Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions

The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If electronic transmission of reserve material is used for purposes in excess of what constitutes "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement.

AV ITAL RONELL

Technology - hizophrenia l El e cl'IIII Speech -

University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln

& London Sometimes I absolutely dance with apprehension around the telephone, /he receiver al my ear. and ye/ can '/ help divulging secrets. Kafka, "My Neighbor" minationen [Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1955]). And if Classified we were to follow a reading that creates a kind of strategic enervation?

♦ 1. Jean-Luc Nancy, L'oubli de la ph!Yoso- ♦ &. I, 12 The translation repeats the exclu- phie (Paris: Galilee, 1986), 56. sion of Husserl. The relationship of rumor to a telephonic logic is by no means contingent, as ♦ 2. Laurence A. Rickels, in Aberrations Rickels, Aberrations of Mourning, 288, con- of Mourning: Writing on German Crypts (De­ firms: "Gerlich/ (rumor) is linked ety­ .. troit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 395, mologically lo Ruf (call) and even in the six­ offers a line on the yes-saying that accrues to the teenth century, for example, was virtually telephone by treating the postulation of a no: synonymous with Geschrey (scream). That is, "Freud argues that there is no no in the uncon­ Ruf, which means not only call but also name scious: instead, things are more or less and reputation, is related to Gerlich/ which, as a cathected- besetzt (occupied). According to collective noun, signifies a great many, if not too both Freud and Kafka, there is no no on the many, calls." phone." The yes which the telephone calls to it­ self should at no point be confused with ♦ 7. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe presented Nietzschean affirmation, however, which re­ as supplement to his thesis an interpretation of quires a double yes threaded through the eternal Heidegger's politics (La fiction du politique: return of the Same. This is why it is necessary to Heidegger, !'art et la politique, [Strasbourg : As­ begin with the telephone as the pose of sociation de Publications pres les Universites reactivity- a suspension , as Rickels argues, of de Strasbourg, 1987]) which further permits us the no. to understand Heidegger's engagement in terms of the call : ''Les enonces (sur l'Allemagne, sur ♦ 3. waiter Benjamin, "Berliner Kindheit le travail , sur l'Universite, etc.) sont purement um Neunzehnhundert: Telephon," in 11/umina­ et simplement programmatiques et s'organisent tionen, Ausgewahlle Schriflen (Frankfurt: Suhr­ du reste en de multiples 'appels' [The statements kamp, 1961), 299 - 300. (on Germany, on work, on the University, etc.) are purely and simply programmatic; these ♦ 4. See the syncopated drama of frantic statements are organized, moreover, according telephone calls and incarceration in Janet Le- lo multiple 'calls']" (18). Before considering the vine's "Dul of South Africa, " New York Times question of Heidegger's calls, Lacoue-Labarthe Magazine, September 20, 1987, section 6. elects lo situate a reactivity of deafness: "Eire ou • se dire 'heideggerien' ne signifie done rien, pas ♦ 5. The topos of enervation as critical plus qu'etre ou se dire 'anti-heideggerien .' Ou impetus can be situated with in a historical typol­ plulol cela signifie la meme chose: qu 'on a I ogy of mood, or Stimmung. The age of nerves, manque, dans la pensee de Heidegger, l'es­ while no doubt beginning lo stir in the corpus of senliel ; el qu'on se condamne a rester sourd a Nietzsche's works, has acquired its peculiar la question qu'a travers Heidegger pose l'epo­ heuristic value through Wal ter Benjamin, who que [To be or lo consider oneself a "Heideg­ has introduced the "rights of nerves" as a princi­ gerian" does not mean a thing, not more than ple of reading and valuation in his essay on Karl being or considering oneself "anti­ Kraus: "He found that (the nerves) were just as Heideggerian." Or rather, this means the same worthy an object of impassioned defense as thing : that one has overlooked what is essential were property, house and home, party, and con­ in the thinking of Heidegger, and that one is thus stitution. He became an advocate of nerves" (Re­ condemned to remain deaf to the question that flections, trans. Edmund Jephcott [New York: made its mark through Heidegger]" (16). See Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978], 261 ; 11/u- also his review of Victor Farias's Heidegger et le • Nazisme in Le Journal Litteraire, no. 2 (Decem­ terns. For a well-considered reading of the Third ber 1987-January 1988): 115 - 118, which in Reich and general technology, consider Jeffrey more general terms argues that Heidegger's po­ Herl, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Cul­ litical involvement with fascism is neither an ac­ ture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich cident nor an error but ought to be treated first of (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, all as a fault in thinking. Heidegger, however, be­ 1984). The detail of Herf's book is presupposed gan establishing a philosophical distance to the by our argument, of which two phrases can be state in Introduction to Metaphysics (1935) and provisionally isolated at this time: "Although through his Schelling (1936), where he very technology exerted a fascination for fascist intel­ clearly disputes the confusing mergers of the of­ lectuals all over Europe, it was only in Germany ficial philosophy of value, the concept of world that it became part of the national identity" (10). and lived experience (Erlebnis), as well as anti­ "German anlicapitalism was anti-Semitic but Semitic discrimination in philosophical thought not anti-technological " (9). See also Gert {particularly in terms of Spinoza). Lacoue­ Theunissen, "Der Mensch der Technik," in Der Labarthe reminds us of Mrs. Heidegger's article Deutsche Baumeister, no. 2 (Munich, 1942), and on girls in the Third Reich, which, if you ask me, L. Lochner, Goebbels Tagebiicher (Zurich, is laced with some of Mr. H.'s rhetoric. 1948), to get a sense of the "pure present" and abolition of History desired by National Social­ ♦ 8. Jacques Lacan , "The Field of the Other ism. In his review of Suzanne Lorme's transla­ and Back to the Transference," The Four Funda­ tion of J. P. Stern , Hitler- Le Fiihrer et le peu­ mental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis, trans. ple, introduced by Pierre Aycoberry (Paris: Alan Sheridan (New York: Norton, 1977), 203 - Flammarion , 1985), Eric Michaud suggests naz­ 260 ; Le seminaire de Jacques Lacan, Livre XI, ism's desire for disjunctive instantaneity and the 'Les qua/re concepts fondamentaux de la psy­ techno logica l imperative. The Fuhrer's rhetoric, chanalyse ' (Paris: Seuil , 1973). though full of jarring contradiction (his dis­ course concerning "the Jews in each of us," his ♦ 9. A number of somewhat unmapped ac­ speeches against speaking and for pure action, cess roads to fascism have been discovered by etc.), in its perlocutionary character, tended to way of the aestheticization of forms in the total­ stress a "Fuhrer-unmittelbarer Entscheidung," itarian state. An aesthetic will to power has been a kind of unbendable immediacy (1030). This most recently treated in Lacoue-Labarthe's Fic­ immediacy tends to be held together by a notion tion du polilique, where the author discerns the of magic and the "mag ic vision " that the Fuhrer roots of a "national aestheticism.'' Our decoding attributes to himself and grafts onto technology. systems are engaged here on a more technolog­ Michaud makes a footnote out of this link which ical register of commanding utterance. We at­ needs a magnifying gaze to set it in relief. After tempt to situate the peculiar idiom of nazism­ citing Herman Rauschning's Hitler m'a di! as does, no doubt, Lacoue-Labarthe­ (Paris: Cooperation , 1939) on Hitler's sur­ historically after the death of God , when the passingly magic vision which allows him to transcendental ceiling came crashing down and overcome the Christian God, he adds: "II est vrai every body was on the line. The telephone in­ que la technique a permis cette illusion de toute­ stalls itself as directory assistance for all other puissance et surtout d'omnipresence divine du technological executions, asserting a place of a Fuhrer: de !'automobile a l'avion, de l'effigie nearly traceless politics of denunciation, ideo­ inliniment reproduite a la transmission radio­ logical clarification (Heidegger on the phone to phonique, la technique pouvait donner ce senti­ Jaspers praising the Fuhrer's beautiful hands), ment de l'immediat propre a la fulgurance de extermination . The committee for the Wannsee l'action magique, qui dissout les barrieres de Conference of 1942, where the "final solution" l'espace et du temps sensibles. [It is true that was passed, depended on the telephone, initiat­ technology allowed for this illusion of the divine ing a whole politics of telephone ordering sys- omnipotence, and especially the divine omni- presence of the Fuhrer: from the automobile to pension in Germany of plans to build an atomic the aeroplane, from the infinitely reproducible bomb and advances in aviation . The representa­ effigy to radiophonic transmission, technology tions which Hitler understood and to which he could give that feeling of immediacy known in had access were, in terms of what was projected the fulguration of the magic act whi ch could dis­ as possible- if necessary, global destruc­ solve the sensible barriers of space and time]" tion- relatively crude and simple. It should be (1029; trans. Peter l Connor, hereafter PTC). clear that we are not speaking here of the effects Michaud links the irrepresentable space of a of Hitlerian death machines, but merely pointing .. pure present to the devouring fire of an "imme­ out his limited technovision in terms of what diate action." From this angle it might be offered was asserted to be materially at hand . Laurence that, in the Nazi state, even art is submitted to A. Rickels's "Final Destination," in Aberrations technology to the extent that it has always ever of Mourning, discovers the body counts that will ' been a "tool ": "C'est aussi pourquoi ii n'y a pas help future researchers link Hitler's rapport to d' 'art nazi ': ii n'y a qu 'un usage de l'art, de la technology with his bunker/crypt (161 - 162). mediation de l'art et de la pensee pour contra- indre les hommes a l'action immediate, de ♦ 10. In the section of his article entitled meme qu'il ya. dans les camps de la mort, us- "Der Einsatz des Mediums: Schalten" in "Pro- age des victimes pour leur propre aneanti sse- nto! Telefonate und Telefonstimmen " (Diskur- ment" [This is also why there is no "Nazi art." sanalysen 1: Medien, ed. F. A. Kittler, M. Schnei- There is only a use of art, a mediation of art and der, and S. Weber [Opladen : Westdeutscher thought so as to force men into immediate ac­ Verlag , 1987]), Rudiger Campe produces evi­ tion , in the same way that, in the death camps, dence for Husserl's telephobic strain . "Edmund the victims were used for their own annihila­ Husserl hat das Telefonieren offenkundig nicht tion]" (Eric Michaud, "Nazisme et representa­ geliebt. Der Philosophieprofessor in Gottingen tion ," in Critique: Revue generate des publica­ besass (1900 - 1916) keinen Anschluss, der Or­ tions tranraise et etrangeres 43 , no. 487 dinarius in Freiburg hatte von 1916- 1920 eine [December 1987] : 1034; trans. PTC). Nummer, dann schaffte er sie fur beinahe die While nazism was phantasmatically invested in ganze ubrige Amtszeit ab . [This information technology, a nuance should be signaled : Hitler has been retrieved from state and university li­ himself apparently lagged behind the projects braries in Karlsruhe, Hannover, and Gtittingen.] and projections of his scientific subordinates. To Wenn die These vom impliziten Thema Telefon his comparative "naivete" in the regime of po- bei Husserl gehalten werden kann, deutet das tential technologies, we seem to owe the sus- auf eine 'hinterhaltige Verwandschaft' der Phanomenologie zwar nicht zu den 'empiri­ • schen Analysen des Menschen,' aber zum medi­ entechnischen Alltag des philosophen [It was publicly known that Edmund Husserl had no love for telephon ing . This professor of philoso­ phy in Gottingen (1900- 1916) did not own a hookup; this Ordinarius in Freiburg had a num­ ber between 1916 and 1920, but then discon­ nected it for nearly the entire remainder of his tenure. If the thesis can be maintain ed that there exists an implicit telephone theme in Husserl, this points to an 'underhand relationship' of phe­ nomenology not to the 'empirical analyses of a person' but rather to the quotidian media-technical life of the philosopher.]" ("The Engaging of the Medium: Switching on [the Line]" in "Pronto! • Telephone Calls and Telephone Voices," trans. autonomous , for it has its standing only from the Anna Kazumi Stahl, hereafter AKS). ordering of the orderable.)" (TQCT,17). Near the end of the essay Heidegger evokes the essence ♦ 11 . A mode of revealing, technology of technology in a mood of apprehension, models different readings in the so-called early "holding always before our eyes the extreme and later Heidegger. Die Technik und die Kehre danger. The coming to presence of technology did not appear until 1962 (Pfullingen: Gunther threatens revealing, threatens it with the possi­ Neske), while Vortr/ige und Aufs/itze, contain­ bility that all revealing will be consumed in or­ ing "Die Frage nach der Technik," was published dering and that everything will present itsell only in 1954, also by Gunther Neske. By the time of in the unconcealedness of standing-reserve. this essay, Heidegger asserts: "Everywhere we Human activity can never directly counter this remain unfree and chained to technology danger. Human achievement alone can never whether we passionately affirm or deny it. But we banish it," and so forth ( TQCT, 33). This comes are delivered over to it in the worst possible way on the footsteps of the hierarchical difference when we regard it as something neutral ; for this that Heidegger has installed to protect technol­ conception [ Vorstellung] of it, to which today we ogy against another abyssal risk, that of parasi­ particularly like to do homage, makes us utterly tic contamination , or what Derrida calls an "an­ blind to the essence of technology" ( TQCT, 4). oppositional differance" (Memoires for ?au/ de Early in the essay, building his way to the place Man, trans. Cecile Lindsay, Jonathan Culler, and of questioning technology, Heidegger raises the Eduardo Cadava [New York: Columbia Univer­ issue of "being responsible and being in­ sity Press, 1986], 140). debted :" "Today we are too easily inclined either to understand being responsible and being in­ "What is dangerous is not technology, there debted moralistically as a lapse, or else to con­ is no demonry of technology, but rather strue them in terms of effecting .... In order to there is the mystery of its essence. The es­ guard against such misinterpretations of being sence of technology, as a destining of re­ responsible and being indebted, let us clarify the vealing , is the danger. ... The threat to four ways of being responsible in terms of that man does not come in the first instance for which they are responsible" (TQCT, 9). Still, from the potentially lethal machines and ap­ the chief characteristics of technology as that paratus of technology. The actual threat has which Heidegger comes to call "the challenging already affected man in his essence. The revealing" is that "everywhere everything is or­ rule of Enframing threatens man with the dered to stand by, to be immediately at hand, in­ possibility that it could be denied to him to deed to stand there just so that it may be on cal I enter into a more original revealing and for a further ordering " (TOCT,17). He calls what­ hence to experience the call of a more pri­ ever is ordered about this way the "standing-re­ mordial truth" ( TQCT, 28; italics added and serve" (Bestanrf). Whatever "stands by in the trans. modified). sense of standing-reserve no longer stands over against us as object" ( TQCT, 17). Yet "an airliner that stands on the runway is surely an object. Certainly. We can represent the machine so. But then it conceals itsell as to what and how it is. M Revealed, it stands on the taxi strip only as L, .....-----..... L2 standing-reserve, inasmuch as it is ordered to ensure the possibility of transportation . For this it must be in its whole structure and in every one of its constituent parts, on call for duty, i.e., ready for takeoff ... . (Seen in terms of the standing-reserve, the machine is completely un- It would be compelling to trace the calls that ex­ live overcoming might be located in this shel­ plicitly are placed in TQCT. of which we engage tered allusion to a grief or pain under promised only one instance: the moment in which Heideg­ anesthesia Whal would constitute the success­ ger has Plato accepting the call of Ideas for ful mourning but another forgetting? Whal was which he cannot claim the right of invention, as this thinking trying to overcome, subdue, and he only responded to them. "The thinker only re­ carry over to a convalescent home of Being? sponded to what addressed itself to him " ( TQCT, j4 ohms 18). One trait that will distinguish Heidegger's 0 later take on technology resides in the Ge-stet/, I translated by William Lovitt and others as "En­ framing, " which, fundamentally, is a calling forth . II is, writes Lovitt, a "challenging claim," a "demanding summons that 'gathers' so as lo re­ veal " ( TQCT, 19). I feel that it becomes necessary not lo bypass Heidegger's memory of Geste/1, something that we might assign to the body­ To resume, Heidegger, in TOCT. wants to bring building of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, whose to light our relationship to its essence. The es­ "frame" occupies scenes of nomination. Listen: sence of modern technology, he writes, shows "According lo ordinary usage," starts Heideg­ itself in Ge-ste/1, Enframing. Bui simply to indi­ ger, "the word Geste/1 (frame) means some kind cate this still fails to answer the question con­ of apparatus, e.g. , a bookrack. Gestefl is also the cerning technology, "if to answer means to re­ t name for a skeleton . And the employment of the spond, in the sense of correspond" ( TQCT, 23). word Ge-ste/1 (Enframing) that is now required You see, TQCTis itself posed as a call lo which of us seems equally eerie, not to speak of the ar­ Heidegger responds in the sense of correspond. bitrariness with which words of a mature lan­ So much is by this lime on call: "It is stockpiled; guage are thus misused. Can anything be more that is, ii is on call " ( TQCT, 15). The split, how­ ~'I strange? Surely not. Yet this strangeness is an ever, is a bit loo clean , for Enframing is "nothing old usage of thinking " ( TQCT, 20). Even though technological, nothing on the order of a ma­ t it is elsewhere achieved in the spirit of denial, chine. It is the way in which the real reveals itself there is no reading of technology that is not in as standing-reserve ...." Above all , "never too some sense spooked , even when Heidegger dis- late comes the question as lo whether and how places the focus lo Ge-ste/1, at whose basis a we actually admit ourselves into that wherein skeleton rises. The eerie, uncanny dimension of Enframing itself comes to presence" ( TQCT, 24). • technology is precisely what engages us, as is As if elaborating the problematic within which the rapport to grief or loss within Heidegger's we, like Kafka's landsurveyor, wander, Heidegger technohermeneulics of mourning: In "The Turn­ articulates the lesson of discernment no.,_ as if, ing," writing on the restorative surmounting of again, he responds to our call ; this time he picks the essence of technology, Heidegger uncharac­ up the relay saying yes, OK, I see your point: teristically designs a wounding (wunden) which "For man becomes truly free only insofar as he is to be dressed, covered over, overcome: "the belongs to the realm of destining and so be­ coming to presence of technology will be sur­ comes one who listens and hears [Horender] , mounted (verwunden) in a way that restores ii and not only one who is simply constrained to into its yet concealed truth. This restoring sur­ obey [H6riger)" (TOCT, 25). Anally, we note mounting is similar lo what happens when, in Harold Alderman 's conclusion of his essay the human realm , one gets over grief or pa in" "Heidegger's Critique of Science and Technol­ ( TQCT, 39). The surmounting of Enframing , as a ogy," which ends on a sense of futurity that, surmounting of a destining of Being, is precisely once again , promises a beyond technology lo what causes us to pause and wonder. Perhaps which we raise our questions: "We are all finally "the essence" of Heidegger's dream of reslora- technicians and if we are lo be at home in our own world we must learn to accept that fate as "Today's teach ing establishment perpetrates a both a gift and a burden. With this acceptance crime against life understood as the living femi­ will come the chance of moving beyond techno l­ nine .... There has to be a pact or alliance with ogy. Thus the burden of science and technology the living language of the living feminine against lie not in their calculative style but rather in their death , against the dead. The repeated insistent and aggressive spirit. It is, surely, part affirmation-like the contract, hymen, an d of Heidegger's point that the same trait would be alliance- always belongs to language: it comes pernicious in any style of thought" (In Heideg­ down and comes back to the signature of the ger and Modern Philosophy Critical Essays, ed. maternal , nondegenerate, noble tongue. Michael Murray [New Haven : Yale University History or histori ca l science, which puts to Press, 1978], 50). Beginning with Heidegger's death or treats the dead, wh ich deals or negoti­ unpublished essay, "Die Gefahr" (Danger), ates with the dead, is the science of the fa­ Wolfgang Schi rmacher reflects some of these ther. ... the good master [teacher] trains fo r the concerns by writing : "Seine radikale Analyse der service of the mother whose subject he is; he modernen Technik entdeckt uns auch einen Aus­ commands obedience by obeying the law of the weg aus ihr [His radical analysis of modern mother tongue and by respecting the livi ng in­ technology also discloses for us a way out]." tegrity of its body" (21 - 22). See his impressive reading of how metaphysics fulfills itself in modern technology in Technik ♦ 15. Friedrich Nietzsche, "On Redemp­ und Gelassenheit: Zeitkritik nach Heidegger tion," in Thus Spake Zarathustra (New York: (FreiburglMunchen: Verlag Karl Alber, 1983), Penguin Books, 1987), 138; Also Sprach 21 Zarathustra, Friedrich Nietzsche Werke Ill (Ber­ lin: Ullstein, 1969), 321 ♦ 12. Albert Einstein, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 3, The Berlin Years: 1914- ♦ 16. Nietzsche, "On Redemption," 138. 