVJSFEGPSOPSNBMDSPQ QSPEVDUJPO*UJODMVEFTTPJMFWBQPSBUJPOBOETPNFVOBWPJEBCMFMPTTFTVOEFSUIF HJWFODPOEJUJPOT*UJTVTVBMMZFYQSFTTFEJOXBUFSEFQUIVOJUT NJMMJNFUSFT BOE NBZCFTUBUFEJONPOUIMZ TFBTPOBMPSBOOVBMUFSNT PSGPSBDSPQQFSJPE

Maximum acceptable concentrationoTFFABNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET

National water footprinto*TUIFTBNFBTXIBUJTNPSFBDDVSBUFMZDBMMFEUIF AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO XIJDIJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMBNPVOU PGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIF JOIBCJUBOUTPGUIFOBUJPO1BSUPGUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMJFTPVUTJEFUIFUFSSJUPSZ PGUIFOBUJPOɨFUFSNTIPVMEOPUCFDPOGVTFEXJUIUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO BOBUJPO XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNFDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE XJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO

National water saving through trade – A nation can preserve its domestic GSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTCZJNQPSUJOHBXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUJOTUFBEPGQSPEVDJOH it domestically.

Natural concentration oɨFOBUVSBMPSCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBSFDFJWJOH XBUFSCPEZJTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZUIBUXPVMEPDDVSJGUIFSFXBT OPIVNBOEJTUVSCBODFJOUIFDBUDINFOU *UDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFAIJHITUBUVT DPOEJUJPOTBTEFëOFEJOUIF&68BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF

Operational water footprint of a businessoɨFPQFSBUJPOBM PSEJSFDU XBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEEVFUP JUTPXOPQFSBUJPOT

Organizational water footprinto4FFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT

Overhead water footprintoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUDPOTJTUTPGUXP FMFNFOUTUIFVTFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUDBOJNNFEJBUFMZCFSFMBUFEUPUIFQSPEVDU BOEUIFVTFPGGSFTIXBUFSJOPWFSIFBEBDUJWJUJFTɨFMBUUFSFMFNFOUJTDBMMFEUIF APWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPGSFTIXBUFS VTFUIBUJOUIFëSTUJOTUBODFDBOOPUCFGVMMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPG UIFTQFDJëDQSPEVDUDPOTJEFSFE CVUSFGFSTUPGSFTIXBUFSVTFUIBUBTTPDJBUFTXJUI TVQQPSUJOHBDUJWJUJFTBOENBUFSJBMTVTFEJOUIFCVTJOFTT XIJDIQSPEVDFTOPUKVTU UIJTTQFDJëDQSPEVDUCVUPUIFSQSPEVDUTBTXFMMɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG BCVTJOFTTIBTUPCFEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTCVTJOFTTQSPEVDUT XIJDIJTEPOF CBTFEPOUIFSFMBUJWFWBMVFQFSQSPEVDUɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODMVEFT  192 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

GPSFYBNQMF UIFGSFTIXBUFSVTFJOUIFUPJMFUTBOELJUDIFOPGBGBDUPSZBOEUIF GSFTIXBUFSVTFCFIJOEUIFDPODSFUFBOETUFFMVTFEJOUIFGBDUPSZBOENBDIJOFSJFT

Primary impacts oɨFUFSNAQSJNBSZJNQBDUTJTVTFEJOUIFDPOUFYUPGBTTFTTJOH UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB1SJNBSZJNQBDUTSFGFS UPUIFFêFDUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUPOXBUFSìPXTBOEXBUFS quality.

Production system oɨFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNPGBQSPEVDUDPOTJTUTPGBMMUIF sequential process steps applied to produce it. A production system can be a MJOFBSDIBJOPGQSPDFTTFT JUDBOUBLFUIFTIBQFPGBQSPEVDUUSFF NBOZJOQVUT VMUJNBUFMZSFTVMUJOHJOPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU PSJUNBZSBUIFSMPPLMJLFBDPNQMFY OFUXPSLPGJOUFSMJOLFEQSPDFTTFTUIBUFWFOUVBMMZMFBEPOFPSNPSFQSPEVDUT

Product treeo4FFAQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN

Return flowoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXOGPSBOBHSJDVMUVSBM JOEVTUSJBMPS EPNFTUJDQVSQPTFUIBUSFUVSOTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSJOUIFTBNF DBUDINFOUBTXIFSFJUXBTBCTUSBDUFEɨJTXBUFSDBOQPUFOUJBMMZCFXJUIESBXO and used again.

