University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute
2011
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Ashok K. Chapagain
Maite M. Aldaya
Mesfin Mekonnen Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, [email protected]
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Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Chapagain, Ashok K.; Aldaya, Maite M.; and Mekonnen, Mesfin, "The aterW Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard" (2011). Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications. 77. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs/77
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Water Footprint Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment Manual Setting the Global Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite M. Aldaya and Public Disclosure Authorized Mesfin M. Mekonnen
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Setting the Global Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite M. Aldaya and Mesfin M. Mekonnen
publishing for a sustainable future -POEPOt8BTIJOHUPO %$ First published in 2011 by Earthscan
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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xvii Acronyms xix
1 Introduction 1 #BDLHSPVOE ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOU (VJEFGPSUIFSFBEFS
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6 Limitations 115
7 Future Challenges 119 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUNFUIPEPMPHZBOEEBUB "QQMJDBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOEJêFSFOUDPOUFYUT &NCFEEJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOFYJTUJOHXBUFSBOE FOWJSPONFOUBMBDDPVOUTBOESFQPSUT -JOLJOHUPFDPMPHJDBM FOFSHZBOEDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUNFUIPET -JOLJOHUPNBUFSJBMìPXBOBMZTJT JOQVUPVUQVUNPEFMMJOHBOEMJGF DZDMFBTTFTTNFOU
8 Conclusion 129
Appendix I Calculation of Green and Blue Evapotranspiration Using the CROPWAT Model 131 Appendix II Calculating the Process Water Footprint of Growing a Crop: An Example for Sugar Beet in Valladolid (Spain) 135 Appendix III Calculating the Water Footprint of a Product: Example for Refined Sugar from Valladolid (Spain) 143 Appendix IV Examples of Grey Water Footprint Calculations 147 Appendix V Environmental Flow Requirements 151 Appendix VI Frequently Asked Questions 155
References 169 List of Symbols 183 Glossary 187 Index 199
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GPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUBSFJOJUJBUFE BDSPTTBMMTFDUPSTPGFDPOPNZBOEDPWFSJOHBMM DPOUJOFOUT*OPSEFSUPMFBSOGSPNUIFWBSJPVTPOHPJOHQSBDUJDBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU QJMPUQSPKFDUTBOEGSPNFYQFDUFEOFXTDJFOUJëDQVCMJDBUJPOT UIF8'/JOWJUFT CPUIQBSUOFSTBOEOPOQBSUOFSTUPQSPWJEFGFFECBDLPOUIJTFEJUJPOPGUIF NBOVBM*OUIJTXBZXFIPQFUPNBLFCFTUVTFPGUIFEJWFSTFFYQFSJFODFTUIBU JOEJWJEVBMTBOEPSHBOJ[BUJPOTIBWFXIFOFWBMVBUJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIJO EJêFSFOUDPOUFYUTBOEGPSEJêFSFOUQVSQPTFT8FBJNUPGVSUIFSSFëOFUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUNFUIPEPMPHZTPUIBUJUCFTUTFSWFTUIFWBSJPVTQVSQPTFTUIBUEJêFSFOU TFDUPSTJOTPDJFUZTFFGPSJU BUUIFTBNFUJNFTUSJWJOHGPSDPIFSFODF DPOTJTUFODZ BOETDJFOUJëDTDSVUJOZ Joop de Schutter Chair of the Supervisory Council of the Water Footprint Network Acronyms
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Chapter 1
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1.2 The water footprint concept
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Water footprint of a consumer or producer
Direct water use Indirect water use
Green water footprint Green water footprint
Water withdrawal
Water Non-consumptive Blue water footprint Blue water footprint consumption water use (return flow)
Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water pollution pollution
Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the components of a water footprint. It shows that the non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (the return flow) is not part of the water footprint. It also shows that, contrary to the measure of ‘water withdrawal’, the ‘water footprint’ includes green and grey water and the indirect water-use component
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1.3 Water footprint assessment
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Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
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Figure 1.2 Four distinct phases in water footprint assessment Introduction 5
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1.4 Guide for the reader
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(PBMTBOE4DPQFPG8BUFS Footprint Assessment
2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment
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Box 2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment
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National water footprint assessment (water footprint within a nation and water footprint of national consumption) r 8IBUJTUIFTDPQFPGJOUFSFTU "TTFTTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO BOEPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO "OBMZTFUIFJOUFSOBM BOEPSUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO r 8IBUJTUIFàFMEPGJOUFSFTU "TTFTTOBUJPOBMXBUFSTDBSDJUZ TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PGOBUJPOBMQSPEVDUJPO FYQPSUPGTDBSDFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOWJSUVBMGPSN OBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHCZJNQPSUPGXBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSN TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ of national consumption, impacts of the water footprint of national DPOTVNQUJPOJOPUIFSDPVOUSJFTBOEPSEFQFOEFODZPOGPSFJHOXBUFS SFTPVSDFT
Business water footprint assessment r 8IBUJTUIFTDBMFPGTUVEZ "DPNQBOZVOJU XIPMFDPNQBOZPSBXIPMF TFDUPS 8IFOUIFTDBMFPGJOUFSFTUJTUIFQSPEVDUMFWFM TFFBCPWFVOEFS product water footprint assessment.) r 8IBUJTUIFTDPQFPGJOUFSFTU "TTFTTUIFPQFSBUJPOBMBOEPSUIFTVQQMZ DIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU r 8IBUJTUIFàFMEPGJOUFSFTU #VTJOFTTSJTL QSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ DPSQP SBUFFOWJSPONFOUBMSFQPSUJOH QSPEVDUMBCFMMJOH CFODINBSLJOH CVTJOFTT certification, identification of critical water footprint components, GPSNVMBUJPOPGRVBOUJUBUJWFSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUT
2.2 Scope of water footprint accounting
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Blue, green and/or grey water footprint? #MVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFHFOFSBMMZTDBSDFSBOEIBWFIJHIFSPQQPSUVOJUZDPTUT UIBOHSFFOXBUFS TPUIBUNBZCFBSFBTPOUPGPDVTPOBDDPVOUJOHUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPOMZ)PXFWFS HSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFBMTPMJNJUFEBOEUIVTTDBSDF XIJDIHJWFTBOBSHVNFOUUPBDDPVOUUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTXFMM#FTJEFT HSFFOXBUFSDBOCFTVCTUJUVUFECZCMVFXBUFS– BOEJOBHSJDVMUVSFUIFPUIFSXBZ BSPVOEBTXFMMoTPUIBUBDPNQMFUFQJDUVSFDBOCFPCUBJOFEPOMZCZBDDPVOUJOH GPSCPUIɨFBSHVNFOUGPSJODMVEJOHHSFFOXBUFSVTFJTUIBUUIFIJTUPSJDBM FOHJOFFSJOHGPDVTPOCMVFXBUFSIBTMFEUPUIFVOEFSWBMVBUJPOPGHSFFOXBUFS BTBOJNQPSUBOUGBDUPSPGQSPEVDUJPO 'BMLFONBSL 3PDLTUSÚN ɨFJEFBPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXBTJOUSPEVDFEJOPSEFSUPFYQSFTTXBUFS QPMMVUJPOJOUFSNTPGBWPMVNFQPMMVUFE TPUIBUJUDBOCFDPNQBSFEXJUIXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPO XIJDIJTBMTPFYQSFTTFEBTBWPMVNF $IBQBHBJOFUBM C )PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO *GPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOXBUFSQPMMVUJPOBOEJO DPNQBSJOHUIFSFMBUJWFDMBJNTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPOBOEXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOPOUIF BWBJMBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFT JUJTSFMFWBOUUPBDDPVOUUIFHSFZJOBEEJUJPOUPUIFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOU
Where to truncate the analysis when going back along the supply chain? ɨFUSVODBUJPOJTTVFJTBCBTJDRVFTUJPOJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH0OF GBDFTTJNJMBSRVFTUJPOTBTJODBSCPOBOEFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH FOFSHZ BOBMZTJTBOEMJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOU/PHFOFSBMHVJEFMJOFTIBWFCFFOEFWFMPQFE ZFUJOUIFëFMEPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH CVUUIFHFOFSBMSVMFJTJODMVEF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBMMQSPDFTTFTXJUIJOBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN QSPEVDUJPO USFF UIBUATJHOJëDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUFUPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFRVFTUJPO SFNBJOTXIBUATJHOJëDBOUJTPOFDBOTBZGPSJOTUBODFAMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOU PSAMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOUXIFOJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFMBSHFTUDPNQPOFOUTPOMZ *GPOFUSBDFTUIFPSJHJOTPGBQBSUJDVMBSQSPEVDU POFXJMMTFFUIBUTVQQMZDIBJOT BSFOFWFSFOEJOHBOEXJEFMZEJWFSHJOHCFDBVTFPGUIFWBSJFUZPGJOQVUTVTFEJO FBDIQSPDFTTTUFQ*OQSBDUJDF IPXFWFS UIFSFBSFPOMZBGFXQSPDFTTTUFQTUIBU TVCTUBOUJBMMZDPOUSJCVUFUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDU"TB SVMFPGUIVNC POFDBOFYQFDUUIBU XIFOBQSPEVDUJODMVEFTJOHSFEJFOUTUIBU PSJHJOBUFGSPNBHSJDVMUVSF UIPTFJOHSFEJFOUTPGUFOHJWFBNBKPSDPOUSJCVUJPOUP UIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUɨJTJTUIFDBTFCFDBVTFBOFTUJNBUFE QFSDFOUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZJTXJUIJOUIFBHSJDVMUVSBMTFDUPS Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 11
)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO *OEVTUSJBMJOHSFEJFOUTBSFMJLFMZUPDPOUSJCVUF QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFOUIFZDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIXBUFSQPMMVUJPO TPUIFZXJMM DPOUSJCVUFUPUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU "TQFDJëDRVFTUJPOUIBUGBMMTVOEFSUIFUSVODBUJPOJTTVFJTXIFUIFSPOF TIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGMBCPVS XIJDIJTBOJOQVUGBDUPS in nearly all processes. The argument could be made that employees are an JOQVUGBDUPSUIBUSFRVJSFTGPPE DMPUIJOHBOEESJOLJOHXBUFS TPUIBUBMMUIF EJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUTPGFNQMPZFFTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEJO UIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU)PXFWFS UIJTDSFBUFTBWFSZTFSJPVT BDDPVOUJOHQSPCMFN XFMMLOPXOJOUIFëFMEPGMJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOUɨF QSPCMFNJTUIBUEPVCMFDPVOUJOHXPVMEPDDVSɨFVOEFSMZJOHJEFBPGOBUVSBM SFTPVSDFTBDDPVOUJOHPGQSPEVDUTJTUPBMMPDBUFBMMOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFUPUIF ëOBMDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUTBOECBTFEPODPOTVNQUJPOEBUBUPDPOTVNFST"MM OBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFJTUIVTVMUJNBUFMZBUUSJCVUFEUPDPOTVNFST$POTVNFSTBSF IPXFWFS BMTPXPSLFST*UXPVMEDSFBUFBOFWFSFOEJOHMPPQPGEPVCMF USJQMF DPVOUJOHBOETPPO XIFOUIFOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFBUUSJCVUFEUPBDPOTVNFS XPVMECFDPVOUFEBTOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFVTFVOEFSMZJOHUIFJOQVUGBDUPSMBCPVS JOQSPEVDUJPO*OTIPSU JUJTDPNNPOQSBDUJDFUPFYDMVEFMBCPVSBTBGBDUPS embodying indirect resource use. "OPUIFSTQFDJëDRVFTUJPOPGUFOQPTFEoQBSUJDVMBSMZCZBOBMZTUTXIPIBWF FYQFSJFODFXJUIDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHoJTXIFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG USBOTQPSUTIPVMECFJODMVEFE5SBOTQPSUDPOTVNFTBMPUPGFOFSHZ UIFBNPVOU PGXIJDINBZDPOTUJUVUFBTJHOJëDBOUDPNQPOFOUPGUIFPWFSBMMFOFSHZVTFEUP QSPEVDFBQSPEVDUBOEHFUJUUPJUTëOBMEFTUJOBUJPO*ONBOZDBTFT USBOTQPSU EPFTOPUDPOTVNFBTJHOJëDBOUBNPVOUPGGSFTIXBUFSJGDPNQBSFEUPUIFUPUBM GSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEUPNBLFBOEUSBOTQPSUBQSPEVDU*UEFQFOETPOUIFUZQFPG QSPEVDUBOEUIFUZQFPGFOFSHZBQQMJFE*OHFOFSBM XIFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGUSBOTQPSUJTUPCFJODMVEFEJOUIFBOBMZTJTEFQFOETPOUIFSVMFDIPTFOXJUI SFTQFDUUPIPXUPUSVODBUFUIFBOBMZTJT8IFOUSBOTQPSUJTFYQFDUFEUPIBWFB NJOPSDPOUSJCVUJPOUPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU UIFDPNQPOFOU DBOCFMFGUPVUPGUIFBOBMZTJT8FQBSUJDVMBSMZSFDPNNFOEJODMVEJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUSBOTQPSUXIFOCJPGVFMTPSIZESPQPXFSBSFVTFEBTUIFTPVSDFPG FOFSHZ CFDBVTFUIFTFGPSNTPGFOFSHZBSFLOPXOUPIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ.PSFJOHFOFSBM POFDBOBTLXIFUIFSUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGFOFSHZBQQMJFEJOBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTIPVMECFJODMVEFEJOUIF BTTFTTNFOUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFëOBMQSPEVDU"HBJO JONPTUDBTFT UIFDPOUSJCVUJPOPGUIFGBDUPSFOFSHZXJMMCFBTNBMMQFSDFOUBHFPGUIFPWFSBMM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU"OFYDFQUJPONBZCFXIFOFOFSHZJTTPVSDFEGSPN CJPGVFMPSGSPNFMFDUSJDJUZGSPNCJPNBTTDPNCVTUJPOPSIZESPQPXFS CFDBVTF UIPTFGPSNTPGFOFSHZIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ (FSCFOT-FFOFTFUBM B C:BOHFUBM %PNJOHVF['BVTFUBM 12 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Table 2.1 Spatiotemporal explication in water footprint accounting
Spatial Temporal Source of required Typical use of the explication explication data on water use accounts -FWFM" (MPCBM "OOVBM "WBJMBCMFMJUFSBUVSFBOE "XBSFOFTTSBJTJOH average EBUBCBTFTPOUZQJDBM SPVHIJEFOUJàDBUJPO water consumption and of components QPMMVUJPOCZQSPEVDUPS DPOUSJCVUJOHNPTUUPUIF process. PWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU EFWFMPQNFOUPGHMPCBM projections of water consumption. -FWFM# National, "OOVBMPS "TBCPWF CVUVTFPG 3PVHIJEFOUJàDBUJPOPG regional or monthly nationally, regionally or spatial spreading and catchment- DBUDINFOUTQFDJàDEBUB WBSJBCJMJUZLOPXMFEHF TQFDJàD CBTFGPSIPUTQPU JEFOUJàDBUJPOBOEXBUFS allocation decisions. Level C Small Monthly or &NQJSJDBMEBUBPS JGOPU ,OPXMFEHFCBTFGPS catchment daily EJSFDUMZNFBTVSBCMF carrying out a water PSàFME CFTUFTUJNBUFTPO GPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ TQFDJàD water consumption and BTTFTTNFOUGPSNVMBUJPO QPMMVUJPO TQFDJàFECZ of a strategy to reduce location and over the water footprints and year. associated local impacts.
/PUF5IFUISFFMFWFMTDBOCFEJTUJOHVJTIFEGPSBMMGPSNTPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH GPSFYBNQMF QSPEVDU OBUJPOBM DPSQPSBUFBDDPVOUT
Which level of spatiotemporal explication? 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUTDBOCFBTTFTTFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMTPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJM 5BCMF "U-FWFM" UIFMPXFTUMFWFMPGEFUBJM UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPO HMPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMFEBUBCBTFɨFEBUBSFGFSUP NVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFTɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMJTTVïDJFOUBOEFWFONPTUJOTUSVNFOUBM GPSUIFQVSQPTFPGBXBSFOFTTSBJTJOHɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMDBOBMTPCFTVJUBCMFXIFO UIFBJNJTUPJEFOUJGZQSPEVDUTBOEJOHSFEJFOUTUIBUNPTUTJHOJëDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUF UPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU(MPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBDBOBMTPCF VTFGVMGPSEFWFMPQJOHSPVHIQSPKFDUJPOTPGGVUVSFHMPCBMXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO HJWFONBKPSDIBOHFTJODPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOT TVDIBTBTIJGUUPXBSETNPSFNFBU PSCJPFOFSHZ "U-FWFM# UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPOOBUJPOBMPS SFHJPOBMBWFSBHFPSDBUDINFOUTQFDJëDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMF HFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUEBUBCBTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFQSFGFSBCMZTQFDJëFECZ NPOUI CVUXJMMTUJMMCFNVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFNPOUIMZEBUBɨJTMFWFMPGBDDPVOUJOH JTTVJUBCMFUPQSPWJEFBCBTJTGPSVOEFSTUBOEJOHXIFSFIPUTQPUTJOMPDBMXBUFSTIFET DBOCFFYQFDUFEBOEGPSNBLJOHXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOEFDJTJPOT"U-FWFM$ XBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFHFPHSBQIJDBMMZBOEUFNQPSBMMZFYQMJDJU CBTFEPOQSFDJTF Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 13
EBUBPOJOQVUTVTFE BOEQSFDJTFTPVSDFTPGUIPTFJOQVUTɨFNJOJNVNTQBUJBM SFTPMVUJPOJTUIFMFWFMPGTNBMMDBUDINFOUT _oLN2 CVUJGEFTJSFEBOE XIFOEBUBBMMPX POFDBOBDDPVOUBUëFMEMFWFM*OUIFMBUUFSDBTF XFBSFUBMLJOH BCPVUBDDPVOUTUIBUNBQXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSGBSN MJWJOHEJTUSJDUPSJOEVTUSZɨF NJOJNVNUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPOJTBNPOUIBOETUVEZJOHJOUFSBOOVBMWBSJBUJPOT XJMMCFQBSUPGUIFBOBMZTJTɨFBDDPVOUJOHJTCBTFEPOCFTUFTUJNBUFTPGBDUVBM MPDBMXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPO QSFGFSBCMZWFSJëFEPOUIFHSPVOEɨJT IJHIMFWFMPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJMJTTVJUBCMFGPSGPSNVMBUJOHTJUFTQFDJëDXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOTUSBUFHJFT
Which period of data? 8BUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZìVDUVBUFTXJUIJOBZFBSBOEBDSPTTZFBSTBTXFMM"TBDPOTF RVFODFPGWBSZJOHXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ XBUFSEFNBOEWBSJFTJOUJNFBTXFMM0OF TIPVMEUIFSFGPSFCFFYUSFNFMZDBVUJPVTJONBLJOHDMBJNTSFHBSEJOHBXBUFSGPPU QSJOUUSFOEJOUJNF8IBUFWFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUVEZJTVOEFSUBLFO POFTIPVME CFFYQMJDJUSFHBSEJOHUIFQFSJPEPGEBUBVTFE CFDBVTFUIFQFSJPEDIPTFOXJMM BêFDUUIFPVUDPNF*OESZZFBST UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDSPQQSPEVDUXJMM CFNVDIIJHIFSUIBOJOXFUZFBST CFDBVTFNPSFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSXJMMCFSFRVJSFE 0OFDBODIPPTFUPDBMDVMBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTGPSPOFQBSUJDVMBSZFBSPSBOVNCFS PGTQFDJëDZFBST CVUBMUFSOBUJWFMZPOFDBODIPPTFUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU VOEFSBOBWFSBHFZFBSHJWFOUIFFYJTUJOHDMJNBUF EFëOFEBTUIFBWFSBHFPWFSB DPOTFDVUJWFQFSJPEPGZFBST *OUIFMBUUFSDBTF POFXJMMDPNCJOFEJêFSFOU QFSJPETJOPOFBOBMZTJTPOFUBLFT GPSFYBNQMF QSPEVDUJPOBOEZJFMEEBUBGPSB SFDFOUQFSJPEPGëWFZFBSTCVUEBUBPODMJNBUF UFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFDJQJUBUJPO BT BOBWFSBHFGPSUIFQBTUZFBST
Direct and/or indirect water footprint? ɨFHFOFSBMSFDPNNFOEBUJPOJTUPJODMVEFCPUIEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUT8IFSFBTEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFUIFUSBEJUJPOBMGPDVTPGDPO TVNFSTBOEDPNQBOJFT UIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFS #ZBEESFTTJOHPOMZUIFJSEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPOTVNFSTXPVMEOFHMFDUUIF GBDUUIBUUIFMBSHFTUQBSUPGUIFJSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUT UIFZCVZJOUIFTVQFSNBSLFUPSFMTFXIFSF OPUUIFXBUFSUIFZDPOTVNFBUIPNF 'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOJTNVDICJHHFS UIBOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJSPXOPQFSBUJPOTJHOPSJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJO DPNQPOFOUNBZMFBEUPJOWFTUNFOUTJONBLJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIFPQFSBUJPOBM XBUFSVTFXIJMFJOWFTUNFOUTJOJNQSPWJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJODPVMEIBWFCFFO NPSFDPTUFêFDUJWF%FQFOEJOHPOUIFQVSQPTFPGBQBSUJDVMBSTUVEZ IPXFWFS POFDBOPGDPVSTFEFDJEFUPJODMVEFPOMZUIFEJSFDUPSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JOUIFBOBMZTJTɨFSFJTTPNFTJNJMBSJUZIFSFXJUIUIFATDPQFTBTEJTUJOHVJTIFEJO DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH TFF#PY 14 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Box 2.2 Are there ‘scopes’ in water footprint accounting as there are in the case of corporate carbon footprint accounting?
"DBSCPOGPPUQSJOUJTUIFUPUBMTFUPGHSFFOIPVTFHBT ()( FNJTTJPOT DBVTFEEJSFDUMZBOEJOEJSFDUMZCZBOJOEJWJEVBM PSHBOJ[BUJPO FWFOUPSQSPEVDU *OUIFàFMEPGDPSQPSBUFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH UISFFATDPQFTIBWF CFFOEFà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footprint accounting. The total water footprint of a consumer or producer SFGFST CZEFàOJUJPO UPCPUIUIFEJSFDUBOEUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGUIJT DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS5IJTNFBOTUIBU XJUIPVUTQFDJàDBUJPO UIFUFSNXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFTVNPGEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDU5IFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO 4DPQFTBOEBTBQQMJFEJODBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTOPUVTFGVMJOUIF case of water footprint accounting. In water footprint accounting there are thus two ‘scopes’ only: ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ water footprint.
Consider the water footprint within a nation or the water footprint of national consumption? ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNF DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPOɨJTJODMVEFTXBUFS VTFGPSNBLJOHQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFEEPNFTUJDBMMZCVUBMTPXBUFSVTFGPSNBLJOH FYQPSUQSPEVDUTɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJTEJêFSFOUGSPNUIF AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPG XBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOIBCJUBOUTPG UIFOBUJPOɨJTSFGFSTUPCPUIXBUFSVTFXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBOEXBUFSVTFPVUTJEF UIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO CVUJTSFTUSJDUFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFCFIJOEUIFQSPEVDUT DPOTVNFEXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO UIVTJODMVEFTBOJOUFSOBMBOEBOFYUFSOBMDPNQPOFOU*ODMVEJOHBOBOBMZTJT PGUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTLFZJOPSEFSUPHFUBDPNQMFUFQJDUVSFPGIPX OBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUSBOTMBUFTUPXBUFSVTFOPUPOMZJOUIFDPVOUSZJUTFMGCVU BMTPBCSPBE BOEUIVTUPBOBMZTFXBUFSEFQFOEFODZBOETVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGJNQPSUT Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 15
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2.3 Scope of water footprint sustainability assessment
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2.4 Scope of water footprint response formulation
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Chapter 3
Water Footprint Accounting
3.1 Human appropriation of fresh water: What do we measure and why?
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Green water footprint Blue water footprint
Non Precipitation production-related Production-related Water contained Production-related Water contained Water transfer to evapotranspiration evapotranspiration in products evapotranspiration in products other catchment
Catchment area Abstraction Return flow
Run-off at Run-off from Soil and vegetation Ground- and surface water field level catchment
Figure 3.1 5IFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOSFMBUJPOUPUIFXBUFS CBMBODFPGBDBUDINFOUBSFB Water Footprint Accounting 21
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3.2 Coherence between different sorts of water footprint accounts
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Water footprint of a group of Water footprint of a group of Water footprint within a consumers (e.g. of a nation, geographically delineated area producers (e.g. a sector) province or municipality) (e.g. a nation or river basin)
Water footprint of a producer Water footprint of consumer (business, company) add process add product water footprints add product water footprints water footprints of all products produced of all products consumed of all processes occurring within the area Product water footprints
add process water footprints of all processes in a production system of a product
Process water footprints
Figure 3.2 1SPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBTUIFCBTJDCVJMEJOHCMPDLGPSBMMPUIFS water footprints
FYDMVTJWFMZBMMPDBUFEUPPOFëOBMQSPEVDUPS XIFOBQSPDFTTDPOUSJCVUFTUPNPSF UIBOPOFëOBMQSPEVDU BQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEJWJEFEPWFSUIFEJêFSFOU ëOBMQSPEVDUT"EEJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGJOUFSNFEJBUFQSPEVDUTEPFTOPUNBLF TFOTF CFDBVTFEPVCMFDPVOUJOHDBOFBTJMZPDDVS*GPOFXPVMEBEE GPSJOTUBODF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPUUPOGBCSJDBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIBSWFTUFEDPUUPO POFXPVMEEPVCMFDPVOU CFDBVTFUIFGPSNFSJODMVEFTUIFMBUUFS4JNJMBSMZ POF DBOBEEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFSTXJUIPVUEPVCMFDPVOUJOH CVUPOFTIPVMEOPUBEEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGEJêFSFOUQSPEVDFSTBTUIJTDBO lead to double counting. ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPOTVNFSTJTSFMBUFEUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIF QSPEVDFSTJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJO'JHVSFTIPXTBTJNQMJëFEFYBNQMFPGUIF TVQQMZDIBJOPGBOBOJNBMQSPEVDUɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS JTUIFTVNPGJUTEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT8IFOXFGPDVTPONFBU DPOTVNQUJPO UIFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSSFGFSTUPUIFWPMVNFPG XBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXIFOQSFQBSJOHBOEDPPLJOHUIFNFBUɨFJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFNFBUDPOTVNFSEFQFOETPOUIFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFSFUBJMFSUIBUTFMMTUIFNFBU UIFGPPEQSPDFTTPSUIBUQSFQBSFTUIFNFBUGPSTBMF UIFMJWFTUPDLGBSNUIBUSBJTFTUIFBOJNBMBOEUIFDSPQGBSNUIBUQSPEVDFTUIFGFFE GPSUIFBOJNBMɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFSFUBJMFSEFQFOETPOUIFEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFGPPEQSPDFTTPS MJWFTUPDLGBSNBOEDSPQGBSN BOETPPO ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOBOBSFBJTOPUFRVBMUPUIFAXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFBSFB CVUUIFZBSFSFMBUFE'JHVSFTIPXTUIFSFMBUJPO CFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJëFEFYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOTɨFAJOUFSOBM Water Footprint Accounting 23
Box 3.1 The relation between the different sorts of water footprints
r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFQSPDFTTTUFQTUBLFOUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU DPOTJEFSJOHUIFXIPMF production and supply chain). r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFS r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPNNVOJUZUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG JUTNFNCFST r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGJUTJOIBCJUBOUT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFàOBMQSPEVDUTUIBUUIFCVTJOFTTQSPEVDFT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BNVOJDJQBMJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUF OBUJPO DBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO UIFTVN PGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB
XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOJTFRVBMUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO UIFOBUJPOJOTPGBSBTJUJTOPUSFMBUFEUPQSPEVDJOHFYQPSUQSPEVDUTɨFAFYUFSOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBOCFGPVOECZMPPLJOHBUUIFJNQPSU PGQSPEVDUT BOEUIVTXBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSN BOEUIFBTTPDJBUFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOUIFFYQPSUJOHOBUJPO "XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU PSBTBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF #PY ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT JTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF8IFOEJWJEFEPWFSUIFRVBOUJUZ PGQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFQSPDFTT JUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU"QSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFS WPMVNFQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU VTVBMMZNUPOPSMJUSFLH ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBSFBJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFE BTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF%FQFOEJOHPOUIFMFWFMPGEFUBJMUIBUPOFBJNT UPQSPWJEF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFFYQSFTTFEQFSEBZ NPOUIPSZFBS
3.3 Water footprint of a process step
3.3.1 Blue water footprint ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGDPOTVNQUJWFVTFPGTPDBMMFECMVF XBUFS JOPUIFSXPSET GSFTITVSGBDFPSHSPVOEXBUFSɨFUFSNADPOTVNQUJWF XBUFSVTFSFGFSTUPPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHGPVSDBTFT 24 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect wate r w ater wate r w ater footprint footprint footprint footprint Feed crop Livestock Food Retailer Consumer cultivation farming processor
Direct Direct Direct Direct Direct water water w ater water water footprint footprint footprint footprint footprint
Figure 3.3 The direct and indirect water footprint in each stage of the supply chain of an animal product
Nation A Nation B
Water footprint of Water footprint of national consumption national consumption
internal external external internal Virtual-water Virtual-water export export
Water Water footprint Virtual-water Virtual-water footprint within the import import within the nation nation
Figure 3.4 5IFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJàFE FYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOT
8BUFSFWBQPSBUFT 8BUFSJTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFQSPEVDU 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOUPUIFTBNFDBUDINFOUBSFB GPSFYBNQMF JUJTSFUVSOFE UPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUBSFBPSUIFTFB 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOJOUIFTBNFQFSJPE GPSFYBNQMF JUJTXJUIESBXOJOB TDBSDFQFSJPEBOESFUVSOFEJOBXFUQFSJPE
ɨFëSTUDPNQPOFOU FWBQPSBUJPO JTHFOFSBMMZUIFNPTUTJHOJëDBOUPOFɨFSFGPSF POFXJMMPGUFOTFFUIBUDPOTVNQUJWFVTFJTFRVBUFEXJUIFWBQPSBUJPO CVUUIF PUIFSUISFFDPNQPOFOUTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEXIFOSFMFWBOU"MMQSPEVDUJPO SFMBUFEFWBQPSBUJPODPVOUT JODMVEJOHUIFXBUFSUIBUFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHXBUFS TUPSBHF GPSFYBNQMF GSPNBSUJëDJBMXBUFSSFTFSWPJST USBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF Water Footprint Accounting 25
Box 3.2 Unit of a water footprint
r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJU PGUJNF8IFOEJWJEFEPWFSUIFRVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIF QSPDFTT QSPEVDUVOJUTQFSVOJUPGUJNF JUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFS volume per product unit. r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU&YBNQMFT – water volume per unit of mass (for products where weight is a good indicator of quantity) – water volume per unit of money (for products where value tells more than weight) – water volume per piece (for products that are counted per piece rather than weight) m XBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ QFSLDBMGPSGPPEQSPEVDUT PSQFS joule for electricity or fuels) r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSCVTJOFTTJTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFS WPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF*UDBOCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSNPOF UBSZVOJUXIFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGUJNFJTEJWJEFECZJODPNF GPSDPOTVNFST PSUVSOPWFS GPSCVTJOFTTFT 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB DPNNVOJUZPGDPOTVNFSTDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFS unit of time per capita. r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBJTFYQSFTTFE BTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF*UDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGXBUFS volume per monetary unit when divided over the income in the area.
GSPNPQFODBOBMT QSPDFTTJOH GPSFYBNQMF FWBQPSBUJPOPGIFBUFEXBUFSUIBUJT OPUSFDPMMFDUFE BOEDPMMFDUJPOBOEEJTQPTBM GPSFYBNQMF GSPNESBJOBHFDBOBMT BOEGSPNXBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOUQMBOUT A$POTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUUIFXBUFSEJTBQQFBST CFDBVTF XBUFSXJMMSFNBJOXJUIJOUIFDZDMFBOEBMXBZTSFUVSOTPNFXIFSF8BUFSJTB SFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF CVUUIBUEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUJUTBWBJMBCJMJUZJTVOMJNJUFE *OBDFSUBJOQFSJPE UIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUSFDIBSHFTHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFT BOEUIBUìPXTUISPVHIBSJWFSJTBMXBZTMJNJUFEUPBDFSUBJOBNPVOU8BUFSJO SJWFSTBOEBRVJGFSTDBOCFVTFEGPSJSSJHBUJPOPSJOEVTUSJBMPSEPNFTUJDQVSQPTFT #VUJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEPOFDBOOPUDPOTVNFNPSFXBUFSUIBOJTBWBJMBCMFɨF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBWBJMBCMFJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPE UIBUJTDPOTVNFE JOPUIFSXPSET OPUJNNFEJBUFMZSFUVSOFEXJUIJOUIFTBNF DBUDINFOU *OUIJTXBZ JUQSPWJEFTBNFBTVSFPGUIFBNPVOUPGBWBJMBCMFCMVF XBUFSDPOTVNFECZIVNBOTɨFSFNBJOEFS UIFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDFXBUFS ìPXTOPUDPOTVNFEGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFT JTMFGUUPTVTUBJOUIFFDPTZTUFNTUIBU EFQFOEPOUIFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDFXBUFSìPXT 26 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBQSPDFTTTUFQJTDBMDVMBUFEBT
WFproc,blue = BlueWaterEvaporation + BlueWaterIncorporation +
WFproc,blue = LostReturnflow
ɨFMBTUDPNQPOFOUSFGFSTUPUIFQBSUPGUIFSFUVSOìPXUIBUJTOPUBWBJMBCMF GPSSFVTFXJUIJOUIFTBNFDBUDINFOUXJUIJOUIFTBNFQFSJPEPGXJUIESBXBM FJUIFSCFDBVTFJUJTSFUVSOFEUPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOU PSEJTDIBSHFEJOUPUIFTFB PS CFDBVTFJUJTSFUVSOFEJOBOPUIFSQFSJPEPGUJNF *OBTTFTTJOHUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJUNBZCFSFMFWBOU EFQFOEJOH POUIFTDPQFPGUIFTUVEZ UPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGCMVFXBUFS TPVSDFTɨFNPTUSFMFWBOUEJWJTJPOJTCFUXFFOTVSGBDFXBUFS ìPXJOH SFOFXBCMF HSPVOEXBUFSBOEGPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFS0OFDBONBLFUIFEJTUJODUJPOCZTQFBLJOH SFTQFDUJWFMZPGUIFCMVFTVSGBDFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIFCMVFSFOFXBCMFHSPVOEXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBOEUIFCMVFGPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PSUIFMJHIUCMVF EBSLCMVF BOECMBDLXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJGPOFSFBMMZMJLFTUIFVTFPGUIFDPMPVST *OQSBDUJDF JU JTPGUFOWFSZEJïDVMUUPNBLFUIFEJTUJODUJPOCFDBVTFPGJOTVï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ê4JODFDPOTVNQUJWFVTF PGIBSWFTUFESBJOXBUFSXJMMTVCUSBDUGSPNSVOPê XFSFDPNNFOEUPDPOTJEFS TVDIXBUFSVTFBTBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU7BSJPVTTPSUTPGSBJOXBUFSIBSWFTUJOH UFDIOJRVFTFYJTUUPQSPWJEFESJOLJOHXBUFS XBUFSGPSMJWFTUPDLPSXBUFSGPS JSSJHBUJOHDSPQTPSHBSEFOT"TMPOHBTPOFTQFBLTPGMPDBMDPMMFDUJPOPGSVOPê oBTJOUIFDBTFPGSBJOXBUFSIBSWFTUJOHGSPNSPPGUPQTPSPUIFSIBSETVSGBDFTPS JOUIFDBTFPGMFBEJOHUIFSBJOUPTNBMMQPOEToPOFDBODBUFHPSJ[FDPOTVNQUJWF VTFPGUIJTXBUFSVOEFSUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU*G POUIFDPOUSBSZ POFTQFBLT PGNFBTVSFTUPJODSFBTFUIFTPJMXBUFSIPMEJOHDBQBDJUZPSBCPVUHSFFOSPPGUPQT UPSFUBJOSBJOXBUFS DPOTVNQUJWFVTFPGUIJTXBUFSGPSDSPQQSPEVDUJPOXJMMGBMM VOEFSUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU ɨFVOJUPGUIFCMVFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF GPSFYBNQMF QFSEBZ NPOUIPSZFBS8IFOEJWJEFEPWFSUIFRVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDU UIBUTUFNTGSPNUIFQSPDFTT UIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFE JOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU*O#PYXFSFìFDUPOXIFSFUP PCUBJOUIFEBUBOFDFTTBSZGPSCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOH Water Footprint Accounting 27
Box 3.3 Data sources for the calculation of a blue water footprint
Industrial processes:&BDIDPNQPOFOUPGUIFCMVFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOCFNFBTVSFE EJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZ*UJTHFOFSBMMZLOPXOIPXNVDIXBUFS JTBEEFEJOPSEFSUPCFDPNFQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDU)PXNVDIXBUFSFWBQPSBUFT during storage, transport, processing and disposal is generally not measured EJSFDUMZ CVUDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOBCTUSBDUJPOBOE àOBMEJTQPTBMWPMVNFT*EFBMMZ POFDBOSFMZPOEBUBCBTFTUIBUDPOUBJOUZQJDBM data on consumptive water use for various types of manufacturing processes. 4VDIEBUBCBTFT IPXFWFS EPIBSEMZFYJTUBOEHFOFSBMMZDPOUBJOEBUBPO XBUFSXJUIESBXBMT BCTUSBDUJPOT OPUPODPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF#FTJEFT UIFTFEBUBCBTFTHFOFSBMMZMBDLUIFOFDFTTBSZEFUBJMTBOEDPOUBJOEBUBPO XBUFSVTFQFSJOEVTUSJBMTFDUPS GPSFYBNQMF TVHBSSFàOFSJFT UFYUJMFNJMMT paper mills and so on) rather than per manufacturing process. Two data- SJDIDPNQFOEJVNTBSF(MFJDL BOE7BOEFS-FFEFOFUBM CVU CPUIBSF64GPDVTFEBOENBJOMZMJNJUFEUPEBUBPOXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT0OF DBOBMTPDPOTVMUQSPQSJFUBSZEBUBCBTFTTVDIBT&DPJOWFOU CVUTVDI EBUBCBTFTHFOFSBMMZQSPWJEFEBUBPOXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT OPUDPOTVNQUJWF XBUFSVTF5IFCFTUTPVSDFTGPSCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJONBOVGBDUVSJOH QSPDFTTFTBSFUIFNBOVGBDUVSFSTUIFNTFMWFTPSSFHJPOBMPSHMPCBMCSBODI PSHBOJ[BUJPOT
Agricultural processes:"WBJMBCMFTUBUJTUJDTPOCMVFXBUFSVTFJOBHSJ DVMUVSFHFOFSBMMZTIPXUPUBMXBUFSXJUIESBXBMTGPSJSSJHBUJPOPOMZ OPUCMVF consumptiveXBUFSVTF.FBTVSJOHXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBà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ÕMM .FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB B BOE;XBSUFUBM "UUIFXFCTJUFPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSLmXXXXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PSHmHFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUEBUBPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDSPQHSPXJOH BSFBWBJMBCMFGPSBMMNBKPSDSPQTJOUIFXPSME5IFTFEBUBTFUTDBOCFVTFE GPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBU-FWFM# TFF5BCMF 'PSBDDPVOUJOHBU -FWFM$ POFXJMMIBWFUPBQQMZBOBQQSPQSJBUFXBUFSCBMBODFNPEFMPOFTFMG UPHFUIFSXJUIMPDBMMZTQFDJàDJOQVUEBUB 28 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
8FëOBMJ[FUIJTTFDUJPOCZDPOTJEFSJOHUXPTQFDJëDDBTFTGPSXIJDIJUNBZ OPUCFJNNFEJBUFMZDMFBSUPUIFSFBEFSIPXUPQSPQFSMZBDDPVOUɨFëSTUDBTF DPODFSOTUIFJTTVFPGXBUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFɨFTFDPOEDBTFDPODFSOTUIF RVFTUJPOPGIPXUPBDDPVOUJOUIFDBTFPGBOJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFS
Water recycling and reuse 8BUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFBSFPGUFOVTFEBTUXPJOUFSDIBOHFBCMFUFSNT)FSF XFEFëOFAXBUFSSFDZDMJOHTQFDJëDBMMZBTUIFon-siteSFVTFPGXBUFSfor the same purpose BOEAXBUFSSFVTFBTUIFSFVTFPGXBUFSFMTFXIFSF QPTTJCMZGPSBOPUIFS QVSQPTF*OUIFDBTFPGSFDZDMJOH XFDBONBLFBOBEEJUJPOBMEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO SFDZDMJOHPGXBTUFXBUFS CZUSFBUJOHJUGPSSFVTF BOESFDZDMJOHPGFWBQPSBUFE XBUFS CZDPOEFOTJOHXBUFSWBQPVSGPSSFVTF ɨFEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGXBUFS SFDZDMJOHBOESFVTFBSFTIPXOGPSBTJNQMFFYBNQMFJO'JHVSFɨFëHVSF TIPXTUXPQSPDFTTFT UIFTFDPOEPGXIJDISFVTFT USFBUFE XBTUFXBUFSGSPNUIF ëSTUɨFTDIFNFTIPXTUIBUGPSUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGCPUIQSPDFTTFTJU JTUIFDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF FWBQPSBUJPOBOEJODPSQPSBUJPOJOUPQSPEVDUT that counts. Water recycling and reuse can be instrumental in reducing the blue XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTPOMZXIFOJUFêFDUJWFMZSFEVDFTDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFS use. Water recycling and reuse may also be instrumental in reducing the grey XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGXBUFSVTFST CVUUIJTXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEJO4FDUJPO
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint of process 1 of process 2
Consumptive Consumptive water use water use
Capture and recycling of water vapour
Reuse of Treatment wastewater Process 1 Process 2
Treatment Recycling of Abstraction wastewater Abstraction Effluent
Figure 3.5 #MVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJOUIFDBTFPGXBUFSSFDZDMJOH and reuse Water Footprint Accounting 29