1933, ed . John Stachel (Princeton : Princeton University Press, forthcoming) At about the ♦ 17. Nietzsche evokes the telephone, a same time, Norbert Wiener in itiated a profound kind of transcendental SPRINT to the beyond, in discussion of the fundamental revolution in Genealogy of Morals; but already in the stages technique in which he links telephonic theorems of foreplay that fig ure "the seduction of the ear," to cybernetics. See Cybernetics, or Control and Nietzsche, in The Birth of Tragedy, starts wiring Communication in the Animal and the Machine his texts telephonically. In the competition be­ (Cambridge: Technology Press of M.I.T., 1949) tween phenomenal image and the sonic blaze, and The Human Use of Human Beings: Cyber­ who would be so petty as to deny the possibility netics and Society (Boston : Houghton Mifflin that Dionysus is a telephone? "The Dionysian Company, 1950). musician is, withou t any images, himsel f pure primordial pain and its primordial re-echoing" ♦ 13. Jacques Derrida, Ulysse gram­ ( The Basic Works of Nietzsche, trans. Walter Ka­ ophone: Deux mots pour Joyce (Paris: Gali lee, ufmann [New York: Random House, 1969], 50; 1987), 108. Die Geburt der Tragddie, Werke in zwei Ban­ den vol. 1 [Mun ich Carl Hanser, 1967]). ♦ 14. See Jacques Derrida, "Otobiog ra­ phies: The Teaching of Nietzsche and the Politics ♦ 18. James Joyce, Ulysses, (New Yo rk of the Proper Name," trans. A. Ronell, in The Ear Random House, Vintage Books, 1961), 153. I of­ of the Other: Otobiography, Transference, Trans­ fer thanks to my col league, Professor John lation, ed . Christie V. McDonald (New York: Bishop, for the discussion we had in the summer Schocken Books, 1985), 21 - 22 ; originally L'or­ of 1987, tapping into Joycean telephonies and eil/e de /'au/re, ed. Claude Levesque and Chris­ the absent tense. Notes from my stenopad: "Ori­ tie V. McDonald (Montreal: Vlb Editeur, 1982): gin of space in the maternal body. Origination, Genesis beginning : 'Hello Hibernia! Matt speak­ ing. Lucas ca lling, hold the li ne.' 'Spraining ♦ 20. Ernest Jones, "The Madonna's Con­ their ea rs, listening and listening to the ocean s ception through the Ear,'' in Essays in Applied of kissening, with their eyes glistening. Psycho-Analysis (London: Hogarth Press, ·psadatelopholomy, the past and present 1951); originally in Jahrbuch der Psycho­ (Johnny Mac Dougall speaking, give me trunks, analyse, vol. 6 (1914). No attempt wil l be made to miss!) and present and absent and past and pre­ resume this richly connoted essay. Jones ad­ sent and perfect arma virumque romano .' (Fin­ dresses the ear and its position of privilege as .. negan's Wake [New York: Vi king Press] , 258) receptive organ (273), treating among other ele­ 'phone man on mogapnoised (technical term for ments the pneuma that generates thought and difficulty in speaking). remarkable clairaudience. semen (298), noise, Christian Logos, and "an I am amp amp amplify. 77 saywhen saywhen old German picture which was very popular at the end of the fifteenth century" (reproduced by ' stati c Babel whoishe shoishe, (499 - 500). Prior­ ity ca ll clear the line. Joyce ta lking to son in P. C. Cahier, Caracteristiques des Saints dans NY- the devil was playing havoc with stati c. !'art populaire, 1867): "In this the Annunciation 'moisten your lips for a lightning strike and be­ is represented in the form of a hunt. Gabriel blows the angelic greeting on a hunting horn. A gin again. TELLAFUN aooK.' breaks, ruptures abor­ ti ve attempts for connectio n. supernatural ac­ unicorn flees (or is blown) to the Virgin ,'' etc. A cess to the world . Television ki ll s telephony in second example is even less ambiguous, for in it brothers' broil. 'Our eyes demand their turn . Let the passage of God's breath is actually imagined them be seen !' Cut to Balbec. Proust's grand­ as proceeding through a tube; over a portal of mother. spectral agents like nymphs of the un­ the Marienkappelle at WUrzburg is a relief-rep­ derworld wh o conduct spirits of humans into the resentation of the Annunciation in wh ich th e flickering present. phone as umbilicus. conver­ Heavenly Father is blowing along a tube that ex­ sation broken off. Premonition of her death. // tends from his lips to the Virgin 's ear, and down killer telephones catalyst: bomb explosions. which the infant Jesus is descending (repro­ phone-booth confessional: phones within duced by Fuchs, 11/ustrierte Si//engeschichte; phones. Musi l's man . Also Der Schwierige." Renaissance; Erg/inzungsband [1909, S. 289]), (331). Further along (345) we read : "We are not told whether Jesus was actually born , like ♦ 19. This was first emitted in Helene Cixous's lecture of November 15, 1982, at the Rabelais's Gargantua, through his mother's ear, "Col loque pour James Joyce" at the Centre as well as being conceived through it. ... That Georges-Pompidou, and can now be read as "Joyce: The (R)use of Writi ng " in Post-Struc­ • turalist Joyce: Essays from the French, ed. Derek I Attridge and Danie Ferrer (Cambridge: Cam­ . I- bri dge Un iversity Press, 1984). Derrida's com­ ~ 0 mentary runs: "pour re lancer ce qu'Helene -II. •~ Cixous vient de nous dire; la scene primitive, le C 0 3 I pere complet, la loi, la jouissance par l' oreille, i- .8" / by the ear plus litteralement, par le mot d' 'or­ 0 C" Ill eille,' selon le mode 'oreille,' par exemple en an­ "'M glais, et a supposer que jouir par l'oreille soil ·15l ;;: -rn plutfit feminin. [To bring up again what -5 Helene Cixous has just said to us: the primal i DI scene, the complete father, law, coming through the ear, more literally by the ear, through the l!l wo rd 'ear,' as in English fo r example, and which (Men leads one to suppose that the ear's coming is THE MICRO-AUDIPHO~ • the danger of this form of conception is regarded a private experience and as a pub Iic one is by Catholics as not having entirely passed is at the heart of radio ideology. Radio and shown by the custom with which all nuns still telephone were the first electrical "personal comply of protecting their chastity against as­ appliances," the first electric mach ines to sault by keeping their ears constantly covered, a leave the factories and become "part of the custom which stands in a direct historical rela­ furniture." Radio gave people a sense of in­ tion to the legend forming the subject of this es­ timacy with electricity, a sense of control say (see Tertullian, De Virginibus Velandis)." We over technology: at the same time, radio's have isolated the more telephonically con­ "wirelessness," the invisibility of its structed illustration of the ear's pregnancy from method, made it subject to the greatest which Jones extrapolates anal origins for the mystifications ... immaculate aural conception , the sacred ear It is into this radio world, this ideologically overwhelming the repressed body of earlier vulnerable space of listening, that Rebate!, anal-sadistic zoning laws. as fascist reade r, receives the texts of Cel­ ine. . . . In a prophetic misreading, the ♦ 21. Consider, for example, Alice Yaeger American Federal Communications Com­ Kaplan 's argument in Reproductions of Banality: mission officials who monitored and tran­ Fascism, Lileralure, and French Intellectual Life scribed the Italian broadcasts didn 't recog­ (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, nize the word Celine and recorded it as 1986), where, in a discussion of radiophony, she Stalin, thus substituting a political total­ momentarily smuggles in the telephone. It itarian label for what is now recognizable as should be noted that Kap lan assimilates a notion the quite specific telephonocentric of a of "telephonocentrism" to a primary model of French fascist aesthetics. (135 - 137) radiophony, leaving the telephone somewhat out of the order: Kaplan points us to Pierre Sansot's Poetique de la ville, which describes "the revolution in per­ The administrators of fascist radio stations ception that accompanied the appearance of ra­ sometimes connected their broadcasting dios, telephones, and refrigerators in daily success to real crowd-gathering . In the Italy life .... His distinction is crucial for an under­ of the 1930s, Mussolini organized a radio standing of the fascist as someone excited by show called the "Workers, Ten Minutes" that the extension of perceptual powers that comes interrupted all activity in factories, unions, with radio-hearing, aerial viewing , and so on" and public squares. But there were other (141). ways to spread the consumption of sound . In Germany, the government imposed mass ♦ 22. Maurice Blanchot, The Space of Lit­ production of a seventy-six-mark Volks­ erature, trans. Ann Smock (Lincoln: University radio, then sold 100,000 of them in one eve­ of Nebraska Press, 1982), 32; L'espace litteraire ning at a nationally organized Radio Fair. (Paris: Gallimard, 1955). Page numbers in pa­ What about radio in the house? As of 1933, rentheses refer to Blanchot's chapter, "The Es­ and in the same month that Le Paste Pari­ sential Solitude," 19- 34. sien (a French radio station) initiated the first daily "wake-up" weather and news pro­ ♦ 23. Juliet flower MacCannell, gram directed at the private listener, that "Oedipus Wrecks: Lacan , Stendhal , and the Nar­ station also began, as part of its morning rative Form of the Real ," in Lacan and Narration. diet, a translation of the radio speeches of The Psychoanalytic Difference in Narrative The­ Hitler, the new chancellor. By 1937, the Pop­ ory, ed. Robert Con Davis (Baltimore: Johns ular Front government was aware of radio 's Hopkins University Press, 1983), 911. Philippe potential. ... Lacoue-Labarthe "L'lmpresentable," in Poeti­ The tension between the radio experience as que 1975): 53 - 95. sembles essential calling structu res. It would be ♦ 24. See Derrida, The Ear of the Other, p. more rigorous to get you to promise to read this 10: "Forcing himself to say who he is, he goes lecture, but I' ll let you listen in for verification. against his natural habitus that prompts him to "' To call ,' in short, means 'lo command ,' pro­ dissimulate behind masks." vided we hear this word , too, in its native, telling sense. For 'to command' basically means, not to ♦ 25. What is the call to which Western Eu­ give commands and orders, but to commend ropean thinking is subject? Essentially a call , and entrust, give into safe-keeping , keep safely. thinking qua thinking names something, ca lls To ca ll means: to call into arrival and presence; something by name. By naming, says Heideg­ to address commendingly" (T, 118). "What calls ger, we call on what is present to arrive. In a us to think, and thus commands, that is, brings sense, What Is Called Thinking? presents itself our essential nature into the keeping of thought, as the drama of an unprecedented long distance. needs thinking because what calls us wants it­ While in the passages we are reading it appears self to be thought about according to its nature" to in-stall something like a maternal superego to (T, 121) "This town is called Freiburg . It is so arrange a call surpassing the child's initiative, it named because that is what it has been called . essentially never lets go of the call which , in­ This means: the town has been cal led to assume deed, organizes the very possibility of thinking this name. Henceforth it is at the call of this "Which is the call that claims man 's thinking?" name to which it has been commended .... ev­ ( T, 160). "The call as destiny is so far from being ery name is a kind of call " (T, 123). "In reality, the incomprehensi ble an d alien to thinking, that on calling stems from the place to which the call the contrary, it always is precisely what must be goes out. The call ing is informed by an original thought, and thus is waiting for a thinking that ou treach toward.... This alone is why the call answers to it. We must submit, deliver ourse lves can make a demand. The mere cry dies away and specifically to the ca lling that calls," and so on. collapses" (T, 124). (T, 165). "What cal l directed this thinking to be­ In his letter to Peter Connor, Werner Hamacher gin?" (T, 167). "In th is address, however, the elaborates the question of the cal l when he re­ source of the call itself appears, though not in its sponds to the lite ra ry journal 's call for papers, or fu ll radiance nor under the same name . But be­ rather, for an "intervention,'' what the journal fore inquiring about the calling that encom­ designates as the "appel a l'enseignement." passes all Western and modern European th ink­ ing , we must try to listen to an early sayi ng Warum wird der Ruf als etwas gedacht, das wh ich gives us evidence how much early weniger genommen, aufgenommen und • thought generally resp on ds to a call , yet without vernommen wird, als vielmeh r, sei 's von naming ii, or giving ii thought, as such" (T, 168). einer bestimmten lnstanz, einem Subjekt, "In the using there is concealed a command, a einem Prinzip, vorzugsweise einem mor­ i cal ling " (T, 196). "We are trying to hear the call alischen , sei 's von einer bestimmten Situa­ fo r which we ask" ( T, 215). tion , gegeben wird? Und wenn jeder Ruf, Many more instances of calling might have been der da ergeht, einen Gerufenen in Anspruch cited, but near the en d of part 2 of this work a zu nehmen besti mmt isl (aber auch das isl crucial juncture is articu lated when Heidegger fraglich}- , isl es schon ausgemacht, dass asks what is subject to the call , a question ich auch hiire, dass ich diesen Ruf hiire around which we coil our reading : "does the cal l und ihn hiire als einen, der tor mich be­ which calls us into thinking issue from being, or stimmt isl? Isl es nicht vielmehr so, dass die from Being , or from both, or from neither?" ( T, Minimalbedingung dator, Uberhaupt et­ 218). Indeed, lecture 1 of part 2 is devoted to the was als etwas hiiren zu kiinnen , darin ca ll, to what calls on us to think, leaving us liegt, dass ich es weder als tor mich schon merely to indicate the network of significations bestimmtes, noch als irgendwie sonst ori­ (both said and unsaid} on which Heidegger as- entiertes auffasse: denn ich brauchte nicht • erst zu horen , wenn Herkunft und Beslim­ Studies 1, no. 2 [Spri ng 1987]: 37- 42, trans. mung des Rules, der Ruf als Ruf schon Adam Bresnick). As in What Is Called Thinking? gewiss, beslimml ware. Nach der Logik lhe question posed in Hamacher's text by these des Anrufs, des Ruts, des appel, und damil calls does nol elude their lechnicity or techno­ der Forderung, der Verpllichlung, des Ges­ logical mutation. Al lhe heart of his calling elzes, kann kein Ruf einfach als er selbsl structures, Heidegger never ceases lo raise lhe seinen Adressalen erreichen und jedes question concerning tec hnology; !his can occur, Horen vollziehl sich im Bereich der Mog­ however, without arrangements for an explicit lichkeil, nichl htiren zu konnen , als Auf­ hookup. Nonetheless, lhe contiguity of neigh­ horen. Horen htirt au! ... : es hort au! borhoods cannot be pushed aside in what con­ etwas wie ein Gerausch , einen Laut, einen ce rn s a cartography of the Heideggerian text. Ruf; und so horend, htirt es immer au! zu Thus lecture 2 situates lhe call ineluctably within horen, weil es sich anders nichl immer a technological age . Heidegger asks where lhe weiler als Horen, zum Horen beslimmen machine as power generation belongs. "Modern lassen konnle. Horen hort au!. lmmer. technology is not consliluled by, and does nol Horen Sie. . . consist in , lhe installation of electric motors and turbines and similar machinery; Iha! sort of Why is lhe call !hough! of as something thing can on lhe contrary be erected only lo lhe which, rather than taken, taken down, or extent lo which lhe essence of modern technol­ taken in- be ii from a specific agent, sub­ ogy has already assumed dominion. Our age is ject, principle, preferably a moral one- will nol a technological age because ii is lhe age of be giverf? And ii each call which issues is lhe machine; it is an age of a machine because ii destined lo make demands on lhe one who is lhe technological age" (T, 24). is called (bul !his is also questionable), is it already settled Iha! I will hear, Iha! I will hear ♦ 26. Martin Heidegger, "Leiter on Hu­ !his call and hear ii as one destined for me? manism ," in Basic Writings, ed. David Farrell Is ii nol rather lhe case Iha! lhe minimal Krell , !rans. Frank A. Capuzzi and J. Glenn Bray condition to be able lo hear something as (New York : Harper and Row, 1977), 221 - 222 something lies in my comprehending ii nei­ (trans. modified); "Brief Ober den Human­ ther as destined for me nor as somehow ori­ ismus," in Wegmarken (Frankfurt: Vittorio ented toward someone else? Because I Klostermann , 1967), 145- 194. would nol need lo hear ii in lhe firs! place if the source and destination of the call , of the ♦ 27. In "Street-Talk," I have tried lo show call as call, were already certain and deter­ that apres-ma-mort- a syntax of fulural writ­ mined. Following lhe logic of calling up, of ing taken from Rousseau's Reveries- belongs lhe call , of lhe appel, and along with that , lo a particular instance of truth-reporting Iha! lhe logic of demand, of obligation , of law, no represents a response lo rumorological para­ call can reach ils addressee simply as itself, noia Interviews granted lo lhe loudspeakers of and each hearing is consummated in !he public Gerede are destined for disclosure after realm of !he possibility nol so much of hear­ lhe death of !he author as an apocalyptic event, ing as of being able lo listen up by ceasing lhe end as revelation of a lrulh. These texts are lo hear (Authoren). Hearing ceases . II li s­ often intended as rumor-con trol devices aiming tens lo a noise, a sound , a call ; and so hear­ lo neutralize a proliferation of tabulations ing always ceases hearing, because ii could around lhe dead author (Hamlet: "I am dead; not let itself be determined other than as thou liv'sl; report me and my cause aright"). hearing to hearing any further. Hearing Rousseau , Eckermann , Heidegger, can be seen ceases. Always. Listen . . . lo share !his kind of project. "Street-Talk" goes back lo interview the man on the street who es- (" lnlerventions," Qui Parle: Journal of Literary senlially stands to lose his name (Studies in Twentieth Century Wera/ure 2, no. 1 [Fall 1986]: 105- 131).