Secondary impacts oɨFUFSNATFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTJTVTFE OFYUUPUIFUFSN AQSJNBSZJNQBDUT JOUIFDPOUFYUPGBTTFTTJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTSFGFSUPUIFJNQBDUTPGBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPOVMUJNBUFFDPMPHJDBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDWBMVFTTVDIBTCJPEJWFSTJUZ  IVNBOIFBMUI XFMGBSFBOETFDVSJUZ

Supply-chain water footprint of a businessoɨFTVQQMZDIBJO PSJOEJSFDU  XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE UPQSPEVDFBMMUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUGPSNUIFJOQVUPGQSPEVDUJPOPGB business.

Sustainability criteria o4VTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBBSFHFOFSBMMZDBUFHPSJ[FEJOUP UISFFNBKPSUIFNFTFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ

Virtual-water balanceoɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFE BSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB PWFSBDFSUBJOUJNFQFSJPEJT EFëOFEBTUIFOFUJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSPWFSUIJTQFSJPE XIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIF HSPTTJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSNJOVTUIFHSPTTFYQPSU"QPTJUJWFWJSUVBMXBUFS CBMBODFJNQMJFTOFUJOìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUPUIFOBUJPOGSPNPUIFSOBUJPOT" OFHBUJWFCBMBODFNFBOTOFUPVUìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFS Glossary 193

Virtual-water content oɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDUJTUIFGSFTIXBUFS AFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDU OPUJOSFBMTFOTF CVUJOWJSUVBMTFOTF*USFGFSTUPUIF WPMVNFPGXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEGPSQSPEVDJOHUIFQSPEVDU NFBTVSFE PWFSJUTGVMMQSPEVDUJPODIBJO*GBOBUJPOFYQPSUTJNQPSUTTVDIBQSPEVDU JU FYQPSUTJNQPSUTXBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSNɨFAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDU JTUIFTBNFBTAUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU CVUUIFGPSNFSSFGFSTUPUIF XBUFSWPMVNFFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDUBMPOF XIJMFUIFMBUUFSUFSNSFGFSTUP UIBUWPMVNF CVUBMTPUPXIJDITPSUPGXBUFSJTCFJOHVTFEBOEUPXIFOBOE XIFSFUIBUXBUFSJTCFJOHVTFEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTUIVTBNVMUJ EJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS XIFSFBTWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUSFGFSTUPBWPMVNFBMPOF

Virtual-water exportoɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUGSPNBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOF BUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBM XBUFSBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFFYQPSUPGHPPETPSTFSWJDFTGSPNUIFBSFB*UJTUIFUPUBM WPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUTGPSFYQPSU

Virtual-water flow o5IF WJSUVBMXBUFS GMPX CFUXFFO UXP HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ EFMJOFBUFEBSFBT GPSFYBNQMF UXPOBUJPOT JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUIBUJT CFJOHUSBOTGFSSFEGSPNUIFPOFUPUIFBOPUIFSBSFBBTBSFTVMUPGQSPEVDUUSBEF

Virtual-water import o 5IF WJSUVBMXBUFS JNQPSU JOUP B HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ EFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBM XBUFSBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFJNQPSUPGHPPETPSTFSWJDFTJOUPUIFBSFB*UJTUIF UPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFE JOUIFFYQPSUBSFBT UPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUT 7JFXFEGSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGUIFJNQPSUJOHBSFB UIJTXBUFSDBOCFTFFOBTBO BEEJUJPOBMTPVSDFPGXBUFSUIBUDPNFTPOUPQPGUIFBWBJMBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFT XJUIJOUIFBSFBJUTFMG

Water abstractiono4FFAXBUFSXJUIESBXBM

Water appropriation oɨJTJTBUFSNVTFEJOUIFDPOUFYUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTTFTTNFOUUPSFGFSUPCPUIUIFADPOTVNQUJPOPGGSFTIXBUFSGPSIVNBOBDUJWJUJFT HSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BOEUIFAQPMMVUJPOPGGSFTIXBUFSCZIVNBO BDUJWJUJFT HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 