Inter-basin water transfer "OJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFSJTUIFBCTUSBDUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNBSJWFSCBTJO"BOE NPWFJUoUISPVHIQJQFMJOFT DBOBMTPSCVMLUSBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF CZMPSSZPS TIJQ oUPBOPUIFSSJWFSCBTJO#"DDPSEJOHUPUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEFëOJUJPO NPWJOHXBUFSBXBZGSPNBSJWFSCBTJOJTBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIBUCBTJO CFDBVTFJUJTADPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFUPUBMUSBOTGFS XJMMCFBMMPDBUFEUPUIFCFOFëDJBSJFTPGUIFXBUFSJOUIFSFDFJWJOHSJWFSCBTJO ɨVT QSPDFTTFTJOCBTJO#UIBUVTFXBUFSGSPNBOPUIFSCBTJO"IBWFBCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUMPDBUFEJOCBTJO" UIFTJ[FPGXIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFS UIFZSFDFJWFQMVTUIFQPTTJCMFMPTTFTPOUIFXBZ*GUIFXBUFSVTFSTJOUIFSFDFJWJOH SJWFSCBTJO#SFUVSO QBSUPG UIFVTFEXBUFSUPUIFJSPXOCBTJO XFTFFUIBU XBUFSJTABEEFEUPUIFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOSJWFSCBTJO#ɨJTABEEFEXBUFSNBZ DPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPUIFSVTFSTUIBUIBWFDPOTVNFEXBUFS GSPNCBTJO#JOUIBUTFOTFPOFNBZBSHVFUIBUUIFJOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFSDSFBUFT BAOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFSFDFJWJOHSJWFSCBTJO JOTPGBSBTUIFXBUFS EPFTOPUFWBQPSBUFBOEJOEFFEBEETUPUIFXBUFSTZTUFNPGUIFSFDFJWJOHCBTJO ɨFOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOCBTJO#QBSUMZDPNQFOTBUFTUIFQPTJUJWFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPUIFSVTFSTJOCBTJO#/PUFUIBUJUEPFTOPUDPNQFOTBUFGPSUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOSJWFSCBTJO"8IFOUIFHPBMJTUPBTTFTTUIFPWFSBMMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOTJOCBTJO# XFSFDPNNFOEUPJODMVEFBQPTTJCMFAOFHBUJWF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUFYJTUTBTBSFTVMUPGSFBMXBUFSUSBOTGFSJOUPUIFCBTJO QSPWJEFEUIBUJUJOEFFEDPNQFOTBUFTGPSBQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIF CBTJOJOUIFTBNFQFSJPE *OUIFDBTFPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTGPSJOEJWJEVBM QSPDFTTFT QSPEVDUT DPOTVNFSTPSQSPEVDFST POFTIPVMEMFBWFDBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPVUPGUIFGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTJOPSEFSUPNBLFBDMFBS TFQBSBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFEJTDVTTJPOBCPVUUIFHSPTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSBOEUIFEJTDVTTJPOBCPVUQPTTJCMFDPNQFOTBUJPO ɨFJTTVFPGDPNQFOTBUJPO TVCUSBDUBCJMJUZ JTEFCBUBCMFBOETIPVMECFEFBMUXJUI TFQBSBUFMZGSPNUIFBDDPVOUJOHQIBTF*UIBTCFFOBSHVFEUIBUEPJOHHPPEJOPOF CBTJO GPSFYBNQMF UISPVHIBOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIBUCBTJO DBOOPU DPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOPUIFSCBTJO TJODFXBUFS EFQMFUJPOBOESFTVMUJOHJNQBDUTJOPOFQMBDFXJMMOPUCFTPMWFECZBEEJOHXBUFS TPNFXIFSFFMTF*OUIJTDBTF BEEJOHBDBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUP UIFDBMDVMBUFEQPTJUJWFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMESFTVMUJOBNJTMFBEJOHëHVSF 3FBENPSFPOUIFJNQPTTJCJMJUZUPDPNQFOTBUFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOPOFCBTJOCZ BEEJOHXBUFSJOBOPUIFSCBTJOJO$IBQUFS #PY
3.3.2 Green water footprint ɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIFIVNBOVTFPGTPDBMMFEHSFFO XBUFS(SFFOXBUFSSFGFSTUPUIFQSFDJQJUBUJPOPOMBOEUIBUEPFTOPUSVOPêPS 30 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
SFDIBSHFUIFHSPVOEXBUFSCVUJTTUPSFEJOUIFTPJMPSUFNQPSBSJMZTUBZTPOUPQ PGUIFTPJMPSWFHFUBUJPO&WFOUVBMMZ UIJTQBSUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTPS USBOTQJSFTUISPVHIQMBOUT(SFFOXBUFSDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSDSPQHSPXUI CVUOPUBMMHSFFOXBUFSDBOCFUBLFOVQCZDSPQT CFDBVTFUIFSFXJMMBMXBZTCF FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMBOECFDBVTFOPUBMMQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSPSBSFBTBSF TVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUI ɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUIFWPMVNFPGSBJOXBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIF QSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTTɨJTJTQBSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZ QSPEVDUT QSPEVDUTCBTFEPODSPQTPSXPPE XIFSFJUSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNëFMETBOEQMBOUBUJPOT QMVTUIFXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFE JOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQPSXPPEɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBQSPDFTTTUFQJT FRVBMUP
WFproc,green = GreenWaterEvaporation + GreenWaterIncorporation
ɨF EJTUJODUJPO CFUXFFO UIF CMVF BOE HSFFO XBUFS GPPUQSJOU JT JNQPSUBOU CFDBVTFUIFIZESPMPHJDBM FOWJSPONFOUBMBOETPDJBMJNQBDUT BTXFMMBTUIF FDPOPNJDPQQPSUVOJUZDPTUTPGTVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSVTFGPSQSPEVDUJPO EJêFSEJTUJODUJWFMZGSPNUIFJNQBDUTBOEDPTUTPGSBJOXBUFSVTF 'BMLFONBSLBOE 3PDLTUSÚN )PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO (SFFOXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJOBHSJDVMUVSFDBOCFNFBTVSFEPSFTUJNBUFE XJUIBTFUPGFNQJSJDBMGPSNVMBTPSXJUIBDSPQNPEFMTVJUBCMFGPSFTUJNBUJOH FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOCBTFEPOJOQVUEBUBPODMJNBUF TPJMBOEDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT *O4FDUJPOXFXJMMQSFTFOUJONPSFEFUBJMIPXPOFDBOFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODSPQHSPXUI
3.3.3 Grey water footprint ɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTTUFQJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIFEFHSFFPG GSFTIXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPDFTTTUFQ*UJTEFëOFE BTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUT CBTFEPOOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOTBOEFYJTUJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUIBTHSPXOPVUPGUIFSFDPHOJUJPO UIBUUIFTJ[FPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPODBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFS UIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUTTVDIUIBUUIFZCFDPNFIBSNMFTT #PY ɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTDBMDVMBUFECZEJWJEJOHUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBE L JO NBTTUJNF CZUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPS
UIBUQPMMVUBOU UIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOcmax JONBTTWPMVNF
BOEJUTOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ cnat JONBTTWPMVNF Water Footprint Accounting 31
Box 3.4 The history of the grey water footprint concept
The grey water footprint refers to the volume of water that is required to BTTJNJMBUFXBTUF RVBOUJàFEBTUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSOFFEFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUT UPTVDIBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPGUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSSFNBJOTBCPWFBHSFFE XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET5IFJEFBPGFYQSFTTJOHXBUFSQPMMVUJPOJOUFSNTPG BXBUFSWPMVNFOFFEFEUPEJMVUFUIFXBTUFJTOPUOFX'BMLFONBSLBOE -JOEI QSPQPTFEBTBSVMFPGUIVNCUPSFDLPOXJUIBEJMVUJPOGBDUPS PGmUJNFTUIFXBTUFXBUFSáPX1PTUFMFUBM BQQMJFEBEJMVUJPO GBDUPSGPSXBTUFBCTPSQUJPOPGMJUSFTQFSTFDPOEQFSQPQVMBUJPO These generic dilution factors do not account for the sort of pollution and UIFMFWFMPGUSFBUNFOUCFGPSFEJTQPTBM CVUJNQMJDJUMZBTTVNFTPNFBWFSBHF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGIVNBOXBTUFáPXT$IBQBHBJOFUBM C QSPQPTFEUP NBLFUIFEJMVUJPOGBDUPSEFQFOEFOUPOUIFUZQFPGQPMMVUBOUBOEUPVTFUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPSBDFSUBJOQPMMVUBOUBTUIFDSJUFSJPOUP quantify the dilution requirement. The term ‘grey water footprint’ was for UIFàSTUUJNFJOUSPEVDFECZ)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO BOEEFàOFE BTUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJO UIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ"CJUMBUFS JUXBTSFDPHOJ[FEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTCFUUFSDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFEJGGFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPO )PFLTUSBFUBM B 5IFXPSLPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSLTHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPSLJOHHSPVQ ;BSBUF B IBTGVSUIFSSFTVMUFEJOB OVNCFSPGSFàOFNFOUT JODMVEJOHUIFSFDPHOJUJPOUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPGJOUBLF XBUFSTIPVMECFUBLFOJOUPBDDPVOUBOEUIFJEFBPGBNVMUJUJFSBQQSPBDI JOPSEFSUPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOEJGGFSFOUMFWFMTPGEFUBJMJOBTTFTTJOHBHSFZ water footprint in the case of diffuse pollution. "MUIPVHIUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFVOEFSTUPPEBTBAEJMVUJPOXBUFS requirement’, we prefer not to use that term since it appeared to cause confusion with some people who thought that the term implies we need to dilute pollutants instead of reduce their emission. This is, of course, not the meaning of the concept. The grey water footprint is an indicator of pollution BOEUIFMFTTQPMMVUJPOUIFCFUUFS5SFBUNFOUPGXBTUFXBUFSCFGPSFEJTQPTBM XJMMPCWJPVTMZSFTVMUJOBSFEVDFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU QPTTJCMZEPXOUP[FSP 4PNFSFDFOUTUVEJFTUIBUJODMVEFRVBOUJàDBUJPOPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JODMVEF%BCSPXTLJFUBM &SDJOFUBM (FSCFOT-FFOFTBOE )PFLTUSB 7BO0FMFUBM "MEBZBBOE)PFLTUSB #VMTJOL FUBM $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB BOE.FLPOOFOBOE)PFLTUSB B C 32 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
L WF =
ɨFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZJTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJO UIFXBUFSCPEZUIBUXPVMEPDDVSJGUIFSFXFSFOPIVNBOEJTUVSCBODFTJOUIF DBUDINFOU'PSIVNBONBEFTVCTUBODFTUIBUOBUVSBMMZEPOPUPDDVSJOXBUFS cnat = 0. 8IFOOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTBSFOPULOPXOQSFDJTFMZCVUBSFFTUJNBUFE
UPCFMPX GPSTJNQMJDJUZPOFNBZBTTVNFcnatɨJTXJMM IPXFWFS SFTVMUJOBO
VOEFSFTUJNBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXIFOcnat JTBDUVBMMZOPUFRVBMUP[FSP 0OFNBZBTLXIZUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJTVTFEBTBSFGFSFODFBOE OPUUIFBDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZɨFSFBTPOJTUIBU UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGBQQSPQSJBUFEBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ ɨFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGBSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZEFQFOETPOUIFEJêFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBTVCTUBODF *GPOFXPVMEDPNQBSFUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOXJUIUIFBDUVBM DPODFOUSBUJPOPGBTVCTUBODF POFXPVMEMPPLBUUIFremaining assimilation DBQBDJUZ XIJDIJTPCWJPVTMZDIBOHJOHBMMUIFUJNF BTBGVODUJPOPGUIFBDUVBM MFWFMPGQPMMVUJPOBUBDFSUBJOUJNF (SFZ XBUFS GPPUQSJOU DBMDVMBUJPOT BSF DBSSJFE PVU VTJOH BNCJFOU XBUFS RVBMJUZTUBOEBSETGPSUIFSFDFJWJOHGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ JOPUIFSXPSET TUBOEBSET XJUISFTQFDUUPNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOTɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIF HSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOU BJNT UPTIPXUIF SFRVJSFE BNCJFOUXBUFS WPMVNF UP BTTJNJMBUFDIFNJDBMT"NCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFBTQFDJëDDBUFHPSZ PGXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET0UIFSTPSUTPGTUBOEBSETBSF GPSFYBNQMF ESJOLJOH XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET JSSJHBUJPORVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBOEFNJTTJPO PSFðVFOU TUBOEBSET0OFTIPVMEUBLFDBSFVTJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET'PS POFQBSUJDVMBSTVCTUBODF UIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSENBZWBSZGSPN POFUPBOPUIFSXBUFSCPEZ#FTJEFT UIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPONBZWBSZGSPN QMBDFUPQMBDF"TBSFTVMU BDFSUBJOQPMMVUBOUMPBEDBOSFTVMUJOPOFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOPOFQMBDFBOEBOPUIFSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOPUIFSQMBDFɨJT JTSFBTPOBCMF CFDBVTFUIFSFRVJSFEXBUFSWPMVNFGPSBTTJNJMBUJOHBDFSUBJO QPMMVUBOUMPBEXJMMJOEFFECFEJêFSFOUEFQFOEJOHPOUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF NBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO "MUIPVHIBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETPGUFOFYJTUJOOBUJPOBMPSTUBUF MFHJTMBUJPOPSIBWFUPCFGPSNVMBUFECZDBUDINFOUBOEPSXBUFSCPEZJOUIF GSBNFXPSLPGOBUJPOBMMFHJTMBUJPOPSCZSFHJPOBMBHSFFNFOU MJLFJOUIF&VSPQFBO 8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWFoTFF&6 UIFZEPOPUFYJTUGPSBMMTVCTUBODFT BOEGPSBMMQMBDFT.PTUJNQPSUBOUJT PGDPVSTF UPTQFDJGZXIJDIXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETBOEOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTIBWFCFFOVTFEJOQSFQBSJOHBHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOU Water Footprint Accounting 33
#PUIBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBOEOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOT WBSZ GPS TVSGBDF BOE HSPVOEXBUFS CPEJFT5ISFTIPMET JO HSPVOEXBUFS BSF PGUFOCBTFEPOSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSESJOLJOHXBUFS XIJMFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMF DPODFOUSBUJPOTJOTVSGBDFXBUFSTBSFUZQJDBMMZEFUFSNJOFECZFDPMPHJDBMDPOTJEFSB UJPOT0OFDPVMEUIFSFGPSFQSPQPTFUPDBMDVMBUFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTFQBSBUFMZ GPSTVSGBDFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSTZTUFNTɨFQSPCMFNXJUIEPJOHTP IPXFWFS JT UIBUHSPVOEXBUFSHFOFSBMMZFOETVQBTTVSGBDFXBUFS TPUIBUGPSBQPMMVUBOU MPBEUPHSPVOEXBUFSPOFDBOCFUUFSUBLFUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSEBOEOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIFNPTUDSJUJDBMXBUFSCPEZ FJUIFSUIFHSPVOEXBUFSTZTUFNPSUIFTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN 'PSMPBETUPUIF TVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFNPOFDBOUBLFUIFSFMFWBOUEBUBBTGPSUIFTVSGBDFXBUFS TZTUFN8IFOJUJTQSFDJTFMZLOPXOXIJDIMPBETBSSJWF ëSTU JOUIFHSPVOEXBUFS TZTUFNBOEXIJDIMPBETJOUIFTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN JUNBLFTTFOTFUPTIPXUXP DPNQPOFOUTPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIFHSFZHSPVOEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIF HSFZTVSGBDFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU "HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMBSHFSUIBO[FSPEPFTOPUBVUPNBUJDBMMZJNQMZUIBU BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFWJPMBUFEJUKVTUTIPXTUIBUQBSUPGUIF assimilation capacity has been consumed already. As long as the calculated HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTNBMMFSUIBOUIFFYJTUJOHSJWFSìPXPSHSPVOEXBUFSìPX UIFSFJTTUJMMTVïDJFOUXBUFSUPEJMVUFUIFQPMMVUBOUTUPBDPODFOUSBUJPOCFMPX UIFTUBOEBSE8IFOUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTQSFDJTFMZFRVBMUP UIFBNCJFOUXBUFSìPX UIFOUIFSFTVMUBOUDPODFOUSBUJPOXJMMCFFYBDUMZBUUIF TUBOEBSE8IFOUIFFðVFOUDPOUBJOTBWFSZIJHIMPBEPGDIFNJDBMTJUNBZ IBQQFOUIBUUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFYDFFETUIFFYJTUJOHSJWFSìPXPS HSPVOEXBUFSìPX*OUIJTDBTF QPMMVUJPOHPFTCFZPOEUIFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ PGUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZɨFGBDUUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFMBSHFS UIBOUIFFYJTUJOHXBUFSìPXJMMVTUSBUFTUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPFTOPU TIPXAUIFQPMMVUFEXBUFSWPMVNF CFDBVTFPOFXPVMEOPUCFBCMFUPQPMMVUF BMBSHFSWPMVNFUIBOUIFFYJTUJOHPOF *OTUFBE UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBO JOEJDBUPSPGUIFTFWFSJUZPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO FYQSFTTFEJOUFSNTPGUIFGSFTIXBUFS WPMVNFSFRVJSFEUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFFYJTUJOHMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUT ɨFBQQSPBDIUBLFOJOHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTUIFTBNFBTUIF TPDBMMFEDSJUJDBMMPBEBQQSPBDI #PY *OCPUIDBTFT UIFCBTJDSFDPHOJUJPO JTUIBUUIFSPPNGPSXBTUFVQUBLFPGBXBUFSCPEZJTMJNJUFECZUIFEJêFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBOEUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOɨFDSJUJDBMMPBESFGFST UPUIFTJUVBUJPOXIFSFUIFSPPNGPSXBTUFVQUBLFIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE"U UIFDSJUJDBMMPBE UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFBWBJMBCMFXBUFS ìPX XIJDIJTUIFOSFRVJSFEJOGVMMUPEJMVUFUIFDIFNJDBMTEPXOUPBDDFQUBCMF concentrations. 34 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Box 3.5 The concept of critical load
8IFOUIFMPBEJOUPBáPXJOHXBUFSCPEZSFBDIFTBDFSUBJOADSJUJDBMMPBE UIF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFSVOPGG XIJDINFBOTUIBUGVMMSVO
off is appropriated for waste assimilation. The critical load (Lcrit JONBTTUJNF is the load of pollutants that will fully consume the assimilation capacity of UIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ*UDBOCFDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFSVOPGGPG UIFXBUFSCPEZ R JOWPMVNFUJNF CZUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFBOEOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO
LcritR × (cmax – cnat
5IFDPODFQUPGUIFADSJUJDBMMPBEJTTJNJMBSBTUIFAUPUBMNBYJNVNEBJMZ MPBE 5.%- EFWFMPQFECZUIF64&OWJSPONFOUBM1SPUFDUJPO"HFODZ &1" B 5IF5.%-DBMDVMBUFTUIFNBYJNVNBNPVOUPGBQPMMVUBOUBMMPXFEUP FOUFSBXBUFSCPEZTPUIBUUIFXBUFSCPEZXJMMNFFUBOEDPOUJOVFUPNFFU water quality standards for that particular pollutant and allocates that load UPQPJOUBOEEJGGVTFTPVSDFT XIJDIJODMVEFCPUIBOUISPQPHFOJDBOEOBUVSBM CBDLHSPVOETPVSDFTPGUIFQPMMVUBOU"OPUIFSDPODFQUDMPTFMZSFMBUFEUPUIF DPODFQUPGADSJUJDBMMPBEJTUIFDPODFQUPGANBYJNVNQFSNJTTJCMFBEEJUJPO .1" XIJDIJTEFàOFEBTUIFANBYJNVNQFSNJTTJCMFDPODFOUSBUJPO .1$
NJOVT UIF CBDLHSPVOE DPODFOUSBUJPO BOE UIVT FRVJWBMFOU UP cmax – cnat $SPNNFOUVJKOFUBM
Point sources of water pollution *OUIFDBTFPGQPJOUTPVSDFTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET XIFODIFNJDBMT BSFEJSFDUMZSFMFBTFEJOUPBTVSGBDFXBUFSCPEZJOUIFGPSNPGBXBTUFXBUFS EJTQPTBM UIFMPBEDBOCFFTUJNBUFECZNFBTVSJOHUIFFðVFOUWPMVNFBOEUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU.PSFQSFDJTFMZUIFQPMMVUBOUMPBE DBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF Effl JOWPMVNFUJNF NVMUJQMJFECZ
UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFQPMMVUBOUJOUIFFðVFOU ceffl JONBTTWPMVNF NJOVT UIFXBUFSWPMVNFPGUIFBCTUSBDUJPO Abstr JOWPMVNFUJNF NVMUJQMJFECZUIF
BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFJOUBLFXBUFS cact JONBTTWPMVNF ɨFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOUIFOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTGPMMPXT
L Effl×− c Abstr × c WF == effl act
The pollutant load LJTUIVTEFëOFEBTUIFMPBEUIBUDPNFTPOUPQPGUIFMPBE UIBUXBTBMSFBEZDPOUBJOFEJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZCFGPSFJOUFSGFSFODFCZ UIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFE"OFYBNQMFPGUIFBQQMJDBUJPOPGUIJTFRVBUJPOJOB DPODSFUFDBTFJTHJWFOJO"QQFOEJY*76OEFSNPTUDJSDVNTUBODFT UIFBNPVOUPG Water Footprint Accounting 35
DIFNJDBMTEJTDIBSHFEJOUPBXBUFSCPEZ Effl× ceffl XJMMCFFRVBMPSMBSHFSUIBOUIF
BNPVOUBCTUSBDUFEDIFNJDBMT Abstr × cact TPUIFMPBEJTQPTJUJWF*OFYDFQUJPOBM
DJSDVNTUBODFT FJUIFSCFDBVTF ceffl < cact or because Effl < Abstr POFDPVME DBMDVMBUFBOFHBUJWFMPBE XIJDIIBTUPCFOFHMFDUFEGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUT TPPOFTIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSB[FSPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTVDIBDBTF ɨFQPTJUJWF DPOUSJCVUJPONBEFUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUJOUIFFYDFQUJPOBMDBTFPGBAOFHBUJWFMPBE JTUPCFBQQSFDJBUFECVUTIPVMEOPUCFDPVOUFEJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUT JO PSEFSUPTFQBSBUFUIFEJTDVTTJPOPGQPTTJCMFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQFOTBUJPOGSPN FYJTUJOHQPTJUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT8BUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQFOTBUJPOPSAPêTFUUJOH JTBEFCBUFJOJUTFMG TFF#PYJO$IBQUFS XIJDITIPVMECFIFMEBOENBEF FYQMJDJU OPUIJEEFOJOUIFBDDPVOUT*UJTGVSUIFSUPCFOPUFEUIBU XIFOXBUFS GPSBDFSUBJOQSPDFTTJTBCTUSBDUFEJODBUDINFOU"XIJMFUIFFðVFOUJTEJTDIBSHFE JOUPDBUDINFOU# POFTIPVMEUBLFAbstr GPSUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJODBUDINFOU# 8IFOUIFSFJTOPDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF JOPUIFSXPSET XIFOUIFFðVFOU WPMVNFFRVBMTUIFBCTUSBDUJPOWPMVNF BCPWFFRVBUJPOTJNQMJëFTJOUP
cc− WF=×effl act Effl
ɨFGBDUPSUIBUTUBOETJOGSPOUPGEfflJTUIFTPDBMMFEAEJMVUJPOGBDUPS XIJDI SFQSFTFOUTUIFOVNCFSPGUJNFTUIBUUIFFðVFOUWPMVNFIBTUPCFEJMVUFEXJUI BNCJFOUXBUFSJOPSEFSUPBSSJWFBUUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOMFWFM )PXUIJTFRVBUJPOXPSLTPVUVOEFSBOVNCFSPGQBSUJDVMBSDBTFTJTEJTDVTTFEJO #PY
8BUFSSFDZDMJOHBOESFVTF 'SPN&RVBUJPO POFDBOTFFUIBUXBUFSSFDZDMJOHPSXBUFSSFVTFXJMMBêFDU UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU8IFOoBGUFSUSFBUNFOUXIFOOFDFTTBSZoXBUFSJT GVMMZSFDZDMFEPSSFVTFEGPSUIFTBNFPSBOPUIFSQVSQPTF UIFSFJTOPFðVFOU UPUIFFOWJSPONFOU TPUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMCF[FSP*GBGUFSPOFUJNF PSBOVNCFSPGUJNFTPGSFVTF IPXFWFS UIFXBUFSJTTUJMMEJTQPTFEJOUPUIF FOWJSPONFOU UIFSFXJMMCFBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU SFMBUFEUPUIFRVBMJUZPGUIF FðVFOUPGDPVSTF
8BTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU 8IFOXBTUFXBUFSJTUSFBUFECFGPSFJUJTEJTQPTFEJOUPUIFFOWJSPONFOU UIJT PCWJPVTMZMPXFSTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGQPMMVUBOUTJOUIFëOBMFðVFOU TPJUXJMM MPXFSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU*UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBQSPDFTTEFQFOETPOUIFRVBMJUZPGUIFFðVFOUBTJUJTëOBMMZEJTQPTFEJOUP UIFFOWJSPONFOU OPUPOUIFRVBMJUZCFGPSFUSFBUNFOU8BTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU 36 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Box 3.6 The grey water footprint in different cases of point-source pollution
Let us consider the common case in which the effluent volume is equal (or DMPTF UPUIFBCTUSBDUJPOWPMVNF
r 8IFO cefflcactUIFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOJM5IJTDBOFBTJMZCF VOEFSTUPPE CFDBVTFUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZXJMM remain unchanged.
r 8IFO cefflcmax the grey water footprint is equal to a certain fraction
PGUIFFGáVFOUWPMVNF8IFO JOBEEJUJPO cactcnat then the grey water GPPUQSJOUJTQSFDJTFMZFRVBMUPUIFFGáVFOUWPMVNF0OFNBZBTLXIZUIFSF JTBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMBSHFSUIBO[FSPXIFOUIFFGáVFOUDPODFOUSBUJPO NFFUTUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSE 5IFBOTXFSJTUIBUTPNFPGUIF DBQBDJUZUPBTTJNJMBUFQPMMVUBOUTIBTCFFODPOTVNFE%VFUPUIFFGáVFOU UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZIBTNPWFE
from cnat in the direction of cmax*OUIFFYUSFNFDBTFUIBUBMMXBUFSJOB river is withdrawn and returned as effluent with a concentration equal to
cmax UIFOUIFGVMMBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFSJWFSIBTCFFODPOTVNFE TP UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMECFFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMSJWFSSVOPGG
r 8IFOceffl < cactUIFDBMDVMBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXPVMECFOFHBUJWF XIJDIJTFYQMBJOFECZUIFGBDUUIBUUIFFGáVFOUJTDMFBOFSUIBOUIFJOUBLF water. ‘Cleaning’ when the river is actually still under natural conditions EPFTOPUNBLFNVDITFOTF CFDBVTFTPNFCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOJT BQQBSFOUMZOBUVSBM*G IPXFWFS PUIFSBDUJWJUJFTIBWFCSPVHIUUIFOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOVQBMSFBEZ DMFBOJOHBDUVBMMZDPOUSJCVUFTUPCSJOHJOHUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZCBDLJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT TP UIJTQPTJUJWFMZDPOUSJCVUFTUPXBUFSRVBMJUZ)PXFWFS DBMDVMBUFEOFHBUJWF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIBWFUPCFJHOPSFEGSPNUIFBDDPVOUT JOPSEFSUP TFQBSBUFUIFEJTDVTTJPOPOTPNFCPEZTBDUVBMQPTJUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU GSPNUIFEJTDVTTJPOPOTPNFPOFTQPTTJCMFSPMFJOUFSNTPGDPNQFOTBUJPO The issue of compensation or ‘offsetting’ of water footprints is discussed JO$IBQUFS #PY
r 8IFO cmax UIFDBTFPGBDPNQMFUFCBOPGBIJHIMZQFSTJTUFOUPS
UPYJDQPMMVUBOU GPSXIJDIBMTPcnat BOZFGáVFOUXJUIBDPODFOUSBUJPO MBSHFSUIBO[FSPXJMMDSFBUFBOJOàOJUFMZMBSHFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU5IJT JOàOJUFOFTTDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFBCTPMVUFCBOBCTPMVUFMZVOBDDFQUBCMF NFBOTUIFGPPUQSJOUHPFTTLZIJHI
r 5IFDBTFPGcmaxcnatDSFBUFTBOJOàOJUFMZMBSHFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBT XFMM CVUUIJTDBTFXJMMOPUPDDVS CFDBVTFTFUUJOHTUBOEBSETFRVBMUPUIF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFBOEXJMMOPSNBMMZOPUIBQQFO Water Footprint Accounting 37
DBOCSJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPXOUP[FSPXIFOUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOTPG QPMMVUBOUTJOUIFFðVFOUBSFFRVBMUPPSMPXFSUIBOUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOTJOUIF XBUFSBTJUXBTBCTUSBDUFE"TBTJEFSFNBSL JUJTOPUFEIFSFUIBUUIFQSPDFTTPG XBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOUJOJUTFMGXJMMIBWFBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXIFOFWBQPSBUJPO UBLFTQMBDFEVSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOUQSPDFTTJOPQFOCBTJOT 'PSUIFSNBMQPMMVUJPO XFDBOBQQMZBTJNJMBSBQQSPBDIBTGPSQPMMVUJPOCZ DIFNJDBMTɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOPXDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFO UIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGBOFðVFOUìPXBOEUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ o$ EJWJEFE CZUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTF o$ UJNFTUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF WPMVNFUJNF
TT− WF=×effl act Effl
ɨFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTF Tmax – Tnat EFQFOETPOUIFUZQF PGXBUFSBOEMPDBMDPOEJUJPOT*GOPMPDBMHVJEFMJOFJTBWBJMBCMF XFSFDPNNFOE SFDLPOJOHXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVFPGo$ &6
Diffuse sources of water pollution &TUJNBUJOHUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEJOUIFDBTFPGEJêVTFTPVSDFTPGXBUFSQPMMVUJPOJT OPUBTTUSBJHIUGPSXBSEBTJOUIFDBTFPGQPJOUTPVSDFT8IFOBDIFNJDBMJTBQQMJFE POPSQVUJOUPUIFTPJM BTJOUIFDBTFPGTPMJEXBTUFEJTQPTBMPSVTFPGGFSUJMJ[FST PSQFTUJDJEFT JUNBZIBQQFOUIBUPOMZBGSBDUJPOTFFQTJOUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPS SVOTPêPWFSUIFTVSGBDFUPBTVSGBDFXBUFSTUSFBN*OUIJTDBTF UIFQPMMVUBOU MPBEJTUIFGSBDUJPOPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMTBQQMJFE QVUPOPSJOUPUIF TPJM UIBUSFBDIFTUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSɨFBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMT BQQMJFEDBOCFNFBTVSFE CVUUIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTUIBUSFBDIFTUIF HSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSDBOOPUCFNFBTVSFE TJODFJUFOUFSTUIFXBUFSJO BEJêVTFXBZ TPJUJTOPUDMFBSXIFSFBOEXIFOUPNFBTVSF"TBTPMVUJPO POF DBONFBTVSFUIFXBUFSRVBMJUZBUUIFPVUMFUPGBDBUDINFOU CVUEJêFSFOUTPVSDFT PGQPMMVUJPODPNFUPHFUIFS TPUIBUUIFDIBMMFOHFCFDPNFTUPBQQPSUJPOUIF NFBTVSFEDPODFOUSBUJPOTUPEJêFSFOUTPVSDFTɨFSFGPSF JUJTDPNNPOQSBDUJDF BOEBMTPSFDPNNFOEFEIFSF UPFTUJNBUFUIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTUIBU FOUFSUIFXBUFSTZTUFNCZVTJOHTJNQMFPSNPSFBEWBODFENPEFMTɨFTJNQMFTU NPEFMJTUPBTTVNFUIBUBDFSUBJOëYFEGSBDUJPOPGUIFBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTëOBMMZ SFBDIUIFHSPVOEPSTVSGBDFXBUFS
Lα × Appl WF ==
ɨFEJNFOTJPOMFTTGBDUPSαTUBOETGPSUIFMFBDIJOHSVOPêGSBDUJPO EFëOFEBT UIFGSBDUJPOPGBQQMJFEDIFNJDBMTSFBDIJOHGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFTɨFWBSJBCMFAppl 38 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Box 3.7 Three-tier approach in estimating diffuse pollution loads
"UISFFUJFSBQQSPBDIJTSFDPNNFOEFEGPSFTUJNBUJOHEJGGVTFQPMMVUJPOMPBET similar to the one of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) GPSFTUJNBUJOHHSFFOIPVTFHBTFNJTTJPOT *1$$ 'SPN5JFSUP UIF BDDVSBDZJODSFBTFTCVUUIFGFBTJCJMJUZEFDSFBTFT
r 5JFSVTFTBàYFEGSBDUJPOUPUSBOTMBUFEBUBPOUIFBNPVOUPGDIFNJDBMT applied to the soil to an estimate of the amount of chemicals that enter UIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN5IFGSBDUJPOJTUPCFEFSJWFE GSPNFYJTUJOHMJUFSBUVSFBOENBZEFQFOEPOUIFDIFNJDBMDPOTJEFSFE5IJT 5JFSFTUJNBUFXJMMTVGàDFBTBàSTUSPVHIFTUJNBUFCVUPCWJPVTMZFYDMVEFT relevant factors such as soil type, agricultural practice, soil hydrology and JOUFSBDUJPOCFUXFFOEJGGFSFOUDIFNJDBMTJOUIFTPJM r 5JFSBQQMJFTTUBOEBSEJ[FEBOETJNQMJàFENPEFMBQQSPBDIFT XIJDIDBO CFVTFECBTFEPOXJEFMZBWBJMBCMFEBUB TVDIBTBHSJDVMUVSBMOVUSJFOU CBMBODFT TPJMMPTTEBUB CBTJDIZESPMPHJD QFUSPMPHJDBOEIZESPNPSQIPMPHJD JOGPSNBUJPO 5IFTFTJNQMFBOETUBOEBSEJ[FENPEFMBQQSPBDIFTTIPVMECF derived from widely accepted and validated models. r 5JFSVTFTTPQIJTUJDBUFENPEFMMJOHUFDIOJRVFTHJWFOUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMF SFTPVSDFTBMMPXJUBOEUIFDIPTFOUPQJDSFRVJSFTJU8IFSFBTEFUBJMFE NFDIBOJTUJD NPEFMT PG DPOUBNJOBOU áPXT UISPVHI TPJM BSF BWBJMBCMF UIFJSDPNQMFYJUZPGUFOSFOEFSTUIFNJOBQQSPQSJBUFGPSVTFJO5JFS UZQFNPEFMMJOHPGUIFEJGGVTFQPMMVUJPOMPBE)PXFWFS WBMJEBUFEFNQJSJDBM NPEFMTESJWFOCZJOGPSNBUJPOPOGBSNQSBDUJDFT BOEXIJDIVTFTJNQMJàFE TPJMBOEXFBUIFSEBUBBSFQSFTFOUMZBWBJMBCMFGPSVTFJOEJGGVTFMPBETUVEJFT 5JFSTUVEJFTTIPVMECFVTFEUPGVSUIFSSFàOF5JFSBQQSPBDIFT
SFQSFTFOUTUIFBQQMJDBUJPOPGDIFNJDBMTPOPSJOUPUIFTPJMJOBDFSUBJOQSPDFTT JONBTTUJNF ɨJTNPEFMJTUIFTJNQMFTU MFBTUEFUBJMFENFUIPEUPFTUJNBUFUIF HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBTFPGEJêVTFQPMMVUJPOTPJUJTSFDPNNFOEFEPOMZ BTUIFEFGBVMUNFUIPE UPCFVTFEJGUJNFEPFTOPUBMMPXBNPSFEFUBJMFETUVEZ )JHIFSMFWFMTPGEFUBJMBSFQPTTJCMFJUJTQSPQPTFEUPEJTUJOHVJTIUISFFMFWFMTPG EFUBJMGSPN5JFS UIFEFGBVMUNFUIPE UP5JFS UIFNPTUEFUBJMFENFUIPE *O 5JFSTBOE NPSFTQFDJëDEBUBBOEBEWBODFENFUIPETBSFUPCFVTFE #PY
The effect of evaporation on water quality "TQFDJëDGPSNPGAQPMMVUJPODBOPDDVSXIFOXBUFSRVBMJUZEFUFSJPSBUFTBTB SFTVMUPGFWBQPSBUJPO8IFOBQBSUPGBXBUFSìPXFWBQPSBUFT UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOT PGDIFNJDBMTJOUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSìPXXJMMJODSFBTF CFDBVTFXIFOXBUFS FWBQPSBUFTUIFDIFNJDBMTJOUIFXBUFSTUBZCFIJOE $POTJEFS BTBOFYBNQMF UIF DBTFPGIJHITBMUDPODFOUSBUJPOTJOESBJOBHFXBUFSGSPNJSSJHBUFEëFMET8IFO Water Footprint Accounting 39
UIFSFJTDPOUJOVFEJSSJHBUJPOXJUIMJUUMFESBJOBHFDPNQBSFEUPUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFS FWBQPSBUJOH UIFTBMUTOBUVSBMMZDPOUBJOFEJOUIFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSBDDVNVMBUFJO UIFTPJM TJODFUIFXBUFSFWBQPSBUFT OPUUIFTBMU "TBSFTVMU BMTPUIFESBJOBHF XBUFSXJMMIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZIJHITBMUDPOUFOU0OFNBZDBMMUIJTAQPMMVUJPO#VU PCWJPVTMZJUJTBOPUIFSTPSUPGQPMMVUJPOUIBOXIFOIVNBOTBEEDIFNJDBMTUP UIFXBUFS CFDBVTFJOUIJTDBTFUIFSFJTOPBEEJUJPOPGDIFNJDBMTCZIVNBOT CVU UIFOBUVSBMMZQSFTFOUDIFNJDBMTHFUDPODFOUSBUFECZXBUFSFWBQPSBUJPO8FDBO HFOFSBMJ[FUIJTDBTFUPBMMDBTFTXIFSFAXBUFSJTUBLFOPVUPGUIFTZTUFNUISPVHI FWBQPSBUJPO*UBMTPIBQQFOT GPSJOTUBODF JOBSUJëDJBMSFTFSWPJSTXIFSFXBUFS evaporates and chemicals accumulate. *ODSFBTJOHUIFDIFNJDBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBXBUFSCPEZCZAUBLJOHXBUFS PVUUISPVHIFWBQPSBUJPOXIJMFMFBWJOHUIFDIFNJDBMTJOJTFêFDUJWFMZUIFTBNF BTBEEJOHBDFSUBJOBEEJUJPOBMMPBE*GPOFUBLFTPVU9NPGQVSFXBUFS UIF AFRVJWBMFOUMPBEJT9N UJNFTUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ cnat in mass per m ɨFAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEPG9¨cnat FYQSFTTFEBTBNBTT JTOBUVSBM CVUOPMPOHFSFNCFEEFEJOOBUVSBMXBUFS CFDBVTFUIFXBUFSXBTUBLFOBXBZ JUFWBQPSBUFE ɨJTAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEIBTUPCFBTTJNJMBUFECZPUIFSOBUVSBM XBUFSɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFEUPUIJTAFRVJWBMFOUMPBEDBOCFDBMDVMBUFE XJUIUIFTUBOEBSEFRVBUJPO XIFSFCZUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFRVBMUPUIF AFRVJWBMFOUMPBEEJWJEFECZUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFNBYJNVNBOEOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPO &RVBUJPO ɨJTHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJMMDPNFPOUPQPGHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOUSFMBUFEUPSFBMMPBET JOPUIFSXPSET DIFNJDBM MPBETBEEFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUJFT
Integration over time and different pollutants %BJMZWBMVFTGPSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFBEEFEPWFSUIFZFBSUPHFUBOOVBM WBMVFT8IFOBXBTUFìPXDPODFSOTNPSFUIBOPOFGPSNPGQPMMVUJPO BTJT HFOFSBMMZUIFDBTF UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEFUFSNJOFECZUIFQPMMVUBOUUIBU JTNPTUDSJUJDBM UIBUJTUIFPOFUIBUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFMBSHFTUQPMMVUBOU TQFDJëDHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU'PSUIFQVSQPTFPGëOEJOHBOPWFSBMMJOEJDBUPS PGXBUFSQPMMVUJPO UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCBTFEPOUIFDSJUJDBMTVCTUBODFJT TVïDJFOU*GPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFQPMMVUBOUTQFDJëDHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT POF DBOPGDPVSTFSFQPSUUIPTFWBMVFTTFQBSBUFMZ'PSGPSNVMBUJOHSFTQPOTFNFBTVSFT UBSHFUFEBUTQFDJëDQPMMVUBOUT UIJTJTPGDPVSTFWFSZSFMFWBOU'PSUIFPWFSBMM QJDUVSFPGQPMMVUJPO IPXFWFS TIPXJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUGPSUIFDSJUJDBM substance is good enough. "TBëOBMOPUF JUJTPCTFSWFEIFSFUIBUHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFNFBTVSFE CBTFEPOUIF IVNBOJOEVDFE MPBETUIBUenter intoGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFT OPUPOUIF CBTJTPGUIFMPBETUIBUDBOëOBMMZCFNFBTVSFEJOUIFSJWFSPSHSPVOEXBUFSìPXBU some downstreamQPJOU4JODFXBUFSRVBMJUZFWPMWFTPWFSUJNFBOEJOUIFDPVSTFPG UIFXBUFSìPXBTBSFTVMUPGOBUVSBMQSPDFTTFT UIFMPBEPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBMBUB 40 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
EPXOTUSFBNQPJOUDBOCFEJTUJODUMZEJêFSFOUGSPNUIFTVNPGUIFMPBETUIBUPODF FOUFSFEUIFTUSFBN VQTUSFBN ɨFDIPJDFUPNFBTVSFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BUUIFQPJOUXIFSFQPMMVUBOUTFOUFSUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSTZTUFN has the advantage that it is relatively simple – because one does not need to NPEFMUIFQSPDFTTFTUIBUDIBOHFXBUFSRVBMJUZBMPOHUIFSJWFSoBOETBGFoCFDBVTF XBUFSRVBMJUZNBZJNQSPWFBMPOHUIFìPXPGBSJWFSCZEFDBZQSPDFTTFToCVUJUJT VODMFBSXIZPOFTIPVMEUBLFJNQSPWFEXBUFSRVBMJUZEPXOTUSFBNBTBOJOEJDBUPS JOTUFBEPGNFBTVSJOHUIFJNNFEJBUFJNQBDUPGBMPBEBUUIFQPJOUXIFSFJUFOUFST UIFTZTUFN8IJMFUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOEJDBUPSUIVTEPFTOPUBDDPVOUGPS OBUVSBMQSPDFTTFTUIBUNBZJNQSPWFXBUFSRVBMJUZBMPOHUIFXBUFSìPX JUEPFT BMTPOPUBDDPVOUGPSQSPDFTTFTUIBUDPOTJEFSUIFDPNCJOFEFêFDUPGQPMMVUBOUT XIJDINBZTPNFUJNFTCFHSFBUFSUIBOXIBUPOFNBZFYQFDUPOUIFCBTJTPGUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOTPGDIFNJDBMTXIFODPOTJEFSFETFQBSBUFMZ*OUIFFOE UIFHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUSPOHMZEFQFOETPOBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET NBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOT XIJDIJTSFBTPOBCMFHJWFOUIFGBDUUIBUTVDITUBOEBSET BSFTFUCBTFEPOUIFCFTUBWBJMBCMFLOPXMFEHFBCPVUUIFQPTTJCMFIBSNGVMFêFDUTPG DIFNJDBMTJODMVEJOHUIFJSQPTTJCMFJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIPUIFSDIFNJDBMT
3.3.4 Calculation of the green, blue and grey water footprint of growing a crop or tree .BOZQSPEVDUTDPOUBJOJOHSFEJFOUTGSPNBHSJDVMUVSFPSGPSFTUSZ$SPQTBSFVTFE GPSGPPE GFFE ëCSF GVFM PJMT TPBQT DPTNFUJDTBOETPPO8PPEGSPNUSFFTBOE TISVCTJTVTFEGPSUJNCFS QBQFSBOEGVFM4JODFUIFBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZ TFDUPSTBSFNBKPSXBUFSDPOTVNJOHTFDUPST QSPEVDUTUIBUJOWPMWFBHSJDVMUVSFPS GPSFTUSZJOUIFJSQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNXJMMPGUFOIBWFBTJHOJëDBOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'PSBMMUIPTFQSPEVDUTJUJTSFMFWBOUUPQBSUJDVMBSMZMPPLJOUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHUIFDSPQPSUSFFɨJTTFDUJPOEJTDVTTFTUIFEFUBJMTPG BTTFTTJOHUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHDSPQTPSUSFFTɨFNFUIPEJT BQQMJDBCMFUPCPUIBOOVBMBOEQFSFOOJBMDSPQT XIFSFUSFFTDBOCFDPOTJEFSFEB QFSFOOJBMDSPQ*OUIFGPMMPXJOH UIFUFSNADSPQJTVTFEJOBCSPBETFOTF UIVT BMTPJODMVEJOHAUSFFTHSPXOGPSUIFXPPE
ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHDSPQTPSUSFFT WFproc JT UIFTVNPGUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZDPNQPOFOUT
=++ WFproc WF proc,,, green WF proc blue WF proc grey
8FXJMMFYQSFTTBMMQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIJTTFDUJPOQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDU OBNFMZJOXBUFSWPMVNFQFSNBTT6TVBMMZXFFYQSFTTQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJO BHSJDVMUVSFPSGPSFTUSZBTNUPO XIJDIJTFRVJWBMFOUUPMJUSFLH Water Footprint Accounting 41
ɨFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHBDSPQPS USFF WFproc,green N UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJODSPQXBUFSVTF CWUgreen N IB EJWJEFECZUIFDSPQZJFME Y UPOIB ɨFCMVFDPNQPOFOU WFproc,blue N UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ
CWU WF = green
CWU WF = blue
:JFMETGPSBOOVBMDSPQTDBOCFUBLFOBTHJWFOJOZJFMETUBUJTUJDT*OUIFDBTFPG QFSFOOJBMDSPQT POFTIPVMEDPOTJEFSUIFBWFSBHFBOOVBMZJFMEPWFSUIFGVMM MJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQ*OUIJTXBZ POFBDDPVOUTGPSUIFGBDUUIBUUIFZJFMEJOUIF JOJUJBMZFBSPGQMBOUJOHJTMPXPS[FSP UIBUZJFMETBSFIJHIFTUBGUFSTPNFZFBSTBOE UIBUZJFMETPGUFOHPEPXOBUUIFFOEPGUIFMJGFTQBOPGBQFSFOOJBMDSPQ"MTPGPS UIFDSPQXBUFSVTF POFOFFETUPUBLFUIFBWFSBHFBOOVBMDSPQXBUFSVTFPWFSUIF MJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQ
ɨFHSFZDPNQPOFOUJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGHSPXJOHBDSPQPSUSFF WFproc,grey mUPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFDIFNJDBMBQQMJDBUJPOSBUFUPUIFëFMEQFSIFDUBSF AR LHIB UJNFTUIFMFBDIJOHSVOPêGSBDUJPO α EJWJEFECZUIFNBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPO cmax LHN NJOVTUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIF QPMMVUBOUDPOTJEFSFE cnat LHN BOEUIFOEJWJEFECZUIFDSPQZJFME Y UPOIB
()()α ×−AR c c WF = max nat
ɨFQPMMVUBOUTHFOFSBMMZDPOTJTUPGGFSUJMJ[FST OJUSPHFO QIPTQIPSVTBOETPPO QFTUJDJEFTBOEJOTFDUJDJEFT0OFIBTUPDPOTJEFSPOMZUIFAXBTUFìPXUPGSFTIXBUFS CPEJFT XIJDIJTHFOFSBMMZBGSBDUJPOPGUIFUPUBMBQQMJDBUJPOPGGFSUJMJ[FSTPS QFTUJDJEFTUPUIFëFME0OFOFFETUPBDDPVOUGPSPOMZUIFNPTUDSJUJDBMQPMMVUBOU UIBUJTUIFQPMMVUBOUXIFSFBCPWFDBMDVMBUJPOZJFMETUIFIJHIFTUXBUFSWPMVNF ɨF HSFFO BOE CMVF DPNQPOFOUT JO DSPQ XBUFS VTF CWU NIB BSF DBMDVMBUFECZBDDVNVMBUJPOPGEBJMZFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ET NNEBZ PWFSUIF DPNQMFUFHSPXJOHQFSJPE
lgp =× CWUgreen10 ∑ ET green
lgp =× CWUblue10 ∑ ET blue
JOXIJDIETgreenSFQSFTFOUTHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBOEETblueCMVFXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOɨFGBDUPSJTNFBOUUPDPOWFSUXBUFSEFQUITJONJMMJNFUSFT JOUPXBUFSWPMVNFTQFSMBOETVSGBDFJONIBɨFTVNNBUJPOJTEPOFPWFSUIF QFSJPEGSPNUIFEBZPGQMBOUJOH EBZ UPUIFEBZPGIBSWFTU lgpTUBOETGPSMFOHUI PGHSPXJOHQFSJPEJOEBZT 4JODFEJêFSFOUDSPQWBSJFUJFTDBOIBWFTVCTUBOUJBM EJêFSFODFTJOUIFMFOHUIPGUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE UIJTGBDUPSDBOTJHOJëDBOUMZ JOìVFODFUIFDBMDVMBUFEDSPQXBUFSVTF'PSQFSNBOFOU QFSFOOJBM DSPQTBOE QSPEVDUJPOGPSFTU POFTIPVMEBDDPVOUGPSUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUISPVHIPVU UIFZFBS#FTJEFT JOPSEFSUPBDDPVOUGPSEJêFSFODFTJOFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPWFS UIFGVMMMJGFTQBOPGBQFSNBOFOUDSPQPSUSFF POFTIPVMEMPPLBUUIFBOOVBM BWFSBHFPGFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPWFSUIFGVMMMJGFTQBOPGUIFDSPQPSUSFF4VQQPTF GPSFYBNQMF UIBUBDFSUBJOQFSFOOJBMDSPQIBTBMJGFTQBOPGZFBST XIJMFJUHJWFT BZJFMEPOMZGSPNUIFTJYUIZFBSPO*OUIJTDBTF UIFDSPQXBUFSVTFPWFSUIF ZFBSTOFFETUPCFEJWJEFEPWFSUIFUPUBMZJFMEPWFSUIFZFBSTPGQSPEVDUJPO ɨFAHSFFODSPQXBUFSVTFSFQSFTFOUTUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFSFWBQPSBUFEGSPNUIF ëFMEEVSJOHUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEUIFACMVFDSPQXBUFSVTFSFQSFTFOUTUIFUPUBM JSSJHBUJPOXBUFSFWBQPSBUFEGSPNUIFëFME &WBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBëFMEDBOCFFJUIFSNFBTVSFEPSFTUJNBUFECZNFBOT PGBNPEFMCBTFEPOFNQJSJDBMGPSNVMBT.FBTVSJOHFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTDPTUMZ BOEVOVTVBM(FOFSBMMZ POFFTUJNBUFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOEJSFDUMZCZNFBOT PGBNPEFMUIBUVTFTEBUBPODMJNBUF TPJMQSPQFSUJFTBOEDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBT JOQVUɨFSFBSFNBOZBMUFSOBUJWFXBZTUPNPEFMETBOEDSPQHSPXUI0OFPG UIFNPEFMTGSFRVFOUMZVTFEJTUIF&1*$NPEFM 8JMMJBNTFUBM 8JMMJBNT BMTPBWBJMBCMFJOHSJECBTFEGPSN -JVFUBM "OPUIFSNPEFMJTUIF $3018"5NPEFMEFWFMPQFECZUIF'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF0SHBOJ[BUJPOPGUIF 6OJUFE/BUJPOT '"0 C XIJDIJTCBTFEPOUIFNFUIPEEFTDSJCFEJO"MMFO FUBM :FUBOPUIFSNPEFMJTUIF"26"$301NPEFM TQFDJëDBMMZEFWFMPQFE GPSFTUJNBUJOHDSPQHSPXUIBOEETVOEFSXBUFSEFëDJUDPOEJUJPOT '"0 F ɨF$3018"5NPEFMPêFSTUXPEJê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ater Footprint Accounting 43
&TUJNBUJOHUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGHSPXJOHBDSPQSFRVJSFT BMBSHFOVNCFSPGEBUBTPVSDFT #PY *OHFOFSBMJUJTBMXBZTQSFGFSBCMFUP ëOEMPDBMEBUBQFSUBJOJOHUPUIFDSPQëFMEMPDBUJPO*ONBOZDBTFTJUJTUPP MBCPSJPVTUPDPMMFDUMPDBUJPOTQFDJëDEBUBHJWFOUIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBTTFTTNFOU*G UIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBTTFTTNFOUBMMPXTBSPVHIFTUJNBUF POFDBOEFDJEFUPXPSL XJUIEBUBGSPNOFBSCZMPDBUJPOTPSXJUISFHJPOBMPSOBUJPOBMBWFSBHFTUIBUNBZ be more easily available. *OUIFBCPWFDBMDVMBUJPOT XFIBWFOPUZFUBDDPVOUFEGPSUIFHSFFOBOECMVF XBUFSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQ0OFDBOëOEUIBUDPNQPOFOUPG UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZTJNQMZMPPLJOHBUUIFXBUFSGSBDUJPOPGUIFIBSWFTUFE DSPQ'PSGSVJUTUIJTJTUZQJDBMMZJOUIFSBOHFPGoQFSDFOUPGUIFXFUNBTT GPSWFHFUBCMFTPGUFOoQFSDFOUɨFHSFFOCMVFSBUJPJOUIFXBUFSUIBU
JTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUIFDSPQDBOCFBTTVNFEFRVBMUPUIFSBUJPPGCWUgreen to
CWUblue)PXFWFS BEEJOHJODPSQPSBUFEXBUFSUPFWBQPSBUFEXBUFSXJMMBEEMJUUMF UPUIFëOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUOVNCFS CFDBVTFJODPSQPSBUFEXBUFSJTUZQJDBMMZJO UIFPSEFSPGQFSDFOUPGUIFFWBQPSBUFEXBUFS VQUPQFSDFOUBUNPTU *OUIJTTFDUJPOXFIBWFMPPLFEJOUPUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG HSPXJOHBDSPQJOUIFëFMEɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBMDVMBUFEIFSFSFGFSTUP UIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSGSPNUIFDSPQëFMEPOMZ*UFYDMVEFT UIFFWBQPSBUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNBSUJëDJBMTVSGBDFXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTCVJMUGPSTUPSJOH JSSJHBUJPOXBUFSBOEUIFFWBQPSBUJPOPGXBUFSGSPNUSBOTQPSUDBOBMTUIBUCSJOH UIFJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSGSPNUIFQMBDFPGBCTUSBDUJPOUPUIFëFME8BUFSTUPSBHFBOE USBOTQPSUBSFUXPQSPDFTTFTUIBUQSFDFEFUIFQSPDFTTPGHSPXJOHUIFDSPQJOUIF ëFMEBOEIBWFUIFJSPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'JHVSF ɨFFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTFTJO UIFTFUXPQSFDFEJOHQSPDFTTTUFQTDBOCFWFSZTJHOJëDBOUBOETIPVMEJEFBMMZCF JODMVEFEXIFOPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFIBSWFTUFE crop.