♦ 28. Reliability governs the essence of toolness in Heidegger, furnishing the grounds of all possible performances. The essence of /he tool lies in its use, in other words, its essence is inextricably linked to its dissolution. In his sem­ inar of October 13, 1987, at Johns Hopkins Uni­ versity, Werner Hamacher pointed to the para­ doxical logic inhabiting the Heideggerian shoe, which displays a crucial inaccessibility to tech- nical, logical, or phenomenological description. deaf would have to show the resistance posed by To the extent that it shows itself in and through the hearing subject to signing and to a general its usage, the shoe, like the tool , offers us no writing that threatens to bypass vocality. The le- theoretical access whatsoever. It shows itself gal history of the deaf would provide an abun- only when ii does not "show" itself but is per- dant space of reference for this sort of study, re- forming (its task, its service). Hence the tool is calling , for example, the controversies as such no longer a tool when considered as surrounding citizen status, marital and property tool. This is why Heidegger finds himself in a rights of the deaf evidenced in congressional re­ desperate situation when, as theoret1cal analyst, cords of the nineteenth century in the United he has to "use" the shoe. This would require Stales of America It's not a pretty sight. I should him to assume something like the place of the like to indicate thanks to Gregg Lambert for first farmer's wife, who performs the essence when calling my attention to this metaphysical snag "performing" the shoe. Hamacher's lecture fo­ from which the telephone cut loose. cuses what he calls "the opening of the tropen­ A place to start reading for a genealogy of scien­ ing of the shoe" in a historical way- a finite liflc morals might be the introductory remarks in way which therefore does not amount to its truth. "Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Hu­ man Race: A Paper Presented to the National Ac­ ♦ 29. Philippe lacoue-labarthe, Le sujet ademies of Sciences at New Haven, November de la philosophie: Typographies 1(Paris : Flam­ 13, 1883," which begins: marion, 1979), 112 - 184. The influence of selection in modifying our • ♦ 30. Martin Heidegger, Die Kalegorien breeds of domestic animals is most marked, und Bedeu/ungslehre des Duns Seo/us, in Ges­ and it is reasonable to suppose that if we amlausgabe, vol. 1, Fruhe Schrillen (Frankfurt: could apply selection to the human race we Vittorio Klostermann, 1978), 195- 196; cited in could also produce modifications or vari­ SW, 207. eties of men . . .. We can see around us everywhere evi­ ♦ 31. Consider the heights scaled by Lau­ dences of the transmission by heredity of rence A. Rickels in "Kafka and the Aero-Trace," characteristics, both desirable and undesir­ in Kafka and /he Contemporary Critical Perfor­ able, but at first sight no general selective mance: Centenary Readings, ed. Alan Udoff influence appears to be at work to bring (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), about the union in marriage of persons pos­ 111 - 127. sessing the same congenital peculiarities. On the contrary, sexual attraction often ap­ ♦ 32. Jacques Derrida reads Heidegger's pears to operate after the manner of magnet­ hand in Psyche: Inventions de /'au/re (Paris: ical attraction-"unlike poles attract, like Editions Galilee, 1987). A grammatology of the poles repel. " Strong, vigorous, and robust •

I men naturally feel a tenderness for weak, tory that is not threaded through the underworld delicate and fragile women , and are gener­ or touched by a wave of demonry. ally repelled by physical strength and mas­ culine traits in one of the opposite sex . .. . ♦ 38. Derrida takes apart the implied hier­ If the laws of heredity that are known to hold archy separating off science from thinking in in the case of animals also apply to man, the "Acts: The Meaning of a Given Word," in Mem­ intermarriage of congenital deaf-mutes oires, 108: through a number of successive genera­ tions should result in the formation of a deaf Let it quickly be said in passing that, if we variety in the human race. (Memoirs of the wish to analyze that nebula named "decon­ National Academy of Sciences, vol. 1 struction in America, " it is necessary also, [Washington: Government Printing Office, not only, but also, to take account of this 1866], 179- 180). problematic under all of its aspects. There is no deconstruction wh ich does not begin by tackling this problematic or by preparing it­ ♦ 33. In the Interpretation of Dreams self to tackle this problematic, and which (1900) Freud falsely credits Goethe with having does not begin by aga in calling into ques­ written the essay which provided the first im­ tion the dissociation between thought and pulse toward what he was to call Psycho­ technology, especially when it has a hier­ analysis. See the dream in wh ich Goethe mounts archical vocation, however secret, subtle, his terrorist attack ( The Interpretation of Dreams, sublime or denied it may be. This leads . . vol. 5 of The Standard EdHion of the Complete to our no longer being able to subscribe (for Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed . and my part, I have never done so) to Heideg­ trans. James Strachey [London : Hogarth Press, ger's sentence and to all that ii supposes: 1974], 662, hereatter SE; Die Traumdeutung, Die Wissenschaft denkt nicht, science does vol. 3 of Gesamme//e 11t>rke [Frankfurt: S. not think . ... Heidegger marks within this Fischer, 1968], hereatter GW, vii - xv, 1- 626). phrase the rigorous necessity of an essen­ tial exteriority and of an implicit hierarchy ♦ 34. Mikkel Barch-Jacobsen, Le sujet between, on the one hand, thought as mem­ freudien (Paris: Flammarion , 1982). ory (Denken, Gedachtnis, Gedanc) and, on the other hand, science, but also techno l­ ♦ 35. Jacques Derrida will call up the ogy, writing and even literature. metaphysical spectrality of Heidegger's Geist and a humanist teleology in De !'esprit: Heideg- Reading Heidegger's sentence stating that "the ger et la question (Paris: Galilee, 1987). essence of technology is nothing technologi- cal ," Derrida affirms that the thinking of lhis es­ ♦ 36. See Derrida"s discussion of Freud and sence "is therefore in no way 'technological' or Nietzsche in "Speculer sur Freud " (CP, 275- 'technicist' ; it is free of all technicity because it 437). thinks technicity, it is not scientific because it thinks the scienlificity of science. Heidegger ♦ 37. While the history of telephony grows would say the same thing of all determined sci­ out of the most eerie of channels, Mr. Slowger's ences, for example, of linguistics, rhetoric, etc. story in fact may be somewhat less spooky than The thinking of the rhetoricity of rhetoric (within it appears at first sight. The reason he, as under­ the history of philosophy, a derived and belated taker, took it upon himself to invent the auto­ tec hnological knowledge) is in no way a rheto­ matic switch is that the wife of his rival under­ ric" (109). taker was the town operator, and she would As the title Memoires perhaps promises, this transfer all beseeching calls to her husband. text treats the abyss of anamnesic fidelity whose Even so, there is no moment in telephone his- apocalyptic force is filtered through a telephone conversation of finality. The performative death ffrey H. Hartman, Selected Papers from the En­ sentence is doubled in the sense that Paul de glish Institute, 1976- 1977 (Baltimore: Johns Man discloses his "tu-meurs!" when calling. Hopkins University Press, 1978), 133. The call of the dying friend is lodged somewhere between memory and hallucination, which leads ♦ 46. Lacan, Four Fundamental Concepts, Derrida to write of the inexistence of the past or 105. of death, their literal nonpresence: ♦ 47. The story of Inna, her susceptibility Tout cela, comme je vous le disais [on the to infection and the displaced thematics of telephone several days before] me semble childbirth , initiates, in its capacity as "Specimen prodigeusement interessant et je m'amuse Dream" (Mustertraum), the Interpretation of beaucoup. Je l'ai toujours su, mais cela se Dreams (SE, 4: 106- 120; GW, 2- 3). confirme: la mort gagne beaucoup, comme

on dit, a etre connue de plus pres- ce ♦ 48. While Freud's understanding of "peu profond ruisseau calomnie la mort." technology, and of the telephone in particular, (All this, as I was saying to you, seems ex­ suggests a stance of cautious inquiry, he at no ceedingly interesting to me, and I amgreatly point assumes an attitude of denial concerning intrigued by it. I always knew it, but it proves its in-stallment. Far from being disseminated or to be so: Death repays, as they say, closer morcellated into hidden holding patterns of a acquaintance- "this shallow calumniated text, Freud first picks up the telephone as early stream called death.") This is the final line as the Project for a Scientific Psychology under of Mallarme's "Tomb of Verlaine." "The Disturbance of Thought by Affects": "For instance, it has happened to me that in the agita­ tion caused by great anxiety I have forgotten to ♦ 39. This constitutes a major thematic in make use of the telephone, which had been in­ Rodolphe Gasche's The Tain of the Mirror: Der­ troduced into my house a short time before. The rida and the Philosophy of Reflection (Cam­ recently established path succumbed to the state bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986). of affect. The facilitation - that is to say, what See in particular "The Infra-Structure as Arche­ was old-established- won the day. Such for­ Trace," 187. getting involves the loss of the power of selec­ tion , of efficiency and of logic, just as happens in ♦ 40. Lacan, Four Fundamental Concepts. dreams" (SE, 1:414). Forgetting the telephone's existence suspends the logic of the real where ♦ 41. Gasche , Tain of the Mirror, 103. anxiety produces an effect of thought distur- ' bance. And yet, going by Lacan 's account, the ♦ 42. Ibid. real is precisely that which is missed like a mis­ sed appointment, which would grant this forget- ♦ 43. Jacques Derrida, "Differance," in ting the reality of the real - the effects on which Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chi­ we are working : the hyperreality of the forgotten cago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 20; telephone (SE, 1:283; "Entwurf einer Psycho­ "Differance," in Marges de la philosophie lgie," in Aus der Anfangen der Psycho-analyse (Paris: Minuit, 1972). [London : Imago, 1950]).The telephone rings Freud's text again when he delivers rules to an­ ♦ 44. Lacan, Four Fundamental Concepts, alysts. In "Psycho-analytic Method of Treat­ 198. ment," he advises:

