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RARE BOOKS UJ. The University of Sydney Copyright in relation to this thesis* Under the Copyright Act 1968 (several provision of which are referred to below), this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing for the purposes of research, criticism or review. In particular no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. Under Section 35(2) of the Copyright Act 1968 'the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work'. By virtue of Section 32( I) copyright 'subsists in an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is unpublished' and of which the author was an Australian citizen, an Australian protected person or a person resident in Australia. The Act, by Section 36( I) provides: 'Subject to this Act, the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Australia, or authorises the doing in Australia of, any act comprised in the copyright'. Section 31 (I )(a)(i) provides that copyright includes the exclusive right to 'reproduce the work in a material form'.Thus, copyright is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, reproduces or authorises the reproduction of a work. or of more than a reasonable part of the work, in a material form, unless the reproduction is a 'fair dealing' with the work 'for the purpose of research or study' as further defined in Sections 40 and 41 of the Act. Section 51 (2) provides that "Where a manuscript, or a copy, of a thesis or other similar literary work that has not been published is kept in a library of a university or other similar institution or in an archives, the copyright in the thesis or other work is not infringed by the making of a copy of the thesis or other work by or on behalf of the officer in charge of the library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies an authorized officer of the library or archives that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or study'. *'Thesis' includes 'treatise', dissertation' and other similar productions. 0 RAYMOND ARTHUR DART: HIS LIFE AND WORK Frances Wheelhouse A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Sydney March 1998 Thirty-two years old Professor Raymond Arthur Dart with the Taung skull Austra/opithecus africanus he discovered in South Africa in 1924. Photo taken shortly after the announcement of the discovery in February 1925. (by courtesy Barlow Rand Archives, Johannesburg) OB-~ SUO!lBJlSniiJ IJ\- 1 SUO!lBJlSniiJ jO lS!l a~a!dS!lUOJ.:f S.lN3.1NOO :tO 31B'tf.1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Frontispiece- Professor Raymond A Dart with the Taung skull he discovered in 1924. Photo taken c. February 1925 (Barlow Rand Archives) 1 Eliza and Samuel Dart - Wedding Day 2 March 1880 1 (John and Betty Dart) 2 Dart family 1899 (Raymond and Marjorie Dart) 1 3 'Fair View' Farm, Bookfield, Queensland. (Aif Brimblecombe) 2 4 The Dart's Toowong Store (Constance Dart) 3 5 'Medeba', the Dart's Farm at Blenheim (A Brimblecombe 4 and C. Dart) 6 Picnics at 'Medeba' (C. Dart) 5 7 Eliza and Samuel Dart with family (R. & M. Dart) 5 8 Eliza Ann Dart (Harold Dart) 6 9 The eight Dart boys (R. & M. Dart) 7 10 (a) Lucinda Dart at piano, (R.& M.Dart),(b) Lucinda with 8 pupils and parents. (R. & M. Dart; C. Dart) 11 Ipswich Grammar School (Ipswich Grammar School Archives) 9 12 (a) Raymond Dart's class 1906; (IGS Archives. (b) pupils and 10 staff 1909. (IGSArchives) 13 C. A Flint, B. G. Lawrance, R.A Kerr (IGS Archives) 11 14 R. A Dart's signature (IGS Archives) 12 15 The Dart's Store, Laidley,Queensland (C. Dart) 12 16 (a) Queensland University- inaugural staff and students 13 1911 ; (University of Queensland Archives S177, P791 , Miss M. Rich); (b) Original University building. (University of Queensland : A Portrait, p.2, Publications Dept.) 17 (a) Henry Caselli Richards (UQA 247 The University 14 of Queensland 1910-1935); (b) Thomas Harvey Johnston, (UQA S246/N The University of Queensland 1910-1922, p. 26) 18 R. A Dart, Graduation 1913, two photos.. (R & M Dart) 15 19 University of Sydney c. 1870 (University of Sydney Archives) 16 20 University of Sydney Medical School c. 1900. (University of 16 Sydney Archives; J.AYoung eta/, The Centenary Book of the University of Sydney : Faculty of Medicine, p. 181) 21 University of Sydney Medical School, south-east view 17 c. 1914 (University of Sydney Archives) 22 Professor Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart in 1919. (William 17 Epps, Anderson Stuart, M.D, Physiologist, Teacher,Builder, Organiser, Citizen, p. 144) 23 Professor James T. Wilson (University of Sydney Archives) 18 24 Dr Robert Scot Skirving, c. 1900, Ann Macintosh (ed . ). 