Water consumptionoɨFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEBOEUIFOFWBQPSBUFEPS JODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU*UBMTPJODMVEFTXBUFSBCTUSBDUFEGSPNTVSGBDFPS HSPVOEXBUFSJOBDBUDINFOUBOESFUVSOFEUPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUPSUIFTFB*U JTJNQPSUBOUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUIFUFSNAXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOGSPNUIFUFSNAXBUFS XJUIESBXBMPSAXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPO 194 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Water footprintoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFUIBU MPPLTBUCPUIEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSɨFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBOJOEJWJEVBM DPNNVOJUZPSCVTJOFTTJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNF PGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOEJWJEVBM PSDPNNVOJUZPSQSPEVDFECZUIFCVTJOFTT8BUFSVTFJTNFBTVSFEJOUFSNTPG XBUFSWPMVNFTDPOTVNFE FWBQPSBUFEPSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU BOEPS QPMMVUFEQFSVOJUPGUJNF"XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPSBQBSUJDVMBS QSPEVDU GPSBOZXFMMEFëOFEHSPVQPGDPOTVNFST GPSFYBNQMF BOJOEJWJEVBM  GBNJMZ WJMMBHF DJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUFPSOBUJPO PSQSPEVDFST GPSFYBNQMF BQVCMJD PSHBOJ[BUJPO QSJWBUFFOUFSQSJTFPSFDPOPNJDTFDUPS ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTB HFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOHOPUPOMZWPMVNFTPGXBUFSVTFBOE QPMMVUJPO CVUBMTPUIFMPDBUJPOT

Water footprint accounting oɨFTUFQJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUUIBUSFGFST UPDPMMFDUJOHGBDUVBM FNQJSJDBMEBUBPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIBTDPQFBOEEFQUI BTEFëOFEFBSMJFS

Water footprint assessment o8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUSFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHF PGBDUJWJUJFTUP J RVBOUJGZBOEMPDBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU  QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFSPSUPRVBOUJGZJOTQBDFBOEUJNFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëFEHFPHSBQIJDBSFB JJ BTTFTTUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJD TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOE JJJ GPSNVMBUFBSFTQPOTFTUSBUFHZ

Water footprint impact indices o4FFACMVFHSFFOHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDU JOEFY

Water footprint of a businessoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTToXIJDI DBOBMTPCFDBMMFEBMUFSOBUJWFMZDPSQPSBUFPSPSHBOJ[BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUoJT EFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZBOEJOEJSFDUMZUP SVOBOETVQQPSUBCVTJOFTTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTDPOTJTUTPGUXP DPNQPOFOUTUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFCZUIFQSPEVDFS GPSQSPEVDJOHNBOVGBDUVSJOH PSGPSTVQQPSUJOHBDUJWJUJFT BOEUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTF UIFXBUFSVTFJOUIF QSPEVDFSTTVQQMZDIBJO ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFTBNFBTUIF UPUBMAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTPVUQVUQSPEVDUT

Water footprint of a consumero*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFE CZUIFDPOTVNFS*UJTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFCZQFPQMFBOE UIFJSJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFɨFMBUUFSDBOCFGPVOECZNVMUJQMZJOHBMMHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU Glossary 195

Water footprint of national consumptiono*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMBNPVOU PGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIF JOIBCJUBOUTPGUIFOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBO CFBTTFTTFEJOUXPXBZTɨFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIJTUPDPOTJEFSUIFTVNPGBMM QSPEVDUTDPOTVNFENVMUJQMJFEXJUIUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU *OUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOJT DBMDVMBUFEBTUIFUPUBMVTFPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQMVTUIFHSPTTWJSUVBM XBUFSJNQPSUNJOVTUIFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU

Water footprint of national productiono"OPUIFSUFSNGPSUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOBOBUJPO

Water footprint of a productoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU BDPNNPEJUZ  HPPEPSTFSWJDF JTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU  TVNNFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTTUFQTPGUIFQSPEVDUJPODIBJOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB QSPEVDUSFGFSTOPUPOMZUPUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGXBUFSVTFEJUBMTPSFGFSTUPXIFSF BOEXIFOUIFXBUFSJTVTFE