♦ 45. Jacques Derrida, "Coming into Just as the patient must relate all that self­ One's Own," trans. James Hulbert, in Psycho­ observation can detect. and must restrain all analysis and the Question of the Text, ed. Geo- the logical and affective objections which

I would urge him to select, so the physician of Freudian interpretation, one can imagine the must put himself in a position to use all that telephone as effect of psychoanalytic insight and is told him for the purposes of interpretation the eventual need, therefore, for a Psycho­ and what is hidden in the unconscious, analysis of the Telephone whose range of mate­ without substituting a censorship of his rial symptomatologies would involve hang-up own for the selection which the patient for­ calls, osbcene phone calls, phobias, compul­ goes. Expressed in a formula, he must bend sions (including telephone "sex"), mini/els, his own unconscious like a receptive organ pregnaphones, car telephones, and other drives. toward the emerging unconscious of the pa­ tient, be as the receiver of the telephone lo ♦ 49. In tenns of civilization, discontent, the disc. As the receiver transmits the elec­ and cross-cultural telephone wiring- no doubt tric vibrations induced by the sound-waves setting an entirely different milieu of transmis­ back again into sound-waves, so is the phy­ sion neuroses- there exists the genre of tele­ sician's unconscious, which has directed phone manners. For an early American example his associations, from the communications of the telephone book of manners, may I refer derived from ii. (SE, 1:283). you to the work of Emily Post, who provides cor- rectional facilities for the subject of marriage Ii- We should stress that the receiver acts as a kind censes to postal etiquette systems and other en- of translating machine which at no point enjoys gagements: a direct line to a logos; in this way we can under- stand the necessary distortions involved in the LONG DISTANCE CALLS physicians' reconstructions of the patients' un­ conscious. In other words, it would now appear Of first importance, don 't shout![she shouts that Freud inserts in the telephone its dose of the by means of italics]. When you telephone imaginary via the Babel transfer. As Cynthia long distance don 't raise your voice. You Chase reminded us in her paper for the 1985 will only distort ii. ... Speak slowly and Convention of the Modern Language Associa­ distinctly into the transmitter with the tion, the dream-story of the "Witty's Butcher mouthpiece about an inch from your lips. Wife" takes off when the telephone is found to be Avoid mumbling or hastily running your out of order and shops are closed. Witty hys­ words together. terics appear to assert the need for an unsat­ When calling long distance, keep on the tip isfied wish as irreducible. Hence no free wish- of your tongue what you have to say, say ii flow, no telephone, a butcher for a husband (in promptly. Receiving the reply, say "good­ French, Lacan takes up the question of la belle by" and hang up. If you have several things bouchere in conjunction with the mouth being to say, write them down and read them off. stopped up- from the verb boucher, to stop up, (Emily Post, "Courtesy on the Telephone," a figurative mouth- which is where the tele­ in Etiquette: The Blue Book of Social Usage, phone comes in, or this at least is where it might 3rd ed. [Funk and Wagnalls, 1960], 445) have been connected). Consider also the tele­ phonic overflow into texts about or introducing Freud . One example: Ernst Kris's introduction to ♦ 50. See Friedrich A. Kittler on the type­ The Origins of Psycho-Analysis: "Reading these writer in Gramophon, Film, Typewriter (Berlin: letters is rather like listening to someone speak­ Brinkmann und Bose, 1987). ing on the telephone" (Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drahs and Notes: 1887 1902 by Sigmund ♦ 51 . Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Freud; ed. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Media (New York: Signet, 1964), 111 . Kris; trans. Eric Mosbacher, James Strachey

[New York: Basic Books, 1954], 3). But beyond ♦ 52. Ibid., 53. the telephonies inscribed along the trajectories ♦ 53. Ibid., 53. in order to be vocal , the first sonorous emissions not only have !heir origin in the ♦ 54. Reading "one of Hegel's other glottis, bul are lhe audible mark of a com­ voices," Jean-Luc Nancy (" Vox Clamans in plex phenomenon of muscular and rhyth­ Deserio," in Notebooks in Cultural Analysis, mic contractions which are a rejection im­ vol. 3, A Special Issue on 'Voice,' ed. Norman F. plicating the whole body. (6) Cantor, [Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 1986]} argues Iha! voice "precedes lhe subject, (*sur: "when sucking has come lo an end, which means, of course, that it is intimately lhe penis also becomes heir of lhe mother's linked with lhe subject- and I will agree with nipple. If one is nol aware of these profound you , thal voice frays a path for lhe subject. Bui ii connections, it is impossible lo find one's is not the subject's voice" (8). At one point along way about in the phanlasies of human be­ lhe polyphonic palh, Nancy lies lhe voice to lhe ings, in their associations, influenced as maternal breast, which is where we left off. lhey are by lhe unconscious, and in their Voice, he maintains, is always shared ; ii begins symptomatic language" (Sigmund Freud, where the relrenchmenl of lhe singular, unique "Anxiety and Instinctual Life, " New Intro­ being begins. (Later, wilh speech , it will recreate ductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, ed. his ties to lhe world and he will give meaning lo James Slrachey, SE, 22:78 ; Neue Falge der his own retrenchment.) Crying out in pure dis­ Vorlesungen zur EinfOhrung in die Psycho­ parity, which bears no dislincl meaning, Nancy's analyse, GW, 15:84 - 85).] crilecrit reads: Listen again: ... - If voice says nothing, that doesn't - Each voice cries out in lhe wilderness, mean that ii doesn't name. is lhe voice like thal of a prophet. And it is in the wilder­ It alone, which says nothing, bul which calls ness of forsaken existence, prey lo bolh lack out. and absence, Iha! lhe voice first makes itself - If voice says nothing, Iha! doesn't mean heard. Listen to whal a woman says, a I thal it doesn't name. Or al least, ii doesn't mother. [Making you listen lo a woman, mean Iha! it doesn 't fray a path for naming. Nancy grants lhe voice of a woman to you, The voice which calls, lhat is lo say the • to him, who, preceding him, here follows voice which is a call , without articulating Nancy: indetermination itself.] : ■ any language, opens lhe name of the other, (Projected on a screen, the face of Julia opens the other to his name, which is my Kristeva says these words:) own voice thrown in his direction. - But if !here are still no names, no lan­ • ... la voix repond au sein manquanl I guage. There is nothing to stabilize lhe call . . . . the voice responds to the missing - Yes there is, lhe voice calls the other only breast,• or is set off because of the extent to there, where as other, he can come .. which the coming of sleep seems to fill with .. .- the voice calls lhe other nomad, or voids lhe tension and attention of waking else calls him lo become a nomad. (13) hours. The vocal cords stretch and vibrate in order to fill the emptiness of the mouth and lhe digestive tract (in response lo hun­ ger) and lhe breakdowns in lhe nervous ♦ 55. Samuel Weber offers an analysis of systems in the face of sleep ... the voice the crisis in phenomenality in "The Sideshow; will take over from lhe void . ... Muscle, or, Remarks on a Canny Moment" (Modern Lan­ gastric, and sphincter contractions, reject, guage Notes, 88 (1973] : 1102- 1133), where he sometimes simultaneously, the air, food, reads by linking castration , narcissism, and the and feces. Voice springs from this rejection uncanny. Weber's discussion appears to dis­ of air and of nutritive or excremental matter; close the field for reading lhe mother lele- • phonically. Since he traces the horizon within which we insert our reading, ii may be helpful to cite that moment of discovery when the subject is confronted with the desired object which shows itself to be almost nothing, "but not quite":

For what the child "discovers"-lhal is, in­ terprets- as "castration " is neither nothing nor simply something, at least in the sense in which the child expects and desires ii lo be: what is "discovered" is the absence of the maternal phallus, a kind of negative per­ ception, whose object or referenl- percep­ choanalytischen Behandlung," GW, 8:376- tum - is ultimately nothing but adifference , . 387. although no simple one, since ii does not refer to anything, least of all to itself, but in­ ♦ 59. Sigmund Freud, "The Psycho­ stead defers itself indefimtely. To use a lan­ Analytic View of Psychogenic Disturbance of Vi­ guage made popular by Lacan : castration sion ," SE, 11:210- 218; "Die Psychogene inscribes the phallus in achain of signifiers, Sehstorung in psychoanalytischer Au­ signifying the sexual difference, but also as ffassung, " GW, 8:94 - 102. the difference (and prohibition) which nec­ essarily separates desire-in the Freudian ♦ 60. Ibid., 21Z theory at least- from its "object " (cf. "La signification du phallus," in Ecrits, 1966 ♦ 61. Ibid. [Paris : Seuil, 1971), 103-115) ... The de­ termination of castration not as an event or ♦ 62. Ibid. mere fantasy but as a structure bears impli­ cations both for the articulation of the sub­ ♦ 63. Ibid. , 216. ject and for its access to reality. ♦ 64. Also see Jean-Luc Nancy's discus­ sion of this split in La remarque speculative {Paris: Galilee, 1973) ♦ 56. Freud, New Introductory Lectures, chap. 1; Lacan, "The Split between the Eye and ♦ 65. Sigmund Freud, "The Psycho-Ana­ the Gaze," in Four Fundamental Concepts: "That lytic view of Psychogenic Disturbance of Vi­ in which the consciousness may turn back upon sion," SE, 11 :216. itself- grasp itself, like Valery's Young Parque, as seeing oneself seeing oneself- represents ♦ 66. Ibid., 218. mere sleight of hand. An avoidance of the func­ tion of the gaze is al work here" (7 4; italics added). ♦ 67. Juan Antonio Cabezas, Cien aiios de telefono en Espana: Cronico de un pro­ ceso tecnico {Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1974), 14. ♦ 57. lacan, Four Fundemental Concepts, 4Z ♦ 68. What does it mean lo respond lo a citation uttered "in lhe name of the law"? This ♦ 58. Sigmund Freud, "Recommendations question is raised in Kafka's parable "Before the lo Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis," SE, Law, " where a subject responds lo a summons 12:111 ; "Raisch/age fur den Arzt bei der psy- that was perhaps never materially issued but i ______L__

which also never ceases to call one before the senses of surveyors' tools, bureaucratic appa­ law The parable, inserted in a fold of The Trial ratus, and the telephone. See also Wolf Kittler, but also published independently, reminds us Der Turmbau zu Babel und das Schweigen der that this trial convenes for the purpose of gather­ Sirenen (Erlangen : Palm und Enke 1985), 7- 10. ing tropological evidence for the hearing, a summons, rumorological terror and the tele­ ♦ 69. Peter Canning , "Flu identity" (in Sub­ phone. At one point Joseph K. is summoned by stance, no. 44145 (1984] , 40), which pertinently telephone to appear before the law, on a Sunday. discusses the sado-militarist phantasm, and the The law comes down hard on him, tighteni ng the drive to pollute and devastate the body of the grip of Sunday's co nventional piety and the te le­ mother. phone's ruthless atemporality of appointment. As for the man from thecountry who in "Before the ♦ 70. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Law" responds to a kind of Kantian call, he gradu­ Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, ally goes blind. Jacques Derrida has elaborated a trans. Robert Hurley (Minneapolis: University of I Kantian imperative in Kafka in "Devant la loi ," Minnesota Press, 1983), 88 ; Capitalisme et trans. A Ronell , in Kafka and the Contemporary schizophrenie (Paris: Minuit, 1973) • Critical Performance: Centenary Re2dings, ed. Alan Udoff (Bloomington: Indiana University ♦ 71 . Ibid. , 67. Press, 1987), 128-149. In The Castle, the te le- phone rings in another way, initiating the mock ♦ 72. Ibid. , 131. substantiality of the title "land surveyor," wh ich K. then assumes. It responds to K.'s claims just ♦ 73. Ibid. , 88. as K. responds to the immaterial summons that II called him to the Castle territory. The telephone ♦ 74. Ibid. , 40. is placed on top of his head. For other opera------• lions of Kafka's te lephone see Winfried Kudzus, ♦ 75. Derrida, "Devant la loi," 130. "Musik im Schloss und in Josefine, die Sangerin," in Modern Austrian Literature 2, no. ♦ 76. Eugen Bleuler, Dementia Praecox 314 (1978): 247, as well as his interpretation of oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (Leipzig : F. acoustic-oral motifs at the end of the novel , Deuticke, 1911). "Changing Perspectives: Trial/Castle," in The Kafka Debate: New Perspectives for Our Time, ♦ 77. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti- ed . Angel Flores (New York: Gordian Press, Oedipus, 69. 1977). Jeffrey M. Peck, "The Telephone: A Mod- ern Day Hermes," CKCL 12 (September 1985), 3, ♦ 78. J. Laplanche and J. B. Pontalis, offers a reading of "Apparaf" in the polyvalent The Language of Psycho-Analysis, trans. Don- • aid Nicholson-Smith (New York: Norton, 1974), pay off in points to get himself off the hook. 408 - 410; Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse Rest. To discontinue al l operation by an op­ (Paris: Presses Universilaires de France, 1967). erator on a thing.

♦ 79. DP, 151. In a more recent version of the Shield. An operator with authority to penal­ syndromic habit we are about lo enter, the oper­ ize other operators ... ator functions as the major figuration of being­ Stone. Mental concentration of one operator in-lhe world. To the extent that we do not know upon another operator. Stoned, an operator where this "in" is, which is why Heidegger casts is wounded and cannot function . Stoning is it problematically, ii can be seen as belonging to accompanied by a great deal of head pain. the order of the telephonic. The schizophrenic is the on location of being-in-the world. For the schizo the "operator" is typically in-the-world. ♦ 80. Still, compared with a hysteric's Consider in this regard a few vocabulary frag­ narration, the one told by an obsessional neuro­ ments taken from Operators and Things: The In­ tic is accompanied, says Freud, by an impres­ ner Life of a Schizophrenic (San Diego: A. S. sive lack of affect. Much like Schreber, Rat Man Barnes, 1958), 168- 169, by the pseudonymous was always connected to machines of a tele­ Barbara O'Brien: phonic order, beginning possibly with the en­ ema treatments regularly administered lo him at Operator. A human being with a type of head an early age. The talking nanny behind him, formation which permits him to explore and carving a direct line to anality, makes way for pa­ influence the mentality of others. ternal insertions arranged around the key word, "rat." We are reminded here of Deleuze and Gua­ Thing. A human being without the mental ltari 's suggestion that every mot d'ordre, or equipment of operators. command-judgment, constitutes a death sen­ Board. Applied in layers to the minds of tence (Mille Plateaux: Capilalisme el Schizo­ things. Serves as protection. phrenie II, [Paris: Minuit, 1980], 135; published Extend. Ability of the operator to concen ­ in English as A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism trate over distances .. . . and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi, [Min­ neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987]). Dummy A thing with very linle lattice work. To the extent that "Heidegger" could at all be as­ Dummys are controlled almost entirely by simi lated lo such structures, which lechno­ their operators . . .. spheric pressures impose upon him, it would be Block. The concentration of the operator necessary first to determine how the phone call which blocks the mind of the thing and pre­ from the top command bureau arrived at him, vents its location or influence by other oper­ that is, whether it did not enter itself as a death ators. sentence/judgmenVcommand. For a critical in­ terpretation of these structures see Leonard Cordon. Blocking the thing by a number of Shengold, The Halo in the Sky: Observations on operators. Anality and Defense (New York: Guilford Press, Cover. A device used by operators to work 1988). upon a thing 's mind without disturbing other operators. ♦ 81. M. Ball , "La folie du doute," Revue scientifique de France el de l'elranger 3rd ser. , Horse. A term used by operators regarding vol. 30 of the collection (Paris, 1882), 4:43 46; things which can be worked the most eas­ cited in DP, 64. ily. ...