18 Memoirs of Dr Robert Scot Skirving 1859-1956, Frontispiece) 25 Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (F. W. Smidt, Manchester) 19 26 The Talgai Skull (Shellshear Museum Archives, Medical 19 School, University of Sydney) ii 27 The Duckmaloi Fraternity (D. Branagan & G. Holland (eds), 20 Forever Reaping Something New: A Science Centenary, p.150) 28 Prosectors at the Medical School 1914, University of Sydney 20 (The University of Sydney Medical Society Archives) 29 Pathology Notes of Raymond Dart (R and M. Dart) 21 30 Raymond Dart and four brothers (R. and M. Dart) 21 31 Council of the University of Sydney Medical Society 1917 22 (University of Sydney Medical Society Archives) 32 St Andrew's College, University of Sydney, 1917 (St Andrew's 22 College Archives) 33 Captain Raymond Arthur Dart- 1918, First World War 23 (H. W.Dart & family) 34 G. E. Smith's supporting letter for Dart's demobilisation in 1919 24 (Australian Archives, B 2455) 35 R. A Dart & J. L.Shellshear- Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship 24 winners 1920 (Grafton Elliot Smith) 36 (a) Dora Tyree (University of the Witwatersrand Archives) 25 (b) Raymond Dart (R. & M. Dart) 37 John Irvine Hunter (1898-1924) (Shellshear Museum Archives, 26 University of Sydney) 38 Claude Witherington Stump (Shellshear Museum Archives) 26 39 Professor Raymond Dart on arrival in South Africa, January 27 1923. (R. & M. Dart) 40 Dart's letter in 1923 to Dr Fourie thanking him for Bushman 27 skeletons. (R. &. M. Dart) 41 R. A Dart & P. V. Tobias show specimens to students 28 from the Raymond Dart Collection. (R. &. M. Dart) 42 Professor Dart's first science class in 1924- Josephine Salmons 28 on his right began the train of events leading to discovery of the Taung skull. (R. &. M. Dart) 43 Josephine Salmons gained her BSc in 1925. Later she graduated 29 in medicine. (R. &. M. Dart) 44 The discovery of the century: Dart's Taung child of 1924 29 (R. &. M. Dart) 45 The 1924 Taung child discovery site at Buxton quarry. 30 Photo taken in 1925. (R. B. Young) 46 Raymond Dart holds in his hands the Taung child's skull 30 (R. &. M. Dart) 47 Australopithecus africanus the Taung child - front and side 31 views. (R. &. M. Dart) 48 Raymond Dart in 1924 holding the Taung child's skull 32 (R. & M. Dart) 49 Scientists associated with the Piltdown Man discovery, 32 Arthur Keith, Elliot Smith, Arthur Smith Woodward, E. R. Lankester, W. P. Pycraft, Charles Dawson, A S. Underwood, F. 0 . Barlow. (Geological Society, London) 50 Smith Woodward's reconstruction of the Piltdown Skull 33 (British Museum Natural History) 51 Dioptographic tracing of the right side of the Taung skull 33 iii (R. & M. Dart) 52 The Taung skull- Dart's reconstruction at Wembley Exhibition 34 1925 June. (The Illustrated London News 13 June 1925) 53 (a) Taung skull in early stages of reconstruction of casts for 35 Wembley Exhibition 1925 (R. & M. Dart). (b) models of how Australopithecines may have appeared in life. (F.Wheelhouse) 54 Geological chart showing the earth's time in eons, eras, periods 36 and epochs (Encyclopaedia Britannica. vol. 5, p. 191) 55 Professor Dart showing the Taung skull in 1927 to a group 37 of students from Europe (R. & M. Dart). 56 University of the Witwatersrand - Medical School staff and 37 students in 1926 (University of the Witwatersrand Archives PL74/436) 57 Dora Dart when a medical student in 1923-24 at Wits 38 (University of the Witwatersrand Archives) 58 Taung skull showing separation of jaws achieved in 1929 38 as shown by Raymond Dart in 1974 (R. &. M. Dart) 59 Attilio Gatti leader of the Italian Scientific Expedition through 39 Africa in 1930 (Kay S. Smithford) 60 Cast of Rhodesian Man skull discovered at Broken Hill inN. 39 Rhodesia in 1921 (Kay S. Smithford) 61 The northern bluff of the Mumbwa rocks, N. Rhodesia 40 showing two main entrances (Signor Reverso/R. &. M. Dart) 62 Entrance to southern part of cavern at Mumbwa showing 40 furnace refuse- with Professor Dart & Nino del Grande (Reverso/R. &. M. Dart) 63 Collection of Moustierian implements - Mumbwa cave, includes 41 furnace stratum palaeoliths and neolithic polished axe-head (Reverso/R. &. M. Dart) 64 Mumbwa cave - Nino del Grande shows white ash stratum 41 and oval furnace floor (Reverso/R. &.. M. Dart) 65 The stratification of deposits in Mumbwa cave, N.
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