Water footprint offsetting o0êTFUUJOHUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTQBSUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZ0êTFUUJOHJTBMBTUTUFQ BGUFSBQSJPSFêPSUPGSFEVDJOH BXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTPGBSSFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMF$PNQFOTBUJPODBOCFEPOFCZ DPOUSJCVUJOHUP GPSFYBNQMF CZJOWFTUJOHJO BNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMF VTFPGXBUFSJOUIFIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTJOXIJDIUIFJNQBDUTPGUIFSFNBJOJOH XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFMPDBUFE

Water footprint sustainability assessment oɨFQIBTFJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTTFTTNFOUUIBUBJNTUPFWBMVBUFXIFUIFSBDFSUBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTVTUBJOBCMF GSPNBOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM BTXFMMBTBOFDPOPNJDQPJOUPGWJFX

Water footprint within a geographically delineated area o*TEFëOFEBTUIF UPUBMGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOXJUIJOUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFB ɨFBSFBDBOCFGPSFYBNQMFBIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTVDIBTBDBUDINFOUBSFBPS BSJWFSCBTJOPSBOBENJOJTUSBUJWFVOJUMJLFBNVOJDJQBMJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUFPS nation.

Water footprint within a nation o*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNF DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO

Water neutral o"QSPDFTT QSPEVDU DPOTVNFS DPNNVOJUZPSCVTJOFTTJT XBUFSOFVUSBMXIFO J JUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTCFFOSFEVDFEXIFSFQPTTJCMF  QBSUJDVMBSMZJOQMBDFTXJUIBIJHIEFHSFFPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZPSQPMMVUJPOBOE 196 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

JJ XIFOUIFOFHBUJWFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDFYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIF SFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBWFCFFOPêTFU DPNQFOTBUFE *OTPNFQBSUJDVMBS DBTFT XIFOJOUFSGFSFODFXJUIUIFXBUFSDZDMFDBOCFDPNQMFUFMZBWPJEFEoGPS FYBNQMF CZGVMMXBUFSSFDZDMJOHBOE[FSPXBTUFoAXBUFSOFVUSBMNFBOTUIBUUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOVMMJëFEJOPUIFSDBTFT TVDIBTJOUIFDBTFPGDSPQHSPXUI UIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOOPUCFOVMMJëFEɨFSFGPSFAXBUFSOFVUSBMEPFTOPUOFDFTTBSJMZ NFBOUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTCSPVHIUEPXOUP[FSP CVUUIBUJUJTSFEVDFE BTNVDIBTQPTTJCMFBOEUIBUUIFOFHBUJWFFDPOPNJD TPDJBMBOEFOWJSPONFOUBM FYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFGVMMZDPNQFOTBUFE

Water pollution level o%FHSFFPGQPMMVUJPOPGUIFSVOPêìPX NFBTVSFEBTUIF GSBDUJPOPGUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGSVOPêBDUVBMMZDPOTVNFE"XBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFMPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFSVO PêìPXIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE

Water productivity o1SPEVDUVOJUTQSPEVDFEQFSVOJUPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO PSQPMMVUJPO8BUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ QSPEVDUVOJUTN JTUIFJOWFSTFPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOU NQSPEVDUVOJU #MVFXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZSFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUT PCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSFPGCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNFE(SFFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ SFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUTPCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSFPGHSFFOXBUFSDPOTVNFE (SFZXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZSFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUTPCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSF PGHSFZXBUFSQSPEVDFEɨFUFSNAXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZJTBTJNJMBSUFSNBTUIF UFSNTMBCPVSQSPEVDUJWJUZPSMBOEQSPEVDUJWJUZ CVUOPXQSPEVDUJPOJTEJWJEFE PWFSUIFXBUFSJOQVU8IFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZJTNFBTVSFEJONPOFUBSZPVUQVU JOTUFBEPGQIZTJDBMPVUQVUQFSVOJUPGXBUFS POFDBOTQFBLBCPVUAFDPOPNJD XBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ

Water scarcity o4FFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEAHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ

Water self-sufficiency versus water dependency of a nationɨFAXBUFSTFMG TVïDJFODZPGBOBUJPOJTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFJOUFSOBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO*UEFOPUFTUIFEFHSFFUPXIJDIUIFOBUJPO TVQQMJFTUIFXBUFSOFFEFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFEPNFTUJDEFNBOEGPSHPPET BOETFSWJDFT4FMGTVïDJFODZJTQFSDFOUJGBMMUIFXBUFSOFFEFEJTBWBJMBCMF BOEJOEFFEUBLFOGSPNXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOTPXOUFSSJUPSZ8BUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ BQQSPBDIFT[FSPJGUIFEFNBOEGPSHPPETBOETFSWJDFTJOBOBUJPOJTMBSHFMZNFU XJUIWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUT/BUJPOTXJUIJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSEFQFOE de facto POUIFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBWBJMBCMFJOPUIFSQBSUTPGUIFXPSMEɨFAWJSUVBM XBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZPGBOBUJPOJTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFFYUFSOBMUP UIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO Glossary 197

Water withdrawaloɨFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOGSPNTVSGBDFPS HSPVOEXBUFS1BSUPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSXJUIESBXBMXJMMFWBQPSBUF BOPUIFSQBSU XJMMSFUVSOUPUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFJUXBTXJUIESBXOBOEZFUBOPUIFSQBSUNBZ return to another catchment or the sea.

*OEFY

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NBUFSJBMìPXBOBMZTJT sustainability NFBU        BTTFTTNFOUo  o      o o   o  PêTFUUJOH DSJUFSJB o   DBSCPO   HFPHSBQIJDo o   XBUFSo o   o   o o PGDPOTVNQUJPO   PQQPSUVOJUZDPTU    PGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUo o  PSHBOJDGBSNJOHo  o     SFQPSUJOH  QFPQMFQMBOFUQSPëU sustainable procurement 112 QPMMVUFSQBZTQSJODJQMF UIFSNBMQPMMVUJPO   QSJNBSZJNQBDUTo o    o   trade QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN  o  QPMJDZ o  o   XBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHI o  QSPEVDUGSBDUJPOo o      QSPEVDUUSFF    USBOTQBSFODZPGQSPEVDUTo   o o  SBJOXBUFSIBSWFTUJOH USJQMFCPUUPNMJOF remote sensing 121 USVODBUJPOo    SFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF  SFUVSOìPX      VODFSUBJOUJFTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU  BTTFTTNFOU  SJTL VTFSQBZTQSJODJQMF CVTJOFTT  o    WBMVFGSBDUJPOo   ëOBODJBM WJSUVBMXBUFS JOTVQQMZDIBJO   CBMBODF  QIZTJDBM  DPOUFOU   SFHVMBUPSZ  USBEF FYQPSUJNQPSU   SFQVUBUJPOBMo  o o o  SVOPêo    o     o o   XBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ   TDBSDJUZSFOU  o        TFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTo o     o   XBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU    TPDJBMMJDFODFUPPQFSBUF        TVHBS o  o 202 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual

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o      JOIPVTFIPMET   HMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEF FðVFOUTUBOEBSET  o  OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO o  OBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEF     o        XBUFSTDBSDJUZ  o o  XBUFSSFDZDMJOH  o    o o o     o       XBUFSSFVTF     XBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ  XBUFSTBWJOH XBUFSXJUIESBXBMo o   JOBHSJDVMUVSF    o      JOJOEVTUSZ   

People use a lot of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the ‘virtual water’ embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it: provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction.

Arjen Y. Hoekstra is Professor in Water Management at the , the ; creator of the water footprint concept and Scientific Director of the Water Footprint Network. Ashok K. Chapagain was an irrigation engineer in Nepal for more than a decade, has worked as a researcher at the University of Twente and currently works for the WWF in the UK. Maite M. Aldaya works as a consultant for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and is a researcher at the Water Footprint Network. Mesfin M. Mekonnen was an energy expert at the Ministry of Mines and Energy in Ethiopia, and is currently a PhD student at the University of Twente.

Water / Environmental and Sustainability Assessment / Agriculture and Food

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Cover image: ‘Water Background’ © istockphoto.com/Selahattin BAYRAM