Hook. Putting an operator in a position ♦ 82. Jung, Psychology of Dementia Prae­ where he must move in some direction or cox. In a recent text on the schizophrenic sub- , ject, W. G. Kudzus ("Writing in Translation: us what kind of massacres take place in Schil­ Louis Wolfson, Paul Celan ," in Qui Parle, Spe­ ler's "Bell." In a context that hollows out lhe cial Issue on Paranoia and Schizophrenia, ed. "status of the speaking subject and its legitima­ Peter Connor, Adam Bresnick, et al, 1988) delin­ tion to speak," Nagele interprets: "In Schiller's eates "the traces BElWEEN the tongues" which are Lied van der Glocke anxiety creates surreal im­ shown to have some bearing upon AT&T. Rooted ages of castrating, bloodthirsty women (Weiber) in Louis Wolfson's novelistic treatise, Le schizo who turn into hyenas with the teeth of panthers et !es langues ou la phonetique chez le psycho­ tearing the twitching hearts of their enemies to tique (Esquisses d'un etudiant schizophreni­ pieces" (52). que, (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), Kudzus's inter­ pretation exterritorializes the propositions ♦ 86. The phone is dead. Bui this precisely consisting in "How to cut out of one's mother is the place of Michel Foucault's particular tongue. . . . How to keep out one's mother ecoute-, he conceived of his task as that of re­ tongue." "Labial passage is a matter of life and connecting disconnected telephone lines to death. The young man, one reads, drinks acer­ those who were, and still are, denied the re­ tain type of milk from a certain type of container" ceiver, which is also a mouthpiece: Is not mad­ (3). Kudzus asserts this vital link that will flow ness the absence of the telephone? Whereas one into our dialactate: "Readers are given a glimpse could argue that Nietzsche's texts are immu­ of what they do when they use the channels of nologically active- this is how his "pathos of communication provided to them by their distance" can be read, if violently, as originating mother tongue and AT&T" (2). As should be­ in an immunopalhological demand- that they come evident in the text accompanying the "dis­ operate within a hygenic of the obsessional neu­ memberment" of Ma Bell into AT&T "the move­ rotic, overly sensitive to stench, Foucault's work ment away from mother's tongue is solicits exposure or rather enters zoned-off psychotically driven." Kudzus identifies Wolf­ spaces where one is seduced into contamina­ son's writing as "zero zone writing of sorts; no tion. If reading Foucault does not produce an ef­ acknowledged language, little or no sanity, no fect of scandal , then his discourse has been san­ results. In this process, the beginning and end itized, neutralized, expulsed from the filth and are less important than the live zone in which aberration whi ch it at one point wanted to let writing occurs." See also Gilles Deleuze, speak. The "carceral subject" could come from "Schizologie," introduction to Wolfson, Le Berkeley, the telephone booth , Zelle, your cab­ schizo et /es languages. ine, or Foucault's Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New 83. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti­ ♦ York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1979); Oedipus, 36. Survieller et punir.· Naissance de la Prison (Paris: Gallimard, 1975). ♦ 84. Ibid. , 85.

♦ 87. From Paul Auguste Sollier's Le have acceler­ ♦ 85. It may seem that we mecanisme des emotions (Pari s, 1905), 4: ated too violently against the signified or content 208, cited in DP, 163. of a particular schizo utterance. It is not as if the selection of a particular work or index can be ♦ 88. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti- voided of any lilcril reading of any sort. Why is Oedipus, 84. she determined lo read Schiller's "Bell" and not another poem , laundry note , or graffitti frag- ♦ 89. One has by now become so heavily men!? In his book Reading after Freud: Essays anesthetized by the repetition in contemporary on Goethe, Holder/in, Habermas, Nietzsche, discourse of "always already, " that it might be Brecht, Ce/an, and Freud, (New York: Columbia useful lo call lime out in order to review its sense University Press, 1987), Rainer Nagele reminds and strategy. I'll put you through lo Rodolphe • Gasche's thoughts on the matter. . past, at an absolute past and passivity that can never be fully reactivated and awakened ... . .A/ways-already is an expression to presence. Yet, if the absolute past of the that may have found its first systematic use always-already effaces itself and is from the in Heidegger's thinking, where it denotes outset in retreat, it nonetheless leaves a both the temporal mode of the fore­ mark, a signature that is retraced in the very understanding in which the meaning of Be­ thing from which it is withdrawn , that the ing is available to the Dasein, and the spe­ essence or the presence that it constitutes is cific mode of anteriority in which Being th is past's belated reconstitution. What is claims man. Always-already names some­ always-already has never, and can never, be thing prior to , and it thus seems to corre­ present itself. The very possibility of es­ spond to the formal determination of the a sence and presence hinges on such a past, priori. To speak of a/ways-already rather according to Derrida. than of a priori becomes a necessary move, The always-already is thus not mere word­ however, when , as in Heidegger, the tempo­ play or the result of linguistic infatuation. It ral character of Being itself is at stake. The a is an expression that implies an anteriority priori, which in the onto logical tradition to essence and presence, that not only serves to denote the determinations of Be­ would no longer be a determination of Be­ ing, contains the idea of a temporal succes­ ing , as is the a priori, but that would also sion in a very pallid way at best. In Heideg­ take priority over Being: if, as Derrida con­ ger's thinking, therefore, the always-already tends, Heidegger's radical temporality of stands for a temporal priority, which , as that Being is still caught in the vulgar concept of of Being, has nothing to do with time as it is ti me that it was supposed to displace, the known according to its vulgar concept. radical past to Being could no longer be al­ together of the order of Being. The specific nature of the time of the qu iddity of that past Always-already is put to a similar use in hi nted at by Derrida understands Being it­ Derrida's philosophy, where it designates self from the past (and not only beings, as in the temporal mode of a certain accidentality, the case of Heidegger). (Rodolphe Gasche, contingency, and supplementarity shown to introduction to Andrzej Warminski , Read­ be "constitutive" of presence and essence. ings in Interpretation: H6/derlin, Hegel, Presence and essence within the meta­ Heidegger[Minneapol is: University of Min­ physical tradition, as Husserl has demon­ nesota Press, 1987], x-xi). strated , presuppose the fundamental form of idealization that is the "always again " (immer wieder) . Whereas this structure ac­ ♦ 90. Walter Benjamin's DC in the essay cords a privileged position to the proten­ "Th e Destructive Character," in Reflections, tional dimension of intentionality, Derrida's clears the way, creating the "cardiac strength" use of the always-already focuses on an an­ according to which Ben jamin paced himself and teriority that is, rather, of the order of the re­ all urgent writing. The DC is a signal that does tentional dimension of intentionality. But if not, however, need to be understood (under­ the always-already in Derrida stands for a stand me, love me, feed me, put me to bed: this past and a passivity older than presence and chain of demand belongs to the creature of res­ essence, this does not mean that Derrida sentimenO. I have tried to handle this in "Street­ simply privileges retention. In the same Talk," see above, n. 27. manner that Heidegger's always-already names a temporality that is radically differ­ ♦ 91 . Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, La ent from the vulgar concept of time, Der­ poesie comme experience (Paris: Bourgois, rida's a/ways-already points at a radical 1986) , our concepts lo this fact and, conversely, ♦ 92. Heidegger, TQCT, xv. Indeed, how not shut ourselves off from the phenomena scandalous is this thing? We need to bear in by a framework of concepts. II is surely a re­ mind that Being is given in ways which are mod­ markable tact that we encounter ourselves, ified by age and the understanding-of-Being al­ primarily and daily, for lhe most part by way lotted to the Dasein: as ousia, entelecheia, actu­ of things and are disclosed to ourselves in alitas, position, absolute Idea, Geist, and in the this manner in our own self. Ordinary un­ modern world, in al ignment with Heidegger's derstanding will rebel against this tact. As later thinking, in the charge of Gestell. In Die blind as it is nimble, ii will say: Thal is sim­ Grundprobleme der Phanomeno/ogie (Frank­ ply not true and cannot be tru e; this can be furt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), Heidegger is clearly demonstrated. perhaps more expl icit than in Sein und lei/ as to the understanding of ourselves beginning with Sure, this reading of the way we go through things that confront and distress us in everyday things may be on the side of the inauthentic. But life. In a crucial passage devoted lo "Dasein's things are not so simple. The inauthentic is not tactical everyday understanding of itself as re- simply negative: flection from lhe things with which ii is con- cerned," he offers: ~------, This inauthentic self-understanding of the Dasein 's by no means signifies an ungen­ Wesay that the Dasein does not lirst need to uine self-understanding. On the contrary, turn backward lo itself as !hough, keeping this everyday having of self within our tacti­ itself behind its own back, ii were al first cal , existent, passionate merging into standing in front of things and staring rig­ things can surely be genuine, whereas all idly at them. Instead, ii never finds itself extravagant grubbing about in one's soul otherwise than in the things itself, and in can be in the highest degree counterfeit or fact in those things Iha! daily surround ii. II even pathologically eccentric. The Dasein's finds itself primarily and constantly in inauthentic understanding ol itself is neither things because, tending them, distressed by ungenuine nor illusory, as though what is them, ii always in some way or other rests in understood by it is not lhe self but some­ ' things. Each one of us is what he pursues • thing else, and the self only allegedly. Inau­ and cares for. In everyday terms, we under­ thentic self-understanding experiences the stand ourselves and our existence by way of authentic Dasein as such precisely in ils pe­ the activities we pursue and the things we culiar "actuality, " if we may so say, and in a take care of. We understand ourselves by genuine way. starting from them because the Dasein finds itself primarily in things. The Dasein does The Dasein must be with things. We have been not need a special ki nd of observation , nor exploring the radical possibilities for lhe dwell­ does ii need lo conduc t a sort of espionage ing-with that things disclose lo us. I would like on the ego in order to have the self; rather, lo thank M. A. Greco lor bringing lo my attention as the Dasein gives itself over immediately Heidegger's inlenlionalily of comportments to­ and passionately to the world itself, its own ward things as demonstrated in the above quo­ self is reflected to ii from things. This is not tations from The Basic Problems of Phenome­ mysticism and does not presuppose lhe as­ nologx trans. Albert Hofstadter (Bloomington: signing of soul lo things. II is only a refer­ Indiana University Press, 1988), 159- 161. For a ence to an elementary phenomenological discussion of the technical manipulation of lhe tact of existence, which must be seen prior thing and what Heidegger calls "Zuhandenheil," to all talk, no matter how acute, about lhe see Pierre Alteri, Gwllaime D'Ockham. Le Sin­ subject-object relation. In lhe face of such gulier (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1989), talk we have lo have the freedom lo adapt 139ff. • ♦ 93. Of course not. But check out the works of poet, essayist, animal trainer Vicki Hearne to be sure. See especially "How to Say Fetch" and other telephonically informative sys­ tems in Mam's Task: Calling Animals by Name (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1987).

♦ 94. Cf. the way Jacques Derrida man­ ages the structure of "allegory" in Memoires for Paul de Man.

♦ 95. Swimming. It creates a sonic space, a trace-making pad from which so much has been launched without, as it were, making too much of a splash. The swimming pool functions as a specially tell ing sonic space in figuring the deaf, as for instance occurs in the film Children of a Lesser God. I wanted to consider both ears separately in order to deconstruct, in this place at least, the guarantees we might think we have about being entirely hearing; one of the ears plunges into deafness- a problem which would have created possibly more waves when rights were being balanced for the deaf subjects of this nation. AGB fought to have the deaf offi­ cially listed under a category held distinct, in our houses of Congress, from the space of the tricity and the phantasm of reanimation. See Pe­ "feeble-minded." Swimming. I think of Joh­ ter Haining, The Man Who w.is Frankenstein annes Peter Eckermann , Goethe's transmitter in (London : Frederick Mu ller, 1979). Read it. It fo­ Conversations with Eckermann, for whom cuses the electrician who turned Mary Shelley swimming laps into writing. Also of Whal Is on : Andrew Crosse. On electricity and melan­ Called Thinking? "We shall never learn what 'is cholia, for instance: "To a degree, this company called' swimm ing , for example, or what it 'calls lifted And rew Crosse out of th e mood of melan­ for,' by reading a treatise on swimming. Only the choly brought on by his mother's death , and leap into the river tells us what is called swim­ there are indications he began to start playing ming"(21). Or of Jean-Francois Lyotard on jokes again with electri cal machines" (37). swimming in "Several Silences," in Driflworks, Moreover, the monsterized figure, often going Semiotext(e) Series (New York: Columbia Uni­ under the name of "the frame" may be read as a versity Press, 1984), 90 - 110. frame literalized in the sense of Ge-Stell.