Water footprint Water footprint Water footprint
Storing Transport of Irrigation of water water the field
Figure 3.6 5IFTVCTFRVFOUQSPDFTTFTJOJSSJHBUJPOTUPSJOHXBUFS USBOTQPSUPG XBUFS JSSJHBUJPOPOUIFàFME&BDIQSPDFTTTUFQIBTJUTPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 44 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Box 3.8 Data sources for the calculation of the water footprint of ‘growing a crop’
r $MJNBUFEBUB5IFDBMDVMBUJPOTIPVMECFEPOFVTJOHDMJNBUFEBUBGSPN the nearest and most representative meteorological station(s) located OFBSUIFDSPQàFMEDPOTJEFSFEPSXJUIJOPSOFBSUIFDSPQQSPEVDJOH region considered. For regions with more than one climate station, one DBONBLFDBMDVMBUJPOTGPSFBDITUBUJPOBOEXFJHIUIFPVUQVUT5IFDMJNBUF EBUBCBTF$-*.8"5 '"0 B QSPWJEFTUIFDMJNBUJDEBUBOFFEFE JOUIFBQQSPQSJBUFGPSNBUSFRVJSFECZUIF$3018"5NPEFM5IF EBUBCBTFEPFTOPUQSPWJEFEBUBGPSTQFDJàDZFBST CVUZFBSBWFSBHFT "OPUIFSTPVSDFJT-PD$MJN '"0 XIJDIQSPWJEFTFTUJNBUFTPG BWFSBHFDMJNBUJDDPOEJUJPOTBUMPDBUJPOTGPSXIJDIOPPCTFSWBUJPOTBSF BWBJMBCMF0OFDBOBMTPVTFHSJECBTFEDMJNBUFEBUBCBTFTNPOUIMZWBMVFT PGNBKPSDMJNBUJDQBSBNFUFSTXJUIBTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUF DBOCFPCUBJOFEGSPN$3654UISPVHIUIF$(*"3$4*(FP1PSUBM .JUDIFMMBOE+POFT 5IF64/BUJPOBM$MJNBUJD%BUB$FOUSFQSPWJEFT EBJMZDMJNBUJDEBUBGPSBMBSHFOVNCFSPGTUBUJPOTHMPCBMMZ /$%$ *OBEEJUJPO '"0QSPWJEFTUISPVHIJUT(FP/FUXPSLXFCTJUFMPOHUFSN average precipitation and reference evapotranspiration with a spatial SFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUF '"0 H r $SPQQBSBNFUFST$SPQDPFGàDJFOUTBOEDSPQQJOHQBUUFSO QMBOUJOH BOEIBSWFTUJOHEBUFT DBOCFTUCFUBLFOGSPNMPDBMEBUB5IFDSPQWBSJFUZ BOETVJUBCMFHSPXJOHQFSJPEGPSBQBSUJDVMBSUZQFPGDSPQMBSHFMZEFQFOET upon the climate and many other factors such as local customs, traditions, TPDJBMTUSVDUVSF FYJTUJOHOPSNTBOEQPMJDJFT5IFSFGPSF UIFNPTUSFMJBCMF DSPQEBUBBSFUIFEBUBPCUBJOFEGSPNMPDBMBHSJDVMUVSBMSFTFBSDITUBUJPOT (MPCBMEBUBCBTFTUIBUDBOCFVTFEBSF"MMFOFUBM 5BCMFTm '"0 C 64%" '"0TPOMJOF(MPCBM*OGPSNBUJPOBOE&BSMZ 8BSOJOH4ZTUFN (*&84 QSPWJEFTDSPQDBMFOEBSTGPSNBKPSDSPQTGPS EFWFMPQJOHDPVOUSJFT0OFDBOBDDFTTUIF[JQQFEDSPQDBMFOEBSJNBHFTGPS FBDIDPOUJOFOUEJSFDUMZGSPNUIFXFC '"0 G r $SPQNBQT$SPQIBSWFTUBSFBTBOEZJFMETGPSDSPQTBUBSDNJOVUF HSJEDFMMSFTPMVUJPOBSFBWBJMBCMFGSPNUIFXFCTJUFPGUIF-BOE6TFBOE (MPCBM&OWJSPONFOUBM$IBOHFSFTFBSDIHSPVQ %FQBSUNFOUPG(FPHSBQIZ .D(JMM6OJWFSTJUZ .POGSFEBFUBM r $SPQ ZJFMET:JFME EBUB DBO CFTU CF PCUBJOFE MPDBMMZ BU UIF TQBUJBM SFTPMVUJPOMFWFMSFRVJSFE0OFIBTUPNBLFTVSFUIBUJUJTDMFBSIPXZJFMET BSFNFBTVSFE GPSFYBNQMF XIBUQBSUPGUIFDSPQ ESZPSXFUXFJHIU " HMPCBMEBUBCBTFJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHIUIF'"0 E r 4PJM NBQT*43*$8*4& QSPWJEFT B HMPCBM EBUB TFU GPS EFSJWFE TPJM QSPQFSUJFTCPUIBUBSDNJOVUFBOEBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPO #BUKFT *OBEEJUJPO UIF'"0(FP/FUXPSLXFCTJUFQSPWJEFTNBYJNVN BWBJMBCMFTPJMNPJTUVSFEBUBBUBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPO '"0 I 8IFOBQQMZJOHUIFAJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOJOUIF$3018"5NPEFM POFOFFETTPJMEBUBJGOPTPJMEBUBBSFBWBJMBCMFXFBEWJTFUPDIPPTF ‘medium soil’ as a default. Water Footprint Accounting 45
r *SSJHBUJPONBQT5IF(MPCBM.BQPG*SSJHBUJPO"SFBT (.*" WFSTJPO 4JFCFSUFUBM XJUIBTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOPGBSDNJOVUFEFàOFT BSFBTFRVJQQFEGPSJSSJHBUJPO*SSJHBUJPONBQTGPSNBKPSDSPQTCPUI BUBOEBSDNJOVUFSFTPMVUJPOTDBOCFPCUBJOFEGSPN6OJWFSTJUZPG 'SBOLGVSUXFCTJUF 1PSUNBOOFUBM 5IFTFEBUBBMTPQSPWJEF SBJOGFEDSPQHSPXJOHBSFBTGPSUIFTBNFDSPQT r 'FSUJMJ[FSBQQMJDBUJPOSBUFT1SFGFSBCMZPOFVTFTMPDBMEBUB"VTFGVM HMPCBMEBUBCBTFJT'FSUJ4UBU '"0 D 5IF*OUFSOBUJPOBM'FSUJMJ[FS "TTPDJBUJPO *'" QSPWJEFT BOOVBM GFSUJMJ[FS DPOTVNQUJPO QFS DPVOUSZ)FGGFS QSPWJEFTGFSUJMJ[FSVTFQFSDSPQGPSNBKPSDSPQ types and major countries. r 1FTUJDJEFT BQQMJDBUJPO SBUFT1SFGFSBCMZ POF VTFT MPDBM EBUB5IF /BUJPOBM"HSJDVMUVSBM4UBUJTUJDT4FSWJDF /"44 QSPWJEFTBOPOMJOF EBUBCBTFGPSUIF64XJUIDIFNJDBMVTFQFSDSPQ$SPQ-JGF'PVOEBUJPO QSPWJEFTBEBUBCBTFPOQFTUJDJEFTVTFJOUIF64"&VSPTUBU HJWFTEBUBGPS&VSPQF r -FBDIJOHSVOPGGGSBDUJPO/PEBUBCBTFTBWBJMBCMF0OFXJMMIBWFUPXPSL XJUIFYQFSJNFOUBMEBUBGSPNàFMETUVEJFTBOENBLFSPVHIBTTVNQUJPOT 0OFDBOBTTVNFQFSDFOUGPSOJUSPHFOGFSUJMJ[FST GPMMPXJOH$IBQBHBJO FUBM C r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r /BUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOT in receiving water bodies: In more or less pristine rivers, one can assume that natural concentrations are equal to the actual concentrations and thus rely on long-term daily or monthly BWFSBHFTBTNFBTVSFEJOBOFBSCZNFBTVSJOHTUBUJPO'PSEJTUVSCFESJWFST one will have to rely on historical records or model studies. For some QBSUTPGUIFXPSMEHPPETUVEJFTBSFBWBJMBCMFGPSUIF64TFF GPSFYBNQMF $MBSLFUBM BOE4NJUIFUBM GPS"VTUSJBTFF"VTUSJBO'FEFSBM .JOJTUSZPG"HSJDVMUVSF 'PSFTUSZ &OWJSPONFOUBOE8BUFS.BOBHFNFOU GPS(FSNBOZTFF-"8""0 "TBSFGFSFODF BHMPCBMEBUB CBTFPOBDUVBM OPUOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOTJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHI6/&1 8IFOOPJOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMF BTTVNFUIFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSB UJPOBDDPSEJOHUPUIFCFTUFTUJNBUFPSUPCF[FSP r "DUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFJOUBLFXBUFS"HMPCBMEBUBCBTFPO BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPOTJTBWBJMBCMFUISPVHI6/&1 46 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
3.4 Water footprint of a product
3.4.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS UIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU*UJTFTUJNBUFECZ DPOTJEFSJOHXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOJOBMMTUFQTPGUIFQSPEVDUJPO chain.1ɨFBDDPVOUJOHQSPDFEVSFJTTJNJMBSUPBMMTPSUTPGQSPEVDUT CFJUQSPEVDUT EFSJWFEGSPNUIFBHSJDVMUVSBM JOEVTUSJBMPSTFSWJDFTFDUPSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG BQSPEVDUCSFBLTEPXOJOUPBHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZDPNQPOFOU"OBMUFSOBUJWF UFSNGPSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTJUTAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOU CVUUIF NFBOJOHPGUIFMBUUFSUFSNJTOBSSPXFS #PY
Box 3.9 Terminology: Water footprint, virtual-water content, embedded water
5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTTJNJMBSUPXIBUJOPUIFSQVCMJDBUJPOT IBTCFFODBMMFEBMUFSOBUJWFMZUIFAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGUIFQSPEVDUPS UIFQSPEVDUTFNCFEEFE FNCPEJFE FYPHFOPVTPSTIBEPXXBUFS )PFLTUSB BOE$IBQBHBJO 5IFUFSNTWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUBOEFNCFEEFEXBUFS IPXFWFS SFGFSUPUIFXBUFSWPMVNFFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDUBMPOF XIJMF UIFUFSNAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTOPUPOMZUPUIFWPMVNF CVUBMTPUPUIF TPSUPGXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFE HSFFO CMVF HSFZ BOEUPXIFOBOEXIFSFUIF water was used. The water footprint of a product is thus a multidimensional JOEJDBUPS XIFSFBTAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPSAFNCFEEFEXBUFSSFGFSUPB WPMVNFBMPOF8FSFDPNNFOEVTJOHUIFUFSNAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCFDBVTFPGJUT CSPBEFSTDPQF5IFWPMVNFJTKVTUPOFBTQFDUPGXBUFSVTFQMBDFBOEUJNJOH PGXBUFSVTFBOEUZQFPGXBUFSVTFEBSFBTJNQPSUBOU#FTJEFT UIFUFSN AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOBMTPCFVTFEJOBDPOUFYUXIFSFXFTQFBLBCPVUUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS*UXPVMETPVOETUSBOHFUPTQFBL BCPVUUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS8FVTFUIFUFSN AWJSUVBMXBUFSJOUIFDPOUFYUPGJOUFSOBUJPOBM PSJOUFSSFHJPOBM WJSUVBMXBUFS áPXT*GBOBUJPO SFHJPO FYQPSUTJNQPSUTBQSPEVDU JUFYQPSUTJNQPSUT XBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSN*OUIJTDPOUFYUPOFDBOTQFBLBCPVUWJSUVBMXBUFS FYQPSUPSJNQPSU PSNPSFHFOFSBMBCPVUWJSUVBMXBUFSáPXTPSUSBEF
*OUIFDBTFPGBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHFOFSBMMZFYQSFTTFE JOUFSNTPGNUPOPSMJUSFTLH*ONBOZDBTFT XIFOBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUTBSF DPVOUBCMF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTBXBUFSWPMVNFQFSQJFDF *OUIFDBTFPGJOEVTUSJBMQSPEVDUT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFFYQSFTTFEJOUFSNT PGN64PSXBUFSWPMVNFQFSQJFDF0UIFSXBZTUPFYQSFTTBQSPEVDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBSFGPSFYBNQMFXBUFSWPMVNFLDBM GPSGPPEQSPEVDUTJOUIFDPOUFYUPG EJFUT PSXBUFSWPMVNFKPVMF GPSFMFDUSJDJUZPSGVFMT Water Footprint Accounting 47
3.4.2 Schematization of the production system into process steps *OPSEFSUPFTUJNBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU POFXJMMIBWFUPTUBSUCZ VOEFSTUBOEJOHUIFXBZBQSPEVDUJTQSPEVDFE'PSUIBUSFBTPO POFXJMMIBWF UPJEFOUJGZUIFAQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN"QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNDPOTJTUTPGTFRVFOUJBM AQSPDFTTTUFQT" TJNQMJëFE FYBNQMFPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNPGBDPUUPO TIJSUJTDPUUPOHSPXUI IBSWFTUJOH HJOOJOH DBSEJOH LOJUUJOH CMFBDIJOH EZJOH QSJOUJOH ëOJTIJOH(JWFOUIFGBDUUIBUNBOZQSPEVDUTSFRVJSFNVMUJQMFJOQVUT JU PGUFOIBQQFOTUIBUNVMUJQMFQSPDFTTTUFQTQSFDFEFPOFOFYUQSPDFTTTUFQ*OTVDI BDBTFXFXJMMOPUIBWFBMJOFBSDIBJOPGQSPDFTTTUFQT CVUSBUIFSBAQSPEVDUUSFF " TJNQMJëFE FYBNQMFPGBQSPEVDUUSFFJTQSPEVDFGFFEBOEBMMTPSUTPGPUIFS JOQVUTOFDFTTBSZJOJOUFOTJWFMJWFTUPDLGBSNJOH SBJTFUIFBOJNBMTBOEëOBMMZ QSPEVDFNFBU4JODFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTPGUFOQSPEVDFNPSFUIBOPOFëOBM QSPEVDUoGPSFYBNQMF DPXTDBOEFMJWFSNJMLBTXFMMBTNFBUBOEMFBUIFSoFWFO UIFNFUBQIPSPGBQSPEVDUUSFFJTJOTVïDJFOU*OSFBMJUZQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTBSF DPNQMFYOFUXPSLTPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTFT JONBOZDBTFTFWFODJSDVMBS 'PSFTUJNBUJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU POFXJMMIBWFUPTDIFNBUJ[F UIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNJOUPBMJNJUFEOVNCFSPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTTUFQT#FTJEFT XIFOPOFJOUFOETUPHPCFZPOEBWFSZTVQFSëDJBMBOBMZTJTCBTFEPOHMPCBM BWFSBHFT POFXJMMIBWFUPTQFDJGZUIFTUFQTJOUJNFBOETQBDF XIJDINFBOTUIBU POFXJMMIBWFUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJOPGUIF JOQVUTPGUIF QSPEVDU*OUIFDPUUPO TIJSUFYBNQMFBCPWF DPUUPOHSPXUINBZIBQQFOJOPOFQMBDF $IJOB XIJMF NBOVGBDUVSJOHNBZIBQQFOJOBOPUIFSQMBDF .BMBZTJB BOEDPOTVNQUJPOJOZFU BOPUIFSQMBDF (FSNBOZ 1SPEVDUJPODJSDVNTUBODFTBOEQSPDFTTDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT XJMMEJêFSGSPNQMBDFUPQMBDF TPUIBUQMBDFPGQSPEVDUJPOXJMMJOìVFODFUIFTJ[F BOEDPMPVSPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU#FTJEFT JOUIFFOEPOFNBZMJLFUPCFBCMF UPHFPHSBQIJDBMMZNBQUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBëOBMQSPEVDU TPUIBUJTBOPUIFS SFBTPOUPLFFQUSBDLPGQMBDF 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNJOUPEJTUJODUQSPDFTTTUFQTJOFWJUBCMZ SFRVJSFTBTTVNQUJPOTBOETJNQMJëDBUJPOT1BSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUJTUIFUSVODBUJPO QSPCMFNNFOUJPOFEJO$IBQUFSɨFPSFUJDBMMZ CFDBVTFNBOZQSPEVDUJPO TZTUFNTDPOUBJODJSDVMBSDPNQPOFOUT POFDPVMEJOëOJUFMZLFFQPOUSBDJOHCBDL JOQVUTUISPVHIUIFOFUXPSLPGMJOLFEQSPDFTTTUFQT*OQSBDUJDF POFXJMMIBWF UPTUPQUIFBOBMZTJTBUUIPTFQPJOUTXIFSFBEEJUJPOBMXPSLXJMMOPUBEENPSF TJHOJëDBOUJOGPSNBUJPOGPSUIFQVSQPTFPGUIFBOBMZTJT 1SPEVDUJPOTZTUFNEJBHSBNTGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUTDBOCFGPVOEGPS FYBNQMFJO'"0 BOE$IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB 'PSJOEVTUSJBM QSPEVDUT POFDBOHFOFSBMMZSFMBUJWFMZFBTJMZDPOTUSVDUBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN EJBHSBNCBTFEPOQVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMFEBUBTPVSDFT#FUUFS PGDPVSTF JTUPTFFL JOGPSNBUJPOPOXIJDIQSPDFTTTUFQTBSFUBLFOJOUIFBDUVBMTVQQMZDIBJOPGUIF QSPEVDUDPOTJEFSFEɨJTSFRVJSFTUIFUSBDJOHPGBMMQSPEVDUJOHSFEJFOUT 48 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
3.4.3 Calculation of a product water footprint ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEJOUXPBMUFSOBUJWFXBZTXJUI UIFDIBJOTVNNBUJPOBQQSPBDIPSUIFTUFQXJTFBDDVNVMBUJWFBQQSPBDIɨF GPSNFSDBOCFBQQMJFEGPSQBSUJDVMBSDBTFTPOMZUIFMBUUFSJTUIFHFOFSJDBQQSPBDI
The chain-summation approach ɨJTBQQSPBDIJTTJNQMFSUIBOUIFPOFUIBUXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEOFYU CVUDBOCF BQQMJFEPOMZJOUIFDBTFXIFSFBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNQSPEVDFTPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU 'JHVSF *OUIJTQBSUJDVMBSDBTF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFE XJUIUIFWBSJPVTQSPDFTTTUFQTJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNDBOBMMCFGVMMZBUUSJCVUFE UPUIFQSPEVDUUIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFTZTUFN *OUIJTTJNQMFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUp WPMVNF NBTT JTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFSFMFWBOUQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTEJWJEFECZUIF QSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUp
k WF [s] £ proc
JOXIJDIWFprocJTUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPDFTTTUFQs WPMVNFUJNF and P
UIFQSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUp NBTTUJNF *OQSBDUJDF TJNQMF QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTXJUIPOMZPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDUSBSFMZFYJTU UIVTBNPSF HFOFSJDXBZPGBDDPVOUJOHJTOFDFTTBSZ POFUIBUDBOEJTUSJCVUFUIFXBUFSVTFE
WFproc[1] WFproc[2]
Process s=1 Process s=2
Process s=3 Process s=4 Process s=k P[p]
WFproc[3] WFproc[4] WFproc[k]
Figure 3.7 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPQSPEVDFQSPEVDUp into k process steps. Some steps are in series, others are parallel. The water footprint of output product p is calculated as the sum of the process water footprints of the processes that constitute the production system. Note: this TJNQMJàFETDIFNFQSFTVQQPTFTUIBUp is the only output product following from the production system Water Footprint Accounting 49
UISPVHIPVUBQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPUIFWBSJPVTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTUIBUGPMMPXGSPN UIBUTZTUFNXJUIPVUEPVCMFDPVOUJOH
The stepwise accumulative approach ɨJTBQQSPBDIJTBHFOFSJDXBZPGDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU CBTFEPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTUIBUXFSFOFDFTTBSZJOUIF MBTUQSPDFTTJOHTUFQUPQSPEVDFUIBUQSPEVDUBOEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG UIBUQSPDFTTJOHTUFQ4VQQPTFXFIBWFBOVNCFSPGJOQVUQSPEVDUTXIFONBLJOH POFPVUQVUQSPEVDU*OUIJTDBTFXFDBOHFUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFPVUQVU QSPEVDUCZTJNQMZTVNNJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBOE BEEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU4VQQPTFBOPUIFSDBTFXIFSFXFIBWFPOFJOQVU QSPEVDUBOEBOVNCFSPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUT*OUIJTDBTF POFOFFETUPEJTUSJCVUF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUUPJUTTFQBSBUFQSPEVDUTɨJTDBOCF EPOFQSPQPSUJPOBMMZUPUIFWBMVFPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDUT*UDPVMEBMTPCFEPOF QSPQPSUJPOBMMZUPUIFXFJHIUPGUIFQSPEVDUT CVUUIJTXPVMECFMFTTNFBOJOHGVM 'JOBMMZ DPOTJEFSUIFNPTUHFOFSJDDBTF 'JHVSF 8FXBOUUPDBMDVMBUFUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUp XIJDIJTCFJOHQSPDFTTFEGSPNy input products. ɨFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBSFOVNCFSFEGSPNi=1 to y4VQQPTFUIBUQSPDFTTJOHPGUIF y input products results in z output products. We number the output products GSPNp=1 to z. *GUIFSFJTTPNFXBUFSVTFJOWPMWFEEVSJOHQSPDFTTJOH UIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTBEEFEUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTCFGPSFUIFUPUBM
Input products Output products
WFprod[1] Input product i=1 Output product p=1
WFprod[2] Input product i=2 Output product p=2
WFprod[m] Input product i=y WFproc Output product p=z
Figure 3.8 4DIFNBUJ[BUJPOPGUIFMBTUQSPDFTTTUFQJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN to produce product p. The water footprint of output product p is calculated CBTFEPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTBOEUIFQSPDFTTXBUFS footprint when processing the inputs into the outputs 50 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
JTEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGPVUQVU product pJTDBMDVMBUFEBT
⎛⎞y WF[] i =+⎜⎟∑ prod × WFprod[] p⎜⎟ WF proc [] p f v [] p
JOXIJDIWFprod
JTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WPMVNFNBTT PGPVUQVUQSPEVDUp
WFprodUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGJOQVUQSPEVDUi and WFproc
UIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTJOHTUFQUIBUUSBOTGPSNTUIFy input products into the z PVUQVUQSPEVDUT FYQSFTTFEJOXBUFSVTFQFSVOJUPGQSPDFTTFEQSPEVDUp WPMVNF
NBTT 1BSBNFUFS fp
JTBTPDBMMFEAQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOBOEQBSBNFUFSfv
JTB AWBMVFGSBDUJPO#PUIXJMMCFEFëOFECFMPX#FBXBSFUIBUJOUIFFRVBUJPOUIF QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPCFUBLFOJOUFSNTPGXBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPG processedQSPEVDUXIFOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTHJWFOQFSVOJUPGBTQFDJëD inputQSPEVDU UIFHJWFOWPMVNFOFFETUPCFEJWJEFECZUIFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOGPS that input product. ɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOPGBOPVUQVUQSPEVDUpUIBUJTQSPDFTTFEGSPNBOJOQVU product i fp
NBTTNBTT JTEFëOFEBTUIFRVBOUJUZPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDU w
NBTT PCUBJOFEQFSRVBOUJUZPGJOQVUQSPEVDU w NBTT
w[ p] f [ p,i] =
ɨFWBMVFGSBDUJPOPGBOPVUQVUQSPEVDUp fv
NPOFUBSZVOJUNPOFUBSZ VOJU JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFNBSLFUWBMVFPGUIJTQSPEVDUUPUIFBHHSFHBUFE NBSLFUWBMVFPGBMMUIFPVUQVUTQSPEVDUT p=1 to z PCUBJOFEGSPNUIFJOQVU QSPEVDUT
× = price[] p w [] p fpv [] z
JOXIJDIprice
SFGFSTUPUIFQSJDFPGQSPEVDUp NPOFUBSZVOJUNBTT ɨF denominator is summed over the zPVUQVUQSPEVDUT p=1 to z UIBUPSJHJOBUF GSPNUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUT/PUFUIBUXFUBLFAQSJDFIFSFBTBOJOEJDBUPSPGUIF FDPOPNJDWBMVFPGBQSPEVDU XIJDIJTOPUBMXBZTUIFDBTF FHXIFOUIFSFJTOP NBSLFUGPSBQSPEVDUPSXIFOUIFNBSLFUJTEJTUPSUFE0GDPVSTFPOFDBOCFTU UBLFUIFSFBMFDPOPNJDWBMVF /PUFUIBUJOBTJNQMFDBTF XIFSFXFQSPDFTTKVTUPOFJOQVUQSPEVDUJOUPPOF PVUQVUQSPEVDU UIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDU CFDPNFTSBUIFSTJNQMF Water Footprint Accounting 51
WF[] i =+prod WFprod[] p WF proc [] p
3.5 Water footprint of a consumer or group of consumers
3.5.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTVTFECZUIF DPOTVNFSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPG UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFST
3.5.2 Calculation
ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFS WFcons JTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMBOEIJTIFSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU
=+ WFcons WF cons,, dir WF cons indir
ɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUJT SFMBUFEUPXBUFSVTFBUIPNFPSJOUIFHBSEFOɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFST UPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFSUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUI UIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTVTFECZUIFDPOTVNFS*USFGFSTUPUIF XBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPQSPEVDFGPSFYBNQMFUIFGPPE DMPUIFT QBQFS FOFSHZBOE JOEVTUSJBMHPPETDPOTVNFEɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFJTDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOH BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU
=×* WFcons, indir∑() C[] p WF prod [] p
* C
JTDPOTVNQUJPOPGQSPEVDUp QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BOEWFprod [] p UIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPEVDU XBUFSWPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU ɨFTFUPGQSPEVDUT DPOTJEFSFESFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHFPGëOBMDPOTVNFSHPPETBOETFSWJDFTɨF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTEFëOFEBOEDBMDVMBUFEBTEFTDSJCFEJOUIFQSFWJPVT section. ɨFUPUBMWPMVNFPGpDPOTVNFEXJMMHFOFSBMMZPSJHJOBUFGSPNEJêFSFOUQMBDFT xɨFBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUpDPOTVNFEJTDBMDVMBUFEBT
× ∑()Cxp[, ] WFprod [, xp ] WF* [] p = x
QSPEVDUVOJU %FQFOEJOHPOUIFQSFGFSSFEMFWFMPGEFUBJMPGBOBMZTJT POFDBO USBDFUIFPSJHJOPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFEXJUINPSFPSMFTTQSFDJTJPO*GPOF DBOOPUPSEPFTOPUXBOUUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJOTPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFE POF XJMMIBWFUPSFMZPOFJUIFSHMPCBMPSOBUJPOBMBWFSBHFFTUJNBUFTPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGUIFQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFE*G IPXFWFS POFJTQSFQBSFEUPUSBDFUIF PSJHJOPGQSPEVDUT POFDBOFTUJNBUFUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIBIJHI MFWFMPGTQBUJBMEFUBJM TFFUIFBMUFSOBUJWFMFWFMTPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMFYQMJDBUJPOJO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBTEFTDSJCFEJO$IBQUFS 1SFGFSBCMZUIFDPOTVNFS LOPXTQFSQSPEVDUIPXNVDIIFPSTIFDPOTVNFTGSPNWBSJPVTPSJHJOT*GUIF DPOTVNFSEPFTOPULOPXUIBU POFDBOBTTVNFUIBUUIFWBSJBUJPOJOPSJHJOFRVBMT UIFWBSJBUJPOJOPSJHJOBTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFOBUJPOBMNBSLFUGPSUIBUQSPEVDUɨF * WBMVFPGWF prod
DBOUIFOCFDBMDVMBUFEXJUIUIFGPSNVMBBTXJMMCFJOUSPEVDFE JO4FDUJPO ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGëOBMQSJWBUFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTBSFFYDMVTJWFMZ BMMPDBUFEUPUIFDPOTVNFSPGUIFQSJWBUFHPPEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQVCMJD or shared goods and services are allocated to consumers based on the share that FBDIJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFSUBLFT
3.6 Water footprint within a geographically delineated area
3.6.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOXJUIJOUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFB*UJTDSVDJBMUP DMFBSMZEFëOFUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFBSFBDBOCFBDBUDINFOU BSFB BSJWFSCBTJO BQSPWJODF TUBUFPSOBUJPOPSBOZPUIFSIZESPMPHJDBMPS administrative spatial unit.
3.6.2 Calculation
ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB WFarea JTDBMDVMBUFE BTUIFTVNPGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTTFTJOUIFBSFB
= WFarea∑ WF proc [] q
XIFSF WFproc SFGFST UP UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG B QSPDFTT q XJUIJO UIF HFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBɨFFRVBUJPOTVNTPWFSBMMXBUFSDPOTVNJOHPS QPMMVUJOHQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB 54 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
ɨFFYQPSUPGSFBMXBUFSPVUPGBOBSFB BTJOUIFDBTFPGBOJOUFSCBTJOUSBOTGFS XJMMCFDPVOUFEBTBQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFBSFBGSPNXIJDIUIFXBUFSJT exported. 'SPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQSPUFDUJPOXJUIJOBDFSUBJOBSFBo QBSUJDVMBSMZXIFOUIFBSFBJTXBUFSTDBSDFoJUJTJOUFSFTUJOHUPLOPXIPXNVDI XBUFSJTVTFEJOUIFBSFBUPQSPEVDFFYQPSUQSPEVDUTBOEIPXNVDIXBUFSJT JNQPSUFEJOWJSUVBMGPSN JOUIFGPSNPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUT TPUIBUUIFZ EPOPUOFFEUPCFQSPEVDFEXJUIJOUIFBSFB*OPUIFSXPSET JUJTJOUFSFTUJOH UPLOPXUIFAWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGBOBSFBɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGB HFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFBPWFSBDFSUBJOUJNFQFSJPEJTEFëOFEBTUIFOFU
JNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSPWFSUIJTQFSJPE Vi,net XIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIFHSPTTJNQPSU
PGWJSUVBMXBUFS Vi NJOVTUIFHSPTTFYQPSU Ve
=− VVVinet, i e
"QPTJUJWFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFJNQMJFTOFUJOìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUPUIFBSFB GSPNPUIFSBSFBT"OFHBUJWFCBMBODFNFBOTOFUPVUìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSɨF HSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJTJOUFSFTUJOHJOUIFTFOTFUIBUJNQPSUJOHWJSUVBM XBUFSTBWFTXBUFSXJUIJOUIFBSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU JTJOUFSFTUJOHJOUIFTFOTFUIBUJUSFGFSTUPBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFBSFBSFMBUFE UPDPOTVNQUJPOCZQFPQMFMJWJOHPVUTJEFUIFBSFB7JSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUTBOE FYQPSUTDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPMMPXJOHUIFTBNFBQQSPBDIBTTQFDJëDBMMZEJTDVTTFE GPSUIFDBTFPGOBUJPOTJO4FDUJPO
3.7 National water footprint accounting
3.7.1 The national water footprint accounting scheme 'VMMOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFPCUBJOFECZDPNCJOJOHUIFBDDPVOUTPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO DPOTVNFSBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFE JO4FDUJPO BOEUIFBDDPVOUTPOUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO BSFB BDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO4FDUJPO JOPOFDPNQSFIFOTJWFTDIFNF'JHVSF TIPXTBWJTVBMSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGUIFOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF BTXBTJOUSPEVDFECZ)PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO 5SBEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFBDDPVOUTPOMZSFGFSUPUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXBM XJUIJO B DPVOUSZ ɨFZ EP OPU EJTUJOHVJTI CFUXFFO XBUFS VTF GPS NBLJOH QSPEVDUT GPS EPNFTUJD DPOTVNQUJPO BOE XBUFS VTF GPS QSPEVDJOH FYQPSU QSPEVDUTɨFZBMTPFYDMVEFEBUBPOXBUFSVTFPVUTJEFUIFDPVOUSZUPTVQQPSU OBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO*OBEEJUJPO UIFZJODMVEFCMVFXBUFSVTFPOMZ FYDMVEJOH HSFFOBOEHSFZXBUFS*OPSEFSUPTVQQPSUBCSPBEFSTPSUPGBOBMZTJTBOECFUUFS Water Footprint Accounting 55
JOGPSNEFDJTJPONBLJOH UIFUSBEJUJPOBMOBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFBDDPVOUTOFFEUPCF extended.
5IF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG UIF DPOTVNFST JO B OBUJPO WFcons,nat IBT UXP DPNQPOFOUTUIFJOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU
=+ WFcons,,,,, nat WF cons nat int WF cons nat ext
ɨFJOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,int JTEFëOFEBT UIFVTFPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTUPQSPEVDFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZ UIFOBUJPOBMQPQVMBUJPO*UJTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO
WFarea,nat NJOVTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUUPPUIFSOBUJPOTJOTPGBSBT
SFMBUFEUPUIFFYQPSUPGQSPEVDUTQSPEVDFEXJUIEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFT Ve,d
=− WFcons,, nat int WF area , nat V e , d
ɨFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext JTEFëOFE BTUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTVTFEJOPUIFSOBUJPOTUPQSPEVDFHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFQPQVMBUJPOJOUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFE*UJTFRVBMUP
UIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPUIFOBUJPO Vi NJOVTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFS
FYQPSUUPPUIFSOBUJPOTBTBSFTVMUPGSFFYQPSUPGJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUT Ve,r
=− WFcons,, nat ext V i V e , r
ɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU Ve GSPNBOBUJPODPOTJTUTPGFYQPSUFEXBUFSPGEPNFTUJD
PSJHJO Ve,d BOESFFYQPSUFEXBUFSPGGPSFJHOPSJHJO Ve,r
=+ VVeeder,, V
ɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBOBUJPOXJMMQBSUMZCFDPOTVNFE UIVTDPOTUJUVUJOH
UIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext BOEQBSUMZCF
SFFYQPSUFE Ve,r
=+ VWFi cons,, nat ext V e , r
ɨFTVNPGVi and WFarea,natJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGVe and WFcons,nat. This sum is
DBMMFEUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFU Vb PGBOBUJPO
=+ =+ VVWFb i area,, nat VWF e cons nat
Internal water External water Water footprint footprint of footprint of + = of national national national consumption consumption consumption
+ + +
Virtual water export related Virtual water Virtual water + = to domestically re-export export made products
= = =
Water footprint Virtual water Virtual water within the area + import = budget of the nation
Figure 3.9 The national water footprint accounting scheme. The BDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFTIPXTUIFWBSJPVTCBMBODFTUIBUIPMEGPSUIFXBUFS
GPPUQSJOUSFMBUFEUPOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO 8'cons,nat), the water footprint
XJUIJOUIFBSFBPGUIFOBUJPO 8'area,nat UIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU 7e)
BOEUIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU 7i).
3.7.2 Calculation of the water footprint within a nation
ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPO WFarea,nat WPMVNFUJNF JTEFëOFEBTUIF UPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNFDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO *UDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPMMPXJOHUIFNFUIPEEFTDSJCFEJO4FDUJPO
= WFarea, nat∑ WF proc [] q
XIFSFWFprocSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPDFTTqXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO UIBUDPOTVNFTPSQPMMVUFTXBUFSɨFFRVBUJPOTVNTPWFSBMMXBUFSDPOTVNJOH PSQPMMVUJOHQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFOBUJPO1SPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSF FYQSFTTFEIFSFJOWPMVNFUJNF
3.7.3 Calculation of the water footprint of national consumption
ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat DBOCFDBMDVMBUFE UISPVHIUXPBMUFSOBUJWFBQQSPBDIFTUIFUPQEPXOBOEUIFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDI Water Footprint Accounting 57
Top-down approach *O UIF UPQEPXO BQQSPBDI UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO
WFcons,nat WPMVNFUJNF JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO
WFarea,nat QMVTUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU Vi NJOVTUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU Ve
=+− WFcons,, nat WF area nat V i V e
ɨFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJTDBMDVMBUFEBT
=× Viieprode∑∑() TnpWFnp[,] [,]
JOXIJDITi
=×* VTpWFpe∑ e[] prod []
JOXIJDITe
SFQSFTFOUTUIFRVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpFYQPSUFEGSPNUIFOBUJPO * QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF BOEWF prod
UIFBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFFYQPSUFE product p WPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU ɨFMBUUFSJTFTUJNBUFEBT
×+ × P[] p WFprod [] p∑() T i [ n e ,] p WF prod [ n e ,] p WF* [] p = ne SFQSFTFOUTUIFQSPEVDUJPORVBOUJUZPGQSPEVDUpJOUIFOBUJPO Ti UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGQSPEVDUpXIFOQSPEVDFEJOUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFEBOE 58 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual WFprod Bottom-up approach ɨFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIJTCBTFEPOUIFNFUIPEPGDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFST 4FDUJPO ɨFHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTDPOTJTUT PGUIFJOIBCJUBOUTPGBOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO JTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGDPOTVNFST XJUIJOUIFOBUJPO =+ WFcons,,,,, nat WF cons nat dir WF cons nat indir ɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFSEVFUP XBUFSVTFCZDPOTVNFSTBUIPNFPSJOUIFHBSEFOɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGDPOTVNFSTSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFCZPUIFSTUPNBLFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFT DPOTVNFE*USFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPQSPEVDFGPSFYBNQMFUIF GPPE DMPUIFT QBQFS FOFSHZBOEJOEVTUSJBMHPPETDPOTVNFEɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHBMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOIBCJUBOUT PGUIFOBUJPOCZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU =×* WFcons,, nat indir∑() C[] p WF prod [] p JTDPOTVNQUJPOPGQSPEVDUpCZDPOTVNFSTXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO QSPEVDU * VOJUTUJNF BOEWF prod UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPEVDU WPMVNFQSPEVDU VOJU ɨFTFUPGQSPEVDUTDPOTJEFSFESFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHFPGëOBMDPOTVNFS HPPETBOETFSWJDFTɨFWPMVNFPGpDPOTVNFEJOBOBUJPOXJMMHFOFSBMMZQBSUMZ PSJHJOBUFGSPNUIFOBUJPOJUTFMGBOEQBSUMZGSPNPUIFSOBUJPOTɨFBWFSBHFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUp consumed in a nation is estimated by applying the same BTTVNQUJPOUIBUXBTVTFEJOUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI ×+ × P[] p WFprod [] p∑() T i [ n e ,] p WF prod [ n e ,] p WF* [] p = ne ɨFBTTVNQUJPOJTUIBUDPOTVNQUJPOPSJHJOBUFTGSPNEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPOBOE imports according to their relative volumes. The bottom-up versus the top-down approach ɨFCPUUPNVQBOEUPQEPXODBMDVMBUJPOTUIFPSFUJDBMMZSFTVMUJOUIFTBNF ëHVSF QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFJTOPQSPEVDUTUPDLDIBOHFPWFSBZFBSɨFUPQEPXO Water Footprint Accounting 59 DBMDVMBUJPODBOUIFPSFUJDBMMZHJWFBTMJHIUMZIJHIFS MPXFS ëHVSFJGUIFTUPDLTPG XBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUTJODSFBTF EFDSFBTF PWFSUIFZFBSɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIF UPQEPXOBQQSPBDIQSFTVQQPTFTBCBMBODFWFarea,nat plus Vi becomes WFcons,nat plus VeɨJTJTBOBQQSPYJNBUJPOPOMZ CFDBVTF UPCFNPSFQSFDJTFWFarea,nat plus Vi becomes WFcons,nat plus VeQMVTWJSUVBMXBUFSTUPDLJODSFBTF"OPUIFSESBXCBDL PGUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDIJTUIBUUIFSFDBOCFEFMBZTCFUXFFOUIFNPNFOUPG XBUFSVTFGPSQSPEVDUJPOBOEUIFNPNFOUPGUSBEF'PSJOTUBODF JOUIFDBTFPG USBEFJOMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT UIJTNBZIBQQFOCFFGPSMFBUIFSQSPEVDUTUSBEFEJO POFZFBSPSJHJOBUFGSPNMJWFTUPDLSBJTFEBOEGFEJOQSFWJPVTZFBST1BSUPGUIF XBUFSWJSUVBMMZFNCFEEFEJOCFFGPSMFBUIFSSFGFSTUPXBUFSUIBUXBTVTFEUPHSPX GFFEDSPQTJOQSFWJPVTZFBST"TBSFTVMUPGUIJT UIFCBMBODFQSFTVNFEJOUIFUPQ EPXOBQQSPBDIXJMMIPMEPWFSBQFSJPEPGBGFXZFBST CVUOPUOFDFTTBSJMZPWFSB single year. /FYUUPUIFPSFUJDBMEJêFSFODFTCFUXFFOUIFUXPBQQSPBDIFT EJêFSFODFTDBO SFTVMUGSPNUIFVTFPGEJêFSFOUUZQFTPGEBUBBTJOQVUTPGUIFDBMDVMBUJPOTɨF CPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIEFQFOETPOUIFRVBMJUZPGDPOTVNQUJPOEBUB XIJMFUIFUPQ EPXOBQQSPBDISFMJFTPOUIFRVBMJUZPGUSBEFEBUB8IFOUIFEJêFSFOUEBUBCBTFT BSFOPUDPOTJTUFOUXJUIPOFBOPUIFS UIFSFTVMUTPGCPUIBQQSPBDIFTXJMMEJêFS*O POFQBSUJDVMBSUZQFPGDBTF UIFPVUDPNFPGUIFUPQEPXODBOCFWFSZWVMOFSBCMF UPSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMFSSPSTJOUIFJOQVUEBUBɨJTIBQQFOTXIFOUIFJNQPSU BOEFYQPSUPGBDPVOUSZBSFMBSHFSFMBUJWFUPJUTEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPO XIJDIJT UZQJDBMGPSSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMOBUJPOTTQFDJBMJ[FEJOUSBEFɨJTIBTCFFOTIPXOJO BDBTFTUVEZGPSUIF/FUIFSMBOET 7BO0FMFUBM *OUIJTDBTF UIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBMDVMBUFEXJUIUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI XJMM CFTFOTJUJWFUPUIFJNQPSUBOEFYQPSUEBUBVTFE3FMBUJWFTNBMMFSSPSTJOUIF FTUJNBUFTPGWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUBOEFYQPSUUSBOTMBUFJOUPBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHFFSSPS JOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFTUJNBUF*OTVDIBDBTF UIFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIXJMM ZJFMEBNPSFSFMJBCMFFTUJNBUFUIBOUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI*OOBUJPOTXIFSF USBEFJTSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMDPNQBSFEUPEPNFTUJDQSPEVDUJPO UIFSFMJBCJMJUZPGUIF PVUDPNFTPGCPUIBQQSPBDIFTXJMMEFQFOEPOUIFSFMBUJWFRVBMJUZPGUIFEBUBCBTFT VTFEGPSFBDIBQQSPBDI External water footprint of national consumption 8JUIFJUIFSUIFUPQEPXOPSCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFUPUBM XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat 8JUI UIF UPQEPXO BQQSPBDI POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUJOUPBDPVOUSZ Vi &BSMJFS JO4FDUJPO XFIBWFTFFOIPXPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO BOBUJPO WFarea,nat #BTFEPOUIFTFEBUB UIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO WFcons,nat,ext DBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBT 60 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual WF WF=×cons, nat V ɨJTGPSNVMBDBOCFBQQMJFETFQBSBUFMZGPSUIFDBUFHPSZPGBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUT DSPQBOEMJWFTUPDLQSPEVDUT BOEGPSUIFDBUFHPSZPGUIFJOEVTUSJBMQSPEVDUTɨF GPSNVMBTBZTUIBUPOMZBGSBDUJPOPGUIFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUDBOCFTBJEUP CFUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIBUUIJTGSBDUJPO JTFRVBMUPUIFQPSUJPOPGUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFU TVNPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBOEWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSU UIBUJTUPCFBUUSJCVUFEUPOBUJPOBM consumption.2ɨFPUIFSQPSUJPOPGUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSCVEHFUJTFYQPSUFEBOEJT UIFSFGPSFOPUQBSUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO ɨFFYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBOCFFTUJNBUFECZ export nation ne and product pCZBTTVNJOHUIBUUIFOBUJPOBMSBUJPCFUXFFOUIF FYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUBQQMJFTUPBMMQBSUOFS OBUJPOTBOEJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUT WF =×cons,, nat ext WFcons,, nat ext[,] n e p V i [,] n e p *UIBQQFOTUIBUQSPEVDUTBSFJNQPSUFEGSPNOBUJPOTJOXIJDIUIFZBSFOPU QSPEVDFE'PSUIPTFQSPEVDUTPOFXJMMIBWFUPUSBDFUIFPSJHJODPVOUSZGVSUIFS CBDL'PSTPNFQSPEVDUHSPVQT XPSMEQSPEVDUJPOJTDPODFOUSBUFEJOTQFDJëD SFHJPOT'PSUIFTFQSPEVDUTPOFDBOSPVHIMZFTUJNBUFUIFVMUJNBUFQMBDFPGPSJHJO CBTFEPOXPSMEQSPEVDUJPOEBUBɨJTNFBOTUIBUPOFEJTUSJCVUFTUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOBOPOQSPEVDJOHOBUJPOPWFSQSPEVDJOHOBUJPOTBDDPSEJOHUPUIF EJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIFXPSMEQSPEVDUJPO 3.7.4 Water savings related to trade ɨFOBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHSn WPMVNFUJNF PGBOBUJPOBTBSFTVMUPGUSBEFJO product pJTEFëOFEBT []=×() [] [] [] Spnieprod TpTp- WFp XIFSFWFprod JTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WPMVNFQSPEVDUVOJU PGQSPEVDUp in the OBUJPODPOTJEFSFE Ti UIFWPMVNFPGQSPEVDUpJNQPSUFE QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF and Te UIFWPMVNFPGUIFQSPEVDUFYQPSUFE QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF 0CWJPVTMZ SnDBOIBWFBOFHBUJWFTJHO XIJDINFBOTBOFUXBUFSMPTTJOTUFBEPGBTBWJOH ɨFHMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHSg WPMVNFUJNF UISPVHIUIFUSBEFJOQSPEVDUp GSPNBOFYQPSUJOHOBUJPOne to an importing nation ni JT [][][][]=× Sg nnp e,, i Tnnp e ,, i() WF prod npWF i , - prod np e , XIFSFTJTUIFWPMVNFPGUSBEFJOp QSPEVDUTVOJUTUJNF CFUXFFOUIFUXP OBUJPOTɨFHMPCBMTBWJOHJTUIVTPCUBJOFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFXBUFS QSPEVDUJWJUJFTPGUIFUSBEJOHQBSUOFST8IFO JOBQBSUJDVMBSDBTF UIFJNQPSUJOH OBUJPOJTOPUBCMFUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUEPNFTUJDBMMZ XFSFDPNNFOEUBLJOH UIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFHMPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUBOEUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFFYQPSUJOHOBUJPO ɨFUPUBMHMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHDBOCFPCUBJOFECZTVNNJOHVQUIFHMPCBM TBWJOHTPGBMMJOUFSOBUJPOBMUSBEFìPXT#ZEFëOJUJPO UIFUPUBMHMPCBMXBUFS TBWJOHJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFOBUJPOBMTBWJOHTPGBMMOBUJPOT 3.7.5 National water dependency versus water self- sufficiency 8FEFëOFUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZ WD, PGBOBUJPOBTUIFSBUJP PGUIFFYUFSOBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WF WD =×cons,, nat ext 100 <> WFcons, nat /BUJPOBMXBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ WSS, JTEFëOFEBTUIFJOUFSOBMEJWJEFECZUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO WF WSS =×cons,, nat int 100 <> WFcons, nat #PUIXBUFSEFQFOEFODZBOEXBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZDBOCFTUCFDBMDVMBUFEPOBO BOOVBMCBTJTPSBTBOBWFSBHFPWFSBQFSJPEPGZFBST 4FMGTVïDJFODZJTQFSDFOUXIFOBMMUIFXBUFSOFFEFEJTBWBJMBCMFBOE JOEFFEUBLFOGSPNXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOTPXOUFSSJUPSZ8BUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ BQQSPBDIFT[FSPJGUIFEFNBOETPGHPPETBOETFSWJDFTJOBOBUJPOBSFIFBWJMZNFU XJUIHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUT JOPUIFSXPSET UIFOBUJPOIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMBSHF FYUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODPNQBSJTPOUPJUTJOUFSOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 3.8 Water footprint accounting for catchments and river basins 'VMMDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFTJNJMBSUPGVMMOBUJPOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBTEJTDVTTFEJOUIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPOɨFPOMZEJêFSFODF JTJOUIFEFëOJUJPOPGUIFBSFBCPVOEBSJFTDPOTJEFSFE/BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BDDPVOUTDPOTJEFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOBMUFSSJUPSZBOEUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTMJWJOHJOUIBUUFSSJUPSZ$BUDINFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 62 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual BDDPVOUTDPNCJOFBDDPVOUTPOUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDPOTVNFSTMJWJOHJOB DBUDINFOU DPOTVNFSBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO4FDUJPO BOEBDDPVOUTPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUBSFB BSFBBDDPVOUTBTJOUSPEVDFEJO 4FDUJPO 'JHVSFTIPXTBWJTVBMSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGUIFDBUDINFOUXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF XIJDIJOEFFEMPPLTTJNJMBSUPUIFOBUJPOBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNF "TBHVJEF POFDBOGPMMPXUIFTBNFNFUIPEBTGPSOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BDDPVOUJOH 4FDUJPO 4JNQMZSFQMBDFAOBUJPOBMXJUIADBUDINFOUɨFPOMZ QSBDUJDBM EJêFSFODFXJUIOBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTUIFGBDUUIBU USBEFEBUBBSFOPUBWBJMBCMFBTJOUIFDBTFPGOBUJPOT0OFDBOUIVTOPUNBLF VTFPGUSBEFTUBUJTUJDT*OTUFBE USBEFìPXTOFFEUPCFJOGFSSFEGSPNBWBJMBCMF EBUBPSFTUJNBUFTPOQSPEVDUJPOBOEDPOTVNQUJPOXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU0OF DBOBTTVNFUIBUBQSPEVDUJPOTVSQMVT XIFOQSPEVDUJPO DPOTVNQUJPOJO UIFDBUDINFOU IBTCFFOFYQPSUFEPVUPGUIFCBTJO TVQQPTFEUIBUUIFSFJTOP TUPSBHFXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUUBLFOUPOFYUZFBS TJNJMBSMZ POFDBOBTTVNFUIBU BQSPEVDUJPOTIPSUBHF QSPEVDUJPODPOTVNQUJPO IBTCFFOJNQPSUFE *UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUPOFEPFTOPUBMXBZTOFFEUPNBLFfull catchment XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBTTIPXOJO'JHVSF*UEFQFOETPOUIFHPBMPG UIFBDDPVOUT1BSUJDVMBSMZ DBUDINFOUNBOBHFSTXJMMQSJNBSJMZCFJOUFSFTUFEJO Internal water External water Water footprint footprint of footprint of of consumers + = consumers in consumers in in the the catchment the catchment catchment + + + Virtual water Virtual water export related Virtual water export from the to products + re-export = made in the catchment catchment = = = Water footprint Virtual water Virtual water within the import into the + = budget catchment area catchment Figure 3.10 The catchment water footprint accounting scheme. The BDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFTIPXTUIFWBSJPVTCBMBODFTUIBUIPMEGPSUIFXBUFS footprint of consumers living within the catchment, the water footprint within UIFDBUDINFOUBSFB UIFUPUBMWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUGSPNUIFDBUDINFOUBOEUIF total virtual-water import into the catchment Water Footprint Accounting 63 UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFJSDBUDINFOU OPUTPNVDIJOUIFFYUFSOBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFQFPQMFMJWJOHJOUIFDBUDINFOUɨFZNBZBMTPDBSFMJUUMFBCPVU XIFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTGPSNBLJOHQSPEVDUT DPOTVNFECZQFPQMFMJWJOHJOUIFDBUDINFOUPSGPSNBLJOHQSPEVDUTUIBUBSF FYQPSUFEGSPNUIFDBUDINFOU*OTVDIBDBTF POFDBOTVïDFJONBLJOHBSFB XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBTEJTDVTTFEJO4FDUJPO)PXFWFS GPSBCSPBEFS VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF SFMBUJPO CFUXFFO XBUFS VTF JO B DBUDINFOU BOE UIF TVTUFOBODFPGUIFDPNNVOJUZMJWJOHJOUIFDBUDINFOU POFXJMMOFFEUPNBLF GVMMDBUDINFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUT 3.9 Water footprint accounting for municipalities, provinces or other administrative units 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTGPSBNVOJDJQBMJUZ QSPWJODFPSPUIFSBENJOJTUSBUJWF VOJUSFTFNCMFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTGPSBOBUJPO 4FDUJPO PSBDBUDINFOU 4FDUJPO ɨFTBNFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTDIFNFDBOCFBQQMJFE 'JHVSFTo 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBUTUBUFQSPWJODFMFWFMIBWFCFFO DBSSJFEPVUGPS$IJOB .BFUBM *OEJB 7FSNBFUBM *OEPOFTJB #VMTJOLFUBM BOE4QBJO (BSSJEPFUBM "UUIFUJNFPGXSJUJOH OP NVOJDJQBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUVEJFTIBWFCFFODBSSJFEPVUZFU0OFDBOFYQFDUUIBU UIFTNBMMFSUIFBENJOJTUSBUJWFVOJU UIFMBSHFSUIFFYUFSOBMGSBDUJPOPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTJOUIFBSFBXJMMCF NPTUJOQBSUJDVMBSGPSVSCBOBSFBT 3.10 Water footprint of a business 3.10.1 Definition ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS UIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZUPSVOBOETVQQPSUUIFCVTJOFTT*UDPOTJTUT PGUXPNBJODPNQPOFOUTɨFPQFSBUJPOBM PSEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB CVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEEVFUPUIFCVTJOFTTT PXOPQFSBUJPOTɨFTVQQMZDIBJO PSJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJT UIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEUPQSPEVDFBMMUIFHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTUIBUGPSNUIFJOQVUTPGQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFCVTJOFTT*OTUFBEPGUIFUFSN ACVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOFDBOBMTPVTFUIFUFSNTADPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PSAPSHBOJ[BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTDBOCFTDIFNBUJ[FEJOUPDPNQPOFOUT BTTIPXOJO'JHVSF"GUFSUIFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFOPQFSBUJPOBMBOETVQQMZ DIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU POFDBOEJêFSFOUJBUFCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUDBO 64 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Water footprint of a business Operational water footprint Supply-chain water footprint Operational water footprint directly associated Supply-chain water footprint related to with the production of the product the product inputs Green water footprint Green water footprint Blue water footprint Blue water footprint Water consumption Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water Water pollution Overhead operational water footprint Overhead supply-chain water footprint Green water footprint Green water footprint Blue water footprint Blue water footprint Water consumption Grey water footprint Grey water footprint Water Water pollution Figure 3.11 $PNQPTJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT CFJNNFEJBUFMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDU T QSPEVDFECZUIFCVTJOFTTFTBOEUIF APWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFMBUUFSJTEFëOFEBTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSUBJOJOH UPUIFHFOFSBMBDUJWJUJFTGPSSVOOJOHBCVTJOFTTBOEUPUIFHFOFSBMHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFCVTJOFTTɨFUFSNAPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVTFE Table 3.1 Examples of the components of a business water footprint Operational water footprint Supply chain water footprint Water footprint Overhead water Water footprint Overhead water directly associated footprint directly associated footprint with the production with the production of the business’s of the business product(s) product(s) r8BUFSJODPSQPSBUFEr8BUFSDPOTVNQUJPO r8BUFSGPPUQSJOUPG r8BUFSGPPUQSJOU into the product. or pollution related product ingredients of infrastructure r8BUFSDPOTVNFEPS to water use in CPVHIUCZUIF (construction polluted through a LJUDIFOT UPJMFUT company. materials and so on). washing process. cleaning, gardening, r8BUFSGPPUQSJOUPG r8BUFSGPPUQSJOU r8BUFSUIFSNBMMZ PSXBTIJOHXPSLJOH PUIFSJUFNTCPVHIU of materials and polluted through use clothes. CZUIFDPNQBOZGPS energy for general for cooling. processing their VTF PGàDFNBUFSJBMT product. DBSTBOEUSVDLT GVFMT electricity and so on). Water Footprint Accounting 65 UPJEFOUJGZXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUJTOFDFTTBSZGPSUIFDPOUJOVFEGVODUJPOJOHPG UIFCVTJOFTTCVUUIBUEPFTOPUEJSFDUMZSFMBUFUPUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGPOFQBSUJDVMBS QSPEVDU*OFWFSZDBTF POFDBOEJTUJOHVJTIBHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPNQPOFOU&YBNQMFTPGUIFWBSJPVTDPNQPOFOUTJOBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BSFHJWFOJO5BCMF *OBEEJUJPOUPUIFPQFSBUJPOBMBOETVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BCVTJOFTT NBZMJLFUPEJTUJOHVJTIBOAFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGJUTQSPEVDUɨJTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOCZDPOTVNFSTXIFO VTJOHUIFQSPEVDU GPSFYBNQMF UIJOLBCPVUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUSFTVMUTGSPN UIFVTFPGTPBQTJOUIFIPVTFIPMEɨFFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJT TUSJDUMZTQPLFOOPUQBSUPGUIFCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIFQSPEVDUXBUFS GPPUQSJOU CVUQBSUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU$POTVNFSTDBOVTF QSPEVDUTJOWBSJPVTXBZT TPUIBUFTUJNBUJOHUIFAFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB QSPEVDUXJMMSFRVJSFBTTVNQUJPOTBCPVUBWFSBHFVTBHF #ZEFëOJUJPO UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTFRVBMUPUIFATVNPGUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFCVTJOFTTPVUQVUQSPEVDUTɨFATVQQMZDIBJOXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTFRVBMUPUIFATVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFCVTJOFTT JOQVUQSPEVDUT$BMDVMBUJOHBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSDBMDVMBUJOHUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFNBKPSQSPEVDU T QSPEVDFECZBCVTJOFTTJTBCPVUUIFTBNF UIJOH CVUUIFGPDVTJTEJêFSFOU*OUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGBCVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIFSFJTBTUSPOHGPDVTPONBLJOHUIFEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFOBOPQFSBUJPOBM EJSFDU BOETVQQMZDIBJO JOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨJTJTIJHIMZSFMFWBOUGSPNB QPMJDZQFSTQFDUJWF CFDBVTFBCVTJOFTTIBTEJSFDUDPOUSPMPWFSJUTPQFSBUJPOBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEJOEJSFDUJOìVFODFPOJUTTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 8IFODBMDVMBUJOHBQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIFSFJTOPEJTUJODUJPOCFUXFFO UIFEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPOFTJNQMZDPOTJEFSTUIFQSPDFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTGPSBMMSFMFWBOUQSPDFTTFTXJUIJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN JHOPSJOHIPX UIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNNBZCFPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZEJêFSFOUDPNQBOJFT"O IZCSJECFUXFFOBQSPEVDUBOECVTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJTQPTTJCMFCZ GPDVTTJOHPOUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQBSUJDVMBSQSPEVDUoGPS FYBNQMF CZMPPLJOHBUKVTUPOFPGNBOZQSPEVDUTQSPEVDFECZBCVTJOFTTo CVUNBLJOHFYQMJDJUXIJDIQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPDDVSTJOUIF CVTJOFTTTPXOPQFSBUJPOTBOEXIJDIQBSUJOUIFCVTJOFTTTTVQQMZDIBJO #VTJOFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHPêFSTBOFXQFSTQFDUJWFGPSEFWFMPQJOH BXFMMJOGPSNFEDPSQPSBUFXBUFSTUSBUFHZɨJTJTCFDBVTFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTBOJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSVTFEJêFSTGSPNUIFJOEJDBUPSAXBUFSXJUIESBXBMJOUIF CVTJOFTTTPXOPQFSBUJPOTVTFECZNPTUDPNQBOJFTUIVTGBS#PYEJTDVTTFTB GFXQPTTJCMFJNQMJDBUJPOTGPSDPNQBOJFTUIBUTUBSUUPMPPLBUUIFJSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 66 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 3.10 What is new for companies when considering their business water footprint? r $PNQBOJFTIBWFUSBEJUJPOBMMZGPDVTFEPOXBUFSVTFJOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOT OPUJOUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJO5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEPFTUBLFBOJOUFHSBUFE approach. Most companies will discover that their supply chain water GPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU"TBSFTVMU companies may conclude that it is more cost-effective to shift investments from efforts to reduce their operational water use to efforts to reduce UIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEBTTPDJBUFESJTLT r $PNQBOJFTIBWFUSBEJUJPOBMMZMPPLFEBUSFEVDUJPOPGXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT The water footprint shows water use in terms of consumption rather UIBOJOUFSNTPGXJUIESBXBM3FUVSOáPXTDBOCFSFVTFE TPJUNBLFT TFOTFUPTQFDJàDBMMZMPPLBUDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF r $PNQBOJFT NBLF TVSF UIBU UIFZ IBWF B XBUFS VTF SJHIU PS MJDFODF 1PTTFTTJOHUIBUJTOPUTVGàDJFOUUPNBOBHFXBUFSSFMBUFESJTLT*UJTVTFGVM UPMPPLJOUPUIFTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJMTPGBDPNQBOZTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CFDBVTFEFUBJMTPOXIFSFBOEXIFOXBUFSJTVTFEDBOCFVTFEBTJOQVU UPBEFUBJMFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU UPJEFOUJGZUIF FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDJNQBDUTBOEUPàOEPVUBTTPDJBUFE CVTJOFTTSJTLT r $PNQBOJFT IBWF USBEJUJPOBMMZ MPPLFE BU NFFUJOH FNJTTJPO TUBOEBSET FGáVFOUTUBOEBSET 5IFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMPPLTBUUIFSFRVJSFEXBUFS WPMVNFGPSBTTJNJMBUJOHXBTUFCBTFEPOBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET .FFUJOHFNJTTJPOTUBOEBSETJTPOFUIJOH CVUMPPLJOHBUIPXFGáVFOUT BDUVBMMZSFTVMUJOSFEVDFEBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGBNCJFOUGSFTIXBUFS CPEJFTBOEBUCVTJOFTTSJTLTBTTPDJBUFEUPUIBUJTBOPUIFS.FFUJOHFGáVFOU standards (which are formulated in terms of concentrations) can easily CFEPOFCZUBLJOHJONPSFXBUFSJOPSEFSUPEJMVUFUIFFGáVFOUCFGPSF EJTQPTBM%JMVUJOHFGáVFOUTNBZCFIFMQGVMJONFFUJOHFGáVFOUTUBOEBSET CVU OPU JO SFEVDJOH UIF HSFZ XBUFS GPPUQSJOU CFDBVTF UIF MBUUFS JT related to the total load of chemicals added to the environment, not the concentration of chemicals in the effluent. (This is nicely illustrated in the àSTUFYBNQMFJO"QQFOEJY*7 3.10.2 Choosing the organizational boundaries of the business "CVTJOFTTJTDPODFJWFEIFSFBTBDPIFSFOUFOUJUZQSPEVDJOHHPPETBOEPSTFSWJDFT UIBUBSFTVQQMJFEUPDPOTVNFSTPSPUIFSCVTJOFTTFT*UDBOCFBQSJWBUFDPNQBOZ PSDPSQPSBUJPO CVUBMTPBHPWFSONFOUBMPSOPOHPWFSONFOUBMPSHBOJ[BUJPO*U DBOSFGFSUPWBSJPVTMFWFMTPGTDBMF GPSJOTUBODF BTQFDJëDVOJUPSEJWJTJPOPGB Water Footprint Accounting 67 DPNQBOZ BOFOUJSFDPNQBOZPSBXIPMFCVTJOFTTTFDUPS*OUIFQVCMJDTFDUPS POFNBZSFGFSUPBVOJUXJUIJOBNVOJDJQBMJUZBTXFMMBTUPOBUJPOBMHPWFSONFOU BTBXIPMFɨFUFSNCVTJOFTTDBOBMTPSFGFSUPBDPOTPSUJVNPSKPJOUWFOUVSFPG DPNQBOJFTPSPSHBOJ[BUJPOTBJNFEBUUIFEFMJWFSZPGBDFSUBJOHPPEPSTFSWJDF *OGBDU UIFUFSNCVTJOFTTDBOBMTPSFGFSUPBOZQSPKFDU TVDIBTUIFDPOTUSVDUJPO PGBQJFDFPGJOGSBTUSVDUVSF PSBDUJWJUZ GPSFYBNQMF UIFPSHBOJ[BUJPOPGBMBSHF TQPSUTFWFOU *OUIJTXBZ UIFUFSNACVTJOFTTIBTCFFOEFë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êFSFOUCVTJOFTTVOJUT'PSJOTUBODF XIFOBNBOVGBDUVSJOHDPNQBOZIBT EJêFSFOUGBDUPSJFTBUEJêFSFOUMPDBUJPOT UIFJOEJWJEVBMGBDUPSJFTBSFMJLFMZUP PQFSBUFVOEFSEJêFSFOUDPOEJUJPOTBOEEFSJWFUIFJSJOQVUTGSPNEJêFSFOUQMBDFT *OTVDIBDBTF JUJTVTFGVMUPEPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHQFSCVTJOFTTVOJU ëSTUBOEBHHSFHBUFUIFCVTJOFTTVOJUBDDPVOUTMBUFSPOJOUPBOBDDPVOUGPSUIF CVTJOFTTBTBXIPMF ɨFCVTJOFTTOFFETUPCFEFëOFECZEFTDSJCJOHUIFCVTJOFTTVOJUTUIBUXJMM CFEJTUJOHVJTIFEBOETQFDJGZJOHUIFBOOVBMJOQVUTBOEPVUQVUTQFSCVTJOFTT VOJU*OQVUTBOEPVUQVUTBSFEFTDSJCFEJOQIZTJDBMVOJUT1SFGFSBCMZ BCVTJOFTT VOJUSFGFSTUPBQBSUPGUIFUPUBMCVTJOFTTUIBUQSPEVDFTPOFQBSUJDVMBSQSPEVDU BUPOFQBSUJDVMBSTQPU8IFOBCVTJOFTTSVOTBUEJêFSFOUMPDBUJPOT JUJTUIVT QSFGFSSFEUPTDIFNBUJ[FUIFPWFSBMMCVTJOFTTJOUPCVTJOFTTVOJUTJOTVDIBXBZ UIBUJOEJWJEVBMCVTJOFTTVOJUTPQFSBUFBUPOFMPDBUJPO#FTJEFT PQFSBUJPOTPGB CVTJOFTTBUPOFQBSUJDVMBSTQPUBSFQSFGFSBCMZTDIFNBUJ[FEJOEJêFSFOUCVTJOFTT VOJUTFBDIQSPEVDJOHJUTPXOQSPEVDU*UJTNPTUVTFGVMUPTDIFNBUJ[FUIFCVTJOFTT CBTFEPOUIFWBSJPVTQSJNBSZQSPEVDUTEFMJWFSFECZUIFCVTJOFTT)PXFWFS POF can also distinguish service units providing only goods or services to primary production units. "TBOFYBNQMF 'JHVSFTIPXTBCVTJOFTTQSPEVDJOHPVUQVUQSPEVDUT" #BOE$ɨFCVTJOFTTDPOTJTUTPGUISFFCVTJOFTTVOJUT6OJUQSPEVDFTQSPEVDU "1BSUPG"JTEFMJWFSFEUPCVTJOFTTVOJU CVUNPTUJTTPMEUPPUIFSCVTJOFTTFT 68 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Input products i I1[x,i] I2[x,i] I3[x,i] from origins x WFbus,oper,1 WFbus,oper,2 WFbus,oper,3 Business Business unit 1 Business unit 2 Business unit 3 P1[A] P2[B] P3[C] * * P 1[A] P 2[B] * P 3[C] * * * Output products p P1[A] – P 1[A] P2[B] – P 2[B] P3[C] – P 3[C] Product flows Operational business water footprint Figure 3.12 #VTJOFTTUIBUDPOTJTUTPGUISFFCVTJOFTTVOJUTQSPEVDJOHQSPEVDUT "m$1SPEVDUJOáPX*u GSPNTPVSDFYJOUPCVTJOFTTVOJUV1SPEVDUPVUáPX1u the part of Pu 6OJUQSPEVDFTQSPEVDU# XIJDIJTQBSUMZTPMEUPBOPUIFSCVTJOFTTBOEQBSUMZ EFMJWFSFEUPVOJU6OJUQSPEVDFTQSPEVDU$ CPUIGPSEFMJWFSZUPVOJUBOE GPSTFMMJOHFYUFSOBMMZ&BDIVOJUIBTBOJOUBLFPGBOVNCFSPGJOQVUQSPEVDUT EFSJWFEGSPNDPNQBOJFTJOBQSFDFEJOHMJOLPGUIFQSPEVDUJPODIBJO BOEB SFMBUFEJOEJSFDUGSFTIXBUFSJOQVU BTXFMMBEJSFDUGSFTIXBUFSJOQVU"TDIFNBMJLF UIFPOFTIPXOJO'JHVSFDBOGPSNUIFCBTJTGPSDBMDVMBUJOHBCVTJOFTTXBUFS GPPUQSJOU BTXJMMCFFYQMBJOFEJOUIFOFYUTFDUJPO 8IFOBCVTJOFTTJTMBSHFBOEIFUFSPHFOFPVT EJêFSFOUMPDBUJPOT EJêFSFOU QSPEVDUT JUDBOCFBUUSBDUJWFUPTDIFNBUJ[FUIFCVTJOFTTJOUPTPNFNBKPS CVTJOFTTVOJUTBOEFBDINBKPSVOJUJOUPBOVNCFSPGNJOPSVOJUTBHBJO*OUIJT XBZUIFCVTJOFTTDBOCFTDIFNBUJ[FEBTBTZTUFNXJUITVCTZTUFNTBUBOVNCFSPG MFWFMT-BUFSPOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBUUIFMPXFTUMFWFMDBOCFBHHSFHBUFE UPBDDPVOUTBUUIFTFDPOEMPXFTUMFWFM BOETPPO VQUPUIFMFWFMPGUIFCVTJOFTT BTBXIPMF Water Footprint Accounting 69 3.10.3 Calculation of the business water footprint #FMPXXFXJMMTIPXIPXPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBACVTJOFTT VOJU"UUIFFOEPGUIFTFDUJPO JUXJMMCFTIPXOIPXPOFDBODBMDVMBUFUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTDPOTJTUJOHPGBOVNCFSPGCVTJOFTTVOJUTɨF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTVOJU WFbus WPMVNFUJNF JTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOH UIFPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTVOJUBOEJUTTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFS GPPUQSJOU =+ WFbus WF bus,, oper WF bus sup #PUIDPNQPOFOUTDPOTJTUPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUDBOCFEJSFDUMZBTTPDJBUFE XJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFQSPEVDUJOUIFCVTJOFTTVOJUBOEBOPWFSIFBEXBUFS GPPUQSJOU =+ WFbus,,,,, oper WF bus oper inputs WF bus oper overhead =+ WFbus,,,,, sup WF bus sup inputs WF bus sup overhead ɨFPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFRVBMUPUIFDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFBOE UIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFPQFSBUJPOTPGUIFCVTJOFTT 'PMMPXJOHUIFHVJEFMJOFTQSPWJEFEJO4FDUJPO POFDBOTJNQMZMPPLBUUIF FWBQPSBUJWFìPXGSPNUIFPQFSBUJPOT UIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUP QSPEVDUTBOEUIFSFUVSOìPXTPGXBUFSUPPUIFSDBUDINFOUTUIBOGSPNXIJDI XBUFSXBTXJUIESBXO*OBEEJUJPO POFIBTUPDPOTJEFSFðVFOUWPMVNFTBOE DPODFOUSBUJPOTPGDIFNJDBMTUIFSFJOɨFPQFSBUJPOBMPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUo XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOSFMBUFEUPHFOFSBMXBUFSVTJOHBDUJWJUJFTJOUIF CVTJOFTTVOJUoDBOCFJEFOUJëFEBOERVBOUJëFEKVTUMJLFUIFPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUEJSFDUMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTTɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFS GPPUQSJOU IPXFWFS XJMMPGUFOTFSWFNPSFUIBOUIFCVTJOFTTVOJUDPOTJEFSFE'PS FYBNQMF UIFPWFSIFBEPGBGBDUPSZXJUIUXPQSPEVDUJPOMJOFTXJMMIBWFUPCF EJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFUXPQSPEVDUJPOMJOFT*GPOFIBTEFëOFEBCVTJOFTTVOJUTVDI UIBUJUSFGFSTUPPOFPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOMJOFT POFOFFETUPDBMDVMBUFUIFTIBSFPG UIFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUJTUPCFBDDPVOUFEUPUIFPOFQSPEVDUJPOMJOF 0OFDBOEPUIJTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFQSPEVDUJPOWBMVFTPGUIFUXPQSPEVDUJPOMJOFT ɨFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSCVTJOFTTVOJU WPMVNFUJNF DBOCF DBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFWBSJPVTJOQVUQSPEVDUWPMVNFT EBUBBWBJMBCMF GSPNUIFCVTJOFTTJUTFMG CZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT EBUBUIBU IBWFUPCFPCUBJOFEGSPNTVQQMJFST 4VQQPTFEUIBUUIFSFBSFEJêFSFOUJOQVU products i PSJHJOBUJOHGSPNEJêFSFOUTPVSDFTx UIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBCVTJOFTTVOJUJTDBMDVMBUFEBT 70 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual ⎛⎞ =× WFbus, sup∑∑⎜⎟() WF prod [,] x i I [,] x i JOXIJDIWFbus,supSFQSFTFOUTUIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTVOJU WPMVNFUJNF WFprod WPMVNFVOJUPGQSPEVDU DBOUIFOCF DBMDVMBUFEBT E[p] WF WF[] p =×bus JOXIJDIP JTUIFWPMVNFPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUpGSPNUIFCVTJOFTTVOJU QSPEVDU VOJUTUJNF E UIFUPUBMFDPOPNJDWBMVFPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUp NPOFUBSZ VOJUUJNF BOEǓE UIFUPUBMFDPOPNJDWBMVFPGBMMPVUQVUQSPEVDUTUPHFUIFS NPOFUBSZ VOJUUJNF *G UIF CVTJOFTT VOJU EFMJWFST POMZ POF QSPEVDU UIF FRVBUJPOJTSFEVDFEUP WF WF[] p = bus GPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTBTBXIPMF WFbus,tot JTDBMDVMBUFECZBHHSFHBUJOHUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGJUTCVTJOFTTVOJUT*OPSEFSUPBWPJEEPVCMFDPVOUJOH POFIBT Water Footprint Accounting 71 UPTVCUSBDUUIFWJSUVBMXBUFSìPXTCFUXFFOUIFWBSJPVTCVTJOFTTVOJUTXJUIJOUIF CVTJOFTT =− ×* WFbus, tot∑∑∑ WF bus[] u() WF prod [, u p ] P [, u p ] JOXIJDIP* TUBOETGPSUIFBOOVBMWPMVNFPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUpGSPNCVTJOFTT unit uUPBOPUIFSCVTJOFTTVOJUXJUIJOUIFTBNFCVTJOFTT QSPEVDUVOJUTUJNF Notes *UJTSFDPHOJ[FEUIBUXBUFSVTFDPOOFDUFEUPBQSPEVDUJTOPUMJNJUFEUPJUTQSPEVDUJPO TUBHF*OUIFDBTFPGNBOZQSPEVDUT GPSFYBNQMF BXBTIJOHNBDIJOF UIFSFJTTPNF GPSNPGXBUFSVTFJOWPMWFEJOUIFVTFTUBHFPGUIFQSPEVDUɨJTDPNQPOFOUPG XBUFSVTF IPXFWFS JTOPUQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFXBUFSVTFEVSJOH QSPEVDUVTFJTJODMVEFEJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFDPOTVNFSPGUIFQSPEVDU 8BUFSVTFJOUIFSFVTF SFDZDMFPSEJTQPTBMTUBHFPGBQSPEVDUJTJODMVEFEJOUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTPSPSHBOJ[BUJPOUIBUQSPWJEFTUIBUTFSWJDFBOEJTJODMVEFEJO UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIFDPOTVNFSTUIBUCFOFëUGSPNUIBUTFSWJDF WF WF WF 2 This assumption implies that cons,, nat ext== cons ,, nat int cons , nat and that VVV WF V V er,, ed e cons,, nat ext== e , r i . WFcons,, nat int V e , d WF area , nat 0OFTIPVMENBLFBOFYDFQUJPOGPSQSPEVDUDBUFHPSJFTGPSXIJDISFFYQPSUJTB TVCTUBOUJBMQBSUPGJNQPSUɨFOBUJPOBMSBUJPCFUXFFOWFcons,nat,ext and Vi is not a HPPEBTTVNQUJPOIFSF*OTUFBE POFDPVMEBQQMZBTQFDJëDSBUJPPGWFcons,nat,ext to Vi valid to the product category considered. Chapter 4 Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 4.1 Introduction ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPO JONZS EFWFMPQFEBTBOBOBMPHVFUPUIFFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOU XIJDIJTBOJOEJDBUPSPG VTFPGCJPMPHJDBMMZQSPEVDUJWFTQBDF JOIB *OPSEFSUPHFUBOJEFBPGXIBUUIF GPPUQSJOUTJ[FNFBOT POFXJMMOFFEUPDPNQBSFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPUIFBWBJMBCMF GSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFT BMTPFYQSFTTFEJONZS JOUIFTBNFXBZBTPOFOFFETUP DPNQBSFUIFFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUUPUIFBWBJMBCMFCJPMPHJDBMMZQSPEVDUJWFTQBDF JOIB )PFLTUSB *OFTTFODF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU JTQSJNBSJMZBCPVUNBLJOHUIJTDPNQBSJTPOPGUIFIVNBOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUI XIBUUIF&BSUIDBOTVTUBJOBCMZTVQQPSU8IFOEJWJOHJOUPUIJTJTTVF IPXFWFS POFXJMMEJTDPWFSUIBUUIFSFBSFNBOZEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOTUIBUPOFDBO QPTFBOEUIBUUIFSFBSFNBOZDPNQMFYJUJFTJOWPMWFE4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ GPSJOTUBODF IBT EJGGFSFOU EJNFOTJPOT FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM FDPOPNJD JNQBDUT DBO CFGPSNVMBUFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMT QSJNBSZ TFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT BOEUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUIBTEJêFSFOUDPMPVST HSFFO CMVF HSFZ *OUIJTDIBQUFSXFQSFTFOUB HVJEFUPXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOU XIJDIIBTHSPXOPVUPGUIF SFDFOUQBTUPGJODSFBTFEBUUFOUJPOUPUIFTVCKFDU #PY ɨFRVFTUJPOPGUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTDBOCFDPOTJEFSFEGSPN BOVNCFSPGEJTUJODUQPJOUTPGWJFX'SPNUIFHFPHSBQIJDBMWJFXQPJOU POFDBO BTL*TUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDFSUBJOHFPHSBQIJDBSFBTVTUBJOBCMF ɨJTXJMMOPUCFUIFDBTFXIFO GPSFYBNQMF FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPS BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBBSFDPNQSPNJTFEPSXIFO UIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUBSFBJTSFHBSEFEBTVOGBJSPSJOFïDJFOU 8IFODPOTJEFSJOHBTQFDJëDXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTT POFDBOBTL*TUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIJTQSPDFTTTVTUBJOBCMF ɨFBOTXFSEFQFOETPOUXPDSJUFSJB'JSTU UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTJTVOTVTUBJOBCMFXIFOUIFQSPDFTTJTTJUVBUFEJO BDFSUBJOQFSJPEPGUIFZFBSJOBDFSUBJODBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOJOXIJDIUIF PWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF4FDPOE UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT JTVOTVTUBJOBCMFJOJUTFMGoJOEFQFOEFOUPGUIFHFPHSBQIJDDPOUFYUoXIFOFJUIFS UIFHSFFO CMVFPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFE BMUPHFUIFS BUBDDFQUBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU 'SPNUIFWJFXQPJOUPGBQSPEVDU UIF 74 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 4.1 History of water footprint sustainability assessment %VSJOHUIFàSTUZFBSTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU m UIFGPDVTXBT on water footprint accounting. The water footprint is primarily an innovation SFHBSEJOHIPXUPNFBTVSFGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPOCZIVNBOCFJOHT#FGPSF water was not measured along supply chains and green and grey water were FYDMVEFEGSPNXBUFSVTFTUBUJTUJDT#FTJEFT NFBTVSFNFOUTGPDVTFEPOCMVF water withdrawals, ignoring the fact that it is particularly consumptive use that determines the impact on the water system of a catchment. From the CFHJOOJOHPGUIFDPODFQUJUXBTSFDPHOJ[FEUIBUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJT BCPVUGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPOPOMZ UIBUUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFBOFFEUPCFDPNQBSFEUPUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSUIBUJT BWBJMBCMFBOEUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUOFFETUPCFDPNQBSFEUPUIFDBQBDJUZ PGBDBUDINFOUUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFXBTUF-JUUMFXPSLPOUIBUXBTEPOF IPXFWFS )PFLTUSB B NBEFGPSUIFàSTUUJNFFYQMJDJUNFOUJPOJOHPGUIFOFFEGPSB ATVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUQIBTFBGUFSUIFBDDPVOUJOHQIBTF BMUIPVHIBUUIBUUJNF it was called ‘impact assessment’. Comparing water footprints to actual water BWBJMBCJMJUZBOEJEFOUJGZJOHIPUTQPUTPGTDBSDJUZXBTEPOFGPSUIFàSTUUJNFCZ7BO 0FMFUBM ,BNQNBOFUBM BOE$IBQBHBJOBOE0SS *OUIFàSTUWater Footprint Manual, the term ‘impact assessment’ was changed JOUPATVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUCFDBVTFUIFMBUUFSUFSNCFUUFSSFáFDUTXIBUJU TIPVMEFODPNQBTT )PFLTUSBFUBM B 5IFUFSNAJNQBDUESBXTUIFBUUFOUJPO UPMPDBMJNQBDUT OBNFMZUIFJNNFEJBUFMZWJTJCMFJNQBDUTPOUIFHSPVOE XIJDIJT a too restricted view. Since freshwater resources in the world are limited, one OFFETUPMPPLBUUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBNVDICSPBEFSDPOUFYU 0WFSMPPLJOHUIFJTTVFPGXBUFSVTFPSQPMMVUJPOJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTJTTJNJMBS UPJHOPSJOHFOFSHZVTFJOPJMSJDIDPVOUSJFT8BTUJOHXBUFSPSQPMMVUJOHXBUFSJOB DFSUBJOXBUFSSJDIHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTBDPODFSOKVTUMJLFXBTUJOHFOFSHZJOPJMSJDI DPVOUSJFT&GàDJFOUVTFPGXBUFSJOXBUFSSJDIBSFBTUPQSPEVDFXBUFSJOUFOTJWF commodities reduces the need to use water for producing those commodities JOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT5IFSFGPSF BTTFTTJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT JTNPSFUIBOMPPLJOHBUXIFUIFSBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTJNNFEJBUFMPDBMJNQBDUT "OJOJUJBMTUFQUPHJWFTUSVDUVSFUPUIFQIBTFPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ assessment’ was made in the Water Footprint Manual4VCTFRVFOUMZ JOUIFQFSJPE %FDFNCFS m+VMZ UIF8BUFS 'PPUQSJOU 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ"TTFTTNFOU 8PSLJOH(SPVQPGUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU/FUXPSL 8'/ SFáFDUFEPOUIF NBOVBM BOE QSPWJEFE B OVNCFS PG SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT ;BSBUF C UIBU IBWFCFFOUBLFOJOUPUIFQSPDFTTPGQSFQBSJOHUIJTWFSTJPOPGUIFNBOVBM.PTU OPUBCMZXFIBWFBEPQUFEUIFJEFBPGAFOWJSPONFOUBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZCPVOEBSJFT BGUFS3JDIUFS BOEUIFDPODFQUPGQSJNBSZTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT"TPOF XJMMOPUFXIFODPNQBSJOHUIFDVSSFOUNBOVBMXJUIUIFàSTUPOF UIFDIBQUFS POTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUIBTCFFODPNQMFUFMZSFTUSVDUVSFE*UJTCFUUFS SFDPHOJ[FEOPXUIBUFTUJNBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BHFPHSBQIJDBSFBJTTPNFUIJOHEJGGFSFOUGSPNFTUJNBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGB QBSUJDVMBSQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFS"DMFBSEJTUJODUJPOJTNBEF CFUXFFOUIFEJGGFSFOUTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOTUIBUFYJTUBOEUIFEJGGFSFOUXBZTUIFZ OFFEUPCFBEESFTTFE Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 75 SFMFWBOURVFTUJPOJT*TUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUTVTUBJOBCMF ɨFBOTXFS UPUIJTRVFTUJPOXJMMEFQFOEPOUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGUIF QSPDFTTFTUIBUBSFQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNUPNBLFUIFQSPEVDU'SPNUIF WJFXQPJOUPGUIFQSPEVDFS POFDBOBTL*TUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDFS TVTUBJOBCMF 4JODFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDFSJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIF 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ɨPTFQSPCMFNTFNFSHFBTUIFDVNVMBUJWFFêFDUPGBMMBDUJWJUJFTJOUIFHFPHSBQIJD BSFBDPOTJEFSFEɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBJTUIFTVNPGNBOZTNBMMFS GPPUQSJOUT FBDIPOFPGXIJDIXJMMCFSFMBUFEUPBDFSUBJOQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFSBOEDPOTVNFS8IFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU producer or consumer contributes to the unsustainable situation observed XJUIJOBDFSUBJOHFPHSBQIJDBMDPOUFYU POFDBOTBZUIBUUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT VOTVTUBJOBCMFBTXFMM *OUIJTDIBQUFSXFTIBMMTUBSUCZTIPXJOHIPXUPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO4VCTFRVFOUMZ XFXJMMTIPXIPX UPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFS BOEDPOTVNFSɨFPSEFSIBTCFFODIPTFOUIJTXBZ CFDBVTFJOUIFMBUFSTFDUJPOT XFXJMMSFGFSCBDLUPUIFFBSMJFSTFDUJPOT0OFDBOOPUBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTTXJUIPVULOPXJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFUIFQSPDFTTJTMPDBUFE0OFDBOOPU BTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUXJUIPVULOPXJOH UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFQSPDFTTFTJOWPMWFE"OE ëOBMMZ POFDBOOPUBTTFTT UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQSPEVDFSTPSDPOTVNFSTXJUIPVU LOPXJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFQSPEVDUTCFJOHQSPEVDFEPSDPOTVNFE 76 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual 4.2 Geographic sustainability: Sustainability of the water footprint within a catchment or river basin 4.2.1 Introduction &WBMVBUJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB DBOCFTUCFEPOFBUUIFMFWFMPGBDBUDINFOUBSFBPSSJWFSCBTJO"UUIFMFWFMPG TVDIBIZESPMPHJDBMVOJU POFDBOSFBTPOBCMZDPNQBSFUIFHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUUPUIFHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ PSUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUP UIFBWBJMBCMFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ"MTPJTTVFTPGGBJSBOEFïDJFOUXBUFS SFTPVSDFTBMMPDBUJPOBSFNPTUSFMFWBOUPOUIFTDBMFPGBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO ɨFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJO DBOCFBOBMZTFEGSPNUISFFEJêFSFOUQFSTQFDUJWFTFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOE FDPOPNJD'SPNFBDIPGUIFQFSTQFDUJWFTUIFSFBSFTPNFATVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJB #PY 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8IFOPOFDPOTJEFSTBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF XJUIPVUDPOTJEFSJOH TVCDBUDINFOUT UIFDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMFDBOCFDBUFHPSJ[FEBTB Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Identification of the Identification of Identification and Identification and (environmental, social hotspots (specific and economic) quantification of the quantification of the sub-catchments, primary impacts in the secondary impacts in sustainability periods of the year) criteria hotspots the hotspots Figure 4.1 "TTFTTNFOUPGUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOB DBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOJOGPVSTUFQT Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 77 Box 4.2 Sustainability criteria for water use and allocation within a catchment or river basin The water footprint within a catchment needs to meet certain criteria in PSEFSUPCFTVTUBJOBCMF4VTUBJOBCJMJUZIBTBOFOWJSPONFOUBMEJNFOTJPOBT well as a social and economic dimension. r &OWJSPONFOUBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ8BUFSRVBMJUZTIPVMESFNBJOXJUIJO DFSUBJOMJNJUT"TBOJOEJDBUPSPGXIBUUIFTFMJNJUTBSF POFDBOCFTU 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XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOOPUCFDPOTJEFSFEBTAHFPHSBQIJDBMMZTVTUBJOBCMF 78 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual IPUTQPUBSFBPSOPU EFQFOEJOHPOXIFUIFSQSPCMFNTFNFSHFBUUIFMFWFMPGUIF DBUDINFOUPSCBTJOBTBXIPMFɨFBEWBOUBHFPGMPPLJOHGPSIPUTQPUTBUUIFMFWFM PGSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMDBUDINFOUBSFBT GPSFYBNQMF VQUPLN2 JTUIBUPOFNBZ CFBCMFUPJEFOUJGZIPUTQPUTUIBUXPVMEEJTBQQFBSBUUIFDPVSTFSFTPMVUJPOMFWFM PGMBSHFSDBUDINFOUTPSBSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF*GPOFDPNQBSFTUIFHSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBCBTJOXJUIUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJOUIFCBTJOBTB XIPMF JUNBZTIPXUIBUUIFSFJTFOPVHIXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ XIJMFUIJT NBZOPUCFUIFDBTFJOTPNFTQFDJëDVQTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOUTXIFSFNPTUPGUIF QPMMVUJPOJOUIFCBTJOJTDPODFOUSBUFEɨFEJTBEWBOUBHFPGMPPLJOHGPSIPUTQPUT BUBëOFTQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOJTUIBUNVDINPSFEBUBBSFOFFEFE POIPXUIFUPUBM HSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBCBTJOBOEPOIPXHSFFOBOECMVF XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBOEXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZBSFTQBUJBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEXJUIJO UIFCBTJO "OPUIFSEJTBEWBOUBHFJTUIBUTPNFQSPCMFNTNBZFNFSHFPOMZBUB MBSHFSTQBUJBMTDBMF GPSFYBNQMFCFDBVTFQPMMVUBOUTBDDVNVMBUFEPXOTUSFBNɨF CFTUBQQSPBDIJTUIFSFGPSFUPUBLFBXIPMFSJWFSCBTJOBTUIFBOBMZUJDBMVOJUBOE UPEJTUJOHVJTISFMBUJWFMZTNBMMTVCDBUDINFOUTXJUIJOUIJTCBTJOɨFBTTFTTNFOU DBOUIFOCFEPOFBUCPUIUIFëOFMFWFMPGTVCDBUDINFOUTBOEUIFBHHSFHBUFMFWFM PGMBSHFSDBUDINFOUTBOEUIFSJWFSCBTJOBTBXIPMF "GUFSIBWJOHJEFOUJëFEIPUTQPUT POFDBOTUVEZUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM BOEFDPOPNJDJNQMJDBUJPOTJONPSFEFUBJM8FEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOJEFOUJGZJOH AQSJNBSZBOEATFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT1SJNBSZJNQBDUTBSFEFTDSJCFEJOUFSNTPG DIBOHFEXBUFSìPXTBOERVBMJUZ DPNQBSFEUPUIFOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT XJUIPVU IVNBOEJTUVSCBODFT 0OFXJMMTIPX GPSFYBNQMF IPXNVDISVOPêJOB DBUDINFOUIBTEFDSFBTFECZNBOTCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUBOE UPXIJDIFYUFOUUIJTDPOìJDUTXJUIFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT0SPOF EFTDSJCFTJOEFUBJMIPXXBUFSRVBMJUZIBTDIBOHFEDPNQBSFEUPOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOT GPSJOTUBODFQFSXBUFSRVBMJUZQBSBNFUFS BOEXIJDIQBSBNFUFSTWJPMBUFUIF BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTBSFUIFFDPMPHJDBM TPDJBM and economic goods or services that are impaired in a catchment area as a result PGUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUT4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTDBOCFNFBTVSFEGPSJOTUBODFJO UFSNTPGMPTUTQFDJFT SFEVDFECJPEJWFSTJUZ SFEVDFEGPPETFDVSJUZ BêFDUFEIVNBO IFBMUI SFEVDFEJODPNFGSPNXBUFSEFQFOEFOUFDPOPNJDBDUJWJUJFT BOETPPO 4.2.2 Environmental sustainability criteria for identifying environmental hotspots ɨF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU JO B DBUDINFOU JT FOWJSPONFOUBMMZ VOTVTUBJOBCMF BOE UIVTDSFBUFTBOFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETBSF WJPMBUFEPSXIFOQPMMVUJPOFYDFFETXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ*OPSEFSUPIBWF BOJOEJDBUJPOPGUIFTFWFSJUZPGBIPUTQPU POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFHSFFOXBUFS TDBSDJUZ CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMBTXJMMCFEFëOFECFMPX Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 79 8FTQFBLBCPVUBOFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOUIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ CMVF XBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEPSUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMFYDFFETQFSDFOU*OUIFDBTF PGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JUJTBMTPJNQPSUBOUUPFWBMVBUFXIFUIFSUIFGPPUQSJOU SFTVMUTJOBESPQJOHSPVOEXBUFSPSMBLFMFWFMTUPBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFTFESPQT exceed a certain environmental threshold. &OWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUTDBOTQFDJëDBMMZSFMBUFUPUIFHSFFO CMVFPSHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOU TPUIFZXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHPOF CZPOF8IBUGPMMPXTDBOCFBQQMJFEGPSDBUDINFOUTPGWBSJPVTTJ[FT JODMVEJOH SJWFSCBTJOTBTBXIPMF Environmental sustainability of the green water footprint 8IFUIFSBUPUBMHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTBDUVBMMZTJHOJëDBOU PSOPUXJMMCFDPNFDMFBSXIFOJUJTQVUJOUIFDPOUFYUPGIPXNVDIHSFFO XBUFSJTBWBJMBCMF"HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBO FOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUXIFOJUFYDFFETUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGHSFFOXBUFSɨF AHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WAgreen JOBDBUDINFOUx in a certain period tJTEFëOFE BT UIF UPUBM FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO PG SBJOXBUFS GSPN MBOE ETgreen NJOVT UIF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOESFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO ETenv BOENJOVT UIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEUIBUDBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF =−− WAgreen[,] xt ET green [,] xt ET env [,] xt ET unprod [,] xt "MMWBSJBCMFTBSFFYQSFTTFEIFSFJOUFSNTPGWPMVNFUJNFɨFWBSJBCMFETenv JTUIFAFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUBOESFGFSTUPUIFRVBOUJUZPG HSFFOXBUFSVTFECZOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOJOBSFBTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUUIBUBSF UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF JOPSEFSUPQSFTFSWFCJPEJWFSTJUZBOETVQQPSUIVNBO livelihoods that depend on the natural ecosystems. The environmental green XBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUDBOCFRVBOUJëFECZMPPLJOHBUUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPN UIFMBOEBSFBTUIBUOFFEUPCFQSPUFDUFEGSPNBOBUVSFDPOTFSWBUJPOQPJOUPG WJFX #PY ɨFWBSJBCMFETunprodSFGFSTUPFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUIBUDBOOPU CFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFJODSPQQSPEVDUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO JOBSFBTPSQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSUIBUBSFVOTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUIɨJOLPG FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNNPVOUBJOPVTBSFBTXIFSFTMPQFTEPOPUBMMPXDSPQ DVMUJWBUJPO FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNCVJMUVQBSFBTPSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOQFSJPET UIBUBSFUPPDPMEGPSDSPQDVMUJWBUJPO JOUIFMBUUFSDBTFTETJTHFOFSBMMZMPX TP UIJTVOQSPEVDUJWFìPXJTOPUTPMBSHF *OPSEFSUPCFUUFSVOEFSTUBOEUIFDPODFQUPGHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ MFUVT HJWFBOFYBNQMF$POTJEFSBDBUDINFOUBSFBPGLN20OBWFSBHF BOOVBM FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTNN TPUIBUUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen GSPN UIFDBUDINFOUJTLN2¨NNNJMMJPON1SFTVNFUIBUTUVEJFT IBWFTIPXOUIBUGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZQSFTFSWBUJPOPGUIFDBUDINFOUBSFBOFFET 80 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEUIBUUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIJTBSFBPWFSB ZFBSJTNNPOBWFSBHFɨFFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU ETenv JOUIFDBUDINFOUJTUIVT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. Further TVQQPTFUIBUBOPUIFSPGUIFDBUDINFOUBSFBJTOPUTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQHSPXUI CVJMUVQBSFBTJODMVEJOHSPBETBOEPUIFSJOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOEUIBUBWFSBHFBOOVBM FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIFTFBSFBTJTNNɨFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIJT VOQSPEVDUJWFBSFBJT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. The annual FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIFSFNBJOEFSPGUIFDBUDINFOUJT¨LN2¨ NNNJMMJPON)BMGPGUIFZFBS EVSJOHUIFXJOUFS DMJNBUFJTOPUTVJUBCMF GPSDSPQQSPEVDUJPO