♦ 96. Astudy still remains to be written on ♦ 97. See Albert Hofstadter's introduc­ Frankenstein and electric circuitry. The novel tion to Poetry, Language, Thought on "thinking goes along the lines of a felt sp lit between art that responds and recal ls" (P, xi). See also n. 11, and science, sexual difference and the mother's which links Gestell to its skeletal basis. unmournable death. (When he takes leave of the city Victor visits the graveyard- everybody's ♦ 98. Jacques Derrida, Truth in Painting, resting there , but no mention of mother.) Elec- trans. Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod (Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); La went for the telephone without reservation, at verite en peinture (Paris: Flammarion, 1978). limes assigning to it lines of an enigmatic thea- ter of visible speech. It is a rare thing on camera ♦ 99. Cf. Alexander Graham Bell's Hei­ particularly in the case of television, for anyone, deggerian poetry of communication with the when hanging up the phone, lo utter a "good­ earth: bye." The call interrupts narrative without grant­ ing itself closure. The telephone inevitably tends Mr. Bell went on to describe instances in to participate in a scene metonymically to call up which airs sung or played upon a musical a death sentence; it is a commanding machine of instrument are transmitted by a telephone, .. terroristic perlormative competence. Alfred • when it is not known whence they come; but Hitchcock's Dial M for the strongest proof of the extraordinary sen­ Murder.·@i®hMfi pretty guilty ring to it." sibility of this instrument consists in its be­ / "It's delayed ac­ tion " (Bob Cummings). Or the hanging phone coming possible by its means to transmit culminates in having the character juridically speech through bodies which might be sup­ declared to hang. See also John Auerbach's The posed to be non-conductors. The commu­ Phone Call, wherein the one who picks up the nication with the earth through the human phone finds herself under orders to kill. She ful­ body can be made in spite of the interven­ fills the command. Turns out to have been a tion of shoes and stockings; and it may even wrong number. In this light consider also Lady be affected if, instead of standing on the in a Cage, Pennsylvania 6- 5000, The Man who ground, the person stands on a brick wall. Envied Women, and Kurosawa's High and Lo','( Only hewn stone and wood are a sufficient as well as the entire gamut of the Poltergeist se­ hindrance to communication, and if the foot ries and spin-offs. For the sheerly electric con­ touches the adjoining ground, or even a junction, Ce/12455· Death Row furnishes a good blade of grass, it is enough to produce elec­ example of imaging two pieces of technology to­ tric manifestations. (Theodose Achille gether: the electric chair and the telephone. At Louis Du Monce!, The Telephone, the Mi­ the scheduled moment of execution , the electro­ crophone, and the Phonograph [ TMP, 55].) cutee is intended to receive pardon, but the gov- ernor's secretary doesn 't gel through on time, •' having dialed a wrong number. ♦ 100. 5arah Kofman has interpreted this .• Freudian figure of the all too self-sufficient ♦ 104. P, 112. In the culture of philosophy, woman ingrowing the narcissistic complex in the reference to "a new value theory" signals a The Enigma of Woman: Woman in Freud's Wnl­ compelling gap that holds Heidegger at a dis­ ings, trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca: Cornell tance from competing currencies deposited by University Press, 1985); L' enigme de la femme: National Socialist philosophers. In the first draft La femme dans /es textes de Freud (Paris: Gal­ of his paper "The Meeting at Magdeburg: Ger­ ilee, 1980) man Philosophy in 1933" (University of Califor- nia Berkeley, January 1988, typescript), the phi- ♦ 101. Heidegger, TQCT, 13. losopher Hans Sluga focuses Wertphilosophie in order to analyze the relationship of German ♦ 102. Ibid. philosophy as a whole to that of National Social- ism. Examining the principles of the Deutsche ♦ 103. In Woody Allen's film of collapsed Philosophische Gesellschalt (o PG ), a philosoph- media ( The Purple Rose of Cairo), the single ob- ical society that existed from 1917 until the end ject that traverses both asserted worlds is a of the Second World War, Sluga discovers a white telephone which plays out its potential as spectrum of philosophical positions informing that which engages inner and outer dimensions "1933." Heidegger was, he argues, "by no simultaneously, the real and the fictive. Cinema means the only German philosopher who be- • • came entangled with National Socialism. The in- ing the task of the poet. For Heidegger, he writes, volvement of the DPG and its leading mem- citing Htilderlin, this "time of technology is a bers- all of them established academics- destitute time, the lime of the world 's night, in with Nazism was in any case more public and which man has even forgotten that he has for- more official than Heidegger's. From the per- gotten the true nature of being. In such a dark spective of the DPG Heidegger was, in fact, al­ and deprived time ..." (xv). This is why we are most something like an outsider; as a result, one traveling the path of technological light, for how­ of his students found reason lo complain in the ever nuanced and "deep" Heidegger's encounter Blatler in 1942 that ii had become 'fashionable with technology may be, its effects, as well as the to dismiss Heidegger in a disrespectful manner context of its expression, propose peculiar acts as a phenomenon of a past epoch '" (22). of self-blinding which the telephone writes out While Sluga maintains that Heidegger was, for us. when compared with the DPG , "after a quite differ­ ent and deeper critique of the technological ♦ 105. Cf. Jacques Derrida's discussion age," he allows: "II was then not strictly speak­ of the towers of Babel in The Ear of the Other, ing the issue of technology that separated 152, where the subject, as in our case, is transla­ Heidegger from the DPG " (23). "Technology and tion. Working through something like "tele­ the crisis of technology were themes often phone" always involves an element of spiraling enough discussed in the pages of the 8/aller. transpositions, a translative vertigo. "What did Prominent members of the oPG such as Hans you say? Are you still there?" signal the fact that Freyer and Hermann Glockner were, in fact, also translational activities govern the milieu of all leading philosophers of technology and contin­ telephonic utterances, doubling the translation ued to play that role in post-war Germany. The of sound waves back into voice simulation: "the idea that the contemporary crisis, on whose re­ so-called original is in a position of demand ality they all agreed, was a crisis of technology with regard to the translation . The original is not and of technological thinking was indeed a com­ a plenitude which would come to be translated mon doctrine among conservative German by accident. The original is in the situation of thinkers in the first half of the twentieth century." demand, that is, of a lack or exile. The original is See also "Artificial Limbs. Functionalist Cyni­ indebted a priori to the translation. Its survival is cisms II: On the Spirit of Technology, " in Peter a demand and a desire for translation , somewhat Slolerdijk, Critique of Cynical Reason, trans. like the Babelian demand: Translate me." See Michael Eldred (Minneapolis: University of also "Des tours de Babel ," trans. Joseph F. Minnesota Press, 1987), 450 and passim , on the Graham, in Difference in Translation, ed. Joseph Homo prostheticus as a storm trooper itching F. Graham (Ithaca : Cornell University Press, for action , the Fourth Reich, Hans Freyer, lhe 1985), 165 - 209. technology of the likable Nazi, and Friedrich Dessauer's Philosophie der Technik Das Prob­ ♦ 106. We think we know where the mouth lem der Rea/isierung (Philosophy of technology: is, what it does, how to circumscribe this gap The problem of realization), which promises a whose piercing watchdogs are armed to the "critical metaphysics" of technology. (Originally teeth. Maybe we do "know, " if knowing includes published as Kritik der zynischen Vernunft the unconscious habitat or a reading of Kant. [Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1983].) Still, it poses problems. Neither quite inside nor When Heidegger became disenchanted with the entirely on the outer side of the body, a place of destinal promise of the National Socialist revo­ expulsion or incorporation, the mouth cannot be lution, he began to assimilate its movement to a said to be locatable within a topology of the reading of error and technology. body. Lacan reminds us somewhere of Freud's In his introduction lo Poetry, Language, decision to envisage masturbation as a mouth Thought, Hofstadter similarly evokes the hol­ kissing itself, the place of a total receiver in lowness of the technological age when consult- touch with its rim. And we haven 't even begun lo talk of the tongue, be it native, mother, or tasting. the tabernacles whose "location " is the same Gregory L. Ulmer opens a discussion on the placeless topic, an abstaining nothing: "Hegel hollows of the body, its resonating chambers narrates a story about Pompey, narrating it in his (ear and vagina. mouth and rectum), in Applied own way. Curious to know what was behind the Grammalology: Posl{e)-Pedagogy from Jacques doors of the tabernacle that housed the holy of Derrida lo Joseph Beuys (Baltimore: Johns holies, the triumvir approached the innermost Hopkins University Press, 1985), 57-62: part of the temple, the center (MittelpunkO of worship." There, says Hegel , he sought "a being, P'art of the interest of drawing on theories of an essence offered to his meditation, something orality (as the first libidinal experience, ii meaningful (sinnvo!O to command his respect; forever marks desire, determining the na­ and when he thought he was entering into the ture of our satisfaction and dissatisfaction) secret (Geheimnis) before the ultimate specta­ for the deconstruction of the phi loso­ cle, he felt mystified, disappointed, deceived phemes is that against the appropriation of (getauschO. He found what he sought in "an all other senses by sight in Plato's use of empty space" and concluded from this that the eidos, "psychoanalysis reveals that in genuine secret was itself entirely alien and extra­ childhood phantasms this mode is not at­ neous to them, the Jews; it was unseen and un­ tached solely to oral activity but that ii may felt (ungesehen und ungefuhlO" (143). be transposed lo other functions (e.g. respi­

ration , sight)" (Laplanche and Pontalis, ♦ 108. The assignment of aberrations to 288). Moreover, in support of a methodol­ acoustics owes its prominence in "the science ogy attempting to theorize (epithymize) re­ of sound" of the nineteenth century to earlier pulsion, this stage includes an "oral­ works, such as Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni 's sadistic" phase concurrent with teething in Entdeckungen uber die Theorie des Klanges in which the activity of biting and devouring 1787 and Die Akustik (1802) Thomas Young , in implies a destruction of the object; "as a particular, began investigating the phenomena corollary of this we find the presence of the of interference shortly thereupon, followed by phantasy of being eaten or destroyed by the Wilhelm Ernst, and Eduard Weber who, dedicat­ mother" ([Laplanche and Pontalis, The Lan­ ing their works to Chladni , produced Well­ guage of Psychonalysis) 288). enlehre auf Experimente gegrundel, oder uber die Wellen tropfbarer FWssigkeiten mil Anwen­ It seems necessary to engage oneself on this dung auf die Schall- und Lichtwellen (Science of line if only to observe that, while the telephone waves based on experiments, or on the wave of " may call up the spitting image of the father­ nonviscous fluids with application to sound and ► I this will be at issue with the Bell paradigm- the light waves; 1825). In addition , see H. Matthews, mouth is related, according to several essential Observations on Sound . . (1826); Sir Charles filiations, to the maternal. Thus beyond , or with, Wheatstone's Experiments in Audition the Joycean umbilicus, there is always the issue (1827), the numerous investigations of Jean • of the mouth, which throws up the activity of Baptiste Joseph Fourier, Georg Simon Ohm, and what we have gathered as the maternal super- Christian Johann Doppler; and Franz Melde's ego. This threatens to bite, devour, destroy, but important Lehre von Schwingungscurven (Sci- also to be bitten, devoured, and to pacify. In Wat- ence of oscillation curves ; 1864). In the foreword son 's case you have to go further down the buc- to Observations on Sound, Matthews writes: cal cavity to find the father. His force erupts in the swallowing disorders documented in the au­ The author, reflecting on the nature of tobiography. sound, has discovered that the kind of buildings used as churches, chapels, courts ♦ 107. In "Devant la loi," Jacques Derrida of justice or other places in which sound cites Hegel's exposition of the empty nature of should be of the first consideration, are by -

I no means adapted to convey it dis­ neighboring wires and by leakage from tinctly.... The valuable time and patience them, the signals of the Morse alphabet of the courts of justice need not (at present} passing over neighboring wires being audi­ be unprofitably exhausted in the vain en­ ble in the telephone, and another class can deavor to comprehend the indistinct ut­ be traced to earth currents upon the wire, a terances of witnesses; - the almost impos­ curious modification of this sound reveal­ sibility of which frequently turns the stream ing the presence of defective joints in the of justice out of its proper course .... Im­ wire. provement in the science of sound is of Professor Blake informs me that he has consequence as respects a still more sacred been able to use the railroad track for con­ subject than even justice itself- Divine versational purposes .. . and Professor Knowledge .... Echo does not politely wait Pierce has observed the most curious unti I the speaker has done; but the moment sounds produced from a telephone in con­ he begins, and before he has finished a nection with a telegraph-wire during the au­ word , she mocks him with ten thousand rora borealis. (TMP, 55) tongues. In Aufschreibsysteme 1800/1900 (Munich: One discussion of such passages, which Wilhelm Rnk, 1985), Friedrich A Kittler con­ sounds a note of schizoanalysis, occurs in an ar­ nects Nietzsche himself to the noise machine ticle by Wolfgang Scheres "Im Vorwort . when he allows that the philosopher has shown schreibt Matthews van den buchstablichen De­ a special sensibility for random noise. Designat­ territorial isierungen, die Sound dart vornimmt, ing Nietzsche as somewhat of a telephonic ap­ wo eigentlich Recht gesprochen gehtirte (In his paratus hooked into his own writing , Kittler ar­ foreword, Matthews writes of the literal deter­ gues: ritorializations induced by sounds that replace Nietzsche aber schreibt var und nach the proper pronouncement of law) ["Klaviaturen, weissem Rauschen. So wortlich erreicht Visible Speech und Phonographie: Marginalien ihn der Appell deutscher Aufsatze, "eigne zur technischen Entstellung der Sinne im 19. Gedanken und Getohle zu belauschen," Jahrhundert" (Keyboards, visible speech , and dass Gedanken und Getohle in ihr Gegen­ phonography: Marginal notes on the technical teil umschlagen: Der Lauscher htirt ein distortion of the senses in the 19th century), Dis­ "Summen und Brausen der wilden Partein ," kursanalysen 1 (1987): 43 - 44]) die in ihm den unschlichbaren, "BOr­ Of course AGB had things to say about the tele­ gerkrieg zweier Heerlager" ausfechten . Wo phone's noise production as well , which , rather eine vorsprachliche, aber zu Artikulation than seeming wholly "random" appears instead und Bildung fahige lnnerlichkeit stehen to mark the moment of the instrument's greatest mOsste, isl alles nur, "als ob ein Rauschen autonomy and asserts the dimension of a kind of durch die Luft ginge." Der schauderhaft un­ "transcendental noise." Compare the following artikulierte Ton , den Nietzsche in seinem statement, if you will, with Kafka's noise recep­ ROcken htirt, summt also in den Ohren tion in The Castle: selber ... [p.] 189.

When a telephone is placed in a circuit with a telegraph line, the telephone is found Nietzsche writes, however, before and after seemingly to emit sounds on its own ac­ white noise. So literally does the call of Ger­ count. The most extraordinary noises are man essays reach him, "overhearing one's often produced, the causes of which are at own thoughts and feelings," that thoughts present very obscure. One class of sounds and feelings turn into their opposites: the is produced by the inductive influence of eavesdropper hears a "buuing and roaring .. . . M( •· • . '~.~.,."'

..'IIIIM~ ...... ~.,". ·~~.... ,_,

._...: •. 'A . • . •.,, •'.•'.-. • • '\i" ♦ ,'. •· I . .... ~ ..,,. ... , ...,,.-: <-.' ~~ . . I • . >9fli'CYA ' ...... ~- ◄, ,., •• (, . . . . • ~.y ' ·1

I I I I I • f 0, .... N N uJ 0 0 (J1 0 0 0 0 0 of the wild parts," battling out within him sheet full of war and pesti lence, of cries of mur­ the invisible war of two army camps. Where der and pain, announcing danger of fire and an interiority which is prelingual and yet ca­ flood, spreading everywhere the 'latest news.' pable of articulation and education must News in this sense, in the sense the word has in stand , there everything is only "as if a rus­ Shakespeare, is disseminated by Die Fackel tling noise had gone through the air." The (The Torch)" (Reflections, trans. Edmund dreadfully unarticulated sound, which Jephcott [Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1978], Nietzsche hears behind his back, thus is 239) buzzing in his own ears .... (Trans. AKS) ♦ 110. The telephone has always been inhabited by the rhetoric of the departed. While For more noise, see Michel Serres, who, posing the eeriness of some of its appelations may have the critic as parasite, produces the insight ut­ sunk out of sight, we might submit, in addition tered by critical activity: "I am noise" ( The Para­ to the alarm known as "William's Coffin," the site, trans. Lawrence R. Scher [Baltimore: Johns entry for US Patent No. 348, 512, August 31 , Hopkins University Press, 1982] 123; Le Parasite 1886 [Paris: Grasse!, 1980]). In a skillful parasiting of the parasite, Bonnie Isaac reminds us that in the The name of "phantom circuit" has been case of Serres, Lyotard, and Derrida, "the ques­ given to the scheme which permits a tele­ tion is political and linguistic: can there be any­ phonic talking current to be superimposed thing like a code or contract without 'the energy on two pairs of wires, each of which simul­ of noise,' 'the furor of coding' (Serres, Genese, taneously transmits a telephonic conversa­ Grasse!, 1982)" ("Parasiting, Text, Politics, or tion. This third , or phantom circuit, is ob­ Genesis and Apocalypse," paper presented at tained by connecting two pairs of wires the annual meeting of the International Associa­ together, with suitable apparatus, in a pecu­ tion of Philosophy and Literature, New York, liar way. After the phantom circuit has been 1987). Serres's project, according to Shoshana properly constituted, it becomes possible to Felman's helpful formulation, counts "in finding carry on simultaneously three independent the connecting pathways between myth and his­ conversations: one, between stations A and tory, the real and the text, objects and language; B, over one pair of wires; a second, between it is a question of nothing less than suspending stations C and D, over the second pair of the opposition between science and poetry" wires; and a third, between stations Eand F, ("De la nature des choses ou de l'ecart a using the two wires of one of the pairs, in l'equilibre" in Michel Serres: Interferences et multiple as one side of the phantom circuit turbulences. Critique 380 [January 1979]: 4). and the two wires of the second pair, also connected together in multiple, as the other ♦ 109. At the crossroads between a certain side of the phantom circu it. type of journalism and itself, Walter Benjamin begins an essay, "Karl Kraus," with this quota­ A report by C. H. Arnold in 1899 maintains that tion: "How noisy everything grows [Wie laut "in their present condition [these] cannot be wird alles]." This begins a complex materiality commercially duplexed .... because it would where rumor is shown to be co-constitutive with be impossible to ring on the duplexed trunks, disease, and in which the temporality of spread­ because the phantom would be too noisy, and ing cannot be assigned to the one over the other because there would be objectionable crosstalk in a kind of war text whose noises have not on the phantoms and on certain trunks .... In stopped becoming . "In old engravings," ex­ anticipation of the development of phantom cir­ plains Benjamin , "there is a messenger who cuit coils ..." (From Frederick Leland Rhodes, rushes toward us screaming , his hair on end, Beginnings of Telephony, [Harper and Brothers, brandishing a sheet of paper in his hands, a 1929] 189- 193).

♦ 111. A, 140. The horse has been gal­ hallucinated connection provokes the narrator to loping in mysterious ways through our narra­ warn: "Wehe aber, wenn die magische Kelle riss, tive telephone wires: from Watson's father to the wenn ... kein ins Ohr kitzelndes Telephon­ schizo and Nietzsche's breakdown, who in some lachen dem Galler! neuen Odem einblassen way all continue to hold a seance above our wollte [But woe if the magic chain snaps, if . premises. The snapshot that Nietzsche took of no telephonic laughter, tickling into the ear, himself as a phantom horse, whipped by Lou­ wants to whisper new breath into the gelatin]" (72; Trans. AKs). The opposition military/sadism Andreas Salome, and with the silent complic­ and aural/erotic, posed behind lines of sexual ity of Paul Ree, poses the scenography of his difference, dominates a number of such tele­ breakdown as a technical priority. For an inter­ texts. What we shall want to explore more pretation of the technospirits that have invaded closely, however, is the telefeminine that sutures "phantography, " Nietzsche, and Roland Barthes, the topoi of nurse, rescue mission, and what see Akira Lippi!, "Phantography" (master's Brod, in conjunction with Melanie Klein, may thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1987). agree to call the "good breast." For a different consideration of Brod and Werfel's works see ♦ 112. In his poem "Telephon," Max Brod also Rudiger Campe, "Pronto! " in Diskur­ describes the telephone booth as a grave into sanalysen 1, (1987): 83. According to Campe, which the long-distance speech of woman ani­ Brod's Balletmadchen affirms the equivalence mates a living corpse, the grave opening: "Da between telephone receiver and breast ("aus­ atme ich . . . Und sehe in die schwarze drucklich die Aquivalenz von Telefonhorer Holztrompete. / In die ich auch rede, sehr weil / und weiblicher Brust eingefuhrt [explicitly ad­ Zwischen uns Strassen, ei lende Zeit, ... / Und vancing the equivalence of the telephone re­ Dich am Ende der langen Bahn [Then I breathe ceiver and the female breast))" (84; trans. AKS) . . . And see in the black, wood mouthpiece / The literature through which the telephone Into which I am also speaking, very far / In be­ threads its peal is of course vast, and deserves tween us, streets, time that hastens, ... . / And another study to sustain it. Here we might indi­ you at the end of the long passage]" (Max Brod, cate two access routes, one more general than Tagebuch in Versen [1910) , in Das Buch der the other. Rrst, one might consider the insights Liebe Lynk [Berlin: Kurt Wolff, 1921), 59; trans. of the "Pindar of the Machine Age," as Hart AKS. J Max Brod, who worked for the post office Crane once styled himself: "For unless poetry from about 1907 to 1924, split the telephone into can absorb the machine, i.e., acclimatize ii as a good and a bad object, much the way Franz naturally and casually as trees, cattle, galleons, Werfel , in "Das lnterurbane Gesprach, " divides castles and all other human associations of the the telephone between the father's word and ma­ past, then poetry has failed of its full contempor­ ternal speech ( Vaterwort und Muterrede). Werfel ary function " (quoted by Peter Vierek, "The Poet was a "Telefon-Soldat" in WWI stationed at the and the Machine Age," in Dream and Respon­ Russian Front. In his We//kriegsroman, Das sibility: Four Test Cases of the Tension between grosse Wagnis (in Ausgewah//e Romane und Poetry and Society [Riverton, Va: University Novel/en [Leipzig/Wien, 1918), 4:16), Brod sets Press of Washington, D.C., 1953], 52). No liter­ up the bad telephone, the one, perhaps, with ary study of the telephone would want to make a which our telephone book opens: "das base detour around Proust. Beyond the famous Bal­ Telefon: im fantasmagorischen Oberkommando bee passage, the description from "Sodome et [the wicked telephone: in the phantasmagorical Gomorrhe" (Marcel Proust, A la recherche du top command)" (trans. AKS). The good telephone temps perdu [Paris: Gallimard, 1954], 133- 134) appears after a wounded soldier awakens from deserves citation. Proust decides to credit Edi- his narcotic haze and, unable to focus a field of son with the invention of the telephone: vision, he virtually inhales the voice of a nurse who speaks to him like a "telephone voice." The Je n'osais pas envoyer chez Albertine, ii etait trop lard, mais dans l'espoir que, sou­ use of the telephone. She would manage to pant peut-etre avec des amies, dans un disappear whenever anybody was going to cafe, elle aurait l'idee de me telephoner, teach her how to use it, as people disappear je tournai le commutateur et, retablissant la when it is time for them to be vaccinated. communication dans ma chambre, je la And so the telephone was installed in my coupai entre le bureau de posies et la loge bedroom, and, that it might not disturb my du concierge a laquelle ii etait relie parents, a rattle had been substituted for the d'habitude a cette heure-la Avoir un re­ bell. [Scott-Moncrieff substitued a rattle for cepteur dans le petit couloir ou donnait la the bell and Bell for Edison.] (Cities of the chambre de Francoise eat ete plus sim­ Plain, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff [New ple, mains derangeant, mais inutile. Les York: Random House, Modern Library, progres de la civilisation permettent a 1927], 180- 181). chacun de manifester des qualites insoup­ connees ou de nouveaux vices qui les ren­ Proust crafts a rhetoric of anxiety in the descrip­ dent plus chers ou plus insupportables a tion that follows, and which opens a horizon of leurs amis. C'est ainsi que la decouverte "torture" and waiting until finally, the "sublime d'Edison avail permis a Francoise d'ac­ noise" of Albertine's call erupts. "And I settled querir un defaut de plus, qui etait de se down to listen, to suffer" (Proust, Cities of the refuser quelque utilite, quelque urgence Plain, 180). Finally, the immigration to an Ameri­ qu 'il y eOt, a se servir du telephone. Elle can literature would seem indispensable to a trouvait le moyen de s'enfuir quand on telecommunications satellite of literary emis­ voualit le lui apprendre, com me d'autres au sion. Ann Gelder has brought to my attention the moment d'etre vaccines. Aussi le tele­ exemplary case of Mark Twain's A Connecticut phone etait-il place dans ma chambre, et, 'rtlnkee in King Arthur's Court, where the child is pour qu'il ne genat pas mes parents, sa baptized "Hello, Central! ": sonnerie etait remplace par un simple bruit de tourniquet. De peur de ne pas l'en­ "Hello, Central! Is this you Camelot?- . . tendre, je ne bougeais pas. here standeth in the flesh his mightiness The Boss, and with thine own ears shal I ye hear him speak!" I dared not send round to Albertine's house, Now what a radical reversal of things this it was too late, but in the hope that, having was; what a jumbling together of extrava­ supper perhaps with some other girls, in a gant incongruities; what a fantastic con­ cafe, she might take it into her head to tele­ junction of opposites and irreconcilables­ phone me, I turned the switch and, restoring the home of the bogus miracle become the the connexion to my own room, cut it off be­ home of a real one, the den of a medieval tween the post office and the porter's lodge hermit turned into a telephone office! to which it was generally switched at that The telephone clerk stepped into the light, hour. A receiver in the little passage on and I recognized one of my young fel­ which Francoise's room opened would lows. have been simpler, less inconvenient, but "What was that name, then?" useless. The advance of civilisation enables "The Valley of Hellishness." each of us to display unsuspected merits or That explains it. Confound a telephone, any­ fresh defects which make him dearer or way. It is the very demon for conveying sim­ more insupportable to his friends. Thus Dr. ilarities of sound that are miracles of diver­ Bell's [ ! ] invention had enabled Francoise gence from similarity of sense. But no to acquire an additional defect, which was matter, you know the name of the place now that of refusing, however important, how­ Call up Camelot." ( The Works and Papers of ever urgent the occasion might be, to make Mark Twain [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979], 229 - was industrial insurance. If we hurt ourselves we 230). suffered the consequences" (47). Getting metal chips into the eye was "one of the worst acci- dents that could happen to us. We were continu­ ♦ 113. In order to read the great narrative of ally taking things out of each other's eyes, gen­ a parasitical relationship, it often becomes nec­ erally using a looped bristle from our bench essary to encounter a phantom that is agitating brush, an operation in which I became quite ex­ in one or both figures. In his autobiography, pert. An oculist would have been horrified at our Watson makes it abundantly clear that some­ methods but an accident had to be serious be­ thing is remote-controlling him, calling him to fore a doctor was called in." No emergency calls, the telephone and the Bell system. Due to logical no house calls as far as the eye can see. Watson constraints, it has seemed to me more sensible "had one severe experience when a hot brass at this time to pursue the phantom haunting Bell , chip struck my eyeball and laid me up a day or and to leave Watson 's ghosts somewhat rest­ two, and after that I wore goggles when doing lessly ringing their chains. Watson 's transmis­ any work that set the metal chips flying, al­ sions, always responding to the controls of an though my fellow workmen scorned such things Other, suggest, in the autobiography as else­ as effeminate" (48). where, his deep involvement in the ghostly

above- which to a certain degree, however, ♦ 114. John Brooks, Telephone: The Rrst may be due to the spirit of the times. Yet thi s Hundred Years (New York: Harper and Row, spirit is precisely the one that permitted technol­ 1976), 74. ogy, like Lazarus, to arise. The psychoanalytic

theory of the phantom and unconscious trans­ ♦ 115. A History of Engineering and Sci­ missions are first articulated in Nicholas ence in the Bell System: The Early Years (1895 - Abraham and Maria Torok's The Wolf Man's 1925), ed. M. D. Fagen (New York: Bell Tele­ Magic Word·A Cryplonomy, trans. Nicolas Rand phone Laboratories, 1975), 516. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986); Le verbier de /'homme aux loups: une ♦ 116. Aremarkable text was published to cryplonymie, preface ("Fors") by Jacques Der­ mark the dispersal of the maternal body of the rida (Paris: Flammarion , 1976). telephone into AT&T. Its special quality consists The question of Watson's "headset," which we in the way it gathers up a lexicon of mutilation have managed to raise a number of times, is not and hallucination which does not merely "con­ an arbitrary one. In many ways, Watson models firm" our reading but, registering the extent to his body representations by telephonic regula­ which the corporate unconscious can speak, it tion. The eyes are always slighted, hierarchically exposes a layer of latent terrorism under the ordered under the aural senses. We might linger changing surface of telephonic ownership. The a moment longer on the base of the head before pamphlet, entitled American Heritage and sub­ turning in the text to the palms of Watson's titled Breaking the Connection: A Short History hands, where we read his lines. Watson 's rap­ of AT&T (June- July 1985), shows a dangling, port to his eyeballs were, oddly, in the effemi­ lopped off telephone receiver, next to which one nate, as he puts ii. Due to his "unmanly" anxi­ can read : eties, his orbs were one of the first pair to receive protection from incoming missiles. (There is of course nothing more manly than this ocular anxiety; just read Freud on Dr. Coppola and Company.) His ocular sensitivity is thematically sustained throughout the autobiography, revolv­ ing in chapter 6 around "safety-first devices and warning cards [that] were unknown then and so

Hello? Hello? Read the prose of self-mutilation and essential So Ma Bell , as it turns out, was assassinated not phantasms of corporate identity and disintegra­ because she was becoming frail and weak, edg­ tion . After establishing the facts ("On January 8, ing toward something of a natural death, but, on 1982, the organization announced that within the contrary, because she left these boys won ­ two years it would tear itself apart, and on Janu­ dering how she had become such a tough ary 1, 1984, it made good on its promise"), body mother, how did she get so big and strong? But disintegration takes over, and corporate para­ by eliminating her, the company rips into its own noia suggests itself ready-at-hand: image, bleeding hunks, as it says, of its former self, fragmenting into an excremental scene of Before its dismemberment, the American litter in body parts: the violent and repressive Telephone and Telegraph Company, also birth of the maternal superego. The pamphlet known as "Ma Bell," had been by many eventually moves into a heroics of war and the standards the largest company on earth . In space age. "The science underlying electrical the range of its influence, in assets, and in communications is at the very heart of modern its impact on the daily lives of ordinary peo­ war," wrote Walter Gifford to AT&T 's shareholders ple, it dwarfed not only other companies but shortly after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. . .. also nations. "AT&T also played a major role in the postwar The legal term for what occurred on January development of guided antiaircraft missiles and 1, 1984 is divestiture, but that word seems in the development of the nation's air-defense inadequate as a description of the corporate radar system. The space age opened new fron ­ equivalent of a many-limbed giant ripping tiers for the company. A communications satel­ off limb after limb, flinging the pieces in lite designed by Bell scientists, Telstar, was all directions, and leaving the landscape launched in 1962, and the first earth-moon tele­ littered with big, bleeding hunks of phone call was completed in July 1969, less m than one century after Alexander Graham Bell UIJlui4li411 (6s). spilled acid over his clothes and completed the first room-to-room telephone call " (78). AT&T, incidentally, maintains the telephone as a "tool." One intuits who directed the hand of the writer(s) Ma Bell 's suppression in-stalls a maternal su ­ here, Bataille or Schreber. At any rate, AT&T perego around which the corporate members or­ ("also known as Ma Bell ") makes no bones ganize their remorse, which once again reminds about having ditched Mother in the transaction. us of the feminine trace deposited in the tech­ Several years prior to divestiture, chairman of nologies. Consider in this regard Joseph W. AT&T Charles L. Brown, "shocked some of his Slade's discussion of Eugene O'Neill's "Great own employees" when he announced the evac­ Mother of Eternal Life" (in "Dynamo") and the uation of the maternal : "feminization of electricity" in "American Writers and American Inventions," in The Tech­ Brown suggested that the comforting image nological Imagination: Theories and Actions, of Ma Bell might not fit this new company: ed. Teresa de Lauretis, Andrea Huyssen, and Ka­ "Mother," he concluded , "doesn't live here thleen Woodward, Theories of Contemporary anymore." Cultures Series (Madison , Wisc .: Coda Press, Brown was premature; Ma Bell did not pass 1980), 40 - 42. away until New Year's Day, 1984. Now that she is gone, we might take a moment to re­ ♦ 117. Rhodes, Beginnings of Telephony, member her remarkable lile. Whal did she 31 - 32. mean to us? How did she get so big and strong? What is her legacy? How will we ♦ 118. Ibid. , 32. manage without her? (66; italics added). ♦ 119. Ibid., 187. players). In the case of these machines and of ♦ 120. Moses' Mouthpiece is Aaron. romantic literature it often becomes impossible Moses Returns to Egypt. Moses, difficult of to decide whether the machine or the woman has speech, is given the staff with which to perform spoken, sung , or produced any sort of sound at the signs, as God says. First Exodus, then the all. i,What about these invisible women who are Straubs' film on Schoenberg 's Moses and thought to open or close the speech canals? Aaron.