CVUEVSJOHUIJTIBMGPGUIFZFBSUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJT SFMBUJWFMZMPX NN&WBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOUIJTVOQSPEVDUJWFQFSJPEJOUIF BSFBBWBJMBCMFGPSGBSNJOHJTUIVT¨LN2¨NNNJMMJPON. The total evapotranspiration in the catchment that cannot be made productive JODSPQQSPEVDUJPO ETunprod JTUIVT NJMMJPON . From this example POFDBOTFFUIBU BMUIPVHIUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen GSPNUIFDBUDINFOU JTNJMMJPON UIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTPOMZoo million m. 8IFOQFPQMFTQFBLBCPVUXBUFSTDBSDJUZ UIFZHFOFSBMMZSFGFSUPCMVFXBUFS TDBSDJUZ)PXFWFS HSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTBMTPMJNJUFE TPHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFT BSFTDBSDFBTXFMMɨFMFWFMPGHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUx in a period t JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFUPUBMPGHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOUUP UIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ ∑WF[,] x t = green WSgreen[,] x t %FëOFEJOUIJTXBZ UIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSJOGBDUEFOPUFTUIF AGSBDUJPOPGBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGBWBJMBCMFHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFT.FBTVSJOHHSFFO XBUFSTDBSDJUZDBOCFEPOFBUBEBJMZCBTJT CVUBNPOUIMZCBTJTXJMMHFOFSBMMZ CFTVïDJFOUUPTFFUIFWBSJBUJPOXJUIJOUIFZFBS"HSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZPG QFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMFHSFFOXBUFSIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE4DBSDJUZ values beyond 100 per cent are not sustainable. *UNVTUCFBENJUUFEIFSFUIBUUIFJTTVFPGBOBMZTJOHHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JT MBSHFMZ VOFYQMPSFE ɨF EJïDVMUZ MJFT JO UIF FTUJNBUJPO PG AHSFFO XBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ1BSUJDVMBSMZ EBUBBSFMBDLJOHPOUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFS SFRVJSFNFOU #PY BOEPOUIFRVBOUJUJFTPGFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOUIBUDBOOPU be made productive in crop production. These quantities severely limit green XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBOEBSFUIFSFGPSFWJUBMUPUBLFJOUPDPOTJEFSBUJPO CVUXJUIPVU DPOTFOTVTSFHBSEJOHIPXNVDIMBOEBOEBTTPDJBUFEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBSF UPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEBCPVUIPXUPQSFDJTFMZEFëOFXIFOBOEXIFSF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPODBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF JUJTJNQPTTJCMFUPQSPDFFEXJUI Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 81 Box 4.3 Environmental green water requirement "TJHOJàDBOUQBSUPGUIFFWBQPSBUJWFáPXGSPNMBOEOFFETUPCFSFTFSWFE GPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO8IFOMBOEJTDPOTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF BVUPNBUJDBMMZUIF FWBQPSBUJWFáPXGSPNUIBUMBOEIBTCFFOSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOEJTOP MPOHFSBWBJMBCMFGPSQSPEVDJOHDSPQTPSUSFFTGPSIVNBOVTF8IFOXFXBOU UPLOPXIPXNVDIPGUIFHSFFOXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZOFFETUPCFTVCUSBDUFE GSPNUIFUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEJOPSEFSUPLOPXIPXNVDI HSFFOXBUFSJTMFGUGPSIVNBOVTF XFDBOMPPLBUIPXNVDIBOEXIJDI MBOETBSFDPOTJEFSFEBTMBOETUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF*OUIFJS(MPCBM 4USBUFHZGPS1MBOU$POTFSWBUJPO $#% UIF$POWFOUJPOPO#JPMPHJDBM %JWFSTJUZGPSNVMBUFEUBSHFUTGPSUIFZFBSBUMFBTUQFSDFOUPGFBDI PGUIFXPSMETFDPMPHJDBMSFHJPOTTIPVMECFFGGFDUJWFMZDPOTFSWFEBOEQFS DFOUPGUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOUBSFBTGPSQMBOUEJWFSTJUZTIPVMECFQSPUFDUFE &TUJNBUFTGPSIPXNVDIPGPVSHMPCBMMBOEBSFBOFFETUPCFSFTFSWFEGPS OBUVSFSBOHFXJEFMZ"DDPSEJOHUPUIF8PSME$PNNJTTJPOPO&OWJSPONFOU BOE%FWFMPQNFOU 8$&% BUMFBTUQFSDFOUPGBMMFDPTZTUFNUZQFT XJMMOFFEUPCFQSFTFSWFEGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZQSPUFDUJPO/PTTBOE$PPQFSSJEFS FTUJNBUFUIBUNPTUSFHJPOTXJMMOFFEUPSFTFSWFmQFSDFOUPG UIFMBOEGPSTFDVSJOHCJPEJWFSTJUZ4WBODBSBFUBM DPNQBSFENPSF UIBOUBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFQFSDFOUBHFPGMBOEUPCFDPOTFSWFEGPS CJPEJWFSTJUZQSPUFDUJPO BTQSPQPTFEJOEJGGFSFOUSFQPSUT BOEDPODMVEFEUIBU UIFBWFSBHFQFSDFOUBHFTPGBSFBSFDPNNFOEFEGPSFWJEFODFCBTFEUBSHFUT were nearly three times as high as those recommended in policy-driven BQQSPBDIFT3FTFSWJOHmQFSDFOUPGUIFUPUBMMBOEGPSCJPEJWFSTJUZ QSPUFDUJPOBTQSPQPTFEJOQPMJDZESJWFOQSPDFTTFT TVDIBT$#% 8$&% XPVMEOPUSFQSFTFOUUIFBDUVBMCJPMPHJDBMOFFE XIJDIXPVME SBUIFSCFJOUIFPSEFSPGmQFSDFOU5IFQFSDFOUBHFTIPVMEWBSZBDSPTT SFHJPOTEFQFOEJOHPOUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGUIFSFHJPO8IFOEBUBGPSB TQFDJàDDBUDINFOUBSFMBDLJOHXFSFDPNNFOEUPSFDLPOXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVF PGBUMFBTUQFSDFOU.PSFSFBMJTUJDGSPNBOFDPMPHJDBMQPJOUPGWJFXJT QSPCBCMZUPXPSLXJUIBEFGBVMUWBMVFPGQFSDFOU BRVBOUJUBUJWFBOBMZTJTɨJTJTPCWJPVTMZBëFMEGPSGVSUIFSSFTFBSDI'PSUIF UJNFCFJOH XFSFDPNNFOEFYDMVEJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFBTTFTTNFOUPGHSFFOXBUFS TDBSDJUZJOQSBDUJDBMQPMJDZTFUUJOHT CVUJODMVEJOHJUJOQJMPUTUVEJFTUPFYQMPSFUIF VTFGVMOFTTPGTVDIBOBMZTJTBOEUPXPSLPOBOVOBNCJHVPVTEFëOJUJPOPGHSFFO XBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ *UJTOPUFEIFSFUIBUoXIFOUIFSFJTBEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOBOEBDSPQëFMEoUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNBZBêFDU CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ BMUIPVHIUIFFêFDUPOSJWFSCBTJOTDBMFXJMMHFOFSBMMZCF TNBMM(FOFSBMMZ UIJTFêFDUDBOUIFSFGPSFCFOFHMFDUFE #PY 82 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 4.4 The effect of the green water footprint on blue water availability The green water footprint in a catchment can result in a changed run-off QBUUFSOEPXOTUSFBN0GUFO FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGSBJOGBMMGSPNBDSPQàFME XJMMOPUEJGGFSNVDIGSPNFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNUIFàFMEVOEFSOBUVSBM DPOEJUJPOT CVUJUNBZEJGGFSTJHOJàDBOUMZEVSJOHQBSUJDVMBSQBSUTPGUIFZFBS "UUJNFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPONBZCFMPXFS BUPUIFSUJNFTIJHIFS MFBEJOHUP increased or reduced run-off respectively. This means that a green water footprint can affect blueXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ*UIBTCFFOTVHHFTUFEUPTQFBL BCPVUUIFAOFUHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPSFGFSUPUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF evapotranspiration from the crop and the evapotranspiration under natural DPOEJUJPOT 4"#.JMMFSBOE88'6, 5IJTUFSNJOPMPHZ IPXFWFS JT OPUDPOTJTUFOUXJUIUIFCBTJDEFàOJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBT BOJOEJDBUPSPGGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPO XIJDISFRVJSFTUIBUXFMPPLBU UPUBMT8FSFDPNNFOETQFBLJOHBCPVUADIBOHFESVOPGGBTBSFTVMUPGUIF HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTUFBEPGAOFUHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU"HSJDVMUVSFJT not the only human factor that affects the fraction of the precipitation that CFDPNFTSVOPGG UIVTBGGFDUJOHCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ BMTPGBDUPSTTVDIBT VSCBOJ[BUJPOBOEPUIFSMBOETDBQFDIBOHFTXJMMBGGFDUSVOPGGBOEUIFSFGPSF CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ5IFTFJTTVFTBSFUPCFDPOTJEFSFEXIFOBTTFTTJOHCMVF XBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEJUTVOEFSMZJOHDBVTFT4JODFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZSFGFSTUP UIFSBUJPCFUXFFOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBBOEUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZDBOCFJODSFBTFEFJUIFSCZBOJODSFBTFECMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSCZEFDSFBTFECMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ*OBMMSJWFSCBTJOT UIFIJTUPSJDBMJODSFBTFJOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTCFFOTPNVDICJHHFS UIBODIBOHFTJOCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIBUXIFODPOTJEFSJOHCMVFXBUFS TDBSDJUZJUNBZTVGàDFUPDPOTJEFSUIFDIBOHJOHCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBHBJOTU UIFCBDLHSPVOEPGUIFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBTBHFPHSBQIJDBMDPOTUBOU Environmental sustainability of the blue water footprint ɨFUPUBMCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTFRVBMUPUIFBHHSFHBUFPGBMM CMVFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU"CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëDQFSJPEJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBIPUTQPUXIFOUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUFYDFFETCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZɨFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WAblue in a catchment x in a certain period tJTEFëOFEBTUIFOBUVSBMSVOPêJOUIF DBUDINFOU Rnat NJOVTUIFTPDBMMFEAFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOU EFR =− WAblue[,] xt R nat [,] xt EFRxt [,] 8IFO JOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEBOEDBUDINFOU UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFYDFFETUIF CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIJTNFBOTUIBUUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUJO UIBUQFSJPEBOEDBUDINFOUJTWJPMBUFE&OWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSF Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 83 100 Environmental flow requirement, met m 3 /s 90 Environmental flow requirement, not met 80 Blue water availability Run-off (under undeveloped conditions) 70 Blue water availability 60 Blue water footprint 50 40 Run-off 30 Environmental 20 flow requirement 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 4.2 5IFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSBZFBSDPNQBSFEUPUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ XIFSFUIFMBUUFSJTFRVBMUPSVOPGG VOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOT minus environmental flow requirements UPCFGPSNVMBUFEJOUFSNTPGUIFRVBOUJUZBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSìPXTSFRVJSFE UPTVTUBJOGSFTIXBUFSBOEFTUVBSJOFFDPTZTUFNTBOEUIFIVNBOMJWFMJIPPETBOE XFMMCFJOHUIBUEFQFOEPOUIFTFFDPTZTUFNT"QQFOEJY7EJTDVTTFTUIFDPODFQU PGFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUJONPSFEFUBJM'JHVSFTIPXTIPX UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSUIFZFBSDBOCFDPNQBSFEXJUIUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZPWFSUIFZFBS*OUIFDBTFTIPXO FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT BSFWJPMBUFEEVSJOHBDFSUBJOQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS CVUOPUEVSJOHUIFSFTUPGUIF ZFBS&OWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFTVCUSBDUFEGSPNUIFOBUVSBMSVOPê OPUUIFBDUVBMSVOPê CFDBVTFUIFMBUUFSIBTBMSFBEZCFFOBêFDUFECZVQTUSFBN XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOɨFOBUVSBMSVOPêDBOCFFTUJNBUFEBTUIFBDUVBMSVOPê QMVTUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU 8IFO JOBDFSUBJONPOUI UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBDBUDINFOU FYDFFETUIFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTFOWJSPONFOUBMMZ VOTVTUBJOBCMF CFDBVTFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFWJPMBUFEɨFSFBSF IPXFWFS NPSFDSJUFSJBUIBUIBWFUPCFDPOTJEFSFEɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOB DBUDINFOUXJMMOPUPOMZBêFDUUIFSVOPêìPX CVUJUXJMMBMTPBêFDUCMVFXBUFS TUPDLTJOUIFCBTJO NPTUOPUBCMZHSPVOEXBUFSTUPDLTBOEXBUFSWPMVNFTJO MBLFTɨFSFGPSF BOBEEJUJPOBMXBZPGJEFOUJGZJOHVOTVTUBJOBCMFDPOEJUJPOTJTUP MPPLBUUIFFêFDUPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMTJO UIFDBUDINFOU #PY ɨFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUx WSblue JTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPG Σ UIFUPUBMPGCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOU WFblue UPUIFCMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ WAblue 84 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 4.5 The sustainability of a blue water footprint depends on how it affects both blue-water flows and stocks 5IFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOU HJWFOBTBWPMVNFPWFSBDFSUBJO UJNF QFSJPE TIPVME CF DPNQBSFE UP UIF CMVF XBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ JO UIF DBUDINFOUPWFSUIFTBNFQFSJPE0CWJPVTMZ QFSVOJUPGUJNF POFTIPVME OPUDPOTVNFNPSFUIBOXIBUJTBWBJMBCMF#PUIUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOE CMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZBSFFYQSFTTFEBTBWPMVNFPWFSUJNFBOEBSFUIFSFGPSF DBMMFEAáPXT"TFYQMBJOFEJOUIFNBJOUFYU GPSBTTFTTJOHUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPE POFTIPVMEDPNQBSFUIFDPOTVNFEáPX UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIUIF BWBJMBCMFáPX SVOPGGNJOVTFOWJSPONFOUBMáPXSFRVJSFNFOU *OBEEJUJPOUP UIJT IPXFWFS POFTIPVMEBMTPMPPLBUUIFFGGFDUPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU POUIFCMVFXBUFSTUPDLT UIFXBUFSWPMVNFTTUPSFEJOUIFHSPVOEBOEJO MBLFT 8FDBOJMMVTUSBUFUIJTXJUIBTJNQMFFYBNQMF *NBHJOFBMBLFUIBUJTGFECZBSJWFSBUPOFTJEFBOEESBJOFECZUIFTBNF river on the other side. For simplicity, we assume that precipitation on and FWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFMBLFBSFSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMDPNQBSFEUPUIFSJWFSáPX so that the river outflow is equal to the river inflow. Suppose that the river JOáPXHFUTSFEVDFECZQFSDFOUBTBSFTVMUPGUIFUPUBMVQTUSFBNCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOU5IFMBLFMFWFMXJMMESPQVOUJMBMFWFMIBTSFBDIFEBUXIJDI UIFPVUáPXGSPNUIFMBLFXJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFJOáPXBHBJO5IFMBLFIBTUIFO BSSJWFEBUBOFXFRVJMJCSJVN XJUIBMPXFSXBUFSWPMVNFBOEBTTPDJBUFE MPXFSXBUFSMFWFM8IFOUIFMBLFPVUáPXJTMJOFBSMZEFQFOEFOUPOUIFBDUJWF MBLFWPMVNF UIFWPMVNFBCPWFUIFIFJHIUPGUIFCPUUPNPGUIFPVUáPX QPJOU UIFOBQFSDFOUEFDSFBTFJOPVUáPXDPSSFTQPOETUPBQFSDFOU EFDSFBTFJOBDUJWFMBLFWPMVNF XIJDIXJMMSFTVMUJOBDFSUBJOEFDMJOFPGUIF MBLFMFWFM5IFRVFTUJPO OPX JTOPUPOMZXIFUIFSUIFQFSDFOUreduction in river flowJTTVTUBJOBCMF CVUBMTPXIFUIFSUIFQFSDFOUdecrease in the lake water volume and corresponding lake level declineJTTVTUBJOBCMF5IFGPSNFS depends on the environmental flow requirements. The latter depends on the ANBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOF XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFWVMOFSBCJMJUZPG UIFMBLFTBRVBUJDFDPTZTUFNBOEUIFSJQBSJBOFDPTZTUFNTUPBDIBOHJOHXBUFS MFWFM"TJNJMBSFYBNQMFDBOCFHJWFOGPSSFOFXBCMFHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFT 5IFOFUHSPVOEXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOGSPNBOBRVJGFSTIPVMESFNBJOCFMPX UIFHSPVOEXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ UIFSBUFPGHSPVOEXBUFSSFDIBSHFNJOVTUIF fraction of natural groundwater outflow required to sustain environmental áPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJOUIFSJWFS *OBEEJUJPO IPXFWFS POFTIPVMEMPPLIPX HSPVOEXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOTBGGFDUUIFHSPVOEXBUFSUBCMF8IFUIFSBDFSUBJO HSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMEFDMJOFJTTVTUBJOBCMF EFQFOETPOUIFANBYJNVNBMMPXBCMF HSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMEFDMJOF XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFWVMOFSBCJMJUZPGUFSSFTUSJBM FDPTZTUFNTUPBDIBOHJOHHSPVOEXBUFSMFWFM"XBSOJOHIBTUPCFNBEF IFSFUIBUXIFONFBTVSJOHHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOFPOFTIPVME CFDBSFGVMJOEJTUJOHVJTIJOHOBUVSBMBOEIVNBODBVTFT*OUSBBOEJOUFSBOOVBM Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 85 WBSJBUJPOTJOHSPVOEXBUFSBOEMBLFMFWFMTBSFOBUVSBM SFMBUFEUPDMJNBUJD WBSJBCJMJUZ#FGPSFBUUSJCVUJOHHSPVOEXBUFSPSMBLFMFWFMEFDMJOFUPUIFCMVF water footprint in the catchment, one should verify that the drop is not due to changes in climatic parameters within the period considered. Similar to FOWJSPONFOUBMáPXSFRVJSFNFOUT NBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFMBLFBOEHSPVOEXBUFS MFWFMEFDMJOFTBSFDPOUFYUEFQFOEFOUBOEUIFSFGPSFOFFEUPCFFTUJNBUFE separately per catchment. *OPSEFSUPBTTFTTUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDI NFOU JUJTUIVTOFDFTTBSZUPNBLFUIFDPNQBSJTPOXJUICMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ CVU JO BEEJUJPO POF OFFET UP FWBMVBUF XIFUIFS MBLF PS HSPVOEXBUFS MFWFMTSFNBJOXJUIJOUIFJSATVTUBJOBCJMJUZCPVOEBSJFT 3JDIUFS 'PTTJM HSPVOEXBUFSJTBDBTFJOJUTFMG8IFOUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTCBTFEPO GPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFS FWFSZESPQPGXBUFSDPOTVNFEXJMMTVCUSBDUGSPNUIF BWBJMBCMFGPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFSTUPDL'PTTJMHSPVOEXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOJTBMXBZT EFQMFUJPOBOEUIVTCZEFàOJUJPOVOTVTUBJOBCMFBMUPHFUIFS ∑ = WFblue[,] x t WSblue[,] x t "CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFBWBJMBCMFCMVFXBUFSIBTCFFO GVMMZDPOTVNFE"CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZCFZPOEQFSDFOUJTOPUTVTUBJOBCMFɨF CMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJTUJNFEFQFOEFOUJUWBSJFTXJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEGSPNZFBSUP ZFBS.FBTVSJOHDBOCFEPOFBUEBJMZCBTJT CVUBmonthlyCBTJTXJMMHFOFSBMMZCF TVïDJFOUUPTFFUIFWBSJBUJPOXJUIJOUIFZFBS'SPN'JHVSFPOFDBOTFFUIBU NFBTVSJOHCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZPOBOBOOVBMCBTJTJTOPUBHPPEJEFB*OUIFFYBNQMF HJWFOJUJTDMFBSUIBUEVSJOHëWFNPOUITPGUIFZFBS .BZo4FQUFNCFS UIFXBUFS TDBSDJUZJTCFZPOEQFSDFOU%VSJOHUIFPUIFSTFWFONPOUIT UIFXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JTCFMPXQFSDFOU"WFSBHJOHUIFNPOUIMZTDBSDJUZWBMVFTPWFSBMMNPOUITPG UIFZFBSJOUIFHJWFOFYBNQMF HJWFTBOBWFSBHFNPOUIMZCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOUIJT DBUDINFOUPGTMJHIUMZMBSHFSUIBOQFSDFOU*G JOUIFFYBNQMF POFUBLFTUIF BOOVBMCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPWFSUIFBOOVBMCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ POFHFUTBWBMVF PGQFSDFOU BëHVSFUIBUPCTDVSFTUIFGBDUUIBUFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT BSFWJPMBUFEEVSJOHëWFNPOUITPGUIFZFBS UIFFOUJSFESZQFSJPE *UTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUUIFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBTEFëOFEIFSFJTBQIZTJDBM BOEFOWJSPONFOUBMDPODFQU*UJTQIZTJDBMCFDBVTFJUDPNQBSFTBQQSPQSJBUFEUP BWBJMBCMFWPMVNFTBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMCFDBVTFJUBDDPVOUTGPSFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX OFFET*UJTOPUBOFDPOPNJDTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSBOFDPOPNJDTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPS XPVMEVTFNPOFUBSZWBMVFTUPFYQSFTTTDBSDJUZ'VSUIFS UIFCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZ JOEJDBUPSBTEFëOFEBCPWFEJêFSTGSPNDPOWFOUJPOBMXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPSTJO BOVNCFSPGXBZT BOECBTJDBMMZUSJFTUPJNQSPWFVQPOUIFTIPSUDPNJOHTPGUIPTF DPOWFOUJPOBMTDBSDJUZJOEJDBUPST #PY 86 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 4.6 How the ‘blue water scarcity’ as defined in water footprint studies differs from conventional water scarcity indicators 8BUFSTDBSDJUZ JOEJDBUPST BSF BMXBZT CBTFE PO UXP CBTJD JOHSFEJFOUTB NFBTVSFPGXBUFSVTFBOEBNFBTVSFPGXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ5IFNPTUDPNNPO JOEJDBUPSPGCMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJTUIFSBUJPPGUIFBOOVBMXBUFSXJUIESBXBM in a certain area to the total annual run-off in that area, called variously UIFXBUFSVUJMJ[BUJPOMFWFM 'BMLFONBSL UIFXJUIESBXBMUPBWBJMBCJMJUZ SBUJP "MDBNPBOE)FOSJDIT PSUIFVTFUPSFTPVSDFSBUJP 3BTLJOFU BM 5IFSFBSFGPVSDSJUJRVFTUPUIJTBQQSPBDI'JSTU XBUFSXJUIESBXBM JTOPUUIFCFTUJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSVTFXIFOPOFJTJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFFGGFDU PGUIFXJUIESBXBMBUUIFTDBMFPGUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMF CFDBVTFXBUFS XJUIESBXBMTQBSUMZSFUVSOUPUIFDBUDINFOU 1FSSZ 5IFSFGPSFJUNBLFT NPSFTFOTFUPFYQSFTTCMVFXBUFSVTFJOUFSNTPGDPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTF JO PUIFSXPSET CZDPOTJEFSJOHUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU4FDPOE UPUBMSVOPGG JTOPUUIFCFTUJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ CFDBVTFJUJHOPSFTUIFGBDUUIBU QBSUPGUIFSVOPGGOFFETUPCFNBJOUBJOFEGPSUIFFOWJSPONFOU5IFSFGPSF JUJTCFUUFSUPTVCUSBDUUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMáPXSFRVJSFNFOUGSPNUPUBMSVO PGG 4NBLIUJOFUBM 1PGGFUBM 5IJSE DPNQBSJOHXBUFSVTFUP BDUVBMSVOPGGGSPNBDBUDINFOUCFDPNFTQSPCMFNBUJDXIFOSVOPGGIBTCFFO TVCTUBOUJBMMZMPXFSFEEVFUPUIFXBUFSVTFXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU*UNBLFT more sense to compare water use to natural run-off from the catchment, in other words, the run-off that would occur without consumptive water use within the catchment. Finally, it is not so accurate to consider water scarcity CZDPNQBSJOHannualWBMVFTPGXBUFSVTFBOEBWBJMBCJMJUZ 4BWFOJKF *O reality, water scarcity manifests itself at a monthly rather than annual scale, EVFUPUIFJOUSBBOOVBMWBSJBUJPOTPGCPUIXBUFSVTFBOEBWBJMBCJMJUZ*OUIF DPOUFYUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUVEJFT UIFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZJOBDBUDINFOUJT EFàOFETVDIUIBUUIFGPVSXFBLOFTTFTBSFSFQBJSFE Environmental sustainability of the grey water footprint ɨFFêFDUPGUIFUPUBMHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUEFQFOETPOUIFSVO PêJOUIFDBUDINFOUBWBJMBCMFUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFXBTUF"HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëDQFSJPEJOBTQFDJëDDBUDINFOUGPSNTBIPUTQPUXIFOBNCJFOUXBUFS RVBMJUZTUBOEBSETJOUIBUQFSJPEJOUIBUDBUDINFOUBSFWJPMBUFE JOPUIFSXPSET XIFOXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJTGVMMZDPOTVNFE "TBSFMFWBOUMPDBMJNQBDUJOEJDBUPS POFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFAXBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFM WPL XJUIJOBDBUDINFOU XIJDINFBTVSFTUIFEFHSFFPGQPMMVUJPO *UJTEFëOFEBTUIFGSBDUJPOPGUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZDPOTVNFEBOE DBMDVMBUFECZUBLJOHUIFSBUJPPGUIFUPUBMPGHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBDBUDINFOU Σ WFgrey UPUIFBDUVBMSVOPêGSPNUIBUDBUDINFOU Ract "XBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFMPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIBUUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZIBTCFFOGVMMZ Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 87 DPOTVNFE8IFOUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMFYDFFETQFSDFOU BNCJFOUXBUFS RVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFWJPMBUFEɨFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJTUIVTDBMDVMBUFEGPSB catchment x and time tBTGPMMPXT ∑WF[,] x t WPL[,] x t = grey #PUIUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFSVOPêWBSZXJUIJOUIFZFBS TPUIBU UIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMXJMMìVDUVBUFXJUIJOUIFZFBSBTXFMM*ONPTUDBTFT calculation per month is probably good enough to represent the variation in UJNFJGOFDFTTBSZ JUJTQPTTJCMFPGDPVSTFUPUBLFBTNBMMFSUJNFTUFQ0OFDBO DBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMGPSMBSHFSBTXFMMBTGPSTNBMMFSDBUDINFOU BSFBTɨFEJTBEWBOUBHFPGBTTFTTJOHUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMGPSSFMBUJWFMZMBSHF DBUDINFOUBSFBTBUPODF JTUIBUPOFDBMDVMBUFTBOBWFSBHFGPSUIFDBUDINFOUBT BXIPMF XIJDINFBOTUIBUUIFPVUDPNFXJMMOPUCFBCMFUPTIPXEJêFSFODFT JOQPMMVUJPOMFWFMXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOUɨJTJTOJDFMZJMMVTUSBUFEJOUIFTFDPOE DBMDVMBUJPOFYBNQMFJO"QQFOEJY*7 *OTVNNBSZ UIFJOEJDBUPSTPGHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEXBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFMIBWFCFFOEFëOFETVDIUIBUXIFOWBMVFTFYDFFEQFSDFOUUIJT SFìFDUTVOTVTUBJOBCMFDPOEJUJPOTBOEJOEJDBUFTBOFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPU"O FOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUJTEFëOFEBTBQFSJPEPGUJNFJOBDBUDINFOUJOXIJDI FOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOPSCMVFXBUFSOFFETPSXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFWJPMBUFE 4.2.3 Social sustainability criteria for identifying social hotspots ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTTPDJBMMZVOTVTUBJOBCMFBOEUIVT DSFBUFTBTPDJBMIPUTQPUXIFOCBTJDIVNBOOFFETBSFOPUNFUCZBMMQFPQMFJOUIF DBUDINFOUPSXIFOCBTJDSVMFTPGGBJSOFTTBSFOPUNFU QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOUIFDBUDINFOUDBOCFTFFOBTQBSUJBMMZSFMBUFEUPUIBU8BUFSSFMBUFE CBTJDIVNBOOFFETJODMVEFBNJOJNVNBNPVOUPGTBGFBOEDMFBOGSFTIXBUFS TVQQMZ GPS ESJOLJOH XBTIJOH BOE DPPLJOH 6/ C BOE B NJOJNVN BMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPGPPEQSPEVDUJPOUPTFDVSFBTVïDJFOUMFWFMPGGPPETVQQMZ UPBMMɨFMBUUFSSJHIU UIFASJHIUUPXBUFSGPSGPPEIBTOPUCFFOGPSNBMMZ FTUBCMJTIFE CVUGPPEJUTFMGBTBIVNBOSJHIUIBTBMSFBEZCFFOFTUBCMJTIFEJOUIF 6OJWFSTBM%FDMBSBUJPOPG)VNBO3JHIUT 6/ "OPUIFSCBTJDIVNBOOFFE JTFNQMPZNFOU XIJDINBZCFBUTUBLFXIFO GPSFYBNQMF EPXOTUSFBNëTIFSNFO BSFBêFDUFECZQPMMVUJPOGSPNVQTUSFBN#BTJDSVMFTPGGBJSOFTTJODMVEFUIFXBUFS VTFSQBZTQSJODJQMFBOEUIFQPMMVUFSQBZTQSJODJQMF*UJTOPUGBJSBOEUIFSFGPSF OPUTVTUBJOBCMFJGTPNFVQTUSFBNQFPQMFIBWFBCMVFPSHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBU MFBETUPQSPCMFNTGPSEPXOTUSFBNQFPQMFXIFOUIPTFEPXOTUSFBNQFPQMFBSFOPU 88 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual QSPQFSMZDPNQFOTBUFECZUIFVQTUSFBNXBUFSVTFSTBOEQPMMVUFST"OPUIFSSVMFPG GBJSOFTTJTGBJSVTFPGQVCMJDHPPET4JODFGSFTIXBUFSJTCBTJDBMMZBQVCMJDHPPE JU NBZCFDPOTJEFSFEVOGBJSGPSFYBNQMFXIFOTPNFVTFSTDPOTVNFNPSFUIBOBGBJS TIBSFGSPNBOBRVJGFSPSGSFTIXBUFSMBLF"OFYBNQMFJTXIFODPNNFSDJBMGBSNFST EJHEFFQXFMMTUPJSSJHBUFUIFJSDSPQT NBLJOHJUNPSFEJïDVMUGPSTVSSPVOEJOH TNBMMIPMEFSGBSNTUPHFUBDDFTTUPXBUFS #BTJDIVNBOOFFETBOESVMFTPGGBJSOFTTBSFDSJUFSJBUIBUBSFEJïDVMUUP RVBOUJGZJOUIFGPSNPGTIBSQCPVOEBSJFT8IFUIFSXBUFSSFMBUFECBTJDIVNBO OFFETPSSVMFTPGGBJSOFTTJOBDFSUBJODBUDINFOUBSFWJPMBUFEXJMMEFQFOEPOFYQFSU KVEHFNFOUɨFFYJTUFODFPGDPOìJDUTPWFSXBUFSDBOCFBQSBDUJDBMJOEJDBUJPO (MFJDL 0SFHPO4UBUF6OJWFSTJUZ *OQSBDUJDF TPDJBMDPOìJDUTPWFS XBUFSXJMMPGUFOBSJTFBUUIFTBNFUJNFBTXIFOFOWJSPONFOUBMDPOìJDUTPDDVS ɨFSFGPSF UIFJEFOUJëDBUJPOPGFOWJSPONFOUBMIPUTQPUTXJMMBMTPHFOFSBUFBMJTU PGQPUFOUJBMTPDJBMIPUTQPUT 4.2.4 Economic sustainability criteria for identifying economic hotspots ɨFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUJTFDPOPNJDBMMZVOTVTUBJOBCMFBOE UIVTDSFBUFTBOFDPOPNJDIPUTQPUXIFOXBUFSJTOPUBMMPDBUFEBOEVTFEJOBO FDPOPNJDBMMZFïDJFOUXBZɨFCFOFëUTPGB HSFFO CMVFPSHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOU UIBUSFTVMUTGSPNVTJOHXBUFSGPSBDFSUBJOQVSQPTFTIPVMEPVUXFJHIUIFGVMM DPTUBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JODMVEJOHFYUFSOBMJUJFT PQQPSUVOJUZ DPTUTBOEBXBUFSTDBSDJUZSFOU8BUFSJOBDBUDINFOUOFFETUPCFBMMPDBUFEJOBO FDPOPNJDBMMZFïDJFOUXBZUPEJêFSFOUVTFST BMMPDBUJPOFïDJFODZ BOEFBDIVTFS TIPVMEVTFJUTBMMPDBUFEXBUFSFïDJFOUMZBTXFMM QSPEVDUJWFFïDJFODZ 8IFO 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Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment 89 4IPXJOHUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUTJOUIFIPUTQPUTDBOCFEPOFBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMT PGEFUBJM0OFDBOBQQMZBTJNQMFXBUFSCBMBODFNPEFMPSBOBEWBODFEQIZTJDBM CBTFEIZESPMPHJDBMNPEFMPSBOZUIJOHJOCFUXFFOUPFTUJNBUFUIFFêFDUPGUIF HSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPOUIFDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZ8BUFSRVBMJUZ NPEFMTBSFBMTPBWBJMBCMFJOBMMGPSNT GSPNTJNQMFNPEFMTSFRVJSJOHGFXJOQVUT UPBEWBODFENPEFMTXJUIIJHIEBUBSFRVJSFNFOUɨFNPTUJNQPSUBOUQSJNBSZ JNQBDUWBSJBCMFTBSFSVOPêBOEBTTPDJBUFEXBUFSMFWFMT BOETPNFXBUFSRVBMJUZ QBSBNFUFSTSFMFWBOUUPUIFDBTFTUVEJFE*OPSEFSUPCFNFBOJOHGVM BMMWBSJBCMFT OFFEUPCFDPNQBSFEXJUICBTFMJOFIZESPMPHJDBMBOEXBUFSRVBMJUZDPOEJUJPOT"T BCBTFMJOFPOFDBOCFTUUBLFUIFOBUVSBMDPOEJUJPOTXJUIJOUIFDBUDINFOU BTJO VOEFWFMPQFETUBUF*OUIJTXBZPOFDBOWJTVBMJ[FUIFGVMMIVNBOJNQBDU 8IFOXFTQFBLBCPVUBTTFTTJOHUIFTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTPGHSFFO CMVFBOE HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT XFFOUFSBëFMEXIFSFNVDIMJUFSBUVSFJTBWBJMBCMFBMSFBEZ BMUIPVHITUSVDUVSJOHBOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMPSFDPOPNJDJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU JTTUJMMBNBKPSDIBMMFOHF'PSBCSPBEBTTFTTNFOU POFFYQMJDJUMZEJTUJOHVJTIFT CFUXFFOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDJNQBDUTɨFëSTURVFTUJPOJT HFOFSBMMZXIBUJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTBSFUPCFUBLFOJOUPBDDPVOU5FYUCPPLTPO JNQBDUBTTFTTNFOUHFOFSBMMZQSPWJEFMPOHMJTUTPGJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTUPCFJODMVEFE &OWJSPONFOUBMWBSJBCMFTHFOFSBMMZJODMVEFQBSBNFUFSTTVDIBTBCVOEBODFPG DFSUBJOTQFDJFT CJPEJWFSTJUZ MPTTPGIBCJUBU4PDJBMWBSJBCMFTPGUFOJODMVEFUIJOHT MJLFIVNBOIFBMUI FNQMPZNFOU EJTUSJCVUJPOPGXFMGBSFBOEGPPETFDVSJUZ &DPOPNJDWBSJBCMFTXJMMJODMVEFJODPNFJOEJêFSFOUTFDUPSTPGUIFFDPOPNZ JO UIFDBTFPGSFEVDFEXBUFSìPXTPSEFUFSJPSBUFEXBUFSRVBMJUZ TQFDJëDTFDUPSTTVDI BTëTIJOH UPVSJTN IZESPQPXFSHFOFSBUJPOBOEOBWJHBUJPONBZTVêFS "MMUIF UJNF JUJTBDIBMMFOHFUPNBLFUIFTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTNFBTVSBCMF8IFO JUJTDMFBSXIBUMJTUPGTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUWBSJBCMFTJTHPJOHUPCFVTFE UIFTFDPOE RVFTUJPOJTIPXUPFTUJNBUFIPXUIFQSJNBSZJNQBDUT DIBOHFEXBUFSìPXTBOE XBUFSRVBMJUZ DBOCFUSBOTMBUFEJOUPSFMJBCMFFTUJNBUFTPGTFDPOEBSZJNQBDUT 0OFDBOVTFNPEFMT FYQFSUKVEHFNFOUBOEQBSUJDJQBUPSZBQQSPBDIFTUPNBLF UIJTTUFQ8FTVïDFIFSFXJUISFGFSSJOHUIFSFBEFSUPUIFWBTUBOEEJWFSTFBNPVOU PGMJUFSBUVSFUIBUFYJTUTJOUIFëFMEPGJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU 4.3 Sustainability of the water footprint of a process 8IFUIFSUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBTQFDJëDQSPDFTTJTTVTUBJOBCMFPSOPUEFQFOET POUXPDSJUFSJB 1. 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The table needs to be filled separately for the green, blue and grey water footprint of the product Data derived from the product water Check the Check the Conclusion Check relevance Check whether footprint account sustainability of sustainability from product response is the total water of the water perspective required footprint in the footprint of the catchment in process itself which the process is located Process stepa Catchment in Water footprint Is the catchment Can the water Is this a Fraction of the Share above Is this a priority which the (m3 per unit of a hotspot? footprint sustainable product water threshold of component? process is final product) be reduced component in footprint that is one per centc locatedb or avoided the product not sustainable altogether? water footprint? 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Increase total production from rain-fed agriculture. #MVFXBUFS %FDSFBTFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU ;FSPCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUOP footprint (mUPO CZJODSFBTJOHCMVFXBUFS losses through evaporation QSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON) in irrigated mGVMMSFDZDMJOHmPOMZCMVF BHSJDVMUVSF%FDSFBTFSBUJPCMVF water footprint related to the HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU%FDSFBTF incorporation of water into a HMPCBMCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU GPS QSPEVDUDBOOPUCFBWPJEFE FYBNQMF CZQFSDFOU Grey water 3FEVDFEVTFPGBSUJàDJBMGFSUJMJ[FST ;FSPHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU footprint BOEQFTUJDJEFTNPSFFGGFDUJWF no pollution – full recycling, application. Grey water footprint can recapturing heat from heated HPUP[FSPUISPVHIPSHBOJDGBSNJOH effluents and treatment of remaining return flows. 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TVïDJFOUXBUFSJTBWBJMBCMFUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUTTVDIUIBUDPODFOUSBUJPOTTUJMM SFNBJOCFMPXNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOT4JNJMBSMZ JUJTPGUFOUIPVHIU UIBUJUJTVOOFDFTTBSZUPSFEVDFUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBHSJDVMUVSFCFDBVTF UIFSBJODPNFTBOZXBZBOEXJMMPUIFSXJTFSFNBJOVOQSPEVDUJWFɨFSBUJPOBMF CFIJOEUIJTUIJOLJOHJTXIFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDFSUBJODBUDINFOUJOB DFSUBJOQFSJPEEPFTOPUMFBEUPTJHOJëDBOUXBUFSEFQMFUJPOPSQPMMVUJPO UIF 102 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual XBUFSGPPUQSJOUNVTUCFTVTUBJOBCMFɨJTTPSUPGUIJOLJOH IPXFWFS JTCBTFE POUIFNJTDPODFQUJPOUIBUUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFSVTFEFQFOETPOUIFMPDBM HFPHSBQIJDDPOUFYUPOMZ"TFYQMBJOFEJO4FDUJPO UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG BTQFDJëDQSPDFTTJTVOTVTUBJOBCMFBOEUIFSFGPSFOFFETUPCFSFEVDFEXIFO J UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPDFTTDPOUSJCVUFTUPBIPUTQPU PS JJ UIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFS JOEFQFOEFOUPGUIFHFPHSBQIJD DPOUFYUɨFTFDPOEDSJUFSJPOJNQMJFTUIBUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTOFFEUPCFSFEVDFE BMTPJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTXIFOFWFSSFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMF OPUUPTPMWFMPDBM XBUFSQSPCMFNTJOUIFTFBSFBT CVUUPDPOUSJCVUFUPBNPSFTVTUBJOBCMF GBJS BOEFïDJFOUXBUFSVTFHMPCBMMZ3FEVDJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT NUPO JOXBUFS BCVOEBOUBSFBTCZJODSFBTJOHXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON JTLFZJOSFEVDJOHUIF QSFTTVSFPOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOXBUFSQPPSBSFBT TJODFJODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOPG XBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETJOBSFBTXIFSFXBUFSJTTVïDJFOUMZBWBJMBCMFJTOFDFTTBSZ XIFOUIFMJNJUTUPQSPEVDUJPOBSFBMSFBEZFYDFFEFEJOXBUFSQPPSBSFBT ɨFDPODFSOTIPVMECFUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZɨ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in one DBUDINFOUJTFRVJWBMFOUUPSFEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZUIFTBNFBNPVOUJO BOPUIFSDBUDINFOU FWFOJGPOFDBUDINFOUTIPXTBNVDIIJHIFSXBUFSTDBSDJUZ PSXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMUIBOUIFPUIFSPOFɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUoHJWFOUIFMJNJUFE GSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBWBJMBCMFXPSMEXJEFoBOZSFEVDUJPODPOUSJCVUFTUPSFEVDJOH UIFUPUBMSFTPVSDFEFNBOE8IFO JOXBUFSSJDIDBUDINFOUT POFDBOQSPEVDF NPSFXBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETXJUIUIFTBNFWPMVNFPGXBUFS UIFQSPEVDUJPO PGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETJOXBUFSQPPSBSFBTDBOCFMFTTFOFE TPUIBUUIFUPUBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIPTFXBUFSQPPSBSFBTDBOCFSFEVDFEɨJTJTBOJOEJSFDU CVUJNQPSUBOUXBZPGTPMWJOHUIFQSFTTVSFPOUIFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOXBUFSQPPS BSFBT'SPNBMPDBMBOENPSFJNNFEJBUFQPJOUPGWJFX JUNBUUFSTPGDPVSTF XIFUIFSPOFSFEVDFTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZNJOBXBUFSTDBSDFPSXBUFSSJDI DBUDINFOU3FEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBJNNFEJBUFMZ Library of Water Footprint Response Options 103 Table 5.2 Priorities in water footprint reduction Non-hotspots Hotspots* Little reduction potential + Large reduction potential** + ++ "IPUTQPUJTBTQFDJàDQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS GPSFYBNQMF UIFESZQFSJPE JOBTQFDJàD TVC DBUDINFOU JOXIJDIUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF GPSJOTUBODFCFDBVTFJUDPNQSPNJTFTFOWJSPONFOUBM XBUFSOFFETPSXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETPSCFDBVTFUIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOBOEVTFJOUIFDBUDINFOUJT DPOTJEFSFEVOGBJSBOEPSFDPOPNJDBMMZJOFGàDJFOU 5IFSFJTBMBSHFSFEVDUJPOQPUFOUJBMXIFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFSPS TVCTUBOUJBMMZSFEVDFEBUSFBTPOBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU DPOUSJCVUFTUPMFTTFOJOHUIFQSFTTVSF QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFEVDFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU QFSVOJUPGQSPEVDUJPOJTOPUOVMMJëFECZJODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOBUUIFTBNF UJNF4P BMUIPVHIBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOTDPOUSJCVUFUPTPMWJOHUIFHMPCBM QSPCMFNPGMJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFT POFDBOBSHVFUIBUQSJPSJUZJTUPCF HJWFOUPSFEVDJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUIBUBSFMPDBUFEJOIPUTQPUT CFDBVTFBDUJOH JOIPUTQPUTIBTCPUIBHMPCBMBOEMPDBMSBUJPOBMF XIJMFBDUJOHJOOPOIPUTQPUT IBTBHMPCBMSBUJPOBMFPOMZ5BCMFTVNNBSJ[FTJOBWFSZTDIFNBUJDXBZIPX QSJPSJUJFTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPODBOCFTFU 8IFOUBMLJOHBCPVUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUP[FSP POFDPVMEVTFUIF UFSNAXBUFSOFVUSBM BUFSNDIPTFOBTBOBOBMPHVFUPADBSCPOOFVUSBM BUFSNUIBU BQQMJFTUPBDUJWJUJFTXJUIBDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUPG[FSPɨFUFSNXBUFSOFVUSBMDBO CFJOUFSQSFUFEJOEJêFSFOUXBZT XIJDINBLFTJUBCJUPGBQSPCMFNBUJDDPODFQU #PY *UJTDMFBSFTUXIFOJUTJNQMZSFGFSTUPA[FSPXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDIJT QPTTJCMFJOUIFDBTFPGUIFPQFSBUJPOTPGJOEVTUSJFT XIFSFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG [FSPJTUFDIOJDBMMZQPTTJCMFɨFDPODFQUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZCFDPNFTMFTTDMFBS XIFOJUJODMVEFTBGPSNPGAPêTFUUJOHɨFJEFBPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPêTFUUJOHJT PCWJPVTMZBOJEFBEFWFMPQFEJOBOBMPHVFUPUIFDPODFQUPGADBSCPOPêTFUUJOH 8IFSFBT ADBSCPO PêTFUUJOH BMSFBEZ HJWFT SJTF UP BSHVNFOUT BCPVU XIBU JU QSFDJTFMZFOUBJMT UIFDPODFQUPGAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPêTFUUJOHJTQSPCBCMZFWFONPSF DPOUFOUJPVT #PY 8FSFDPNNFOEHJWJOHQSJPSJUZUPTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWF UBSHFUTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSFEVDUJPOPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEBTTPDJBUFEJNQBDUT SBUIFSUIBOPêTFUUJOH 5.3 Consumers ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTTVTUBJOBCMFXIFO J UIFUPUBMSFNBJOT CFMPXUIFDPOTVNFSTGBJSTIBSFJOUIFXPSME JJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGUIFUPUBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEJOBIPUTQPU BOE JJJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGUIFUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFSBUSFBTPOBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU 104 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Box 5.1 Water neutrality ‘8BUFSOFVUSBM’ is an idea similar to ‘DBSCPOOFVUSBM’)PXFWFS KVTUBTJOUIFDBTF PGDBSCPOOFVUSBMJUZ UIFUFSNXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZJTBSHVBCMF5IFQSPCMFNBMSFBEZ MJFTJOJUTEFàOJUJPO8IFOVTFEGPSUIFàSTUUJNF BUUIF+PIBOOFTCVSH 8PSME4VNNJUGPS4VTUBJOBCMF%FWFMPQNFOU UIFJEFBXBTUPRVBOUJGZUIF XBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIFDPOGFSFODFCZEFMFHBUFTBOEUSBOTMBUFUIJTJOUP NPOFZ%FMFHBUFT DPSQPSBUJPOTBOEDJWJMTPDJFUZHSPVQTXFSFFODPVSBHFE UPNBLFUIFTVNNJU‘water neutral’CZQVSDIBTJOHXBUFSOFVUSBMDFSUJàDBUFT to offset their water consumption during the ten-day summit, with the PGGTFUJOWFTUNFOUCFJOHFBSNBSLFEGPSUIFJOTUBMMBUJPOPGQVNQTUPXBUFS OFFEZDPNNVOJUJFTJO4PVUI"GSJDBBOEGPSXBUFSDPOTFSWBUJPOJOJUJBUJWFT 8BUFS/FVUSBM *O UIF$PDB$PMB$PNQBOZNBEFBQMFEHFUP CFDPNFXBUFSOFVUSBMJOJUTPQFSBUJPOT XIFSF‘water neutral’ refers to (i) reduce water use in its own operations, (ii) return the water used in its own PQFSBUJPOTJODMFBOGPSNCBDLUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUBOE JJJ DPNQFOTBUFGPS UIFXBUFSUIBUJTDPOUBJOFEJOUIFàOJTIFECFWFSBHFTUISPVHIDPOTFSWBUJPO BOESFDZDMJOHQSPHSBNNFT"MTPJO UIF6,)PVTJOH.JOJTUSZSFMFBTFE PGàDJBMEFUBJMTPOUIFFYQBOTJWFSFEFWFMPQNFOUQSPKFDU‘Thames Gateway’ UIBUXPVMECFXBUFSOFVUSBM JOUIJTDPOUFYUNFBOJOHUIBUUIFSFHJPOXJMMOPU SFRVJSFUIFVTFPGBEEJUJPOBMXBUFSEFTQJUFUIFQMFUIPSBPGOFXIPNFTCFJOH CVJMUBOEQFPQMFNPWJOHJO5IJTDPVMECFEPOFCZPGGTFUUJOHBEEJUJPOBMXBUFS EFNBOETJOUIFOFXCVJMEJOHTCZSFEVDJOHXBUFSVTFJOFYJTUJOHCVJMEJOHT &OWJSPONFOU"HFODZ *OBMMUISFFDBTFTXBUFSVTFJTNFBTVSFEJOUFSNT PGXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOT OPUXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO BOEBMMUISFFDBTFTJODMVEF some form of ‘offsetting’#FTJEFT BMMUISFFDBTFTDPOTJEFSEJSFDUXBUFSVTF POMZ OPUJOEJSFDUGPSNTPGXBUFSVTF)PXFWFS UIFUISFFBQQMJDBUJPOTPGUIF water neutral concept put different weights to ‘reducing water use’ versus PGGTFUUJOH5IF+PIBOOFTCVSHBOE5IBNFT(BUFXBZDBTFTBSFFTTFOUJBMMZBCPVU offsetting, while the Coca-Cola case uses ‘offsetting’ only for that part of the XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUSFBMMZDBOOPUCFSFEVDFE UIFXBUFSUIBUHPFTJOUP UIFCFWFSBHFT 5IF+PIBOOFTCVSHBOE5IBNFT(BUFXBZDBTFTEJGGFSJOUIBU UIFMBUUFSTFFLTPGGTFUUJOHXJUIJOUIFTBNFDMFBSMZEFàOFEBSFB XIJMFUIF GPSNFSJTOPUTPTIBSQJOUIBUSFTQFDU)PFLTUSB B QSPQPTFEUPSFMBUF UIFDPODFQUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBOEUPEFàOFJU BTSFEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBOBDUJWJUZPSQSPEVDUBTNVDIBTSFBTPOBCMZ QPTTJCMFBOEPGGTFUUIFOFHBUJWFFYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOU #ZSFMBUJOHUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMDPODFQUUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJUOPXBEESFTTFT indirect water use as well. In some particular cases, when interference with UIFXBUFSDZDMFDBOCFDPNQMFUFMZBWPJEFE–GPSFYBNQMF CZGVMMXBUFS SFDZDMJOHBOE[FSPXBTUF– ‘water neutral’BDDPSEJOHUPUIJTEFàOJUJPONFBOT UIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOVMMJàFEJONBOZPUIFSDBTFT TVDIBTJOUIFDBTF PGDSPQHSPXUI XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPODBOOPUCFOVMMJàFE5IFSFGPSF XJUIUIJT EFàOJUJPO ‘water neutral’ does not always mean that water consumption is CSPVHIUEPXOUP[FSP CVUUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTSFEVDFEBTNVDIBT Library of Water Footprint Response Options 105 QPTTJCMFBOEUIBUUIFQPTTJCMFJNQBDUTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHGPPUQSJOUBSFGVMMZ DPNQFOTBUFE$PNQFOTBUJPODBOCFEPOFCZDPOUSJCVUJOHUP JOWFTUJOHJO BNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFVTFPGXBUFSJOUIFIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTJO which the impacts of the remaining water footprint are located. In the latest EFàOJUJPOPGUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMDPODFQU BOVNCFSPGJNQPSUBOURVFTUJPOT SFNBJO5IFTFBSF GPSFYBNQMF)PXNVDISFEVDUJPOPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOSFBTPOBCMZCFFYQFDUFE 8IBUJTBOBQQSPQSJBUFXBUFSPGGTFUQSJDF 8IBUUZQFPGFGGPSUTDPVOUBTBOPGGTFU "TMPOHBTUIFTFTPSUTPGRVFTUJPOT IBWFOPUCFFOBOTXFSFEZFU UIFSJTLPGUIFXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZDPODFQUJTUIBU JUTDPOUFOUEFQFOETPOUIFVTFS"TBSFTVMU TPNFNBZVTFJUUPSFGFSUP SFBMHPPENFBTVSFTUBLFOJOCPUIPQFSBUJPOTBOETVQQMZDIBJOXIJMFPUIFST NBZVTFJUPOMZBTBOBUUSBDUJWFUFSNJOBOBEWFSUJTFNFOU5IFSJTLXJUIUIF water-neutral concept is also that the focus will shift from water footprint SFEVDUJPOUPPGGTFUUJOH"XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFNFBTVSFEFNQJSJDBMMZ TPDBO JUTSFEVDUJPO%FàOJOHPGGTFUUJOHBOENFBTVSJOHJUTFGGFDUJWFOFTTJTNVDINPSF EJGàDVMU FOMBSHJOHUIFSJTLPGNJTVTF#FTJEFT DPNQFOTBUJOHNFBTVSFTTIPVME CFDPOTJEFSFEBMBTUSFTPSUPQUJPO UPCFMPPLFEBUBGUFSIBWJOHSFEVDFEUIF DPNQBOZTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUàSTU Box 5.2 Water footprint offsetting 5IFDPODFQUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGGTFUUJOHJTTUJMMJMMEFàOFE*OHFOFSBMUFSNTJU NFBOTUBLJOHNFBTVSFTUPDPNQFOTBUFGPSUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUUIBUSFNBJOTBGUFSSFEVDUJPONFBTVSFTIBWFCFFOJNQMFNFOUFE#VU UIFUXPXFBLQPJOUTJOUIFEFàOJUJPOBSFUIBU J JUEPFTOPUTQFDJGZXIJDITPSU of compensation measures and which level of compensation are good enough to offset a certain water footprint impact and (ii) it does not specify which JNQBDUTTIPVMECFDPNQFOTBUFEQSFDJTFMZBOEIPXUPNFBTVSFUIPTFJNQBDUT *O$IBQUFS XFIBWFTFFOUIBUUIFUFSNAJNQBDUDBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEWFSZ CSPBEMZ5IFGBDUUIBUUIFPGGTFUDPODFQUJTJMMEFàOFENFBOTUIBUJUDBOFBTJMZ CFNJTVTFE8JUIPVUBDMFBSEFàOJUJPO NFBTVSFTUBLFOVOEFSUIFCBOOFSPG APGGTFUDBOQPUFOUJBMMZCFBGPSNPGAHSFFOXBTIJOHSBUIFSUIBOBSFBMFGGPSU aimed at full compensation. For this reason, we strongly recommend focusing SFTQPOTFPOSFEVDJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEMPPLJOHBUPGGTFUUJOHBTBSFBMMBTU TUFQPOMZ"OPUIFSSFBTPOJTUIBUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBOEUIFJSBTTPDJBUFEJNQBDUT BSFBMXBZTMPDBM*OUIJTSFTQFDU UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNBSLFEMZEJGGFSFOUGSPN UIFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOU5IFJEFBPGBHMPCBMPGGTFUNBSLFUBTIBTEFWFMPQFE PWFSUIFQBTUGFXZFBSTGPSDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUPGGTFUTEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFGPS XBUFS"OPGGTFUPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIPVMEBMXBZTPDDVSJOUIFDBUDINFOU where the water footprint is located. This drives the attention to a company’s PXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBHBJOBOEEPFTOPUBMMPXUPUIJOLJOUFSNTPGHFOFSBM DPNQFOTBUJPOTDIFNFTXIFSFPOFDBOTJNQMZACVZBOPGGTFU 106 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual $POTVNFSTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU IPNFXBUFSVTF CZ JOTUBMMJOHXBUFSTBWJOHUPJMFUT BQQMZJOHBXBUFSTBWJOHTIPXFSIFBE UVSOJOH PêUIFUBQEVSJOHUFFUICSVTIJOH VTJOHMFTTXBUFSJOUIFHBSEFOBOECZOPU EJTQPTJOHPGNFEJDJOFT QBJOUTPSPUIFSQPMMVUBOUTUISPVHIUIFTJOL ɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIF EJSFDUPOF"DPOTVNFSIBTCBTJDBMMZUXPPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFIJTPSIFSJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOU0OFPQUJPOJTUPDIBOHFUIFDPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOCZTVCTUJUVUJOH BTQFDJëDDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZBOPUIFSUZQFPG QSPEVDUUIBUIBTBTNBMMFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU&YBNQMFTJODMVEFFBUJOHMFTTNFBU PSCFDPNJOHWFHFUBSJBO ESJOLJOHQMBJOXBUFSJOTUFBEPGDPêFF PSXFBSJOHMFTT DPUUPOBOENPSFBSUJëDJBMëCSFDMPUIFTɨJTBQQSPBDIIBTMJNJUBUJPOT CFDBVTF NBOZQFPQMFEPOPUFBTJMZTIJGUGSPNFBUJOHNFBUUPCFJOHWFHFUBSJBOBOEQFPQMF MJLFUIFJSDPêFFBOEDPUUPO"TFDPOEPQUJPOJTUPTFMFDUUIFDPUUPO CFFGPS DPêFFUIBUIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMPXXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIBUIBTJUTGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFB UIBUEPFTOPUIBWFIJHIXBUFSTDBSDJUZɨJTSFRVJSFT IPXFWFS UIBUDPOTVNFST IBWFUIFQSPQFSJOGPSNBUJPOUPNBLFUIBUDIPJDF4JODFUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJT HFOFSBMMZOPUFBTJMZBWBJMBCMF BOJNQPSUBOUUIJOHDPOTVNFSTDBOEPOPXJTBTL QSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZGSPNCVTJOFTTFTBOESFHVMBUJPOGSPNHPWFSONFOUT8IFO JOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFJNQBDUTPGBDFSUBJOBSUJDMFPOUIFXBUFSTZTUFN DPOTVNFSTDBONBLFDPOTDJPVTDIPJDFTBCPVUXIBUUIFZCVZ 5.4 Companies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ëOBMMZEJTDIBSHFEJOUPUIFBNCJFOUXBUFS TZTUFNUIBUEFUFSNJOFTUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU 'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT UIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIF PQFSBUJPOBMGPPUQSJOU*UJTUIFSFGPSFDSVDJBMUIBUCVTJOFTTFTBEESFTTUIBUBTXFMM "DIJFWJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJONBZCFNPSFEJïDVMUoCFDBVTF OPUVOEFSEJSFDUDPOUSPMoCVUUIFZNBZCFNPSFFêFDUJWF#VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDF UIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZNBLJOHTVQQMZBHSFFNFOUTJODMVEJOH DFSUBJOTUBOEBSETXJUIUIFJSTVQQMJFSTPSCZTJNQMZDIBOHJOHUPBOPUIFSTVQQMJFS *ONBOZDBTFTUIJTNBZCFRVJUFBUBTL CFDBVTFUIFXIPMFCVTJOFTTNPEFMNBZ Library of Water Footprint Response Options 107 OFFEUPCFUSBOTGPSNFEJOPSEFSUPJODPSQPSBUFPSCFUUFSDPOUSPMTVQQMZDIBJOT BOEUPNBLFTVQQMZDIBJOTGVMMZUSBOTQBSFOUUPDPOTVNFST "DPNQBOZDBOBMTPBJNUPSFEVDFUIFDPOTVNFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUJT JOIFSFOUUPUIFVTFPGUIFJSQSPEVDU8IFODPOTVNFSTVTFBTPBQ TIBNQPP DMFBOJOHDIFNJDBMPSQBJOU JUJTMJLFMZUIBUUIFZXJMMìVTIJUUISPVHIUIFESBJO 8IFOUIFXBUFSJTOPUUSFBUFEPSXIFOUIFDIFNJDBMJTTVDIUIBUJUJTOPUPS POMZQBSUMZSFNPWFE UIJTXJMMHJWFBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIBUDPVMEIBWFCFFO BWPJEFEXIFOUIFDPNQBOZIBEVTFETVCTUBODFTUIBUBSFMFTTUPYJD MFTTIBSNGVM and more easily degradable. Among the various alternative or supplementary tools that can help improving USBOTQBSFODZBSFDPOGPSNUPTIBSFEEFëOJUJPOTBOENFUIPET BTDPOUBJOFEJO UIJTNBOVBM XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOHBOEEJTDMPTVSFPGSFMFWBOUEBUB$MBSJUZ BCPVUBDUJWJUJFTVOEFSUBLFOUPSFEVDFUIFDPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCF FOIBODFECZTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUTJOUJNF" QPUFOUJBMUPPMXJUIJOMBSHFDPNQBOJFTPSJOTQFDJëDTFDUPSTJTCFODINBSLJOH XIBUDBOCFBDIJFWFEJO UIFTVQQMZDIBJOPG POFGBDUPSZTIPVMEBMTPCFQPTTJCMF JO UIFTVQQMZDIBJOPG BOPUIFSGBDUPSZ 5.5 Farmers 'BSNJOHJTBTPSUPGCVTJOFTTGPSXIJDIUIFTBNFUIJOHTBQQMZBTEJTDVTTFEJO UIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPO'PSMJWFTUPDLGBSNFST BNBKPSDPODFSOTIPVMECFUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGUIFGFFEUIFZCVZPSQSPEVDFUIFNTFMWFT'PSDSPQGBSNFST BOVNCFS PGTQFDJëDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOPQUJPOTBSFBWBJMBCMFBTMJTUFEJO5BCMF ɨFBEWBOUBHFPGSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTQFSVOJUPGDSPQJOSBJOGFE BHSJDVMUVSFJTUIBUUPUBMQSPEVDUJPOGSPNSBJOGFEMBOETJODSFBTFT"TBSFTVMUPG JODSFBTFESBJOGFEQSPEVDUJPO MFTTOFFETUPCFQSPEVDFEFMTFXIFSF MFTTFOJOHUIF DMBJNTPOMBOEBOE HSFFOPSCMVF XBUFSSFTPVSDFTFMTFXIFSF3FEVDJOHUIFHSFFO XBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSUPOPGDSPQJOPOFQMBDFDBOUIVTSFTVMUJOBSFEVDUJPOPGUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODSPQQSPEVDUJPOBTBXIPMF*OJSSJHBUFEBHSJDVMUVSF changing irrigation technique and application philosophy can greatly reduce UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU6TJOHESJQJSSJHBUJPOJOTUFBEPGTQSJOLMFSPSGVSSPX JSSJHBUJPO DBO SFEVDF FWBQPSBUJPO TVCTUBOUJBMMZ'VSUIFS UIF DPOWFOUJPOBM GBSNFSTUSBUFHZUPPQUJNJ[FZJFMET UPOIB PGUFOMFBETUPVOOFDFTTBSZVTFPG JSSJHBUJPOXBUFS*OTUFBEPGBQQMZJOHGVMMJSSJHBUJPO JUNBZCFXJTFSUPDIPPTF GPSTPDBMMFEAEFëDJUJSSJHBUJPO BOJSSJHBUJPOQIJMPTPQIZUIBUBJNTBUPCUBJOJOH NBYJNVNDSPQXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ UPON SBUIFSUIBONBYJNVNZJFMET UPO IB *OEFëDJUJSSJHBUJPO XBUFSJTBQQMJFEEVSJOHUIFESPVHIUTFOTJUJWFHSPXUI TUBHFTPGBDSPQPVUTJEFUIFTFQFSJPET JSSJHBUJPOJTMJNJUFEPSFWFOVOOFDFTTBSZ JGSBJOGBMMQSPWJEFTBNJOJNVNTVQQMZPGXBUFS"OPUIFSBMUFSOBUJWFJTTPDBMMFE 108 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Table 5.3 Corporate water footprint response options 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footprint is located. 1SPEVDUBOECVTJOFTTUSBOTQBSFODZ r $POGPSNUPTIBSFEEFàOJUJPOTBOENFUIPET1SPNPUFBOEBEPQUUIFHMPCBMTUBOEBSEGPS water footprint accounting and assessment as laid down in this manual. r 1SPNPUFXBUFSBDDPVOUJOHPWFSUIFGVMMTVQQMZDIBJO$PPQFSBUFXJUIPUIFSTBMPOHUIF TVQQMZDIBJOUPCFBCMFUPQSPEVDFGVMMBDDPVOUTGPSàOBMQSPEVDUT r $PSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOH3FQPSUXBUFSSFMBUFEFGGPSUT UBSHFUTBOEQSPHSFTT NBEFJOBOOVBMTVTUBJOBCJMJUZSFQPSU BMTPDPWFSJOHUIFTVQQMZDIBJO r 1SPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEJTDMPTVSF%JTDMPTVSFPGSFMFWBOUEBUBUISPVHISFQPSUJOHPSJOUFSOFU r 1SPEVDUXBUFSMBCFMMJOH4BNFBTBCPWF CVUOPXQVUUJOHUIFJOGPSNBUJPOPOBMBCFM FJUIFS TFQBSBUFPSJODMVEFEJOBCSPBEFSMBCFM r #VTJOFTTXBUFSDFSUJàDBUJPO1SPNPUFBOEIFMQTFUUJOHVQBXBUFSDFSUJàDBUJPOTDIFNF and conform to it. &OHBHFNFOU r $POTVNFSDPNNVOJDBUJPOFOHBHFNFOUXJUIDJWJMTPDJFUZPSHBOJ[BUJPOT r 1SPBDUJWFMZXPSLXJUIHPWFSONFOUTPOEFWFMPQJOHSFMFWBOUSFHVMBUJPOBOEMFHJTMBUJPO Library of Water Footprint Response Options 109 Table 5.4 Options for crop farmers to reduce 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BSFMFTTNBUVSFUIBOUIFDIBQUFSPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BDDPVOUJOH $IBQUFS ɨJTJTEVFUPUIFGBDUUIBUUIFTFUXPQIBTFTPGXBUFS GPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUIBWFHPUMFTTBUUFOUJPOTPGBS CPUIJOTDJFOUJëDTUVEJFT BOEJOQSBDUJDBMJNQMFNFOUBUJPOɨFDIBQUFSPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ 130 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual BTTFTTNFOU JT MJNJUFE UP B EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF QSPDFEVSF PG TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ BTTFTTNFOUBOEBEJTDVTTJPOPGUIFNBKPSTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBUPCFDPOTJEFSFE ɨFDIBQUFSPOSFTQPOTFPQUJPOTJTNBJOMZBOJOWFOUPSZPGSFTQPOTFTUIBUDPVME CFDPOTJEFSFE*OUIJTSFTQFDU UIFNBOVBMPêFSTBSFGFSFODFGSBNFXPSLGPS BOBMZTJOHTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBOESFTQPOTFPQUJPOTSBUIFSUIBOBOJOEFQUIUSFBUNFOU PGIPXUPDBSSZPVUBGVMMJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOUPSIPXTQFDJëDSFTQPOTFPQUJPOT DBOCFTUVEJFEJONPSFEFUBJMJOUFSNTPGUIFJSJNQMJDBUJPOTBOETUSFOHUITBOE XFBLOFTTFT*OBEEJUJPO JUTIPVMECFOPUFEUIBUUIFDIBQUFSTPOTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ BTTFTTNFOUBOESFTQPOTFTIPVMEOPUCFSFBEBTSFDJQFTUIBUMFBEUPëOBMBOTXFST POXIBUUPEP"MUIPVHIBSFDJQFNBZTPVOEBUUSBDUJWFUPTPNFoQBSUJDVMBSMZJO UIFEBJMZQSBDUJDFPGDPNQBOJFTJUXPVMECFIFMQGVMUPIBWFDMFBS VOBNCJHVPVT SFHVMBUJPOToUIFSFBMJUZJTUIBUBTTFTTJOHTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBOEGPSNVMBUJOHBDPVSTF PGSFTQPOTFBSFBDUJWJUJFTUIBUDPOUBJOOVNFSPVTTVCKFDUJWF WBMVFMBEFOFMFNFOUT ɨFBNCJUJPOPGUIFDIBQUFSTPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUBOE QPMJDZSFTQPOTFPQUJPOTJTUPPêFSBSPVHIHVJEFMJOF OPUBEFUBJMFESFDJQF ɨFCSPBEJOUFSFTUJOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBOENFUIPEPMPHZIBTUBLFO PêJO4FQUFNCFSXJUIBTNBMMNFFUJOHCFUXFFOSFQSFTFOUBUJWFTGSPNDJWJM TPDJFUZ CVTJOFTT BDBEFNJBBOEUIF6/4JODFUIFO UIFJOUFSFTUJOBQQMZJOH UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOHPWFSONFOUBMQPMJDZBOEDPSQPSBUFTUSBUFHZIBTCFFO HSPXJOHDPOUJOVPVTMZɨJTIBTMFEUPUIFFTUBCMJTINFOUPGUIF8'/PO 0DUPCFS5XFMWFNPOUITMBUFS UIFOFUXPSLIBEQBSUOFST DPNJOHGSPN BMMDPOUJOFOUTBOEGSPNBMMTPSUTPGTFDUPSTHPWFSONFOU CVTJOFTT JOWFTUPST DJWJM TPDJFUZ JOUFSHPWFSONFOUBMJOTUJUVUJPOT DPOTVMUBOUT VOJWFSTJUJFTBOESFTFBSDI JOTUJUVUFT"UUIFUJNFPGUIFëOBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFNBOVTDSJQUPGUIJTNBOVBM 0DUPCFS QSFDJTFMZUXPZFBSTBGUFSUIFFTUBCMJTINFOUPGUIF8'/ UIF OFUXPSLIBEQBSUOFST"NBKPSDIBMMFOHFJTUPNBJOUBJOBTIBSFEMBOHVBHF JOUIFëFMEPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOU CFDBVTFDPODSFUFUBSHFUTUPXBSET TVTUBJOBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTVTFDBOPOMZCFUSBOTQBSFOU NFBOJOHGVMBOEFêFDUJWF XIFOGPSNVMBUFEJOBDPNNPOUFSNJOPMPHZBOECBTFEPOBTIBSFEDBMDVMBUJPO NFUIPEPMPHZɨJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUNBOVBMQSPWJEFTTVDIBDPNNPO CBTF"EKVTUNFOUTBOESFëOFNFOUUPUIFNBOVBMXJMMCFNBEFJOUIFGVUVSF CBTFEPOOFXSFTFBSDIBOEEFWFMPQNFOUBOEPOFYQFSJFODFTGSPNQSBDUJUJPOFST XPSLJOHXJUIUIFNFUIPEJOUIFJSPXOQSBDUJDF Appendix I $BMDVMBUJPOPG(SFFOBOE #MVF&WBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO 6TJOHUIF$3018"5.PEFM The ‘CWR option’ in the CROPWAT model (SFFOBOECMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOEVSJOHDSPQHSPXUIDBOCFFTUJNBUFE XJUIUIF'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF0SHBOJ[BUJPOT$3018"5NPEFM '"0 C ɨFNPEFMPêFSTUXPBMUFSOBUJWFPQUJPOTɨFTJNQMFTUCVUOPUUIFNPTUBDDVSBUF PQUJPOJTUIFA$83PQUJPO*OUIJTPQUJPO JUJTBTTVNFEUIBUUIFSFBSFOPXBUFS MJNJUBUJPOTUPDSPQHSPXUIɨFNPEFMDBMDVMBUFT J DSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUT CWR EVSJOHUIFGVMMMFOHUIPGUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEVOEFSQBSUJDVMBSDMJNBUJD DJSDVNTUBODFT JJ FêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPOPWFSUIFTBNFQFSJPE JJJ JSSJHBUJPO requirements. ɨFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUJTUIFXBUFSOFFEFEGPSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFS JEFBMHSPXUIDPOEJUJPOT NFBTVSFEGSPNQMBOUJOHUPIBSWFTUA*EFBMDPOEJUJPOT NFBOTUIBUBEFRVBUFTPJMXBUFSJTNBJOUBJOFECZSBJOGBMMBOEPSJSSJHBUJPOTP UIBUJUEPFTOPUMJNJUQMBOUHSPXUIBOEDSPQZJFME#BTJDBMMZ UIFDSPQXBUFS SFRVJSFNFOUJTDBMDVMBUFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFSFGFSFODFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETo CZUIFDSPQDPFïDJFOU Kc CWR = Kc × ETo*UJTBTTVNFEUIBUUIFDSPQ XBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFGVMMZNFU TPUIBUBDUVBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc XJMMCFFRVBMUPUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUETc = CWR. ɨFSFGFSFODFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETo is the evapotranspiration rate GSPNBSFGFSFODFTVSGBDF OPUTIPSUPGXBUFSɨFSFGFSFODFDSPQJTBIZQPUIFUJDBM TVSGBDFXJUIFYUFOTJWFHSFFOHSBTTDPWFSXJUITQFDJëDTUBOEBSEDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBOE UIFSFGPSFUIFPOMZGBDUPSTBêFDUJOHETo are climatic parameters. ETo expresses the FWBQPSBUJOHQPXFSPGUIFBUNPTQIFSFBUBTQFDJëDMPDBUJPOBOEUJNFPGUIFZFBS BOEEPFTOPUDPOTJEFSUIFDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBOETPJMGBDUPSTɨFBDUVBMDSPQ FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFSJEFBMDPOEJUJPOTEJêFSTEJTUJODUMZGSPNUIFSFGFSFODF DSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO BTUIFHSPVOEDPWFS DBOPQZQSPQFSUJFTBOEBFSPEZOBNJD SFTJTUBODFPGUIFDSPQBSFEJêFSFOUGSPNUIFHSBTTVTFEBTSFGFSFODFɨFFêFDUTPG DIBSBDUFSJTUJDTUIBUEJTUJOHVJTIëFMEDSPQTGSPNHSBTTBSFJOUFHSBUFEJOUPUIFDSPQ 132 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual DPFïDJFOU Kc ɨFDSPQDPFïDJFOUWBSJFTPWFSUIFMFOHUIPGUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE 7BMVFTGPSKcGPSEJêFSFOUDSPQTPWFSUIFMFOHUIPGUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEDBOCFUBLFO GSPNUIFMJUFSBUVSF GPSFYBNQMF "MMFOFUBM "TBOBMUFSOBUJWF POFDBO calculate KcBTUIFTVNPGKcb and Ke XIFSFKcbJTUIFTPDBMMFECBTBMDSPQDPFïDJFOU and KeBTPJMFWBQPSBUJPODPFïDJFOUɨFCBTBMDSPQDPFïDJFOUJTEFëOFEBTUIF SBUJPPGUIFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPWFSUIFSFGFSFODFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc ETo XIFOUIFTPJMTVSGBDFJTESZCVUUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTPDDVSSJOHBUBQPUFOUJBMSBUF JOPUIFSXPSET XBUFSJTOPUMJNJUJOHUSBOTQJSBUJPOɨFSFGPSF Kcb × ETo represents QSJNBSJMZUIFUSBOTQJSBUJPODPNQPOFOUPGETc CVUJUBMTPJODMVEFTBSFTJEVBM EJêVTJWFFWBQPSBUJPODPNQPOFOUTVQQMJFECZTPJMXBUFSCFMPXUIFESZTVSGBDFBOE CZTPJMXBUFSGSPNCFOFBUIEFOTFWFHFUBUJPOɨFTPJMFWBQPSBUJPODPFïDJFOUKe EFTDSJCFTUIFFWBQPSBUJPODPNQPOFOUPGETc8IFOUIFUPQTPJMJTXFU GPMMPXJOH SBJOPSJSSJHBUJPO KeJTNBYJNBMXIFOUIFTPJMTVSGBDFJTESZ Ke is small and FWFO[FSPXIFOOPXBUFSSFNBJOTOFBSUIFTPJMTVSGBDFGPSFWBQPSBUJPO%JêFSFOU JSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFTXFUUIFTPJMTVSGBDFJOEJêFSFOUEFHSFFT4QSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO GPSFYBNQMF XFUTUIFTPJMNPSFUIBOESJQJSSJHBUJPO SFTVMUJOHJOBIJHIFSWBMVFGPS KeEJSFDUMZBGUFSJSSJHBUJPOɨJTXJMMUSBOTMBUFJOUPBIJHIFSWBMVFGPSKc and thus GPSETcɨF$3018"5NPEFM IPXFWFS EPFTOPUBMMPXUIFTQFDJëDBUJPOPGKcb and KeTFQBSBUFMZJUSFRVJSFTTQFDJëDBUJPOPGUIFSFTVMUBOUKc#FTJEFT Kc cannot CFTQFDJëFEQFSEBZCVUPOMZGPSUISFFEJêFSFOUQFSJPETJOUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE TP UIBUUIFFêFDUPGEJêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFTDBOCFTJNVMBUFEJO$3018"5 POMZCZSPVHIMZBEKVTUJOHKcBTBGVODUJPOPGUIFJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFVTFE0O BWFSBHF KcXJMMCFIJHIFSXIFOJSSJHBUJPOUFDIOJRVFTBSFBQQMJFEUIBUXFUUIFTPJM JOUFOTJWFMZUIBOXIFOUFDIOJRVFTBSFVTFEUIBUEPOPUXFUUIFUPQTPJMNVDI"T BOBMUFSOBUJWFUP$3018"5 POFDBOEFDJEFUPVTF"26"$301 '"0 F BDSPQNPEFMUIBUCFUUFSTJNVMBUFTDSPQZJFMEVOEFSXBUFSTUSFTTDPOEJUJPOTBOE that separates Kcb and Ke. &êFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPO Peff JTUIFQBSUPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPO UIBUJTSFUBJOFECZUIFTPJMTPUIBUJUJTQPUFOUJBMMZBWBJMBCMFGPSNFFUJOHUIFXBUFS OFFEPGUIFDSPQ*UJTPGUFOMFTTUIBOUIFUPUBMSBJOGBMMCFDBVTFOPUBMMSBJOGBMM DBOBDUVBMMZCFBQQSPQSJBUFECZUIFDSPQ GPSFYBNQMF EVFUPTVSGBDFSVOPêPS QFSDPMBUJPO %BTUBOF ɨFSFBSFWBSJPVTXBZTUPFTUJNBUFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM CBTFEPOUPUBMSBJOGBMM4NJUI SFDPNNFOETUIF64%"4$4NFUIPE UIF NFUIPEPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG"HSJDVMUVSF 4PJM$POTFSWBUJPO 4FSWJDF ɨJTJTPOFPGUIFGPVSBMUFSOBUJWFNFUIPETUIBUUIFVTFSTPG$3018"5 DBODIPPTFGSPN ɨFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOU IR JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFODSPQ XBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUBOEFêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPOɨFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUJT[FSP JGFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMMJTMBSHFSUIBOUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUɨJTNFBOTIR = NBY CWR – Peff *UJTBTTVNFEUIBUUIFJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFGVMMZNFU (SFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JOPUIFSXPSET FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO Appendix I 133 PGSBJOGBMM DBOCFFRVBUFEXJUIUIFNJOJNVNPGUPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc BOEFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff #MVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JOPUIFS XPSET ëFMEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFS JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMDSPQ FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPONJOVTFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff CVU[FSPXIFOFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM FYDFFETDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ( ) ETgreen = min ETc , Peff (0, ) ETblue = max ETc – Peff "MMXBUFSìPXTBSFFYQSFTTFEJONNEBZPSJONNQFSQFSJPEPGTJNVMBUJPO FH UFOEBZT The ‘irrigation schedule option’ in the CROPWAT model (SFFOBOECMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOEVSJOHDSPQHSPXUIDBOCFFTUJNBUFE XJUI'"0}T$3018"5NPEFM '"0 C ɨFNPEFMPêFSTUXPBMUFSOBUJWF PQUJPOTɨFAJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOJTNPSFBDDVSBUFBOEOPUNVDINPSF DPNQMFY UIBO UIF A$83 PQUJPO BMMPXJOH UIF TQFDJëDBUJPO PG UIF BDUVBM JSSJHBUJPOPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEɨFNPEFMEPFTOPUXPSLXJUIUIFDPODFQU PGFêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPO BTJOUIFDBTFPGUIFA$83PQUJPO TFFBCPWF *OTUFBE UIFNPEFMJODMVEFTBTPJMXBUFSCBMBODFXIJDILFFQTUSBDLPGUIFTPJMNPJTUVSF DPOUFOUPWFSUJNFVTJOHBEBJMZUJNFTUFQ'PSUIJTSFBTPO UIFNPEFMSFRVJSFT input data on soil type. The calculated evapotranspiration is called ETa UIF BEKVTUFEDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO XIJDINBZCFTNBMMFSUIBOETcEVFUPOPO optimal conditions. ETa is calculated as the crop evapotranspiration under PQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOT ETc UJNFTBXBUFSTUSFTT DPFïDJFOU Ks ETa = Ks × ETc = Ks × Kc × ETo ɨFTUSFTTDPFïDJFOUKs EFTDSJCFTUIFFêFDUPGXBUFSTUSFTTPODSPQUSBOTQJSBUJPO 'PSTPJMXBUFSMJNJUJOHDPOEJUJPOT KsXIFOUIFSFJTOPTPJMXBUFSTUSFTT Ks = 'PSUIFDSPQDPFïDJFOUKcUIFTBNFDBOCFTBJEBTXIBUIBTCFFOTBJEBMSFBEZ GPSUIFA$83PQUJPOBCPWF Rain-fed conditions can be simulated by the model by choosing to apply no JSSJHBUJPO*OUIFSBJOGFETDFOBSJP UIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen is equal to the total evapotranspiration as simulated by the model and the blue XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JT[FSP 134 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Irrigated conditionsDBOCFTJNVMBUFECZTQFDJGZJOHIPXUIFDSPQJTJSSJHBUFE %JêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUJNJOHBOEBQQMJDBUJPOPQUJPOTDBOCFTFMFDUFEEFQFOEJOH POUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZɨFEFGBVMUPQUJPO AJSSJHBUFBUDSJUJDBMEFQMFUJPO BOEASFëMMTPJMUPëFMEDBQBDJUZ BTTVNFTAPQUJNBMJSSJHBUJPOXIFSFUIFJSSJHBUJPO JOUFSWBMTBSFBUBNBYJNVNXIJMFBWPJEJOHBOZDSPQTUSFTTɨFBWFSBHFJSSJHBUJPO application depth per irrigation period is related to the irrigation method QSBDUJTFE(FOFSBMMZ JOUIFDBTFPGIJHIGSFRVFODZJSSJHBUJPOTZTUFNT TVDIBT NJDSPJSSJHBUJPOBOEDFOUSFQJWPU BCPVUNNPSMFTTQFSXFUUJOHFWFOUBSF BQQMJFE*OUIFDBTFPGTVSGBDFPSTQSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO JSSJHBUJPOEFQUITPGNN PSNPSFBSFDPNNPO"GUFSSVOOJOHUIFNPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPO PQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEJTFRVBM UPXIBUJTDBMMFEABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTFRVBMUPUIFNJOJNVNPGAUPUBMOFUJSSJHBUJPOBOE ABDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUBTTQFDJëFEJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFHSFFOXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa NJOVT UIFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue BTTJNVMBUFEJOUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDFOBSJP "MUFSOBUJWFMZ POF DBO SVO UXP TDFOBSJPT XJUI BOE XJUIPVU JSSJHBUJPO *OCPUITDFOBSJPTPOFTIPVMEUBLFUIFDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT TVDIBTSPPUJOH EFQUI BTUIFZBSFVOEFSDPOEJUJPOTPGJSSJHBUJPO CFDBVTFUIFTFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT NBZEJêFSDPOTJEFSBCMZGPSJSSJHBUFEBOESBJOGFEGBSNJOHɨFHSFFOXBUFS evapotranspiration under irrigation conditions can be estimated by assuming it to be equal to the total evapotranspiration as simulated in the scenario XJUIPVUJSSJHBUJPOɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPODBOCFDBMDVMBUFEBTUIF UPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBTTJNVMBUFEJOUIFTDFOBSJPXJUIJSSJHBUJPONJOVTUIF FTUJNBUFEHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO /PUFUIBU PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEBTBXIPMF CMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO JTHFOFSBMMZMFTTUIBOUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOWPMVNFBQQMJFEɨFEJêFSFODFSFGFST UPJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSUIBUQFSDPMBUFTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSSVOTPêGSPNUIFëFME Appendix II $BMDVMBUJOHUIF1SPDFTT8BUFS'PPUQSJOU PG(SPXJOHB$SPQ"O&YBNQMFGPS4VHBS #FFUJO7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO ɨJTBQQFOEJYQSPWJEFTBOFYBNQMFPGIPXUPFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZ QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGHSPXJOHBDSPQ*UGPDVTFTPOUIFDBTFPGBTVHBSCFFU Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris QSPEVDUJPOJOBPOFIFDUBSFJSSJHBUFEDSPQëFMEJO 7BMMBEPMJE OPSUIDFOUSBM4QBJO Green and blue components of the process water footprint 'JSTU UIFHSFFOCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOIBTCFFOFTUJNBUFEVTJOHUIF $3018"5NPEFM "MMFOFUBM '"0 C ɨFSFBSFUXPEJêFSFOU XBZTUPEPUIJTVTJOHUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUPQUJPO BTTVNJOHPQUJNBM DPOEJUJPOT PSUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPO JODMVEJOHUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPTQFDJGZ BDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTVQQMZJOUJNF "DPNQSFIFOTJWFNBOVBMGPSUIFQSBDUJDBMVTF PGUIFQSPHSBNJTBWBJMBCMFPOMJOF '"0 C *OCPUIDBTFT UIFDBMDVMBUJPOTIBWFCFFOEPOFVTJOHDMJNBUFEBUBGSPNUIF OFBSFTUBOENPTUSFQSFTFOUBUJWFNFUFPSPMPHJDBMTUBUJPOMPDBUFEJOUIFDSPQ QSPEVDJOHSFHJPO 'JHVSF** 8IFOQPTTJCMF DSPQEBUBXFSFPCUBJOFEGSPN MPDBMBHSJDVMUVSBMSFTFBSDITUBUJPOTɨFQMBOUJOHEBUFTBUQSPWJODJBMMFWFMXFSF PCUBJOFEGSPNUIF4QBOJTI.JOJTUSZPG"HSJDVMUVSF 'JTIFSJFTBOE'PPE ."1" 5BCMF** *OUIFUFNQFSBUFOPSUIPG4QBJO CFFUTBSFQMBOUFEJOUIF TQSJOHBOEIBSWFTUFEJOUIFBVUVNO*OXBSNFSTPVUIFSOBSFBT "OEBMVTJB TVHBSCFFUTBSFBXJOUFSDSPQ QMBOUFEJOUIFBVUVNOBOEIBSWFTUFEJOUIFTQSJOH $SPQDPFïDJFOUTBOEDSPQMFOHUITBDDPSEJOHUPUIFUZQFPGSFHJPOBOEDMJNBUF XFSFUBLFOGSPNUIF6/T'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF0SHBOJ[BUJPO '"0 "MMFOFU BM 5BCMFTBOE %BUBPOSPPUJOHEFQUI DSJUJDBMEFQMFUJPOMFWFMBOE ZJFMESFTQPOTFGBDUPSXFSFPCUBJOFEGSPN'"0HMPCBMEBUBCBTFT '"0 C #FTJEFT JOUIFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPO TPJMEBUBBSFSFRVJSFEUPFTUJNBUFUIF TPJMXBUFSCBMBODF4PJMJOGPSNBUJPOXBTBMTPPCUBJOFEGSPN'"0 C 136 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Figure II.1 $MJNBUFTUBUJPOJO7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO EPUJOCMBDL BOETVHBSCFFU harvested area in Spain (unit: proportion of grid cell area) 4PVSDFPGTVHBSCFFUBSFB.POGSFEBFUBM Table II.1 Planting and harvesting dates and yield for sugar beet production in Valladolid (Spain) Crop Planting date* Harvesting date* Yield (ton/ha)** 4VHBSCFFU "QSJM .BSDI"QSJM 4FQU 4FQU0DU 4PVSDF."1" 4PVSDF."3. QFSJPEm Crop water requirement option ɨJTPQUJPOFTUJNBUFTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFSPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOT XIJDI NFBOTUIBUDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc FRVBMTUIFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU CWR 0QUJNBMNFBOTEJTFBTFGSFF XFMMGFSUJMJ[FEDSPQT HSPXOJOMBSHFëFMET VOEFSPQUJNVNTPJMXBUFSDPOEJUJPOTBOEBDIJFWJOHGVMMQSPEVDUJPOVOEFSUIF HJWFODMJNBUJDDPOEJUJPOT "MMFOFUBM ɨFDSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOUPQUJPO DBOCFSVOXJUIDMJNBUFBOEDSPQEBUBBMPOFETcJTFTUJNBUFEXJUIBUFOEBZUJNF TUFQBOEPWFSUIFUPUBMHSPXJOHTFBTPOVTJOHUIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM5PDBMDVMBUF UIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM UIFNFUIPEPGUIF4PJM$POTFSWBUJPO4FSWJDFPGUIF6OJUFE 4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG"HSJDVMUVSF 64%"4$4 XBTDIPTFOBTJUJTPOFPGUIF NPTUXJEFMZVTFENFUIPETɨFNPEFMDBMDVMBUFTETcBTGPMMPXT Appendix II 137 Table II.2 Total green-blue water evapotranspiration based on the CWR output table of CROPWAT 8.0 Month Period Stage Kc ETc ETc Peff Irr. req. ETgreen ETblue – mm/day mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/ period period period period period "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init May Init May Init May %FW Jun %FW Jun %FW Jun Mid Jul Mid Jul Mid Jul Mid "VH Mid "VH Late "VH Late Sep Late Sep Late Sep Late 0WFS the total growing period =× ETcc K ET o )FSF KcSFGFSTUPUIFDSPQDPFïDJFOU XIJDIJODPSQPSBUFTDSPQDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT BOEBWFSBHFEFêFDUTPGFWBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMEToSFQSFTFOUTUIFSFGFSFODF FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO XIJDIFYQSFTTFTUIFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNBIZQPUIFUJDBM HSBTTSFGFSFODFDSPQOPUTIPSUPGXBUFS ɨFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFNJOJNVNPG UPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc BOEFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff XJUIBUJNFTUFQ PGUFOEBZTɨFUPUBMHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTPCUBJOFECZTVNNJOH up ETgreenPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETblue JT FTUJNBUFEBTUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFUPUBMDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETc BOE UIFUPUBMFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMM Peff POBUFOEBZCBTJT8IFOUIFFêFDUJWFSBJOGBMMJT greater than the crop total crop evapotranspiration ETblueJTFRVBMUP[FSPɨF total blue XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTPCUBJOFECZBEEJOHETbluePWFSUIFXIPMF HSPXJOHQFSJPE 5BCMF** 138 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual ( ) ETgreen = min ETc , Peff ( ) ETblue = max ETc - Peff Irrigation schedule option *OUIFTFDPOEPQUJPOXFDBODBMDVMBUFUIFDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOVOEFSCPUI PQUJNBMBOEOPOPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOTPWFSUIFUPUBMHSPXJOHTFBTPOVTJOHUIF EBJMZTPJMXBUFSCBMBODFBQQSPBDIɨFDBMDVMBUFEFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJTDBMMFE ETa UIFBEKVTUFEDSPQFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOETa may be smaller than ETc due to OPOPQUJNBMDPOEJUJPOTɨFXBUFSNPWFNFOUTJOUIFTPJM UIFXBUFSIPMEJOH DBQBDJUZPGUIFTPJMBOEUIFBCJMJUZPGUIFQMBOUTUPVTFUIFXBUFSDBOCFJOìVFODFE CZEJêFSFOUGBDUPST TVDIBTQIZTJDBMDPOEJUJPO GFSUJMJUZBOECJPMPHJDBMTUBUVTPG the soil. ETaJTDBMDVMBUFEVTJOHBXBUFSTUSFTT DPFïDJFOU Ks ETa = Ks × ETc = Ks × Kc × ETo Ks EFTDSJCFTUIFFêFDUPGXBUFSTUSFTTPODSPQUSBOTQJSBUJPO'PSTPJMXBUFSMJNJUJOH DPOEJUJPOT KsXIFOUIFSFJTOPTPJMXBUFSTUSFTT Ks = 1. ɨFJSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMFPQUJPOSFRVJSFTDMJNBUF DSPQBOETPJMEBUB5P FTUJNBUFUIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO ETgreen JOSBJOGFEBHSJDVMUVSF UIFAOPJSSJHBUJPO SBJOGFE DIPJDFJTTFMFDUFEXJUIJOUIFAPQUJPOTCVUUPOPO UIF5PPMCBS 5BCMF** 6OEFSUIJTTDFOBSJP UIFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOBTTJNVMBUFE XIJDIJTHJWFO VOEFSABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQBTTQFDJëFEJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTPCWJPVTMZ[FSPJOUIJTDBTF 5PFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOJOJSSJHBUFEBHSJ DVMUVSF EJêFSFOUJSSJHBUJPOUJNJOHBOEBQQMJDBUJPOPQUJPOTDBOCFTFMFDUFE EFQFOEJOHPOUIFBDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZɨFEFGBVMUPQUJPO AJSSJHBUFBUDSJUJDBM EFQMFUJPOBOEASFëMMTPJMUPëFMEDBQBDJUZ BTTVNFTAPQUJNBMJSSJHBUJPOXIFSFUIF JSSJHBUJPOJOUFSWBMTBSFBUBNBYJNVNXIJMFBWPJEJOHBOZDSPQTUSFTTɨFBWFSBHF irrigation application depth per irrigation is related to the irrigation method QSBDUJTFE(FOFSBMMZ JOUIFDBTFPGIJHIGSFRVFODZJSSJHBUJPOTZTUFNT TVDIBT NJDSPJSSJHBUJPOBOEDFOUSFQJWPU BCPVUNNPSMFTTQFSXFUUJOHFWFOUBSF BQQMJFE*OUIFDBTFPGTVSGBDFPSTQSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO JSSJHBUJPOEFQUITBSFNN PSNPSF*OUIFTVHBSCFFUQSPEVDUJPOJO7BMMBEPMJE NNBSFBQQMJFEFWFSZ TFWFOEBZT 5BCMF** "GUFSSVOOJOHUIFNPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPO PQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFEJTFRVBMUPETaPWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPE BTHJWFOJOUIFNPEFMPVUQVU ABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ "GUFSSVOOJOHUIF Appendix II 139 Table II.3 Irrigation schedule under the rain-fed scenario: Output table of CROPWAT 8.0 $301*33*("5*0/4$)&%6-& &5PTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%$SPQ4VHBSCFFU1MBOUJOHEBUF 3BJOTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%4PJM.FEJVN MPBN )BSWFTUEBUF :JFMESFE Crop scheduling options Timing: No irrigation (rain-fed) "QQMJDBUJPOm 'JFMEFGG 5BCMFGPSNBU%BJMZTPJMNPJTUVSFCBMBODF %BUF %BZ Stage Rain Ks &5a %FQM Net Irr %FàDJU Loss Gr. Irr Flow mm–mm mm mm mm mm MTIB "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init … 4FQ &OE 4FQ &OE 4FQ &OE &OE Totals: Total gross irrigation mm Total rainfall mm Total net irrigation mm &GGFDUJWFSBJOGBMM mm Total irrigation losses mm Total rain loss mm "DUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ mm .PJTUEFàDJUBUIBSWFTU mm 1PUFOUJBMXBUFSVTFCZ mm "DUVBMJSSJHBUJPO mm crop requirement &GàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO – &GàDJFODZSBJO schedule %FàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO schedule Yield reductions: 4UBHFMBCFM " # C % Season 3FEVDUJPOTJO&5c Yield response factor Yield reduction Cumulative yield reduction 140 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Table II.4 Irrigation schedule under the irrigation scenario: Output table of CROPWAT 8.0 $301*33*("5*0/4$)&%6-& &5PTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%$SPQ4VHBSCFFU1MBOUJOHEBUF 3BJOTUBUJPO7"--"%0-*%4PJM.FEJVN MPBN )BSWFTUEBUF :JFMESFE Crop scheduling options 5JNJOH*SSJHBUFBUVTFSEFàOFEJOUFSWBMT "QQMJDBUJPO'JYFEBQQMJDBUJPOEFQUIPGNN 'JFMEFGG 5BCMFGPSNBU%BJMZTPJMNPJTUVSFCBMBODF %BUF %BZ Stage Rain Ks &5a %FQM Net Irr %FàDJU Loss Gr. Irr Flow mm – mm mm mm mm mm MTIB "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init "QS Init … 4FQ &OE 4FQ &OE 4FQ &OE &OE Totals: Total gross irrigation mm Total rainfall mm Total net irrigation mm &GGFDUJWFSBJOGBMM mm Total irrigation losses mm Total rain loss mm "DUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQ mm .PJTUEFàDJUBUIBSWFTU mm 1PUFOUJBMXBUFSVTFCZ mm "DUVBMJSSJHBUJPO mm crop requirement &GàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO &GàDJFODZSBJO schedule %FàDJFODZJSSJHBUJPO schedule Yield reductions: 4UBHFMBCFM " # C % Season 3FEVDUJPOTJO&5c Yield response factor Yield reduction Cumulative yield reduction Appendix II 141 NPEFMXJUIUIFTFMFDUFEJSSJHBUJPOPQUJPOT UIFUPUBMXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa PWFSUIFHSPXJOHQFSJPEJTFRVBMUPXIBUJTDBMMFEABDUVBMXBUFSVTFCZDSPQJOUIF NPEFMPVUQVUɨFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue JTFRVBMUPUIFNJOJNVN PGAUPUBMOFUJSSJHBUJPOBOEABDUVBMJSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUBTTQFDJëFEJOUIF NPEFMPVUQVUɨFHSFFOXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETgreen JTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBM XBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETa NJOVTUIFCMVFXBUFSFWBQPUSBOTQJSFE ETblue BT simulated in the irrigation scenario. *O CPUI PQUJPOT $83 BOE JSSJHBUJPO TDIFEVMF UIF FTUJNBUFE DSPQ evapotranspiration in mm is converted to mIBBQQMZJOHUIFGBDUPSɨF HSFFODPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDSPQ WFproc,green N UPO JTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFHSFFODPNQPOFOUJODSPQXBUFSVTF CWUgreen N IB divided by the crop yield Y UPOIB ɨFCMVFDPNQPOFOU WFproc,blue N UPO JT DBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ CWU WF = green CWU WF = blue Table II.5 Calculation of the green and blue components of the process water footprint (m3/ton) for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain) using the CWR-option and irrigation schedule option for a medium soil $3018"5 ETgreen ETblue ETa CWUgreen CWUblue CWUtot Y* WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc option NNHSPXJOHQFSJPE mIB UPOIB mUPO Crop water requirement option Irrigation schedule option 4PVSDF."3. QFSJPEm 142 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Table II.6 Calculation of the grey component of the process water footprint (m3/ton) for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain) Average Area Total Nitrogen max. Total Production** WFproc,grey fertilizer fertilizer leaching or conc. WFproc,grey sugar beet application applied running off to sugar beet rate* water bodies 10% LHIB ha UPOZFBS UPOZFBS NHM mZFBS ton mUPO 4PVSDF'FSUJ4UBU '"0 D 4PVSDF."3. QFSJPEm Grey component in the process water footprint ɨFHSFZDPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSJNBSZDSPQ NUPO JT DBMDVMBUFEBTUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUTUIBUFOUFSTUIFXBUFSTZTUFN LHZS EJWJEFE CZUIFEJêFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPSUIBUQPMMVUBOU UIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOcmax BOEJUTOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJO UIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZ cnat 5BCMF** ɨFRVBOUJUZPGOJUSPHFOUIBUSFBDIFT GSFFìPXJOHXBUFSCPEJFTIBTCFFOBTTVNFEUPCFQFSDFOUPGUIFBQQMJFE GFSUJMJ[BUJPOSBUF JOLHIBZS )PFLTUSBBOE$IBQBHBJO ɨFFêFDUPG UIFVTFPGPUIFSOVUSJFOUT QFTUJDJEFTBOEIFSCJDJEFTUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUIBT OPUCFFOBOBMZ[FEɨFUPUBMWPMVNFPGXBUFSSFRVJSFEQFSUPOPGOJUSPHFOJT DBMDVMBUFEDPOTJEFSJOHUIFWPMVNFPGOJUSPHFOUIBUMFBDIFTPSSVOTPê UPOUPO BOEUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFGSFFìPXJOHTVSGBDFXBUFS CPEJFT"TBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSEGPSOJUSPHFO XFIBWFVTFENH MJUSF NFBTVSFEBT/ ɨJTMJNJUXBTVTFEUPDBMDVMBUFUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS SFRVJSFEUPBTTJNJMBUFUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUT#ZMBDLPGBQQSPQSJBUFEBUB UIF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFSFDFJWJOHXBUFSCPEZXBTBTTVNFEUPCF[FSP%BUB POUIFBQQMJDBUJPOPGGFSUJMJ[FSTIBWFCFFOPCUBJOFEGSPNUIF'FSUJ4UBUEBUBCBTF '"0 D Appendix III $BMDVMBUJOHUIF8BUFS'PPUQSJOU PGB1SPEVDU&YBNQMFGPS3FëOFE 4VHBSGSPN7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO ɨJTBQQFOEJYQSPWJEFTBOFYBNQMFPGIPXUPFTUJNBUFUIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBQSPEVDUGPDVTJOHPOUIFDBTFPGUIFSFëOFETVHBSQSPEVDUJPO GSPN7BMMBEPMJE 4QBJO *GBQSJNBSZDSPQJTQSPDFTTFEJOUPBDSPQQSPEVDU GPSFYBNQMF TVHBSCFFU QSPDFTTFEJOUPSBXTVHBS UIFSFJTPGUFOBMPTTPGXFJHIU CFDBVTFPOMZQBSUPG UIFQSJNBSZQSPEVDUJTVTFEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGDSPQQSPEVDUTJTDBMDVMBUFE CZEJWJEJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUCZUIFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPO ɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOJTEFëOFEBTUIFRVBOUJUZPGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDUPCUBJOFE QFSRVBOUJUZPGJOQVUQSPEVDUɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPOTGPSWBSJPVTDSPQQSPEVDUT BSFEFSJWFEGSPNEJêFSFOUDPNNPEJUZUSFFTBTEFëOFEJO'"0 BOE $IBQBHBJOBOE)PFLTUSB 'JHVSF***HJWFTUIFQSPEVDUUSFFGPSSFëOFE TVHBS*GUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUJTQSPDFTTFEJOUPUXPPSNPSFEJêFSFOUQSPEVDUT POF OFFETUPEJTUSJCVUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUBDSPTTJUTTFQBSBUF QSPEVDUTɨJTJTEPOFQSPQPSUJPOBMMZUPUIFWBMVFPGUIFJOQVUQSPEVDUTɨF WBMVFGSBDUJPOGPSBQSPDFTTFEQSPEVDUJTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFNBSLFUWBMVF PGUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDUUPUIFBHHSFHBUFENBSLFUWBMVFPGBMMUIFPVUQVUQSPEVDUT PCUBJOFEGSPNUIFJOQVUQSPEVDU*GEVSJOHQSPDFTTJOHUIFSFJTTPNFXBUFSVTF JOWPMWFE UIFQSPDFTTXBUFSVTFJTBEEFEUPUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUWBMVFPGUIFSPPU QSPEVDUCFGPSFUIFUPUBMJTEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTQSPDFTTFEQSPEVDUT ɨFTVHBSCFFUOBUVSBMMZDPOUBJOTTVHBS*OBTVHBSQSPEVDUJPOQMBOU UIJT TVHBSJTSFNPWFEGSPNUIFCFFUBOEDPOWFSUFEJOUPHSBOVMBUFETVHBSɨFCFFU IBSWFTUCFHJOTJONJE4FQUFNCFS.PTUPGUIFCFFUJTEFMJWFSFECZUSVDLɨF CFFUEFMJWFSFEJTëSTUXBTIFEJOXBUFSJOMBSHFXBTIJOHVOJUTɨFXBUFSVTFEJT DMFBOFEJOUIFXBUFSQVSJëDBUJPOQMBOUGPSSFVTFɨFTPJMUIBUJTSFNPWFEJTëSTU TUPSFEJOTUPSBHFëFMETBOETVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEUPSBJTFEZLFT GPSFYBNQMFɨF clean beet is then sliced in cutting machines. The sugar in these beet strips is SFNPWFEJOEJêVTJPOUPXFSTXJUIXBSNXBUFSɨFSFTVMUJTSBXKVJDFXJUIBTVHBS DPODFOUSBUJPOPGQFSDFOU '"0 ɨJTJTBMNPTUUIFTBNFBNPVOUBT JOUIFCFFUJUTFMGɨFFYUSBDUFECFFUTUSJQT OPXDBMMFEQVMQ BSFQSFTTFEPSESJFE 144 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual SUGAR BEET 5.4% Dry beet pulp 4.7% Molasses 14% Raw centrifugal beet sugar Sugar refined Figure III.1 4QBOJTISFàOFETVHBSQSPEVDUJPO GSPNTVHBSCFFU EJBHSBN including product fractions 4PVSDF0XOFMBCPSBUJPOCBTFEPO'"0 BOETPMEBTBOJNBMGPEEFSɨFGPMMPXJOHTUBHFJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTTJTUIF QVSJëDBUJPOPGUIFSBXKVJDFɨFSBXKVJDFJTQVSJëFEJOUPUIJOKVJDFXJUIMJNF BOEDBSCPOEJPYJEF $02 -JNFBOE$02BSFQSPEVDFEPOUIFQSFNJTFTPGUIF QSPEVDUJPOQMBOUJOBMJNFPWFOGSPNMJNFTUPOFBOEDPLFTɨFMJNFBCTPSCTBMM VOXBOUFETVCTUBODFTBOEUIJTQSFDJQJUBUFTUISPVHIUIFBEEJUJPOPG$02. This TPMJENBUUFSJTëMUFSFEPê*UJTBQPXFSGVM OBUVSBMMJNFGFSUJMJ[FSUIBUJNQSPWFT UIFTUSVDUVSFPGUIFTPJMBOEJUJTTPMEVOEFSUIFOBNF#FUBDBM46"TUIFXBUFS FWBQPSBUFTUIFUIJOKVJDFHSBEVBMMZCFDPNFTUIJDLKVJDFXJUIBTVHBSDPOUFOUPG BQQSPYJNBUFMZQFSDFOU'JOBMMZ TPNVDIXBUFSFWBQPSBUFTJOUIFAWBDVVN QBOTUIBUBTBUVSBUFETPMVUJPOJTPCUBJOFE4VCTFRVFOUMZUIFDSZTUBMMJ[BUJPO QSPDFTTCFHJOTCZBEEJOHëOFTVHBSDSZTUBMTUIBUTFSWFBTTFFENBUFSJBM#Z DPOUJOVJOHUPFWBQPSBUFUIFXBUFS UIFTFTVHBSDSZTUBMTHSBEVBMMZEFWFMPQUPUIF SFRVJSFETJ[F*ODFOUSJGVHFTUIFDSZTUBMDMFBSTVHBSDSZTUBMTBSFTFQBSBUFEGSPN UIFMJRVJE TZSVQ BOE BGUFSESZJOH UIFTVHBSJTTUPSFEJOMBSHFTJMPTɨFTZSVQ JTDBMMFENPMBTTFTBOEJUTFSWFTBTUIFSBXNBUFSJBMGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGBMDPIPM 4VHBSJOEVTUSZDPQSPEVDUTBSFTIPXOJOUIFQSPEVDUJPOEJBHSBNJO'JHVSF ***#FFUQVMQJTESJFEBOETPMEWJBUIFGFFEJOHSFEJFOUJOEVTUSZUPEBJSZGBSNFST XIPVTFESJFEQVMQPSTUPSFQSFTTFEQVMQJOTJMPTBOEVTFUIFTJMBHFGPSNJMLBOE NFBUQSPEVDUJPO1VMQJTBMTPTPMEUPGBSNFSTXJUITPXT XIFSFJUIBTBQPTJUJWF JOìVFODFPOFOWJSPONFOUBMQSPCMFNT BTUIFESZNBUUFSDPOUFOUPGNBOVSF QSPEVDFECZUIFTPXTJTIJHIFSBOEUIFBNNPOJBMFWFMJOUIFQJHIPVTFJTMPXFS &YQFSJNFOUTBSFBMTPCFJOHEPOFUPGFFETVHBSCFFUQVMQUPGBUUFOJOHQJHTXJUI Appendix III 145 promising results. The sugar industry molasses is sold to the alcohol industry BOEUIFDPQSPEVDUPGUIJTBMDPIPMJOEVTUSZ WJOBTTFT JTVTFEJOUIFEBJSZGFFE JOEVTUSZ XJUIBTNBMMQBSUOPXVTFECZGBSNFSTBTBQPUBTTJVNGFSUJMJ[FS %VSJOHUIFQSPDFTTEFTDSJCFEBCPWF UIFVTFPGXBUFSJTMJNJUFEBTNVDIBT QPTTJCMFɨFTVHBSGBDUPSJFTVTFFTQFDJBMMZXBUFSGSPNUIFCFFUTɨJTJTSFMFBTFE JOUIFQSPEVDUJPOQSPDFTTBTBDPOEFOTBUFPGFWBQPSBUJPO4VHBSCFFUTBSFNPSF UIBOQFSDFOUXBUFSɨVT EVSJOHUIFTVHBSQSPEVDUJPO BTVSQMVTPGXBUFS BSJTFT PSJHJOBUJOHGSPNUIFTVHBSCFFUT"GUFSQVSJëDBUJPO UIJTXBUFSCFDPNFT ESBJOFEJOUPTVSGBDFXBUFS%VSJOHUIFXBTIJOHPGUIFCFFUT PSHBOJDNBUUFS DPNFTJOUPUIFXBTIJOHXBUFSBOEJTQVSJëFE#FTJEFTBFSPCJDQVSJëDBUJPO BOBFSPCJDQVSJëDBUJPOBMTPUBLFTQMBDFJOUIFNFUIBOFFOHJOFT JOXIJDIEVSBCMF biogas is produced. ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSFëOFETVHBSIBTCFFOFTUJNBUFETFQBSBUFMZGPSUIF HSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZDPNQPOFOUTɨJTIBTCFFOEPOFJOUXPTUFQTëSTUGPSUIF JOUFSNFEJBUFSBXDFOUSJGVHBMCFFUTVHBSBOETFDPOEGPSUIFSFëOFETVHBS 'JSTU UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSBXDFOUSJGVHBMCFFUTVHBSJTFTUJNBUFE GPMMPXJOHUIFFRVBUJPO ⎛⎞y WF[] i =+⎜⎟∑ prod × WFprod[] p⎜⎟ WF proc [] p f v [] p "TEFTDSJCFEBCPWF UIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WFproc JTFRVBMUP[FSPɨF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFJOQVUTVHBSCFFU WFprod QSPEVDFEJO7BMMBEPMJE BNPVOUTUPBCPVUN UPO "QQFOEJY** ɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPO fp JOMJOF XJUIUIFTVHBSQSPEVDUJPOEJBHSBNJTUPOUPO"OEUIFWBMVFGSBDUJPO fv BNPVOUTUPBCPVU6464DBMDVMBUFEBTGPMMPXT × = price[] p w [] p fpv [] z pricerawcentr.. beetsugarr weight rawcentr beetsugar fpv ;= pricedrybeetpulpr w drybeetpulp price molasses r w molasses price rawcentr.. beetsugar r w rawcentr beetsugar "MMJOBMMUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSBXDFOUSJGVHBMCFFUTVHBSBEETVQUPN ton. 4FDPOE UIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSFëOFETVHBSJTDBMDVMBUFE)FSFBHBJOUIF QSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WFproc JTFRVBMUP[FSPɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIF JOQVUSBXDFOUSJGVHBMCFFUTVHBS WFprod JTN UPOɨFQSPEVDUGSBDUJPO fp JOMJOFXJUIUIFTVHBSQSPEVDUJPOEJBHSBNJTUPOUPOBOEUIFWBMVF 146 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Table III.1 Green, blue and grey water footprint for sugar beet in Valladolid (Spain) (m3/ton) Process water footprint of sugar beet crop Product water footprint of refined sugar (m3/ton) (m3/ton) WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc,grey WFtotal WFproc,green WFproc,blue WFproc,grey WFtotal GSBDUJPO fv JT6464TJODFUIFSFJTKVTUPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU'JOBMMZUIF CMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGSFëOFETVHBSQSPEVDFEJO7BMMBEPMJEJTNUPOɨF HSFFOBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFDBMDVMBUFEJOBTJNJMBSXBZ 5BCMF*** Appendix IV &YBNQMFTPG(SFZ8BUFS 'PPUQSJOU$BMDVMBUJPOT Example 1: Grey water footprint from point source pollution $POTJEFSBXBUFSVTJOHQSPDFTTBTEFQJDUFECFMPXɨFBCTUSBDUJPOJTNT UIFFðVFOUJTNT BCJUTNBMMFSUIBOUIFBCTUSBDUJPOCFDBVTFTPNFPG UIFXBUFSUIBUXBTBCTUSBDUFEFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHUIFQSPDFTT TPUIBUJUJTOPU SFUVSOFEUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZɨFOBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBM JOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ cnat JTHN CVUUIFBDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPO cact BUUIF QPJOUPGBCTUSBDUJPOJTBMSFBEZHN EVFUPQPMMVUJOHBDUJWJUJFTVQTUSFBNɨF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU ceffl JTHN . The maximum BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ cmax JTHN ɨF BEEJUJPOBM MPBEPGUIJTQSPDFTTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZJTFRVBMUP¨o¨ HTɨFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT o NT 3 Abstr = 0.10 m /s Effl = 0.09 m3/s 3 Cact = 1 g/m 3 ceffl = 15 g/m Process Freshwater body *OUIJTFYBNQMF UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOUJTMBSHFSUIBOUIFNBYJNVN BDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ"TNBSUQSPDFTTNBOBHFS XIP IPXFWFSEPFTOUSFBMMZVOEFSTUBOEFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUT EFDJEFTUPBCTUSBDU NPSFXBUFSJOPSEFSUPCFBCMFUPEJMVUFUIFFðVFOUTVDIUIBUUIFDPODFOUSBUJPO JOUIFFðVFOUCFDPNFTFRVBMUPUIFNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOɨF WPMVNFPGBCTUSBDUJPOJTJODSFBTFEGSPNUPNTɨFFðVFOUWPMVNF 148 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual CFDPNFTNT CFDBVTFUIFFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTJOUIFQSPDFTTSFNBJOTUIF TBNFɨFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOUJTOPXEJMVUFEUPBMFWFM PGHNɨF BEEJUJPOBM MPBEPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZSFNBJOTUIFTBNFBT CFGPSF¨o¨HTɨFBTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVT SFNBJOTUIFTBNFBTXFMM o NT*UBQQFBSTUIBUXIBUUIF QSPDFTTNBOBHFSIBTEPOFMPPLTOJDFoCFDBVTFUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOU IBTCFFOSFEVDFEUPABDDFQUBCMFMFWFMoCVUUIBUGPSUIFSFDFJWJOHGSFTIXBUFSJU NBLFTOPEJêFSFODFoCFDBVTFUIFMPBEBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFNBJOUIF same. 'JOBMMZ JUJTEFDJEFEUPTUPQUIFJOUBLFPGBEEJUJPOBMXBUFSBHBJO TPUIBU abstraction is 0.10 mTBHBJO*OTUFBE POFUSFBUTUIFXBTUFXBUFSCFGPSFJUJT EJTQPTFEJOUPUIFFOWJSPONFOU%VSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOU BMBSHFGSBDUJPOPGUIF DIFNJDBMTJTSFNPWFEGSPNUIFFðVFOUɨFUSFBUNFOUJTEFTJHOFETVDIUIBU UIFSFJTOPFWBQPSBUJPOMPTTEVSJOHUIFUSFBUNFOU TPUIBUUIFFðVFOUWPMVNF SFNBJOTNT)PXFWFS UIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOU ceffl JTSFEVDFEGSPNHN EPXOUPHN ɨF BEEJUJPOBM MPBEPGUIF QSPDFTTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZJTOPXFRVBMUP¨o¨HTɨF BTTPDJBUFEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJT o NT"MUIPVHIUIF DPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOUIFFðVFOUJTCFMPXUIFNBYJNVNBMMPXBCMF DPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ POFDBOTFFUIBUUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTOPU[FSPɨFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFFðVFOUJTTUJMMCFZPOEUIF OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZ TPUIBUUIFQSPDFTTTUJMMQVUTTPNFDMBJN POUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSCPEZ Example 2: Calculating the water pollution level at different scales $POTJEFSBDBUDINFOUUIBUDBOCFTVCEJWJEFEJOUPUISFFTVCDBUDINFOUTBT TDIFNBUJ[FEJOUIFQJDUVSFCFMPXɨFSFBSFUXPVQTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOUTUIBU ESBJOJOUPBUIJSE EPXOTUSFBNTVCDBUDINFOU*OFBDITVCDBUDINFOUUIFSFJT BUPUBMMPBEPGBDFSUBJODIFNJDBMPGLHJOBDFSUBJONPOUI8JUIBOBUVSBM DPODFOUSBUJPOPG[FSPBOEBNBYJNVNBDDFQUBCMFDPODFOUSBUJPOGPSUIJTDIFNJDBM PGLHN UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOFBDITVCDBUDINFOUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFE BT o NJMMJPONJOUIFNPOUIVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPO*OUIBU NPOUI SVOPêGSPNTVCDBUDINFOUBNPVOUTUPNJMMJPON SVOPêGSPNTVC catchment 2 is 0.2 million mBOESVOPêGSPNTVCDBUDINFOUJTNJMMJPO m1SFTVNJOHUIBUUIFSFTJEFODFUJNFPGUIFXBUFSJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTMPX UIF UPUBMSVOPêGSPNUIFDBUDINFOUJOUIFNPOUIDPOTJEFSFEJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPG UIFSVOPêWPMVNFTGSPNUIFUISFFTVCDBUDINFOUT JFNJMMJPON0OFDBO DBMDVMBUFBAXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMQFSTVCDBUDINFOUGPSUIFNPOUIDPOTJEFSFE Appendix IV 149 Total catchment Sub-catchment 1 Load = 6000 kg/month Load = 2000 kg/month Grey water footprint = 0.6 million m3/month 3 Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m /month Run-off = 2 million m3/month 3 Run-off = 1 million m /month Water pollution level = 0.3 Water pollution level = 0.2 Sub-catchment 2 Sub-catchment 3 Load = 2000 kg/month Load = 2000 kg/month Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m3/month Grey water footprint = 0.2 million m3/month Run-off = 0.2 million m3/month Run-off = 0.8 million m3/month Water pollution level = 1 Water pollution level = 0.25 CZUBLJOHUIFSBUJPPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPUIFSVOPêɨFSFTVMUTBSF TIPXOJOUIFQJDUVSFCFMPX*OTVCDBUDINFOUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJT XIJDINFBOTUIBUUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZJOUIJTTVCDBUDINFOUIBTCFFO GVMMZDPOTVNFEɨJTJTOPUUIFDBTFJOUIFPUIFSUXPTVCDBUDINFOUT8IFO MPPLJOHBUUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMF POFBSSJWFTBUBXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPG ɨJTJMMVTUSBUFTUIFGBDUUIBU XIFOQPMMVUJPOJTVOFRVBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEXJUIJO BDBUDINFOU UIFIPUTQPUTCFDPNFWJTJCMFPOMZXIFOUIFSFTPMVUJPOMFWFMPGUIF BOBMZTJTJTTVïDJFOUMZIJHI ɨJTFYBNQMFDBOBMTPCFVTFEUPFYQMBJOXIZHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSF NFBTVSFECBTFEPOUIF IVNBOJOEVDFE MPBETUIBUFOUFSJOUPGSFTIXBUFSCPEJFT BOEOPUPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFMPBETUIBUDBOëOBMMZCFNFBTVSFEEPXOTUSFBNJOUIF SJWFSBUUIFQPJOUXIFSFJUMFBWFTUIFDBUDINFOU4VQQPTFUIBUUIFMPBEBEEFEJO TVCDBUDINFOU POUIFXBZUISPVHITVCDBUDINFOUTBOE JTQBSUMZCSPLFO EPXOVOEFSJOìVFODFPGCJPDIFNJDBMQSPDFTTFTJOUIFSJWFS TPUIBUPOMZQFS DFOUPGUIFPSJHJOBMMPBEëOBMMZMFBWFTTVCDBUDINFOU"TTVNFUIBUUIFTBNF IPMETGPSUIFMPBEUIBUXBTEJTQPTFEJOUPUIFXBUFSJOTVCDBUDINFOU'JOBMMZ BTTVNFUIBUQFSDFOUPGUIFMPBECSPVHIUJOUPTVCDBUDINFOUëOBMMZMFBWFT UIBUTVCDBUDINFOUɨFOXFDBODBMDVMBUFUIBUUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEJOUIFSJWFSBU UIFNPTUEPXOTUSFBNQPJOUBNPVOUTUPLHɨJTJTMFTTUIBOUIFLH UIBUXBTPSJHJOBMMZBEEFEUPUIFXBUFSTPGUIFDBUDINFOU EJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIF DBUDINFOU$BMDVMBUJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPO UIFCBTJTPGEPXOTUSFBNMPBETJOTUFBEPGMPBETBTUIFZFOUFSUIFTZTUFNHJWFTB GBMTFJNQSFTTJPOPGUIFTJUVBUJPOɨJTCFDPNFTNPTUDMFBSJGXFTMJHIUMZDIBOHF UIFBCPWFFYBNQMF"TTVNFOPXUIBUUIFMPBETJOTVCDBUDINFOUTBNPVOU UP BOELHNPOUI SFTQFDUJWFMZɨJTNFBOTUIBUXFDBMDVMBUFB XBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPGGPSFBDITVCDBUDINFOU*GUIBUJTUIFDBTFGPSFBDITVC DBUDINFOU UIFOUIJTNVTUBMTPCFUIFDBTFGPSUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMF8IFO IPXFWFS POFXPVMEMPPLBUUIFDIFNJDBMMPBEBUUIFPVUMFUPGTVCDBUDINFOU 150 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual UIFOPOFëOETBMPBEPG¨ ¨LHNPOUI*G XFBTTFTTUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMJOUIFDBUDINFOUBTBXIPMFPOUIFCBTJTPG UIFMPBEJOUIFPVUMFU POFDBMDVMBUFTBNJTMFBEJOHPWFSBMMQPMMVUJPOMFWFMPG Appendix V &OWJSPONFOUBM'MPX3FRVJSFNFOUT *OUIFGSBNFXPSLPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEJTDVTTJPOTJUJTDSVDJBMUPIBWFTUBOEBSET POFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT"DDPSEJOHUPUIF#SJTCBOF%FDMBSBUJPO XIJDIXBTESBGUFEBUUIFUI*OUFSOBUJPOBM3JWFSTZNQPTJVNBOE&OWJSPONFOUBM 'MPXT$POGFSFODF IFMEJO#SJTCBOF "VTUSBMJB JO FOWJSPONFOUBMìPX SFRVJSFNFOUTBSFEFëOFEBTUIFARVBOUJUZ UJNJOHBOERVBMJUZPGXBUFSìPXT SFRVJSFEUPTVTUBJOGSFTIXBUFSBOEFTUVBSJOFFDPTZTUFNTBOEUIFIVNBOMJWFMJIPPE BOEXFMMCFJOHUIBUEFQFOEPOUIFTFFDPTZTUFNT 1PêFUBM 8IFOXFBSFJOUFSFTUFEJOUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUTPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPU QSJOU DPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSVTFPGSVOPê JUJTDSVDJBMUPLOPXUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM ìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJOUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFE8F XJMMGPDVTJOUIJTDPOUFYUPOUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMMZSFRVJSFERVBOUJUZBOEUJNJOHPG XBUFSìPXT/BUVSBMSVOPêGSPNBDBUDINFOU Rnat NJOVTFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX SFRVJSFNFOUT EFR JTXIBUJTBWBJMBCMFGPSIVNBOVTF#MVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZ WAblue JTUIVTEFëOFEBT WAblue = Rnat – EFR ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU WFblue JOBDBUDINFOUOFFETUPCFDPNQBSFEUP WAblue. When WFblue approaches or exceeds WAblueUIFSFJTBSFBTPOGPSDPODFSO ɨFOBUVSBMSVOPêDBOCFFTUJNBUFEBTUIFBDUVBMSVOPêQMVTUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOU8FLOPXSVOPêGPSNBOZDBUDINFOUTJOUIFXPSMEBOEJGOP FNQJSJDBMEBUBBSFBWBJMBCMFXFIBWFNPEFMFTUJNBUFTɨFUJNFSFTPMVUJPOJT TPNFUJNFTEBJMZ CVUBUMFBTUXFHFOFSBMMZLOPXSVOPêPOBNPOUIMZCBTJT 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBIBWFTPGBSNPTUMZCFFOQSFTFOUFEPOBOBOOVBMCBTJT CVU CFIJOEUIPTFFTUJNBUFTJTBMXBZTJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUJUTDPVSTFPWFSUJNF CFDBVTF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBMDVMBUJPOTBSFCBTFEPOJSSJHBUJPOXBUFSVTFDBMDVMBUJPOTXJUIB UJNFTUFQPGUPEBZT$PNQBSJOHWFblue to WAblue can be done on an annual CBTJT CVUUIBUJTWFSZDSVEFBOEJOTFOTJUJWFUPXIBUBDUVBMMZIBQQFOTUISPVHIPVU UIFZFBS TPJUJTCFUUFSUPNBLFUIJTDPNQBSJTPOPO GPSFYBNQMF BNPOUIMZCBTJT ɨFSFJTTVïDJFOUMJUFSBUVSFUPDPODMVEFUIBUFTUBCMJTIJOHEFR in a particular DBUDINFOUXJMMBMXBZTCFBOFMBCPSBUFKPC*UJTUFNQUJOHUPIBWFBTJNQMF HFOFSJD easily applicable standard on estimating EFR TPUIBUPOFDBOFBTJMZBTTFTTUIF 152 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual FOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSCJUSBSZDBUDINFOUJO UIFXPSMEɨFCSPBEMJUFSBUVSFPOFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTQSPWJEFT NBOZVTFGVMNFUIPET HVJEFMJOFTBOEFYBNQMFT CVUUIFSFJTPOMZPOFXPSMEXJEF TUVEZPOFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTCBTFEPOBTJNQMFSVMFBOESFBEJMZ BWBJMBCMFEBUBUIFTUVEZCZ4NBLIUJOFUBM ɨFHPPEUIJOHBCPVUUIJT TUVEZJTUIBUJUPêFSTXIBUNBOZQSBDUJUJPOFSTXBOU FBTZNFUIPE DMFBSOVNCFST XPSMEDPWFSBHF UIF4NBLIUJONBQGSFRVFOUMZGFBUVSFTJOCVTJOFTTSFQPSUTBOE QSFTFOUBUJPOTɨFEPXOTJEFJTUIBUUIFNFUIPEHJWFTBOOVBMJOTUFBEPGNPOUIMZ WBMVFTGPSEFRBOEUIBUNBOZFYQFSUTEPOPUBHSFFXJUIUIFDBMDVMBUJPOSVMFT parameters used and the resultant EFR estimates. According to Arthington et BM UIF4NBLIUJONFUIPEHSFBUMZVOEFSFTUJNBUFTFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX requirements. 'PSQSBDUJDBMQVSQPTFTJUJTQSPQPTFEIFSFUPXPSLUPXBSETBTJNQMF CBTFEPO SFBEJMZBWBJMBCMFEBUB BOEHFOFSJD XPSMEXJEFBQQMJDBCMF NFUIPEUPFTUBCMJTI FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSDBUDINFOUTXJUIBMPXUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPO CVUIJHIFOPVHIUPDBQUVSFUIFNBJOWBSJBUJPOTXJUIJOBZFBSɨFFTUJNBUFT PCUBJOFEXJUIUIJTNFUIPEDBOGVODUJPOBTEFGBVMUEFRFTUJNBUFTJODBTFTXIFSF NPSFBEWBODFEFTUJNBUFTBSFOPUZFUBWBJMBCMF*UTIPVMECFTUSFTTFEUIBUUIF TJNQMFHFOFSJDNFUIPEXPVMEHJWFëSTUFTUJNBUFTPOMZ UPCFSFQMBDFECZCFUUFS FTUJNBUFTXIFOQPTTJCMF'PSUIBUQVSQPTFPOFDPVMESFMZ GPSFYBNQMF POUIF &-0)" GSBNFXPSL GPS FTUBCMJTIJOH FOWJSPONFOUBM ìPX SFRVJSFNFOUT BO BEWBODFEGSBNFXPSLCFJOHQSPQPTFECZTPNFPGXPSMETUPQFYQFSUTJOUIJTëFME 1PêFUBM ɨJTNFUIPEJTNPOFZBOEMBCPVSJOUFOTJWF TPJUXJMMUBLF BUMFBTUTFWFSBMZFBSTCFGPSFXFXJMMIBWFBXPSMEXJEFDPWFSBHFPGEFR estimates based on this approach. 'PS UIF UJNF CFJOH UIF GPMMPXJOH TJNQMF HFOFSJD SVMF GPS FTUBCMJTIJOH FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJTQSPQPTFE 'PSFBDINPOUIPGUIFZFBS UIFNFBONPOUIMZSVOPêJOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJ UJPOJTJOBSBOHFQFSDFOUPGUIFNFBONPOUIMZìPXBTXPVMEIBQQFO VOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPO BOE 'PSFBDINPOUIPGUIFZFBS UIFNFBONPOUIMZCBTFìPXJTJOBSBOHFQFS DFOUPGUIFNFBONPOUIMZCBTFìPXBTXPVMEIBQQFOVOEFSVOEFWFMPQFE condition. .FBONPOUIMZìPXTBSFPGUFOBWBJMBCMFUISPVHISJWFSìPXNFBTVSFNFOUT BOEJG OPUXFDBOVTFNPEFMFTUJNBUFTɨFUFSNACBTFìPXSFGFSTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFS DPOUSJCVUJPOUPBSJWFS XIJDIDBOCFFTUJNBUFECBTFEPOGPSJOTUBODFBZFBS SJWFSìPXSFDPSE *OPSEFSUPDSFBUFNPSFEFUBJMJUJTQSPQPTFEUPEJTUJOHVJTIAMFWFMTPGSJWFSCBTJO NPEJëDBUJPO3FGFSSJOHUPUIFEFWJBUJPO Lj PGUIFNFBONPOUIMZìPXTVOEFS Appendix V 153 EFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOTUPUIPTFVOEFSVOEFWFMPQFEDPOEJUJPOT UIFGPMMPXJOH TDIFNFDBOCFVTFE Lj VONPEJëFEPSTMJHIUMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT" Lj NPEFSBUFMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT# Lj TJHOJëDBOUMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT$ Lj TFSJPVTMZNPEJëFE SJWFSTUBUVT% 5PEBZ IPXNBOZCBTJOTXJMMGBMMJOUIFGPVSDBUFHPSJFT"UP% ɨFNBKPSJUZPG OPOEBNSFHVMBUFESJWFSTXJMMGBMMJOTUBUVT"ɨFEBNSFHVMBUFESJWFSTXJMMGBMM JODBUFHPSJFT#%ɨFQFSDFOUSVMFJTSFHBSEFEBTBAQSFDBVUJPOBSZEFGBVMU EFRɨFBCPWFCPVOEBSJFTDBOCFDBMMFEAUISFTIPMETGPSQPUFOUJBMDPODFSO ɨJTUFSNJOPMPHZCFUUFSSFìFDUTUIFGBDUUIBUUIFBCPWFCPVOEBSJFTBSFJOEJDBUJWF rather than decisive. ɨFBQQSPQSJBUFTQBUJBMTDBMFGPSFTUBCMJTIJOHEFR is the catchment level. EFR BUSJWFSCBTJOMFWFMDBOCFEFSJWFEBTUIFTVNPGEFRWBMVFTPGUIFDBUDINFOUT that together constitute the river basin. Given that EFR can best be expressed BUDBUDINFOUMFWFM JEFBMMZUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTQFDJëFEBUUIBUEFUBJMBTXFMM *EFBMMZ XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHJTEPOFJOBTQBUJBMFYQMJDJUXBZVTJOHB HFPHSBQIJDJOGPSNBUJPOTZTUFN (*4 TPJOUIBUDBTFPOFDBOBMXBZTMPDBMJ[FUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSBUIFSQSFDJTF ɨFMPDBMJNQBDUPGBCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBSJWFSDBOCFRVBOUJëFECZ DPVOUJOHUIF BWFSBHF OVNCFSPGNPOUITJOBZFBSUIBUUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPX SFRVJSFNFOUTJOUIFSJWFSBSFOPUNFUBOECZDPOTJEFSJOHUIFEFHSFFUPXIJDI UIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTBSFWJPMBUFE*UJTOPUTBJEUIBUUIFCMVF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFEJTGVMMZSFTQPOTJCMFGPSUIFWJPMBUJPO PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT CFDBVTFJUJTUIFTVNPGUIFCMVFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGBMMBDUJWJUJFTUIBUSFTVMUTJOWJPMBUJPOɨFSFGPSFPOFDBOBMTPMPPLBU UIFSFMBUJWFDPOUSJCVUJPOPGUIFBDUJWJUZDPOTJEFSFE ɨFBCPWFTJNQMFNFUIPEJTCBTFEPOJOJUJBMUIPVHIUTGSPNTPNFXBUFS SFTPVSDFFYQFSUT QFSTPOBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOCFUXFFO+BZ0,FFêF 6/&4$0 *)&#SJBO3JDIUFS 5/$4UVBSU0SS 88'"SKFO)PFLTUSB 6OJWFSTJUZPG 5XFOUF 8FOFFEBHSFFNFOUBNPOHBOETVQQPSUGSPNUIFCSPBEDPNNVOJUZPG EFRFYQFSUTPOUIJTTJNQMFHFOFSJDNFUIPE CFDBVTFVOEPVCUFEMZUIFNFUIPE XJMMCFDSJUJDJ[FE XIJDIJTVOEFSTUBOEBCMFHJWFOCPUIUIFEJWFSTFJOUFSFTUT FOWJSPONFOUWFSTVTXBUFSVTFST BOEUIFTDJFOUJëDEJïDVMUZUPUSBOTMBUFUIF BDUVBMDPNQMFYJUZUPXBSETTJNQMFSVMFT)PXFWFS QPTTJCMFDSJUJDJTNIBTOPU XJUIIPMEFYQFSUTGSPNTFUUJOHTJNQMFUPYJDJUZBOEXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET TPXIZXPVMEJUXJUIIPMEVTGSPNFTUBCMJTIJOHEFRTUBOEBSET 2VBOUJGZJOH FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTJTFTTFOUJBMUPCFBCMFUPMFUUIFNDPVOUJO BTTFTTJOHUIFJNQBDUTPGCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO Appendix VI 'SFRVFOUMZ"TLFE2VFTUJPOT Practical questions 1. Why should we bother about our water footprint? 'SFTIXBUFSJTBTDBSDFSFTPVSDFJUTBOOVBMBWBJMBCJMJUZJTMJNJUFEBOEEFNBOEJT HSPXJOHɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZIBTFYDFFEFETVTUBJOBCMFMFWFMTJO TFWFSBMQMBDFTBOEJTVOFRVBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEBNPOHQFPQMF(PPEJOGPSNBUJPO SFHBSEJOH XBUFS GPPUQSJOUT PG DPNNVOJUJFT BOE CVTJOFTTFT XJMM IFMQ VT UP VOEFSTUBOEIPXXFDBOBDIJFWFBNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMFVTFPGGSFTI XBUFSɨFSFBSFNBOZTQPUTJOUIFXPSMEXIFSFTFSJPVTXBUFSEFQMFUJPOPS QPMMVUJPOUBLFTQMBDFSJWFSTSVOOJOHESZ ESPQQJOHMBLFBOEHSPVOEXBUFSMFWFMT BOEFOEBOHFSFETQFDJFTSFTVMUJOHGSPNDPOUBNJOBUFEXBUFSɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU IFMQTUPTIPXUIFMJOLUIBUFYJTUTCFUXFFOPVSEBJMZDPOTVNQUJPOPGHPPET BOEUIFQSPCMFNTPGXBUFSEFQMFUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUFYJTUFMTFXIFSF JOUIF SFHJPOTXIFSFPVSHPPETBSFQSPEVDFE/FBSMZFWFSZQSPEVDUIBTBTNBMMFSPS MBSHFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDIJTPGJOUFSFTUGPSCPUIUIFDPOTVNFSTUIBUCVZUIPTF QSPEVDUTBOEUIFCVTJOFTTFTUIBUQSPEVDF QSPDFTT USBEFPSTFMMUIPTFQSPEVDUTJO TPNFTUBHFPGUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJO 2. Why should my business bother about its water footprint? 'JSTUPGBMM FOWJSPONFOUBMBXBSFOFTTBOETUSBUFHZJTPGUFOQBSUPGXIBUBCVTJOFTT SFHBSETBTJUTADPSQPSBUFTPDJBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ3FEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOCFQBSUPGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMTUSBUFHZPGBCVTJOFTT KVTUMJLFSFEVDJOHUIF DBSCPOGPPUQSJOU4FDPOE NBOZCVTJOFTTFTBDUVBMMZGBDFTFSJPVTSJTLTSFMBUFE UPGSFTIXBUFSTIPSUBHFJOUIFJSPQFSBUJPOTPSTVQQMZDIBJO8IBUJTBCSFXFSZ XJUIPVUBTFDVSFXBUFSTVQQMZPSIPXDBOBDPNQBOZUIBUNBLFTKFBOTTVSWJWF XJUIPVUDPOUJOVFETVQQMZPGXBUFSUPUIFDPUUPOëFMET "UIJSESFBTPOUPEP XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHBOEGPSNVMBUFNFBTVSFTUPSFEVDFUIFDPSQPSBUF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPBOUJDJQBUFSFHVMBUPSZDPOUSPMCZHPWFSONFOUT*OUIF 156 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual DVSSFOUTUBHF JUJTOPUTPDMFBSIPXHPWFSONFOUTXJMMSFTQPOE CVUPCWJPVTMZ SFHVMBUJPOTJOTPNFTFDUPSTPGCVTJOFTTNBZCFFYQFDUFE'JOBMMZ TPNFCVTJOFTTFT TFFBDPSQPSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTUSBUFHZBMTPBTBOJOTUSVNFOUUPSFJOGPSDFUIF corporate image or to strengthen the brand name. 3. What can consumers do to reduce their water footprint? $POTVNFSTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSdirect XBUFSGPPUQSJOU IPNFXBUFSVTF CZJOTUBMMJOH XBUFSTBWJOHUPJMFUT BQQMZJOHBXBUFSTBWJOHTIPXFSIFBE UVSOJOHPêUIFUBQ EVSJOHUFFUICSVTIJOH VTJOHMFTTXBUFSJOUIFHBSEFOBOECZOPUEJTQPTJOHPG NFEJDJOFT QBJOUTPSPUIFSQPMMVUBOUTEPXOUIFTJOLɨFindirectXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBDPOTVNFSJTHFOFSBMMZNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFEJSFDUPOF"DPOTVNFSIBT CBTJDBMMZUXPPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFIJTIFSJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU0OFPQUJPOJTUP TVCTUJUVUFBDPOTVNFSQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBMBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZBEJêFSFOUUZQF PGQSPEVDUUIBUIBTBTNBMMFSXBUFSGPPUQSJOU&YBNQMFTJODMVEFFBUJOHMFTTNFBU PSCFDPNJOHWFHFUBSJBO ESJOLJOHUFBJOTUFBEPGDPêFFPS FWFOCFUUFS ESJOLJOH QMBJOXBUFS/PUXFBSJOHDPUUPOCVUDMPUIFTNBEFGSPNBSUJëDJBMëCSFTXPVME TBWFBMPUPGXBUFS#VUUIJTBQQSPBDIIBTMJNJUBUJPOT CFDBVTFNBOZQFPQMFEP OPUFBTJMZTIJGUGSPNFBUJOHNFBUUPCFJOHWFHFUBSJBOBOEQFPQMFMJLFUIFJSDPêFF BOEDPUUPO"TFDPOEPQUJPOJTUPTUJDLUPUIFTBNFDPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOCVUUP TFMFDUUIFDPUUPO CFFGPSDPêFFUIBUIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMPXXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPSUIBU IBTJUTGPPUQSJOUJOBOBSFBUIBUEPFTOPUIBWFIJHIXBUFSTDBSDJUZɨJTSFRVJSFT IPXFWFS UIBUDPOTVNFSTIBWFUIFQSPQFSJOGPSNBUJPOUPNBLFUIBUDIPJDF4JODF UIJTJOGPSNBUJPOJTHFOFSBMMZOPUBWBJMBCMFJOUIFXPSMEPGUPEBZ BOJNQPSUBOU UIJOHDPOTVNFSTDBOEPOPXJTBTLGPSQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZGSPNCVTJOFTTFT BOESFHVMBUJPOGSPNHPWFSONFOUT8IFOJOGPSNBUJPOJTBWBJMBCMFPOUIFJNQBDUT PGBDFSUBJOBSUJDMFPOUIFXBUFSTZTUFN DPOTVNFSTDBONBLFDPOTDJPVTDIPJDFT BCPVUXIBUUIFZCVZ 4. What can businesses do to reduce their water footprint? #VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSoperationalXBUFSGPPUQSJOUCZTBWJOHXBUFSJOUIFJS PXOPQFSBUJPOTBOECSJOHJOHXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUP[FSP,FZXPSETBSFBWPJE SFEVDF SFDZDMFBOEUSFBUCFGPSFEJTQPTBM'PSNPTUCVTJOFTTFT IPXFWFS UIFsupply chainXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNVDIMBSHFSUIBOUIFPQFSBUJPOBMGPPUQSJOU*UJTUIFSFGPSF DSVDJBMUIBUCVTJOFTTFTBEESFTTUIBUBTXFMM"DIJFWJOHJNQSPWFNFOUTJOUIF TVQQMZDIBJONBZCFNPSFEJïDVMUoCFDBVTFOPUVOEFSEJSFDUDPOUSPMoCVUUIFZ NBZCFNPSFFêFDUJWF#VTJOFTTFTDBOSFEVDFUIFJSTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CZNBLJOHTVQQMZBHSFFNFOUTXJUIDFSUBJOTUBOEBSETXJUIUIFJSTVQQMJFSTPSCZ TJNQMZDIBOHJOHUPBOPUIFSTVQQMJFS*ONBOZDBTFTJUQSPCBCMZNFBOTRVJUF TPNFUIJOH CFDBVTFUIFXIPMFCVTJOFTTNPEFMNBZOFFEUPCFUSBOTGPSNFEJO Appendix VI 157 PSEFSUPJODPSQPSBUFPSCFUUFSDPOUSPMTVQQMZDIBJOTBOEUPNBLFTVQQMZDIBJOT GVMMZUSBOTQBSFOUUPDPOTVNFST"NPOHUIFWBSJPVTBMUFSOBUJWFPSTVQQMFNFOUBSZ UPPMTUIBUDBOIFMQJNQSPWJOHUSBOTQBSFODZBSFTFUUJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOUBSHFUT CFODINBSLJOH QSPEVDUMBCFMMJOH DFSUJëDBUJPOBOE XBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFQPSUJOH 5. Why should governments make national water footprint accounts? 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ DPVOUSJFTGPSNVMBUFOBUJPOBMXBUFSQMBOTCZMPPLJOHBUIPXUPTBUJTGZ XBUFSVTFST&WFOUIPVHIDPVOUSJFTOPXBEBZTDPOTJEFSPQUJPOTUPSFEVDFXBUFS EFNBOEJOBEEJUJPOUPPQUJPOTUPJODSFBTFTVQQMZ UIFZHFOFSBMMZEPOPUJODMVEF UIFHMPCBMEJNFOTJPOPGXBUFSNBOBHFNFOU*OUIJTXBZUIFZEPOPUFYQMJDJUMZ DPOTJEFSPQUJPOTUPTBWFXBUFSUISPVHIJNQPSUPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUT*O BEEJUJPO CZMPPLJOHPOMZBUXBUFSVTFJOUIFJSPXODPVOUSZ NPTUHPWFSONFOUT IBWFBCMJOETQPUUPUIFJTTVFPGTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO"T BNBUUFSPGGBDU NBOZDPVOUSJFTIBWFTJHOJëDBOUMZFYUFSOBMJ[FEUIFJSXBUFS GPPUQSJOUXJUIPVUMPPLJOHBUXIFUIFSUIFJNQPSUFEQSPEVDUTBSFSFMBUFEUPXBUFS depletion or pollution in the producing countries. Governments can and should FOHBHFXJUIDPOTVNFSTBOECVTJOFTTFTUPXPSLUPXBSETTVTUBJOBCMFDPOTVNFS QSPEVDUT/BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHTIPVMECFBTUBOEBSEDPNQPOFOU JOOBUJPOBMXBUFSTUBUJTUJDTBOEQSPWJEFBCBTJTUPGPSNVMBUFBOBUJPOBMXBUFS QMBOBOESJWFSCBTJOQMBOTUIBUBSFDPIFSFOUXJUIOBUJPOBMQPMJDJFTXJUISFTQFDU UPUIFFOWJSPONFOU BHSJDVMUVSF JOEVTUSZ FOFSHZ USBEF GPSFJHOBêBJSTBOE international cooperation. 6. When is my water footprint sustainable? "TBDPOTVNFS ZPVSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTVTUBJOBCMFXIFO J UIFUPUBMSFNBJOT CFMPXZPVSGBJSTIBSFJOUIFXPSME JJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGZPVSUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEJOBIPUTQPU BOE JJJ OPDPNQPOFOUPGZPVSUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUDBOCFSFEVDFEPSBWPJEFEBMUPHFUIFSBUSFBTPOBCMFTPDJFUBMDPTU 7. How can I offset my water footprint? ɨJTJTBRVFTUJPOPGUFOQPTFECZQFPQMFUIBUBSFGBNJMJBSXJUIUIFJEFBPGDBSCPO PêTFUUJOH*OUIFDBTFPGDBSCPOJUEPFTOPUNBUUFSXIFSFNJUJHBUJOHNFBTVSFT BSFUBLFO TPPOFDBOPêTFUPXO$02FNJTTJPOTCZIFMQJOHUPSFEVDF$02 FNJTTJPOTPSFOIBODJOHDBSCPOTFRVFTUSBUJPOFMTFXIFSF*OUIFDBTFPGXBUFS UIJTJTEJêFSFOU CFDBVTFXBUFSEFQMFUJPOPSQPMMVUJPOJOPOFQMBDFDBOOPUCF DPNQFOTBUFECZXIBUFWFSNFBTVSFJOBOPUIFSQMBDFɨFGPDVTTIPVMEUIFSFGPSF 158 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual CFPOUIFSFEVDUJPOPGPOFTPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU NPTUVSHFOUBUUIFQMBDFT XIFSFBOEUJNFTXIFOUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBVTFTQSPCMFNT8FTIPVMEEPBMM UIBUJTASFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMFUPSFEVDFPVSPXOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CPUIUIFEJSFDU BOEJOEJSFDUPOFɨJTIPMETGPSCPUIDPOTVNFSTBOECVTJOFTTFT0OMZJOUIF TFDPOEJOTUBODF XIFOFWFSZUIJOHIBTCFFOEPOFUPSFEVDFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DBOPOFDPOTJEFSPêTFUUJOHɨJTNFBOTUIBUUIFSFTJEVBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTPêTFU CZNBLJOHBASFBTPOBCMFJOWFTUNFOUJOFTUBCMJTIJOHPSTVQQPSUJOHQSPKFDUT UIBUBJNBUBTVTUBJOBCMF FRVJUBCMFBOEFïDJFOUVTFPGXBUFSJOUIFDBUDINFOU XIFSFUIFSFTJEVBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTMPDBUFEɨFUFSNTASFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMF BOEASFBTPOBCMFJOWFTUNFOUJODMVEFOPSNBUJWFFMFNFOUTUIBUOFFEGVSUIFS RVBOUJUBUJWFTQFDJëDBUJPOBOEBCPVUXIJDIXFOFFEUPSFBDITPDJFUBMDPOTFOTVT 8. I already pay for the water, is that not enough? (FOFSBMMZUIFQSJDFQBJEGPSCMVFXBUFSJTGBSCFMPXJUTSFBMFDPOPNJDDPTU .PTUHPWFSONFOUTTVCTJEJ[FCMVFXBUFSTVQQMZPOBIVHFTDBMFCZJOWFTUJOHJO JOGSBTUSVDUVSFMJLFEBNT DBOBMT EJTUSJCVUJPOTZTUFNTBOEXBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU ɨFTFDPTUTBSFPGUFOOPUDIBSHFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFST"TBSFTVMU UIFSFJT JOTVïDJFOUFDPOPNJDJODFOUJWFGPSXBUFSVTFSTUPTBWFXBUFS#FTJEFT EVFUP UIFQVCMJDDIBSBDUFSPGXBUFS XBUFSTDBSDJUZJTHFOFSBMMZOPUUSBOTMBUFEJOUPBO BEEJUJPOBMDPNQPOFOUJOUIFQSJDFPGHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUBSFQSPEVDFEXJUI UIFXBUFS BTIBQQFOTOBUVSBMMZJOUIFDBTFPGQSJWBUFHPPET'JOBMMZ XBUFSVTFST HFOFSBMMZEPOPUQBZGPSUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTUIBUUIFZDBVTFPOEPXOTUSFBN people or ecosystems. 9. Why should we reduce green water footprints? 0OFDBOBSHVFUIBUUIFSBJODPNFTGPSGSFFJGIVNBOTEPOPUVTFHSFFOXBUFS UPQSPEVDFGPPE ëCSFT UJNCFSPSCJPFOFSHZ JUXJMMFWBQPSBUFBOZXBZɨFSF BSF IPXFWFS UXPHPPESFBTPOTGPSSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTɨFëSTUJT SBJOJTGSFF CVUOPUVOMJNJUFE*OGBDU HSFFOXBUFSJTBTDBSDFSFTPVSDF KVTUMJLF CMVFXBUFS QBSUJDVMBSMZJOTPNFQMBDFTBOEEVSJOHDFSUBJOQBSUTPGUIFZFBS4JODF QBSUPGUIFMBOEJOBOZSJWFSCBTJOIBTUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSF BVUPNBUJDBMMZ BDFSUBJOBNPVOUPGHSFFOXBUFSJTOPUBWBJMBCMFGPSBHSJDVMUVSF*ODBUDINFOUT XIFSFHSFFOXBUFSJTTDBSDF JODSFBTJOHUIFQSPEVDUJWJUZPGHSFFOXBUFS JOPUIFS XPSET SFEVDJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU JTDSVDJBMJOPSEFSUP HBJOPQUJNVNQSPEVDUJPOHJWFOUIFHSFFOXBUFSDPOTUSBJOUɨFTFDPOESFBTPO JTUIBUJODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOCBTFEPOHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTSFEVDFTUIFOFFE GPSQSPEVDUJPOXJUICMVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTɨJTJTXIZSFEVDJOHHSFFOXBUFS GPPUQSJOUTJTBMTPVTFGVMJOBSFBTXIFSFHSFFOXBUFSJTBCVOEBOUMZBWBJMBCMF#FUUFS VTFPGSBJOJOBSFBTXIFSFSBJOJTTVïDJFOUXJMMJODSFBTFUIFXPSMEXJEFQSPEVDUJPO Appendix VI 159 PGSBJOCBTFEQSPEVDUT XIJDISFEVDFTUIFOFFEUPQSPEVDFJSSJHBUJPOCBTFE QSPEVDUTJOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT 10. Why should we reduce blue water footprints in areas with sufficient run-off? "UëSTUTJHIU JUTFFNTOFDFTTBSZUPSFEVDFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPOMZJODBUDINFOUT XIFSFCMVFXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZJTJOTVïDJFOU'PDVTTJOHPOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT IPXFWFS JTJOBEFRVBUF*OFïDJFOUXBUFSVTFJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUQMBDFTJNQMJFT UIBUQSPEVDUJPOQFSVOJUPGXBUFSDBOCFJODSFBTFE XIJDIJTJNQPSUBOUCFDBVTF JODSFBTFEQSPEVDUJPOPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFHPPETJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUQMBDFTNFBOT UIBUQSPEVDUJPOPGUIPTFHPPETJOXBUFSTDBSDFQMBDFTDBOCFSFEVDFE-PXFSJOH UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGQSPEVDUJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTUIVTDPOUSJCVUFT UPUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPSFEVDFUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOXBUFSTDBSDFBSFBT "OPUIFSSFBTPOGPSSFEVDJOHCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBTJT UIBUUIFBMMPDBUJPOPGCMVFXBUFSUPPOFQVSQPTFXJUIESBXTGSPNUIFQPTTJCJMJUZ UPBMMPDBUFJUGPSBOPUIFSQVSQPTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGXBUFSJOUFOTJWFBOE MVYVSZQSPEVDUTTVDIBTNFBU CJPFOFSHZPSDVUìPXFSTDBOQSFTTJODBUDINFOUT XIFSF XBUFS JT BCVOEBOUMZ BWBJMBCMF BOE XIFSF MPDBM FOWJSPONFOUBM GMPX SFRVJSFNFOUTBSFGVMëMMFE CVUUIFHMPCBMJNQMJDBUJPOTPGUIFTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUT BSFUIBUMFTTXBUFSSFNBJOTUPCFBMMPDBUFEUPPUIFSQVSQPTFT TVDIBTHSPXJOH DFSFBMDSPQTUPGVMëMCBTJDGPPEEFNBOE3FEVDJOHUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB TQFDJëDQSPEVDUJOBXBUFSBCVOEBOUBSFBUIVTDSFBUFTUIFQPTTJCJMJUZUPQSPEVDF NPSFPGUIBUTQFDJëDQSPEVDUPSUPBMMPDBUFUIFTBWFEXBUFSUPBOPUIFSQSPEVDU 11. What are reasonable water footprint reduction targets? ɨ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ïDVMUUPSFEVDFUP[FSP CVUFWFOUIJTTPSUPGQPMMVUJPO DBOCF MBSHFMZ QSFWFOUFECZSFDBQUVSJOHUIFIFBUɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO UIFBHSJDVMUVSBMTUBHFPGQSPEVDUTDBOTVCTUBOUJBMMZCFCSPVHIUEPXOCZSFEVDJOH DPOTVNQUJWFXBUFSMPTTFT JODSFBTJOHCMVFXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZBOESFMZJOHNPSF POSBJOGFEBHSJDVMUVSF*OUIFJOEVTUSJBMTUBHFJUXJMMEFQFOEWFSZNVDIPO 160 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual UIFTFDUPSBOEXIBUIBTBMSFBEZCFFOEPOF5FDIOPMPHJDBMMZ JOEVTUSJFTDBO GVMMZSFDZDMFXBUFS TPUIBUUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUFWFSZXIFSFDBOCFSFEVDFE UPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUJTBDUVBMMZCFJOHJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFQSPEVDU #FODINBSLTDBOCFEFWFMPQFEGPSTQFDJëDQSPEVDUTCZUBLJOHUIFQFSGPSNBODF PGUIFCFTUQSPEVDFSTBTBSFGFSFODF(SFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBHSJDVMUVSFDBO PGUFOCFSFEVDFEWFSZTVCTUBOUJBMMZCZVTJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTNPSF FïDJFOUMZ JOPUIFSXPSET CZJODSFBTJOHUIFHSFFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ*ODSFBTFE QSPEVDUJPOCBTFEPOHSFFOXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOPOFQMBDFXJMMSFEVDFUIFOFFEGPS QSPEVDUJPOXJUICMVFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTFMTFXIFSF"HFOFSBMSVMFGPSBOZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUNJUJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZJTUPBWPJEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQSFTTJOHJOBSFBTPS UJNFTXIFSFFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETBSFWJPMBUFE"ëOBMSBUJPOBMFGPSBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUNJUJHBUJPOTUSBUFHZDBOCFUIFGBJSTIBSJOHPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTɨJTNBZ CFUIFCBTJTGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOQBSUJDVMBSMZGPSMBSHFXBUFSVTFST 12. Is the water footprint similar to the carbon footprint? ɨFUXPDPODFQUTOJDFMZDPNQMFNFOUFBDIPUIFS FBDIDPODFQUBEESFTTJOHBOPUIFS FOWJSPONFOUBMJTTVFUIFDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUBEESFTTFTUIFJTTVFPGDMJNBUFDIBOHF UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFTUPUIFJTTVFPGGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZ*OCPUIDBTFT B TVQQMZDIBJOQFSTQFDUJWFJTQSPNPUFEɨFSFBSFBMTPEJêFSFODFT IPXFWFS'PSB DBSCPOFNJTTJPOJUEPFTOPUNBUUFSXIFSFJUIBQQFOT CVUGPSBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTEPFTNBUUFS"DBSCPOFNJTTJPOJOPOFQMBDFDBOCFPêTFUCZDBSCPOFNJTTJPO SFEVDUJPOPSTFRVFTUSBUJPOJOBOPUIFSQMBDF XIJDIJTOPUUSVFGPSXBUFSPOF DBOOPUSFEVDFUIFMPDBMJNQBDUPGXBUFSVTFJOPOFQMBDFCZTBWJOHXBUFSJO another place. 13. Freshwater can be obtained by desalinating seawater, so why is water scarce? %FTBMJOBUJPOPGTBMUPSCSBDLJTIXBUFSDBOPOMZCFBTPMVUJPOGPSGSFTIXBUFS TDBSDJUZJOBMJNJUFEOVNCFSPGBQQMJDBUJPOT OPUCFDBVTFPOFDBOOPUPCUBJOUIF SJHIURVBMJUZPGXBUFSGPSBMMQVSQPTFT CVUCFDBVTFEFTBMJOBUJPOSFRVJSFTFOFSHZ BOPUIFSTDBSDFSFTPVSDF*OGBDU EFTBMJOBUJPOJTBXBZPGTVCTUJUVUJOHPOFTDBSDF SFTPVSDF GSFTIXBUFS GPSBOPUIFS FOFSHZ *G BUBDFSUBJOTQPU UIFGSFTIXBUFS JTTVFJTQSFTTJOHFWFONPSFUIBOUIFFOFSHZJTTVF POFDBOEFDJEFJOGBWPVSPG EFTBMJOBUJPO CVUJOHFOFSBMJUEPFTOPUNBLFTFOTFUPQSPQPTFEFTBMJOBUJPOBTB HFOFSBMTPMVUJPOUPGSFTIXBUFSTDBSDJUZ#FTJEFT BQBSUGSPNUIFFOFSHZBSHVNFOU EFTBMJOBUJPOJTTUJMMFYQFOTJWF UPPFYQFOTJWFGPSVTFJOBHSJDVMUVSFXIFSFNPTU PGUIFXBUFSJTVTFE'JOBMMZ TBMUPSCSBDLJTIXBUFSJTPOMZBWBJMBCMFBMPOHDPBTUT XIJDINFBOTUIBUCSJOHJOHEFTBMJOBUFEXBUFSFMTFXIFSFXPVMEJNQMZBEEJUJPOBM DPTUT BHBJOJODMVEJOHFOFSHZ Appendix VI 161 14. Should products get a water label? *OBXPSMEXIFSFNBOZQSPEVDUTBSFSFMBUFEUPXBUFSEFQMFUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPO JUJTWFSZVTFGVMUPNBLFUIFIJTUPSZPGQSPEVDUTNPSFUSBOTQBSFOU*UJTHPPE UPIBWFUIFGBDUTQVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMF TPUIFDPOTVNFSIBTBDIPJDF*OGPSNBUJPO can be provided on a label or can be made available through the internet. This JTNPTUVTFGVMGPSQSPEVDUTUIBUBSFPGUFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIMBSHFFêFDUTPOXBUFS TVDIBTQSPEVDUTUIBUDPOUBJODPUUPOPSTVHBS'PSDPOTVNFSTJUXPVMECFIFMQGVM UPJOUFHSBUFBXBUFSMBCFMJOCSPBEFSMBCFMTUIBUJODMVEFPUIFSJTTVFTBTXFMM TVDIBTFOFSHZBOEGBJSUSBEF*EFBMXPVMECFBXPSMEJOXIJDIXFEPOPUOFFE MBCFMTCFDBVTFXFDBOUSVTUUIBUBMMQSPEVDUTNFFUTUSJDUDSJUFSJB*GBXBUFSMBCFM JTDPOTJEFSFE UIFRVFTUJPOJTXIBUTIPVMECFPOUIFMBCFM0OFDPVMEQVUUIF UPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFQSPEVDUPOBMBCFM XIJDIJTGVODUJPOBMPOMZGPS SBJTJOHBXBSFOFTTBNPOHDPOTVNFST OPUGPSFOBCMJOHUIFDPOTVNFSUPNBLF BXFMMJOGPSNFEDIPJDFCFUXFFOUXPQSPEVDUT'PSTVQQPSUJOHHPPEQSPEVDU DIPJDF POFXPVMEBMTPOFFEUPTQFDJGZUIFHSFFOCMVFHSFZDPNQPOFOUTBOE NFOUJPOUIFEFHSFFJOXIJDIUIFQSPEVDUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFMBUFTUPWJPMBUJPO PGMPDBMFOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPSBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET 'PSFYBNQMF UISFFRVBSUFSTPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTJUVBUFEJOBSFBTXIFSF FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUTPSBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETBSFNFU CVUUIFPUIFSRVBSUFSPGUIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTJOBSFBTXIFSFUIPTFOPSNT BSFWJPMBUFE8IFUIFSBQSPEVDUJTAHPPEPSOPUGSPNBXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQPJOU PGWJFXEFQFOETPOBXIPMFSBOHFPGDSJUFSJB JODMVEJOHXIFUIFSQMBOTBSFJO QMBDFUPBDIJFWFDPOUJOVFEJNQSPWFNFOUTBMPOHUIFQSPEVDUJPODIBJO*OUIF FOE MBCFMMJOHPGQSPEVDUTJTBQBSUJBMTPMVUJPOBUCFTU"TBNFBOTPGBXBSFOFTT SBJTJOHBOECBTJTGPSQSPEVDUDIPJDF JUDBOCFGVODUJPOBM CVUJUJTKVTUPOFXBZPG QSPWJEJOHQSPEVDUUSBOTQBSFODZ SFTUSJDUFECZUIFQSBDUJDBMQSPCMFNUIBUBMBCFM DBODPOUBJOMJNJUFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOMZ#FTJEFT SFBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPO XJMMOPUPDDVSKVTUCZQSPWJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOPOBMBCFM Technical questions 1. What is a water footprint? ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBOFNQJSJDBMJOEJDBUPSPGIPXNVDIXBUFSJT DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFE XIFOBOEXIFSF NFBTVSFEPWFSUIFXIPMFTVQQMZDIBJO PGUIFQSPEVDUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBNVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOH WPMVNFTCVUBMTPNBLJOHFYQMJDJUUIFUZQFPGXBUFSVTF DPOTVNQUJWFVTFPG SBJOXBUFS TVSGBDFXBUFSPSHSPVOEXBUFS PSQPMMVUJPOPGXBUFS BOEUIFMPDBUJPO BOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSVTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBOJOEJWJEVBM DPNNVOJUZPS CVTJOFTT JTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIF 162 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by UIFCVTJOFTTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTIPXTIVNBOBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIFXPSMET MJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBOEUIVTQSPWJEFTBCBTJTGPSEJTDVTTJOHXBUFS BMMPDBUJPOBOEJTTVFTUIBUSFMBUFUPTVTUBJOBCMF FRVJUBCMFBOEFïDJFOUXBUFSVTF #FTJEFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUGPSNTBCBTJTGPSBTTFTTJOHUIFJNQBDUTPGHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTBUDBUDINFOUMFWFMBOEGPSNVMBUJOHTUSBUFHJFTUPSFEVDFUIPTFJNQBDUT 2. What is new about the water footprint? 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ TUBUJTUJDTPOXBUFSVTFGPDVTPONFBTVSJOHAXBUFSXJUIESBXBMT BOEAEJSFDUXBUFSVTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHNFUIPEUBLFTBNVDI CSPBEFSQFSTQFDUJWF'JSTUPGBMM UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTCPUIEJSFDUBOE JOEJSFDUXBUFSVTF XIFSFUIFMBUUFSSFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFJOUIFTVQQMZDIBJO PGBQSPEVDUɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVTMJOLTëOBMDPOTVNFSTBOEJOUFSNFEJBUF CVTJOFTTFTBOEUSBEFSTUPUIFXBUFSVTFBMPOHUIFXIPMFQSPEVDUJPODIBJOPGB QSPEVDUɨJTJTSFMFWBOU CFDBVTFHFOFSBMMZUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGBDPOTVNFS JTTNBMMJGDPNQBSFEUPJUTJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFBOEUIFPQFSBUJPOBMXBUFSVTFPG BCVTJOFTTJTHFOFSBMMZTNBMMJGDPNQBSFEUPUIFTVQQMZDIBJOXBUFSVTF4PUIF QJDUVSFPGUIFBDUVBMXBUFSEFQFOEFODZPGBDPOTVNFSBOECVTJOFTTDBODIBOHF SBEJDBMMZɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFUIPEEJêFSTGVSUIFSJOUIBUJUMPPLTBUXBUFS DPOTVNQUJPO BTPQQPTFEUPXJUIESBXBM XIFSFDPOTVNQUJPOSFGFSTUPUIFQBSU PGUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXBMUIBUFWBQPSBUFTPSHFUTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU #FTJEFT UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUHPFTCFZPOEMPPLJOHBUCMVFXBUFSVTFPOMZ VTFPG HSPVOEBOETVSGBDFXBUFS *UBMTPJODMVEFTBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOU VTFPGSBJOXBUFS BOEBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOU QPMMVUFEXBUFS 3. Is the water footprint more than a nice metaphor? ɨFUFSNAGPPUQSJOUJTPGUFOVTFEBTBNFUBQIPSUPSFGFSUPUIFGBDUUIBUIVNBOJUZ BQQSPQSJBUFTBTJHOJëDBOUQSPQPSUJPOPGUIFBWBJMBCMFOBUVSBMSFTPVSDFT MBOE FOFSHZ XBUFS )PXFWFS KVTUMJLFUIFAFDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOUBOEUIFADBSCPO GPPUQSJOU UIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTNPSFUIBOBNFUBQIPSUIFSFJTBSJHPSPVT BDDPVOUJOH GSBNFXPSL XJUI XFMMEFGJOFE NFBTVSBCMF WBSJBCMFT BOE XFMM FTUBCMJTIFEBDDPVOUJOHQSPDFEVSFTUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGQSPEVDUT JOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFST DPNNVOJUJFT OBUJPOTPSCVTJOFTTFT8FEJTDPVSBHF QFPQMFUPVTFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQUBTBNFUBQIPS CFDBVTFJUTTUSFOHUIMJFT JOJUTFêFDUJWFOFTTXIFOVTFEJOBDPOUFYUPGTUSJDUBDDPVOUJOHBOENFBTVSBCMF reduction targets. Appendix VI 163 4. Water is a renewable resource, it remains in the cycle, so what is the problem? 8BUFSJTBSFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF CVUUIBUEPFTOPUNFBOUIBUJUTBWBJMBCJMJUZJT VOMJNJUFE*OBDFSUBJOQFSJPE QSFDJQJUBUJPOJTBMXBZTMJNJUFEUPBDFSUBJOBNPVOU ɨFTBNFIPMETUPUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSUIBUSFDIBSHFTHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWFTPS ìPXTUISPVHIBSJWFS3BJOXBUFSDBOCFVTFEJOBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUJPOBOE XBUFSJOSJWFSTBOEBRVJGFSTDBOCFVTFEGPSJSSJHBUJPOPSJOEVTUSJBMPSEPNFTUJD QVSQPTFT#VUPOFDBOOPUVTFNPSFXBUFSUIBOJTBWBJMBCMF0OFDBOOPUUBLF NPSFGSPNBSJWFSUIBOJUTìPXJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEBOE JOUIFMPOHUFSN POF DBOOPUUBLFNPSFXBUFSGSPNMBLFTBOEHSPVOEXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTUIBOUIFSBUF XJUIXIJDIUIFZBSFSFDIBSHFEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFBNPVOUPG XBUFSBWBJMBCMFJOBDFSUBJOQFSJPEUIBUJTDPOTVNFE FWBQPSBUFE PSQPMMVUFE*O UIJTXBZ JUQSPWJEFTBNFBTVSFPGUIFBNPVOUPGBWBJMBCMFXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFECZ IVNBOTɨFSFNBJOEFSJTMFGUGPSOBUVSFɨFSBJOXBUFSOPUVTFEGPSBHSJDVMUVSBM QSPEVDUJPOJTMFGUUPTVTUBJOOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOɨFHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDF XBUFSìPXTOPUFWBQPSBUFEGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFTPSQPMMVUFEBSFMFGUUPTVTUBJO healthy aquatic ecosystems. 5. Is there agreement regarding how to measure a water footprint? ɨFNFUIPETGPSXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHIBWFCFFOQVCMJTIFEJOQFFS SFWJFXFE TDJFOUJëD KPVSOBMT *O BEEJUJPO UIFSF BSF BMTP QSBDUJDBM FYBNQMFT BWBJMBCMFPGIPXPOFDBOBQQMZUIFNFUIPETUPDBMDVMBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU PGBTQFDJëDQSPEVDU BOJOEJWJEVBMDPOTVNFS BDPNNVOJUZPSBCVTJOFTTPS PSHBOJ[BUJPO*OBHFOFSJDTFOTF UIFSFJTBHSFFNFOUSFHBSEJOHUIFEFëOJUJPOBOE DBMDVMBUJPOPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU)PXFWFS FWFSZUJNFPOFBQQMJFTUIFDPODFQU JOBTJUVBUJPOOPUFODPVOUFSFECFGPSF OFXQSBDUJDBMRVFTUJPOTBSJTFɨFTFBSF RVFTUJPOTTVDIBTXIBUTIPVMECFJODMVEFEBOEXIBUDBOCFFYDMVEFE IPXUP EFBMXJUITJUVBUJPOTXIFSFUIFTVQQMZDIBJODBOOPUCFQSPQFSMZUSBDFE XIBU XBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSETUPVTFXIFODBMDVMBUJOHUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOETP PO%JTDVTTJPOUIFSFGPSFGPDVTFTPOIPXUPIBOEMFUIPTFQSBDUJDBMJTTVFT 6. Why distinguish between a green, blue and grey water footprint? 'SFTIXBUFSBWBJMBCJMJUZPO&BSUIJTEFUFSNJOFECZBOOVBMQSFDJQJUBUJPOBCPWF MBOE0OFQBSUPGUIFQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTBOEUIFPUIFSQBSUSVOTPêUP UIFPDFBOUISPVHIBRVJGFSTBOESJWFST#PUIUIFFWBQPSBUJWFìPXBOEUIFSVO PêìPXDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFTɨFFWBQPSBUJWFìPX 164 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual DBOCFVTFEGPSDSPQHSPXUIPSMFGUGPSNBJOUBJOJOHOBUVSBMFDPTZTUFNTUIF HSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTXIBUQBSUPGUIFUPUBMFWBQPSBUJWFìPXJTBDUVBMMZ BQQSPQSJBUFEGPSIVNBOQVSQPTFTɨFSVOPêìPXoUIFXBUFSìPXJOHJO BRVJGFSTBOESJWFSToDBOCFVTFEGPSBMMTPSUTPGQVSQPTFT JODMVEJOHJSSJHBUJPO XBTIJOH QSPDFTTJOHBOEDPPMJOHɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFWPMVNF PGHSPVOEXBUFSBOETVSGBDFXBUFSDPOTVNFE JOPUIFSXPSET XJUIESBXOBOE UIFOFWBQPSBUFEPSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU ɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU NFBTVSFTUIFWPMVNFPGXBUFSìPXJOBRVJGFSTBOESJWFSTQPMMVUFECZIVNBOT *OUIJTXBZ UIFHSFFO CMVFBOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFEJêFSFOUTPSUT PGXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPO8IFOOFDFTTBSZ POFDBOGVSUIFSDMBTTJGZUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOUPNPSFTQFDJëDDPNQPOFOUT*OUIFDBTFPGUIFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JUDBOCFDPOTJEFSFESFMFWBOUUPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOTVSGBDFXBUFS SFOFXBCMF HSPVOEXBUFSBOEGPTTJMHSPVOEXBUFS*OUIFDBTFPGUIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JU DBOCFDPOTJEFSFEWBMVBCMFUPEJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGQPMMVUJPO*O GBDU QSFGFSBCMZ UIFTFNPSFTQFDJëDQJFDFTPGJOGPSNBUJPOBSFBMXBZTVOEFSMZJOH UIFBHHSFHBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUëHVSFT 7. Why should we look at the total green water footprint of a crop? Why not look at the additional evaporation if compared to evaporation from natural vegetation? *U EFQFOET PO XIBU RVFTUJPO POF XPVME MJLF UP BEESFTT ɨF HSFFO XBUFS GPPUQSJOU NFBTVSFT UPUBM FWBQPSBUJPO BOE JT NFBOU UP GFFE UIF EFCBUF SFHBSEJOHUIFBMMPDBUJPOPGXBUFSUPEJêFSFOUQVSQPTFTJOBDPOUFYUPGMJNJUFE BWBJMBCJMJUZ*OGPSNBUJPOBCPVUJODSFBTFEPSSFEVDFEFWBQPSBUJPOJTSFMFWBOU GSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZBOEQPUFOUJBMEPXOTUSFBNFêFDUT 3FTFBSDIIBTTIPXOUIBUDSPQTDBOTPNFUJNFTSFTVMUJOJODSFBTFEFWBQPSBUJPO XIFODPNQBSFEUPOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPO QBSUJDVMBSMZJOUIFQFSJPEPGSBQJEDSPQ HSPXUI BOEPUIFSUJNFTJOSFEVDFEFWBQPSBUJPO GPSFYBNQMF CFDBVTFPGTPJM EFUFSJPSBUJPOPSSFEVDFEBCPWFHSPVOECJPNBTT *ONBOZDBTFTUIFEJêFSFODFT BSFOPUWFSZTJHOJëDBOUBUCBTJOTDBMFɨFDIBOHFJOFWBQPSBUJPOJTJOUFSFTUJOH GSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGDBUDINFOUIZESPMPHZBOEQPUFOUJBMEPXOTUSFBNFêFDUT CVUOPUGPSUIFEFCBUFPOIPXMJNJUFEGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSFBMMPDBUFEPWFS EJêFSFOUQVSQPTFTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTEFTJHOFEGPSUIFMBUUFSEFCBUFɨF QVSQPTFPGUIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTUPNFBTVSFIVNBOTBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIF FWBQPSBUJWFìPX KVTUMJLFUIFCMVFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBJNTUPNFBTVSFIVNBOT BQQSPQSJBUJPOPGUIFSVOPêìPXɨFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUNFBTVSFTUIFQBSU PGUIFFWBQPSBUFESBJOXBUFSUIBUIBTCFFOBQQSPQSJBUFECZIVNBOCFJOHTBOEJT UIFSFGPSFOPUBWBJMBCMFGPSOBUVSFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUIVTFYQSFTTFTUIFDPTUPG BDSPQJOUFSNTPGJUTUPUBMXBUFSVTF Appendix VI 165 8. Is it not too simplistic to add all cubic metres of water used into one aggregate indicator? ɨFBHHSFHBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSTIPXTUIF UPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFE DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE *UTFSWFTBT BSPVHIJOEJDBUPS JOTUSVNFOUBMJOSBJTJOHBXBSFOFTTBOEGPSHFUUJOHBOJEFB PGXIFSFNPTUPGUIFXBUFSHPFTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFQSFTFOUFEBTPOF BHHSFHBUFOVNCFS CVUJOGBDUJUJTBNVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPSPGXBUFSVTF TIPXJOHEJêFSFOUTPSUTPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOBTBGVODUJPOPG TQBDFBOEUJNF'PSEFWFMPQJOHTUSBUFHJFTGPSTVTUBJOBCMFXBUFSVTF POFXJMMOFFE UPVTFUIFNPSFEFUBJMFEMBZFSPGJOGPSNBUJPOFNCFEEFEJOUIFDPNQPTJUFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOEJDBUPS 9. Should we not weigh the different water footprint components based on their local impact? ɨFJEFBPGAXFJHIJOHGBDUPSTTPVOETMJLFBOBUUSBDUJWFJEFB CFDBVTFOPUFWFSZ DVCJDNFUSFPGXBUFSVTFEIBTUIFTBNFMPDBMJNQBDU)PXFWFS XFTUSPOHMZ EJTDPVSBHFUIJTBQQSPBDIGPSUISFFSFBTPOT'JSTU XFJHIJOHJTBOEXJMMBMXBZT SFNBJOWFSZTVCKFDUJWF CFDBVTFUIFSFBSFNBOZEJêFSFOUTPSUTPG FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJD JNQBDUT TPNFPGXIJDIDBOOPUFWFOCFFBTJMZRVBOUJëFE 4FDPOE JNQBDUTBSFBMXBZTGVMMZMPDBMDPOUFYUEFQFOEFOU XIJDINFBOTJUJT JNQPTTJCMFUPEFTJHOVOJWFSTBMMZWBMJEXFJHIJOHGBDUPSTɨFJNQBDUPGPOFDVCJD NFUSFPGXBUFSXJUIESBXOGSPNPOFQBSUJDVMBSQPJOUJOBSJWFSBUBDFSUBJOQPJOU JOUJNFEFQFOETPOUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGUIBUSJWFS TVDIBTUIFWPMVNFBOE WBSJBCJMJUZPGXBUFSìPXJOUIFSJWFS UIFDPNQFUJUJPOPWFSXBUFSBUUIBUQPJOUJO UIFSJWFSBUUIBUQBSUJDVMBSNPNFOUBOEUIFFêFDUTPGXJUIESBXBMPOEPXOTUSFBN FDPTZTUFNTBOEPUIFSVTFSTɨJSE BOENPTUJNQPSUBOU UIFWPMVNFUSJDXBUFS GPPUQSJOUëHVSFTBDUVBMMZDPOUBJODSVDJBMJOGPSNBUJPO XIJDIJTPCTDVSFEXIFO XFJHIFE8BUFSGPPUQSJOUTSFGFSUPBDUVBMWPMVNFTPGXBUFSBQQSPQSJBUFE XIJDIJT DSVDJBMJOGPSNBUJPOJOJUTFMG CFDBVTFJOBXPSMEJOXIJDIGSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBSF TDBSDF JUJTJNQPSUBOUUPLOPXXIBUWPMVNFTBSFBMMPDBUFEUPEJêFSFOUQVSQPTFT ɨBUMPDBMJNQBDUTPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOPSQPMMVUJPOEJêFSJTBOPUIFSJTTVF*O PSEFSUPQSPQFSMZBEESFTTUIFGBDUUIBUEJêFSFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOUTEP JOEFFEIBWFEJêFSFOUMPDBMJNQBDUT XFFNQIBTJ[FUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTB NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOHWPMVNFT CVUBMTPUIFUZQFPGXBUFSVTF BOEUIFMPDBUJPOTBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFSVTFA8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUJOHNFBOT UIBUPOFRVBOUJëFTUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBMMJUTEFUBJMTɨJTGPSNTUIFQSPQFS CBTJTGPSBMPDBMJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOU JOXIJDIPOFBTTFTTFTUIFWBSJPVTJNQBDUT GPSFBDITFQBSBUFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOUJOUJNFBOETQBDF0CWJPVTMZ UIF MPDBMJNQBDUBTTFTTNFOUXJMMTIPXUIBUUIFJNQBDUJTEJêFSFOUGPSFBDITFQBSBUF 166 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPNQPOFOU'PSGPSNVMBUJOHXBUFSQPMJDZBJNFEUPSFEVDF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDUT JUJTNPSFVTFGVMUPLOPXIPXEJêFSFOUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU DPNQPOFOUTMJOLUPWBSJPVTJNQBDUTUIBOUPIBWFBXFJHIFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JNQBDUJOEFYɨFSJTLPGNBLJOHBTFFNJOHMZBEWBODFEXFJHIFEXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JNQBDUJOEFYJTUIBUTVDIBOJOEFYIJEFTBMMJOGPSNBUJPOSFMBUFEUPJNQBDUT JOTUFBEPGNBLJOHUIFJNQBDUTFYQMJDJU 10. 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Direct water footprintoɨFEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS PSBHSPVQPGDPOTVNFSTPSQSPEVDFST SFGFSTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOE QPMMVUJPOUIBUJTBTTPDJBUFEUPUIFXBUFSVTFCZUIFDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFS*UJT EJTUJODUGSPNUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO BOEQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOE services consumed by the consumer or the inputs used by the producer. Effective precipitationoɨFQPSUJPOPGUIFUPUBMQSFDJQJUBUJPOUIBUJTSFUBJOFE CZUIFTPJMTPUIBUJUJTBWBJMBCMFGPSDSPQQSPEVDUJPO End-use water footprint of a product o8IFODPOTVNFSTVTFBQSPEVDU UIFSF DBOCFBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOUIFFOEVTFTUBHFɨJOLBCPVUUIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPO UIBUSFTVMUTGSPNUIFVTFPGTPBQTJOUIFIPVTFIPME*OUIJTDBTF POFDBOTQFBL BCPVUUIFFOEVTFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUɨJTGPPUQSJOUJTTUSJDUMZTQPLFO OPUQBSUPGUIFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU CVUQBSUPGUIFDPOTVNFSTXBUFS GPPUQSJOU Environmental flow requirementsoɨFRVBOUJUZ RVBMJUZBOEUJNJOHPGXBUFS ìPXTSFRVJSFEUPTVTUBJOGSFTIXBUFSBOEFTUVBSJOFFDPTZTUFNTBOEUIFIVNBO MJWFMJIPPETBOEXFMMCFJOHUIBUEFQFOEPOUIFTFFDPTZTUFNT Environmental green water requirementoɨFRVBOUJUZPGHSFFOXBUFSGSPN MBOETUIBUOFFEUPCFSFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSFBOECJPEJWFSTJUZQSFTFSWBUJPOBOEGPS human livelihoods that depend on the ecosystems in the natural areas. Glossary 189 Evapotranspirationo&WBQPSBUJPOGSPNUIFTPJMBOETPJMTVSGBDFXIFSFDSPQT BSFHSPXO JODMVEJOHUIFUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGXBUFSUIBUBDUVBMMZQBTTFTDSPQT External water footprint of national consumptionoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUGBMMTPVUTJEFUIFOBUJPODPOTJEFSFE*U SFGFSTUPUIFBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGXBUFSSFTPVSDFTJOPUIFSOBUJPOTGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPO PGHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUBSFJNQPSUFEJOUPBOEDPOTVNFEXJUIJOUIFOBUJPO considered. Geographic sustainability oɨFHFPHSBQIJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIFHSFFO CMVF BOEHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTJOBDBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJODBOCFBTTFTTFECBTFEPO BOVNCFSPGFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJB Global water saving through trade o*OUFSOBUJPOBMUSBEFDBOTBWFGSFTIXBUFS HMPCBMMZJGBXBUFSJOUFOTJWFDPNNPEJUZJTUSBEFEGSPNBOBSFBXIFSFJUJT QSPEVDFEXJUIIJHIXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ TNBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU UPBOBSFBXJUI MPXFSXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ MBSHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU Green wateroɨFQSFDJQJUBUJPOPOMBOEUIBUEPFTOPUSVOPêPSSFDIBSHFUIF HSPVOEXBUFSCVUJTTUPSFEJOUIFTPJMPSUFNQPSBSJMZTUBZTPOUPQPGUIFTPJMPS WFHFUBUJPO&WFOUVBMMZ UIJTQBSUPGQSFDJQJUBUJPOFWBQPSBUFTPSUSBOTQJSFTUISPVHI QMBOUT(SFFOXBUFSDBOCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWFGPSDSPQHSPXUI BMUIPVHIOPUBMM HSFFOXBUFSDBOCFUBLFOVQCZDSPQT CFDBVTFUIFSFXJMMBMXBZTCFFWBQPSBUJPO GSPNUIFTPJMBOECFDBVTFOPUBMMQFSJPETPGUIFZFBSPSBSFBTBSFTVJUBCMFGPSDSPQ HSPXUI Green water availability oɨFFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOPGSBJOXBUFSGSPNMBOE NJOVTFWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOESFTFSWFEGPSOBUVSBMWFHFUBUJPOBOENJOVT FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOGSPNMBOEUIBUDBOOPUCFNBEFQSPEVDUJWF Green water footprinto7PMVNFPGSBJOXBUFSDPOTVNFEEVSJOHUIFQSPEVDUJPO QSPDFTTɨJTJTQBSUJDVMBSMZSFMFWBOUGPSBHSJDVMUVSBMBOEGPSFTUSZQSPEVDUT QSPEVDUTCBTFEPODSPQTPSXPPE XIFSFJUSFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMSBJOXBUFS FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPO GSPNëFMETBOEQMBOUBUJPOT QMVTUIFXBUFSJODPSQPSBUFE JOUPUIFIBSWFTUFEDSPQPSXPPE Green water footprint impact indexo"OBHHSFHBUFEBOEXFJHIFENFBTVSF PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBUDBUDINFOUMFWFM*U JTCBTFEPOUXPJOQVUT J UIFHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSTQFDJëFECZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIBOE JJ UIFHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ CZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIɨFJOEFYJTPCUBJOFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFUXP NBUSJDFTBOEUIFOTVNNJOHUIFFMFNFOUTPGUIFSFTVMUBOUNBUSJYɨFPVUDPNF 190 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual DBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXFJHIFEBDDPSEJOHUPUIFHSFFO XBUFSTDBSDJUZJOUIFQMBDFTBOEQFSJPETXIFSFUIFWBSJPVTHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU components occur. Green water scarcity oɨFSBUJPPGHSFFOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUUPHSFFOXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ(SFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZWBSJFTXJUIJOUIFZFBSBOEGSPNZFBSUPZFBS Grey water footprintoɨFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBOJOEJDBUPS PGGSFTIXBUFSQPMMVUJPOUIBUDBOCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGBQSPEVDU PWFSJUTGVMMTVQQMZDIBJO*UJTEFëOFEBTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFE UPBTTJNJMBUFUIFMPBEPGQPMMVUBOUTCBTFEPOOBUVSBMCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOT BOEFYJTUJOHBNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET*UJTDBMDVMBUFEBTUIFWPMVNFPG XBUFSUIBUJTSFRVJSFEUPEJMVUFQPMMVUBOUTUPTVDIBOFYUFOUUIBUUIFRVBMJUZPG UIFXBUFSSFNBJOTBCPWFBHSFFEXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET Grey water footprint impact indexo"OBHHSFHBUFEBOEXFJHIFENFBTVSF PGUIFFOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBUDBUDINFOUMFWFM*U JTCBTFEPOUXPJOQVUT J UIFHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU DPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSTQFDJëFECZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIBOE JJ UIFXBUFSQPMMVUJPO MFWFMCZDBUDINFOUBOECZNPOUIɨFJOEFYJTPCUBJOFECZNVMUJQMZJOHUIFUXP NBUSJDFTBOEUIFOTVNNJOHUIFFMFNFOUTPGUIFSFTVMUBOUNBUSJYɨFPVUDPNF DBOCFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXFJHIFEBDDPSEJOHUPUIFXBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFMJOUIFQMBDFTBOEQFSJPETXIFSFUIFWBSJPVTHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU components occur. Hotspoto"IPUTQPUJTBTQFDJëDQFSJPEPGUIFZFBS TVDIBTUIFESZQFSJPE JOBTQFDJëD TVC DBUDINFOUJOXIJDIUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTVOTVTUBJOBCMF GPS FYBNQMF CFDBVTFJUDPNQSPNJTFTFOWJSPONFOUBMXBUFSOFFETPSXBUFSRVBMJUZ TUBOEBSETPSCFDBVTFUIFXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOBOEVTFJOUIFDBUDINFOUJTDPOTJEFSFE VOGBJSBOEPSFDPOPNJDBMMZJOFïDJFOU Indirect water footprintoɨFJOEJSFDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPS QSPEVDFSSFGFSTUPUIFGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOACFIJOEQSPEVDUT CFJOHDPOTVNFEPSQSPEVDFE*UJTFRVBMUPUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFSPSPGBMM OPOXBUFS JOQVUTVTFECZUIF producer. Internal water footprint of national consumptionoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOUIBUGBMMTJOTJEFUIFOBUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET UIFBQQSPQSJBUJPOPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTGPSQSPEVDJOHHPPETBOETFSWJDFT that are consumed domestically. Glossary 191 Irrigation requirement oɨFRVBOUJUZPGXBUFSFYDMVTJWFPGQSFDJQJUBUJPO JOPUIFSXPSET UIFRVBOUJUZPGJSSJHBUJPOXBUFS SFRVJSFEGPSOPSNBMDSPQ QSPEVDUJPO*UJODMVEFTTPJMFWBQPSBUJPOBOETPNFVOBWPJEBCMFMPTTFTVOEFSUIF HJWFODPOEJUJPOT*UJTVTVBMMZFYQSFTTFEJOXBUFSEFQUIVOJUT NJMMJNFUSFT BOE NBZCFTUBUFEJONPOUIMZ TFBTPOBMPSBOOVBMUFSNT PSGPSBDSPQQFSJPE Maximum acceptable concentrationoTFFABNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET National water footprinto*TUIFTBNFBTXIBUJTNPSFBDDVSBUFMZDBMMFEUIF AXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO XIJDIJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMBNPVOU PGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIF JOIBCJUBOUTPGUIFOBUJPO1BSUPGUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUMJFTPVUTJEFUIFUFSSJUPSZ PGUIFOBUJPOɨFUFSNTIPVMEOPUCFDPOGVTFEXJUIUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJO BOBUJPO XIJDISFGFSTUPUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNFDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE XJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO National water saving through trade – A nation can preserve its domestic GSFTIXBUFSSFTPVSDFTCZJNQPSUJOHBXBUFSJOUFOTJWFQSPEVDUJOTUFBEPGQSPEVDJOH it domestically. Natural concentration oɨFOBUVSBMPSCBDLHSPVOEDPODFOUSBUJPOJOBSFDFJWJOH XBUFSCPEZJTUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOJOUIFXBUFSCPEZUIBUXPVMEPDDVSJGUIFSFXBT OPIVNBOEJTUVSCBODFJOUIFDBUDINFOU *UDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFAIJHITUBUVT DPOEJUJPOTBTEFëOFEJOUIF&68BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF Operational water footprint of a businessoɨFPQFSBUJPOBM PSEJSFDU XBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEEVFUP JUTPXOPQFSBUJPOT Organizational water footprinto4FFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTT Overhead water footprintoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUDPOTJTUTPGUXP FMFNFOUTUIFVTFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUDBOJNNFEJBUFMZCFSFMBUFEUPUIFQSPEVDU BOEUIFVTFPGGSFTIXBUFSJOPWFSIFBEBDUJWJUJFTɨFMBUUFSFMFNFOUJTDBMMFEUIF APWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUSFGFSTUPGSFTIXBUFS VTFUIBUJOUIFëSTUJOTUBODFDBOOPUCFGVMMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPG UIFTQFDJëDQSPEVDUDPOTJEFSFE CVUSFGFSTUPGSFTIXBUFSVTFUIBUBTTPDJBUFTXJUI TVQQPSUJOHBDUJWJUJFTBOENBUFSJBMTVTFEJOUIFCVTJOFTT XIJDIQSPEVDFTOPUKVTU UIJTTQFDJëDQSPEVDUCVUPUIFSQSPEVDUTBTXFMMɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPG BCVTJOFTTIBTUPCFEJTUSJCVUFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTCVTJOFTTQSPEVDUT XIJDIJTEPOF CBTFEPOUIFSFMBUJWFWBMVFQFSQSPEVDUɨFPWFSIFBEXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJODMVEFT 192 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual GPSFYBNQMF UIFGSFTIXBUFSVTFJOUIFUPJMFUTBOELJUDIFOPGBGBDUPSZBOEUIF GSFTIXBUFSVTFCFIJOEUIFDPODSFUFBOETUFFMVTFEJOUIFGBDUPSZBOENBDIJOFSJFT Primary impacts oɨFUFSNAQSJNBSZJNQBDUTJTVTFEJOUIFDPOUFYUPGBTTFTTJOH UIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB1SJNBSZJNQBDUTSFGFS UPUIFFêFDUPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOBDBUDINFOUPOXBUFSìPXTBOEXBUFS quality. Production system oɨFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNPGBQSPEVDUDPOTJTUTPGBMMUIF sequential process steps applied to produce it. A production system can be a MJOFBSDIBJOPGQSPDFTTFT JUDBOUBLFUIFTIBQFPGBQSPEVDUUSFF NBOZJOQVUT VMUJNBUFMZSFTVMUJOHJOPOFPVUQVUQSPEVDU PSJUNBZSBUIFSMPPLMJLFBDPNQMFY OFUXPSLPGJOUFSMJOLFEQSPDFTTFTUIBUFWFOUVBMMZMFBEPOFPSNPSFQSPEVDUT Product treeo4FFAQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN Return flowoɨFQBSUPGUIFXBUFSXJUIESBXOGPSBOBHSJDVMUVSBM JOEVTUSJBMPS EPNFTUJDQVSQPTFUIBUSFUVSOTUPUIFHSPVOEXBUFSPSTVSGBDFXBUFSJOUIFTBNF DBUDINFOUBTXIFSFJUXBTBCTUSBDUFEɨJTXBUFSDBOQPUFOUJBMMZCFXJUIESBXO and used again. Secondary impacts oɨFUFSNATFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTJTVTFE OFYUUPUIFUFSN AQSJNBSZJNQBDUT JOUIFDPOUFYUPGBTTFTTJOHUIFTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUJOBHFPHSBQIJDBSFB4FDPOEBSZJNQBDUTSFGFSUPUIFJNQBDUTPGBXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPOVMUJNBUFFDPMPHJDBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDWBMVFTTVDIBTCJPEJWFSTJUZ IVNBOIFBMUI XFMGBSFBOETFDVSJUZ Supply-chain water footprint of a businessoɨFTVQQMZDIBJO PSJOEJSFDU XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFE UPQSPEVDFBMMUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTUIBUGPSNUIFJOQVUPGQSPEVDUJPOPGB business. Sustainability criteria o4VTUBJOBCJMJUZDSJUFSJBBSFHFOFSBMMZDBUFHPSJ[FEJOUP UISFFNBKPSUIFNFTFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDTVTUBJOBCJMJUZ Virtual-water balanceoɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSCBMBODFPGBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFE BSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB PWFSBDFSUBJOUJNFQFSJPEJT EFëOFEBTUIFOFUJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSPWFSUIJTQFSJPE XIJDIJTFRVBMUPUIF HSPTTJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSNJOVTUIFHSPTTFYQPSU"QPTJUJWFWJSUVBMXBUFS CBMBODFJNQMJFTOFUJOìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUPUIFOBUJPOGSPNPUIFSOBUJPOT" OFHBUJWFCBMBODFNFBOTOFUPVUìPXPGWJSUVBMXBUFS Glossary 193 Virtual-water content oɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDUJTUIFGSFTIXBUFS AFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDU OPUJOSFBMTFOTF CVUJOWJSUVBMTFOTF*USFGFSTUPUIF WPMVNFPGXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEGPSQSPEVDJOHUIFQSPEVDU NFBTVSFE PWFSJUTGVMMQSPEVDUJPODIBJO*GBOBUJPOFYQPSUTJNQPSUTTVDIBQSPEVDU JU FYQPSUTJNQPSUTXBUFSJOWJSUVBMGPSNɨFAWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUPGBQSPEVDU JTUIFTBNFBTAUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU CVUUIFGPSNFSSFGFSTUPUIF XBUFSWPMVNFFNCPEJFEJOUIFQSPEVDUBMPOF XIJMFUIFMBUUFSUFSNSFGFSTUP UIBUWPMVNF CVUBMTPUPXIJDITPSUPGXBUFSJTCFJOHVTFEBOEUPXIFOBOE XIFSFUIBUXBUFSJTCFJOHVTFEɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTUIVTBNVMUJ EJNFOTJPOBMJOEJDBUPS XIFSFBTWJSUVBMXBUFSDPOUFOUSFGFSTUPBWPMVNFBMPOF Virtual-water exportoɨFWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSUGSPNBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOF BUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBM XBUFSBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFFYQPSUPGHPPETPSTFSWJDFTGSPNUIFBSFB*UJTUIFUPUBM WPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUTGPSFYQPSU Virtual-water flow o5IF WJSUVBMXBUFS GMPX CFUXFFO UXP HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ EFMJOFBUFEBSFBT GPSFYBNQMF UXPOBUJPOT JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBMXBUFSUIBUJT CFJOHUSBOTGFSSFEGSPNUIFPOFUPUIFBOPUIFSBSFBBTBSFTVMUPGQSPEVDUUSBEF Virtual-water import o 5IF WJSUVBMXBUFS JNQPSU JOUP B HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ EFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BOBUJPOPSDBUDINFOUBSFB JTUIFWPMVNFPGWJSUVBM XBUFSBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFJNQPSUPGHPPETPSTFSWJDFTJOUPUIFBSFB*UJTUIF UPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFE JOUIFFYQPSUBSFBT UPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDUT 7JFXFEGSPNUIFQFSTQFDUJWFPGUIFJNQPSUJOHBSFB UIJTXBUFSDBOCFTFFOBTBO BEEJUJPOBMTPVSDFPGXBUFSUIBUDPNFTPOUPQPGUIFBWBJMBCMFXBUFSSFTPVSDFT XJUIJOUIFBSFBJUTFMG Water abstractiono4FFAXBUFSXJUIESBXBM Water appropriation oɨJTJTBUFSNVTFEJOUIFDPOUFYUPGXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTTFTTNFOUUPSFGFSUPCPUIUIFADPOTVNQUJPOPGGSFTIXBUFSGPSIVNBOBDUJWJUJFT HSFFOBOECMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BOEUIFAQPMMVUJPOPGGSFTIXBUFSCZIVNBO BDUJWJUJFT HSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOU Water consumptionoɨFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEBOEUIFOFWBQPSBUFEPS JODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU*UBMTPJODMVEFTXBUFSBCTUSBDUFEGSPNTVSGBDFPS HSPVOEXBUFSJOBDBUDINFOUBOESFUVSOFEUPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUPSUIFTFB*U JTJNQPSUBOUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUIFUFSNAXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOGSPNUIFUFSNAXBUFS XJUIESBXBMPSAXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPO 194 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Water footprintoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFUIBU MPPLTBUCPUIEJSFDUBOEJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFPGBDPOTVNFSPSQSPEVDFSɨFXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGBOJOEJWJEVBM DPNNVOJUZPSCVTJOFTTJTEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNF PGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJOEJWJEVBM PSDPNNVOJUZPSQSPEVDFECZUIFCVTJOFTT8BUFSVTFJTNFBTVSFEJOUFSNTPG XBUFSWPMVNFTDPOTVNFE FWBQPSBUFEPSJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPBQSPEVDU BOEPS QPMMVUFEQFSVOJUPGUJNF"XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOCFDBMDVMBUFEGPSBQBSUJDVMBS QSPEVDU GPSBOZXFMMEFëOFEHSPVQPGDPOTVNFST GPSFYBNQMF BOJOEJWJEVBM GBNJMZ WJMMBHF DJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUFPSOBUJPO PSQSPEVDFST GPSFYBNQMF BQVCMJD PSHBOJ[BUJPO QSJWBUFFOUFSQSJTFPSFDPOPNJDTFDUPS ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTB HFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUJOEJDBUPS TIPXJOHOPUPOMZWPMVNFTPGXBUFSVTFBOE QPMMVUJPO CVUBMTPUIFMPDBUJPOT Water footprint accounting oɨFTUFQJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUUIBUSFGFST UPDPMMFDUJOHGBDUVBM FNQJSJDBMEBUBPOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTXJUIBTDPQFBOEEFQUI BTEFëOFEFBSMJFS Water footprint assessment o8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUSFGFSTUPUIFGVMMSBOHF PGBDUJWJUJFTUP J RVBOUJGZBOEMPDBUFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPDFTT QSPEVDU QSPEVDFSPSDPOTVNFSPSUPRVBOUJGZJOTQBDFBOEUJNFUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJO BTQFDJëFEHFPHSBQIJDBSFB JJ BTTFTTUIFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJD TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGUIJTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBOE JJJ GPSNVMBUFBSFTQPOTFTUSBUFHZ Water footprint impact indices o4FFACMVFHSFFOHSFZXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJNQBDU JOEFY Water footprint of a businessoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTToXIJDI DBOBMTPCFDBMMFEBMUFSOBUJWFMZDPSQPSBUFPSPSHBOJ[BUJPOBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUoJT EFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEEJSFDUMZBOEJOEJSFDUMZUP SVOBOETVQQPSUBCVTJOFTTɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTDPOTJTUTPGUXP DPNQPOFOUTUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFCZUIFQSPEVDFS GPSQSPEVDJOHNBOVGBDUVSJOH PSGPSTVQQPSUJOHBDUJWJUJFT BOEUIFJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTF UIFXBUFSVTFJOUIF QSPEVDFSTTVQQMZDIBJO ɨFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTJTUIFTBNFBTUIF UPUBMAXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGUIFCVTJOFTTPVUQVUQSPEVDUT Water footprint of a consumero*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFS DPOTVNFEBOEQPMMVUFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFE CZUIFDPOTVNFS*UJTDBMDVMBUFECZBEEJOHUIFEJSFDUXBUFSVTFCZQFPQMFBOE UIFJSJOEJSFDUXBUFSVTFɨFMBUUFSDBOCFGPVOECZNVMUJQMZJOHBMMHPPETBOE TFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFXBUFSGPPUQSJOU Glossary 195 Water footprint of national consumptiono*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMBNPVOU PGGSFTIXBUFSUIBUJTVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFHPPETBOETFSWJDFTDPOTVNFECZUIF JOIBCJUBOUTPGUIFOBUJPOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPODBO CFBTTFTTFEJOUXPXBZTɨFCPUUPNVQBQQSPBDIJTUPDPOTJEFSUIFTVNPGBMM QSPEVDUTDPOTVNFENVMUJQMJFEXJUIUIFJSSFTQFDUJWFQSPEVDUXBUFSGPPUQSJOU *OUIFUPQEPXOBQQSPBDI UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPOJT DBMDVMBUFEBTUIFUPUBMVTFPGEPNFTUJDXBUFSSFTPVSDFTQMVTUIFHSPTTWJSUVBM XBUFSJNQPSUNJOVTUIFHSPTTWJSUVBMXBUFSFYQPSU Water footprint of national productiono"OPUIFSUFSNGPSUIFAXBUFSGPPUQSJOU XJUIJOBOBUJPO Water footprint of a productoɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDU BDPNNPEJUZ HPPEPSTFSWJDF JTUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSVTFEUPQSPEVDFUIFQSPEVDU TVNNFEPWFSUIFWBSJPVTTUFQTPGUIFQSPEVDUJPODIBJOɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB QSPEVDUSFGFSTOPUPOMZUPUIFUPUBMWPMVNFPGXBUFSVTFEJUBMTPSFGFSTUPXIFSF BOEXIFOUIFXBUFSJTVTFE Water footprint offsetting o0êTFUUJOHUIFOFHBUJWFJNQBDUTPGBXBUFSGPPUQSJOU JTQBSUPGXBUFSOFVUSBMJUZ0êTFUUJOHJTBMBTUTUFQ BGUFSBQSJPSFêPSUPGSFEVDJOH BXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOTPGBSSFBTPOBCMZQPTTJCMF$PNQFOTBUJPODBOCFEPOFCZ DPOUSJCVUJOHUP GPSFYBNQMF CZJOWFTUJOHJO BNPSFTVTUBJOBCMFBOEFRVJUBCMF VTFPGXBUFSJOUIFIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTJOXIJDIUIFJNQBDUTPGUIFSFNBJOJOH XBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFMPDBUFE Water footprint sustainability assessment oɨFQIBTFJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTTFTTNFOUUIBUBJNTUPFWBMVBUFXIFUIFSBDFSUBJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTTVTUBJOBCMF GSPNBOFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM BTXFMMBTBOFDPOPNJDQPJOUPGWJFX Water footprint within a geographically delineated area o*TEFëOFEBTUIF UPUBMGSFTIXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOBOEQPMMVUJPOXJUIJOUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFBSFB ɨFBSFBDBOCFGPSFYBNQMFBIZESPMPHJDBMVOJUTVDIBTBDBUDINFOUBSFBPS BSJWFSCBTJOPSBOBENJOJTUSBUJWFVOJUMJLFBNVOJDJQBMJUZ QSPWJODF TUBUFPS nation. Water footprint within a nation o*TEFëOFEBTUIFUPUBMGSFTIXBUFSWPMVNF DPOTVNFEPSQPMMVUFEXJUIJOUIFUFSSJUPSZPGUIFOBUJPO Water neutral o"QSPDFTT QSPEVDU DPOTVNFS DPNNVOJUZPSCVTJOFTTJT XBUFSOFVUSBMXIFO J JUTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBTCFFOSFEVDFEXIFSFQPTTJCMF QBSUJDVMBSMZJOQMBDFTXJUIBIJHIEFHSFFPGXBUFSTDBSDJUZPSQPMMVUJPOBOE 196 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual JJ XIFOUIFOFHBUJWFFOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBMBOEFDPOPNJDFYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIF SFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUIBWFCFFOPêTFU DPNQFOTBUFE *OTPNFQBSUJDVMBS DBTFT XIFOJOUFSGFSFODFXJUIUIFXBUFSDZDMFDBOCFDPNQMFUFMZBWPJEFEoGPS FYBNQMF CZGVMMXBUFSSFDZDMJOHBOE[FSPXBTUFoAXBUFSOFVUSBMNFBOTUIBUUIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTOVMMJëFEJOPUIFSDBTFT TVDIBTJOUIFDBTFPGDSPQHSPXUI UIF XBUFSGPPUQSJOUDBOOPUCFOVMMJëFEɨFSFGPSFAXBUFSOFVUSBMEPFTOPUOFDFTTBSJMZ NFBOUIBUUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTCSPVHIUEPXOUP[FSP CVUUIBUJUJTSFEVDFE BTNVDIBTQPTTJCMFBOEUIBUUIFOFHBUJWFFDPOPNJD TPDJBMBOEFOWJSPONFOUBM FYUFSOBMJUJFTPGUIFSFNBJOJOHXBUFSGPPUQSJOUBSFGVMMZDPNQFOTBUFE Water pollution level o%FHSFFPGQPMMVUJPOPGUIFSVOPêìPX NFBTVSFEBTUIF GSBDUJPOPGUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGSVOPêBDUVBMMZDPOTVNFE"XBUFS QPMMVUJPOMFWFMPGQFSDFOUNFBOTUIFXBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZPGUIFSVO PêìPXIBTCFFOGVMMZDPOTVNFE Water productivity o1SPEVDUVOJUTQSPEVDFEQFSVOJUPGXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO PSQPMMVUJPO8BUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ QSPEVDUVOJUTN JTUIFJOWFSTFPGUIFXBUFS GPPUQSJOU NQSPEVDUVOJU #MVFXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZSFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUT PCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSFPGCMVFXBUFSDPOTVNFE(SFFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ SFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUTPCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSFPGHSFFOXBUFSDPOTVNFE (SFZXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZSFGFSTUPUIFQSPEVDUVOJUTPCUBJOFEQFSDVCJDNFUSF PGHSFZXBUFSQSPEVDFEɨFUFSNAXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZJTBTJNJMBSUFSNBTUIF UFSNTMBCPVSQSPEVDUJWJUZPSMBOEQSPEVDUJWJUZ CVUOPXQSPEVDUJPOJTEJWJEFE PWFSUIFXBUFSJOQVU8IFOXBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZJTNFBTVSFEJONPOFUBSZPVUQVU JOTUFBEPGQIZTJDBMPVUQVUQFSVOJUPGXBUFS POFDBOTQFBLBCPVUAFDPOPNJD XBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ Water scarcity o4FFACMVFXBUFSTDBSDJUZBOEAHSFFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ Water self-sufficiency versus water dependency of a nationɨFAXBUFSTFMG TVïDJFODZPGBOBUJPOJTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFJOUFSOBMUPUIFUPUBMXBUFS GPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO*UEFOPUFTUIFEFHSFFUPXIJDIUIFOBUJPO TVQQMJFTUIFXBUFSOFFEFEGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGUIFEPNFTUJDEFNBOEGPSHPPET BOETFSWJDFT4FMGTVïDJFODZJTQFSDFOUJGBMMUIFXBUFSOFFEFEJTBWBJMBCMF BOEJOEFFEUBLFOGSPNXJUIJOUIFOBUJPOTPXOUFSSJUPSZ8BUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ BQQSPBDIFT[FSPJGUIFEFNBOEGPSHPPETBOETFSWJDFTJOBOBUJPOJTMBSHFMZNFU XJUIWJSUVBMXBUFSJNQPSUT/BUJPOTXJUIJNQPSUPGWJSUVBMXBUFSEFQFOE de facto POUIFXBUFSSFTPVSDFTBWBJMBCMFJOPUIFSQBSUTPGUIFXPSMEɨFAWJSUVBM XBUFSJNQPSUEFQFOEFODZPGBOBUJPOJTEFëOFEBTUIFSBUJPPGUIFFYUFSOBMUP UIFUPUBMXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO Glossary 197 Water withdrawaloɨFWPMVNFPGGSFTIXBUFSBCTUSBDUJPOGSPNTVSGBDFPS HSPVOEXBUFS1BSUPGUIFGSFTIXBUFSXJUIESBXBMXJMMFWBQPSBUF BOPUIFSQBSU XJMMSFUVSOUPUIFDBUDINFOUXIFSFJUXBTXJUIESBXOBOEZFUBOPUIFSQBSUNBZ return to another catchment or the sea. *OEFY BHSJDVMUVSBMQPMJDZ DPSQPSBUFTPDJBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ "26"$301NPEFM BTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ o DPUUPOo o DSJUJDBMMPBEo CFODINBSLJOH o DSPQXBUFSSFRVJSFNFOU o o o CJPEJWFSTJUZ o $3018"5NPEFM o DSPQZJFME o CMVFXBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ o EFTBMJOBUJPO EFWFMPQNFOUDPPQFSBUJPOo GPPUQSJOUo o o EJMVUJPOGBDUPS o o o o FDPFïDJFOU GPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY FDPMPHJDBMGPPUQSJOU o o GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOo FêFDUJWFQSFDJQJUBUJPOo o o FïDJFODZPGXBUFSVTF TDBSDJUZo o BMMPDBUJPOFïDJFODZ TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGCMVFXBUFS JOJSSJHBUJPO GPPUQSJOUo o JOXBUFSSJDIBSFBT QSPEVDUJWFFïDJFODZ carbon FðVFOU GPPUQSJOUo EJMVUJPO o o TUBOEBSET energy OFVUSBMo CJPFOFSHZ PêTFUUJOH o DFSUJëDBUJPO FNCPEJFEFOFSHZo comparative advantage 111 FOFSHZBOBMZTJT o DPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSO FOFSHZQPMJDZ o 200 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual TPMBSFOFSHZ TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGHSFZXBUFS XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGFOFSHZ GPPUQSJOU o HSPVOEXBUFS XJOEFOFSHZ EFDMJOF o FOWJSPONFOUBMìPXSFRVJSFNFOUT GPTTJM o o o o SFOFXBCMF o FOWJSPONFOUBMHSFFOXBUFS IPUTQPU o SFRVJSFNFOUT o o o o o FOWJSPONFOUBMQPMJDZo &1*$NPEFM integrated river basin management FRVJUBCMFXBUFSVTF o JOUFHSBUFEXBUFSSFTPVSDFT FWBQPUSBOTQJSBUJPOo NBOBHFNFOU o o o JOQVUPVUQVUBOBMZTJT JOWFTUPST o JOUFSCBTJOXBUFSUSBOTGFS GPSFJHOQPMJDZ o irrigation DFOUSFQJWPUJSSJHBUJPO HSFFOIPVTFHBTFNJTTJPOT EFëDJUJSSJHBUJPO ESJQJSSJHBUJPO HSFFOXBTIJOH GVSSPXJSSJHBUJPO HSFFOXBUFS JSSJHBUJPONBQT BWBJMBCJMJUZ o JSSJHBUJPOSFRVJSFNFOUo GPPUQSJOUo o o JSSJHBUJPOTDIFEVMF o o GPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY NJDSPJSSJHBUJPO GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOo TQSJOLMFSJSSJHBUJPO o TDBSDJUZ o TVQQMFNFOUBSZJSSJHBUJPO TVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGHSFFOXBUFS XBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGJSSJHBUJPO GPPUQSJOUo o o o HSFZXBUFS GPPUQSJOUo o o MBCFMMJOHPGQSPEVDUT MBLFMFWFMEFDMJOF o o o 121 GPPUQSJOUJNQBDUJOEFY MFBDIJOH GPPUQSJOUSFEVDUJPOo MJGFDZDMFBTTFTTNFOUo o o Index 201 NBUFSJBMìPXBOBMZTJT sustainability NFBU BTTFTTNFOUo o o o o PêTFUUJOH DSJUFSJB o DBSCPO HFPHSBQIJDo o XBUFSo o o o o PGDPOTVNQUJPO PQQPSUVOJUZDPTU PGXBUFSGPPUQSJOUo o PSHBOJDGBSNJOHo o SFQPSUJOH QFPQMFQMBOFUQSPëU sustainable procurement 112 QPMMVUFSQBZTQSJODJQMF UIFSNBMQPMMVUJPO QSJNBSZJNQBDUTo o o trade QSPEVDUJPOTZTUFN o QPMJDZ o o XBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHI o QSPEVDUGSBDUJPOo o QSPEVDUUSFF USBOTQBSFODZPGQSPEVDUTo o o SBJOXBUFSIBSWFTUJOH USJQMFCPUUPNMJOF remote sensing 121 USVODBUJPOo SFOFXBCMFSFTPVSDF SFUVSOìPX VODFSUBJOUJFTJOXBUFSGPPUQSJOU BTTFTTNFOU SJTL VTFSQBZTQSJODJQMF CVTJOFTT o WBMVFGSBDUJPOo ëOBODJBM WJSUVBMXBUFS JOTVQQMZDIBJO CBMBODF QIZTJDBM DPOUFOU SFHVMBUPSZ USBEF FYQPSUJNQPSU SFQVUBUJPOBMo o o o SVOPêo o o o XBTUFBTTJNJMBUJPODBQBDJUZ TDBSDJUZSFOU o TFDPOEBSZJNQBDUTo o o XBTUFXBUFSUSFBUNFOU TPDJBMMJDFODFUPPQFSBUF TVHBS o o 202 The Water Footprint Assessment Manual XBUFSBCTUSBDUJPO o o PGOBUJPOBMDPOTVNQUJPO o o o o XBUFSBQQSPQSJBUJPO o o o PGOBUJPOBMQSPEVDUJPO XBUFSDPOTVNQUJPOo PêTFUUJOHo o o o XBUFSEFQFOEFODZ PQFSBUJPOBMo o PGBCVTJOFTT PGBOBUJPO o PSHBOJ[BUJPOBM XBUFSEJTDMPTVSFo PWFSIFBEo XBUFSGPPUQSJOU SFEVDUJPO BDDPVOUJOHo o o o o o o BTTFTTNFOUo o o TVQQMZDIBJOo o o DPNQFOTBUJPO o TVTUBJOBCJMJUZBTTFTTNFOUo o o o o o EJSFDUo o o XJUIJOBDBUDINFOU o FOEVTF XJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFE FYUFSOBM o o BSFBo o o o XJUIJOBOBUJPO JNQBDUJOEJDFTo o XBUFSOFVUSBMo o JOEJSFDU o XBUFSQPMJDZo o XBUFSQPMMVUJPO JOUFSOBM o o o EJêVTFTPVSDFT o QPJOUTPVSDFTo PGBCVTJOFTT o XBUFSQPMMVUJPOMFWFMo o o o o o PGBDPOTVNFSo o XBUFSQSJDF o o XBUFSQSJDJOHQSPUPDPM o XBUFSQSPEVDUJWJUZ o PGBQSPDFTTo o o o o o o XBUFSRVBMJUZ PGBQSPEVDU o o BDUVBMDPODFOUSBUJPO o o o BNCJFOUXBUFSRVBMJUZTUBOEBSET o o Index 203 o JOIPVTFIPMET HMPCBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEF FðVFOUTUBOEBSET o OBUVSBMDPODFOUSBUJPO o OBUJPOBMXBUFSTBWJOHUISPVHIUSBEF o XBUFSTDBSDJUZ o o XBUFSSFDZDMJOH o o o o o XBUFSSFVTF XBUFSTFMGTVïDJFODZ XBUFSTBWJOH XBUFSXJUIESBXBMo o JOBHSJDVMUVSF o JOJOEVTUSZ People use a lot of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the ‘virtual water’ embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it: provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction. Arjen Y. Hoekstra is Professor in Water Management at the University of Twente, the Netherlands; creator of the water footprint concept and Scientific Director of the Water Footprint Network. Ashok K. Chapagain was an irrigation engineer in Nepal for more than a decade, has worked as a researcher at the University of Twente and currently works for the WWF in the UK. Maite M. Aldaya works as a consultant for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and is a researcher at the Water Footprint Network. Mesfin M. Mekonnen was an energy expert at the Ministry of Mines and Energy in Ethiopia, and is currently a PhD student at the University of Twente. Water / Environmental and Sustainability Assessment / Agriculture and Food www.earthscan.co.uk Earthscan strives to minimize its impact on the environment Cover image: ‘Water Background’ © istockphoto.com/Selahattin BAYRAMSFGFSTUPUIFBOOVBM * WPMVNFPGPVUQVUQSPEVDUQGSPNCVTJOFTTVOJUV1SPEVDUáPX1 u
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