♦ 122. We haven't yet spoken about light­ But Moses said, "0 Lord , I have never been ing up on the phone, smoking and the tele­ a man of ready speech, never in my life, not phone, telling lime per cigarette, ashes, lan­ even now that Thou hast spoken to me; I am guage incineration. Wait. Let me get a cigarette. slow and hesitant of speech ." The Lord said The lighter? ... Fire! The end passages from to him "Who is it that gives man speech? J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey (1961; re­ Who makes him dumb or deaf? Who makes printed, New York : Bantam Books, 1985), 201 - him clear-sighted or blind? Is ii not I, the 202 (the dead brother impersonated on the line), Lord? Go now; I wilt help your speech and present a phenomenology of hanging up: tell you what to say." But Moses still protes­ ted, "No, Lord, send whom Thou wilt." At However, she puffed nervously at her ciga­ this the Lord grew angry with Moses and rette and, rather bravely, picked up the said, "Have you not a brother, Aaron the phone. Levite? He, I kno~ will do all the speaking. "Hello, Buddy?" she said. He is already on the way to meet you, and he "Hell o, sweetheart. How are you are you will be glad indeed to see you . You shall alright?" speak to him and put the words in his "I'm line. How are you? You sound as mouth; I will help both of you to speak, and th ough you have a cold." . tell you both what to do. He will do all the "Where am I? I'm right in my element, speaking to the people for you , he will be Flopsy. I'm in a little haunted house down the mouthpiece, and you wi II be the god he the road. Never mind. Just talk to me." . speaks for. But take this staff, for with it you For joy, apparently, it was all Franny could are to work the signs." (Exodus 4:10-1 7, do to hold the phone, even with both hands. New English Bible) For a fullish half minute or so, there were no oth er words, no further speech . Then: "I Meanwhile the Lord had ordered Aaron to can't talk anymore, Buddy." The sound of a go and meet Moses in the wilderness. phone being replaced in its catch followed. Aaron went and met him at the mountain of Fra nny took in her brea th sl ightly but con­ God , and he kissed him. Then Moses told tinued to hold the phone to her ear. A dial Aaron everything, the words the Lord had tone, of course, followed the formal break in told him to say and the signs he had com­ the connection. She appeared to find it ex­ manded him to perform. (Exodus 4:27 - 31 , traordinarily beautiful to li sten to, rather as New English Bible) if it were the best possible substitute for the primordial silence itself. But she seemed to know, too, when to stop listen ing to it, as if ♦ 121. Rudiger Campe, "Pronto!" in all of what little or much wisdom there is in Diskursanalysen 1(1987) : 73, points up the rela­ the world were suddenly hers. When she tionship of the Bell apparatus and E.T. A. had replaced the phone, she seemed to Hoffmann'sAulomate in a different way, building know just what to do next, too. She cleared it by means of romantic linguistic and music away the smoking things, then drew back theories which are based on van Kempelen 's the cotton bedspread from the bed she had speaking machi ne (and deceptive chess been sitting on , took off her slippers, and got into the bed. For some minutes, before the introduction of 'progressive' oral isl schools" she fell into a deep, dreamless sleep, she lay (32) just quiet, smiling at the ceiling. Bui the most important and powerful of SPEED CALLING. Beginning perhaps with these "oralisl" figures was Alexander Moses and Aaron, several brothers have been Graham Bell , who was al once heir to a fam ­ put on the line. Lisa A. Webster, Columbia Uni­ ily tradition of leaching elocution and cor­ versity, reminds us of Virginia Woolf's The recting speech impediments (his father and Waves, an elegiac novel commemorating her grandfather were both eminent in this); lied lost brother. These are some citations that she into a strange family mix of deafness left on my answering machine: denied- both his mother and his wife were deaf, but never acknowledged this; and, of -"/ am half in love with the typewriter and course, a technological genius in his own the telephone. With letters and cables and right. When Bell threw all the weight of his brief but courteous commands on the tele­ immense authority and prestige into the ad­ phone to Paris, Berlin, New York, I have vocacy of oralism, the scales were, finally, fused many lives into one. . . I love the overbalanced and lipped, and al the noto­ telephone with its lip stretched to my whis­ rious International Congress of Educators per." of the Deaf held at Milan in 1880 (though -"Toast and butter, coffee and bacon, the deaf teachers were themselves excluded Times and letters- suddenly the telephone from the vole), oral ism won the day, and the rang with urgency and I rose deliberately use of Sign in schools was "officially" pro­ and went to the telephone. I look up the scribed. The deaf were prohibited from black mouth. I marked the ease with which using their own, "natural " language, and my mind adjusted itself to assimilate the thenceforth forced to learn, as best they message- it might be (one has these fan­ might, the (for them) "unnatural " language cies) lo assume command of the British em­ of speech. And perhaps this was in keeping pire . with the spirit of the age, its overweening sense of science as power, of commanding Click. A week later Lisa calls lo say should con­ I nature and never deferring lo ii. (32) sider the crucial telephoning in To /he Light­ house as well , all having to do with loss and the Sacks reminds us of one consequence of this maternal. She hopes I'm fine. Click. decision: the hearing and not deaf teachers now slipped into the position of the master ped­ 123. David Wright, Deafness (New York: ♦ agogues. His statistics show the gradual de­ Stein and Day, 1969), is discussed in Oliver crease in hearing teachers who would know any Sacks's review essay, "Mysteries of the Deaf," sign language at all. Children of a Lesser God New York Review of Books, March 27, 1986 pp. dramatizes this point by unfolding the coloniz­ 23 - 33. Reading Harlen Lane, When the Mind ing desire of a hearing teacher whose conviction Hears: A History of the Deaf and Harlen Lane, trans/ales the usual subjugation of the woman ed., The Deaf Experience: Classics in Education, into making her give up, if not her career, then at as well as Nora Ellen Groce, Here Spoke Sign least her sign language. The guy practically Language, Sacks discusses the manual alphabet forces her to speak and lo slop cleaning toilets . (or finger spelling) and the sacrificial maneuvers Al the same lime ii ought lo be staled, however, that led lo the demise of sign language. This that a judicious interpretation of Bell 's position necessarily brings him lo say a few things about on oralism would have to go through the meta­ the reformist bent of AGB, who is placed among physical demands of the day. If Bell aimed at the those "who clamored for an overthrow of the perfeclibilily of the vocal cords, ii was princi­ 'old-fashioned' sign-language asylums, and for pally for the purpose of securing human rights for deaf-mutes, whose essential humanity, as we earlier suggested, depended upon a logocentric membership card . By a simple but juridically necessary tautology, Bell was able to prove that the silent nonhearing citizen was capable of per­ formative vocallty Hence, one statement characteristic of Bell : "It is well known that deaf mutes are dumb merely because they are deaf, and that there is no defect in their vocal organs to incapacitate them from utterance. Hence it was thought that my father's system of pictorial symbols, popularly known as visible speech, might prove a means whereby we could teach the deaf and dumb to use their vocal organs and to speak" ( TMP, 43)

♦ 124. In Congenital and Acquired Cog­ nitive Disorders, ed . R. Katzman (New York: Raven Press, 1986), 189- 245. In part 6 of his essay "Mysteries of the Deaf," Sacks makes a number of observations concerning the Mosaic code which should , I hope, reinforce some of the things that have been claimed here, though the critical passage to signs in the dialogue between God and Moses (Exodus 3:4) may complicate any hope for a linear itinerary.

The subhuman status of mutes was part of the Mosaic code, and it was reinforced by the biblical exaltation of the voice and ear as the one and true way in which man and God could speak. And yet, overborne by Mosaic and Aristotelian thunderings, some pro­ found voices intimated that this need not be so. Thus Socrates' remark in the Cra/ylus of Plato, which so impressed the youthful Abbe de l'Epee [the first literate deaf-mute in the world, along with de Fontenay, De­ sloges, Jean Massieu, Berthier, his students and those of the Abbe Sicard and Roche­ Ambroise Bebian. De l'Epee also invented a system of "methodical " signs enabling deaf students to write down what was said to them through a signing interpreter- a method so successful that, for the first time, it enabled ordinary deaf pupils to read and write French, and thus acquire an education. His school , founded in 1775, was the first to acquire public support] : "If we had neither voice nor tongue , and yet wished lo mani­ vestments are eventually shown lo be locked fest things lo one another, should we not, into his self-positioning as founding father of a like !hose which are at present mute , en­ rabbit colony, where questions that have been at deavor lo signify our meaning by the hands, the root of articulated anxieties- paternity, pos­ head, and other parts of the body?" (27) terity, conditions for transmitting lo a future, the wild proliferation of an alien species, and !he ♦ 125. Sacks, "Mysteries of the Deaf," 24. hope of language containment- are generously raised (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Reveries of the Solitary Walker [New York: Penguin, 1981) ♦ 126. In Rousseau 's final work, the sup­ chap. 5; Les reveries du promeneur so/Haire, in plement lo his Confessions, the author signs off Oeuvres completes de Rouss­ by designating his happiest moment , which Jean✓acques eau, ed. Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Ray­ consists in breeding a sort of litteralure. Having mond, (Paris: Gallimard, 1959). Paul de Man has described a combat zone in which rumor has treated the schism separating private and public, made repeated attempts lo gun him down in the referential effects of language in Allegories of streets, he launches a counterattack when he claims responsibility for another sort of incal­ Reading (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979) part 2: "Rousseau." culable proliferation. Not unlike Bell, he trans­ fers linguistic accounts lo the controlled dis­ lricls of animal breeding. Until this point, he has ♦ 127. The link between nipple breeding and lhe new eugenics movement in America was been shown to be pursued brutally by rumorous fast in coming. In !he "Chain of Generation," the utterances that fly at him wherever he steps in author writes of how "Bell sel our lo determine the double hermeneutics of the promenades­ whether lhe extra nipples, mere vestiges in that double because lhis work is concerned with lhe generation, could be made functional and he­ intersecting marks of public and private dis­ reditary by selective breeding, and whether ewes courses. Of lhe most pressing desires asserted in the text , one consists in pulling up a slop sign thus equipped would bear and raise a signifi­ before the proliferanl effects of public circula­ cantly higher proportion of twins .. .. Bell suc­ tion . With the aim of containing these, he estab­ ceeded in developing a strain of ewes with al lishes a space where so-called infernal, formal, least four milk-producing nipples" (Bell, 416). private structures of a literary language control AGB 's hobby of twenty-four years' standing external , referential, and public effects. In a brought him, by the lime of his death in 1922, "a scene that exemplarily underscores the slruc­ multinippled flock " (Bell, 417). Now, here goes: luration of a foreign species of utterance imputa- In 1913 Bell collaborated with his son-in­ ble to rumor, and over which he can exercise Iii- /aw David Fairchild, !he new president of the lie control, Rousseau suddenly attains lo a American Breeders' Association, in drawing moment of balance and lranquilily "The found- up articles of incorporation for !he society, ing of lhis colony was a great day, " writes whi ch soon after wa s renamed the American Rousseau, father of the French Revolution, about Genetic Association; and Bell contributed his newly founded rabbi! colony. The rabbits, occasional essays on eugenics and sheep­ replicating the rhetoric of rumor "could multiply breeding lo !he Association 'sJournal of He­ there in peace." Bui unlike rumor, they could redity. multiply, he writes, "without harming anything." The decline of lhe eugenics movement was "We proceeded in great ceremony lo install them already beginning with !he infillralion of on lhe little island where they were beginning lo racists like Madison Grant who, aside from breed before my departure." The rabbits, like the the moral stigma they brought lo ii, thor­ rumor and other phobias were thus "beginning oughly corrupted ifs scientific quality, which to breed before my departure," a major thematic was already tainted by naive oversimplifica­ of Rousseau 's exit text. Rousseau 's linguistic in- tion of human frails and lhe crude forcing of them in a Mendelian pattern . The racists used the movement's fading prestige, along ♦ 133. Ibid. , 4. with the xenophobia and political reaction of the postwar period, to help slam the door ♦ 134. Ibid. on immigration in the early twenties. But re­ sponsible scientists had already begun to ♦ 135. Pacific Bell , San Francisco , 1987. dissociate themselves from the eugenics movement. Fortunately, the American peo­ ♦ 136. Franz Kafka, 1922 diary entry, and ple, though still susceptible to the pseudo­ the eruption of a native foreign tongue: "April 27. science of racism, were too tolerant, opti­ Yesterday a Makkabi girl in the office of Selbst­ mistic, and ethnically varied to stomach wehrtelephoning : 'Prisla jsem ti pomoct.' Clear, racism 's social and political corollaries. In cordial voice and speech . Shortly thereafter the Germany, encouraged by perverted eu­ door opened to M" ([Makkabi was the name of a genics, racism culminated in the incom­ Zionist sports club. Selbstwehrwas a Prague Zi­ prehensible horror of Nazi genocide. onist weekly. The Czech means "I came to help It is not easy to look back across that abyss you "; Franz Kafka, Diaries 1914- 1923, ed. Max to its sunny approach and see the early eu­ Brod, trans. Joseph Kresh [New York: Schocken genics movement as the benign application Books, 1965]; 128. Tagebiicher 1910-1923, ed. of science to humanitarianism that claimed Max Brod [Frankfurt: Rscher, 1980]). See also the sympathy of men like Bell , Gallon, and Rickels's discussion of Kafka's phone calls to Jordan. But justice to Bell requires the ef­ Felice which, in Aberrations of Mourning, 279 - fort. It also requires a look at his position in 293, opens up the telephone switchboard at the the spectrum of eugenics thought (Bell, Hotel Occidental. Kafka's scene of the switch­ 418) board deserves to be recalled here:

Over there for example were six bellboys at ♦ 128. The condensed milk dialactate, six telephones. The arrangement, as one if you will , is the way Kathleen Woodward starts immediately recognized, required that one recounting the Technological Revolution in her boy only receive calls, while his neighbor introduction to The Technological Imagination: transmitted by phone the orders the first had Theories and Actions. "Dialactate" was coined written down and passed on to him. These to capture the flow of this argument by Matt telephones were of the newest variety, the George, University of California, Berkeley. kind not requiring booths since the ring was not louder than a chirp, one could speak ♦ 129. Ulmer, Applied Srammatology. into the phone in a whisper and still the 61 , reviews perspectives shedding light on words arrived at their destination in a thun­ mourning as the idealization and interiorization derous voice owing to special electrical am­ of the mother's image. plification. That is why one scarcely heard the three speakers at their telephones and ♦ 130. Jacques Derrida, "Fors," Georgia cou ld have believed they were mumbling to Review21 , no. 2 (1977). themselves and observing some process unfold within the receiver, while the three ♦ 131 . Jacques Derrida, "Economimesis," others, as though benumbed by the noise in S. Agacinski , Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, penetrating to them, thoug h inaudible to by­ Sarah Kofman , and Jean-Luc Nancy, Mimesis: standers, dropped their heads onto the pa­ des articulations (Flammarion, 1975), 90. per which it was their duty to write on. And here again there was next to each speaker a ♦ 132. De Lauretis, Huyssen, and Wood­ boy standing by to help ou t; these three ward, The Technological Imagination, 3. boys did nothing but alternately lean their heads and listen to the operators, and then to science, to the scientist, and to the prodi­ quickly as though stung looked up the tele­ gious power of technology. On the one phone numbers in huge yellow books- the hand , he saw with striking force that since turning masses of pages were by far louder nihilism is the possibility of all going be­ than the sounds of the phones (Gesammelte yond , ii is the horizon for every particular Schriffen, ed . Max Brod [New York: Schoc­ science as well as fo r the maintenance of ken Books, 1946], 2:197). scientific development as such . On the other hand, he saw no less clearly that, when the world no longer had any meaning, when ii only bears the pseudo-meaning of ♦ 137. Marguerite Duras, Le Navire Night: some non-sensical scheme or another, what Cesares, !es mains negatives, Aurelia Steiner can alone overcome the disorder of this (Paris: Mercure de France, 1979). All subsequent void is the cautious movement of science, page numbers in this chapter refer to this work. its power to give itself precise rules and to This text is put into dialogue with Jacques Der­ create meaning (but of a limited, and so to rida's Eperons: Les styles de Nietzsche (Paris: speak, operational kind) - a power, there­ Flammari on, 1978). fore, to extend its field of application to the furthest limit or to restrict ii immediately. ♦ 138. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Sci­ Agreed. And that, once more, is reassuring. ence (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, The moment Nihilism outlines the world for 1974), 60 . us, its counterpart, science, creates the tools to dominate ii. The era of universal ♦ 139. On the other, darkened side of the mastery is opened. But there are some con­ scientific coin, Nietzsche, a contemporary of the sequences: first, science can only be ni­ telephone and horror shows, was exposing sci­ hilistic; it is the meaning of a world deprived ence as an illusionist's play. This, like all of meaning, a knowledge that ultimately has Nietzschean broadcast systems, including ignorance as its foundation . To which the Zarathustra's special newscast, was in part to be response will be that this reservation is only interpreted as good news, science having shed theoretical ; but we must not hasten to disre­ or moulted the assimilations of truth to positive gard this objection, for science is essen­ valuations. In an essential way, science couldn't tially productive. Knowing ii need not inter­ care less about truth , producing thereby what pret the world, science transforms it, and by Maurice Blancha! conceives as a positive trait: this transformation science conveys its own for the first time, writes Blanchot, "the horizon is nihilistic demands- the negative power infinitely opened to knowledge- 'AII is permit­ that science has made into the most use­ ted .' When the authority of old values has col­ ful of tools, but which ii dangerously lapsed , this new authorization means that it is plays . Knowledge is fundamentally dan­ perm itted to know all , that there is no longer a gerous .... present-day man ... pos­ limit to man's activity.'' Moreover, sesses a power in excess of himself even without his trying to surpass himself in Nietzsche, we are told, had only a mediocre that power ("The Limits of Experience: Ni­ acquaintance with the sciences. That is pos­ hilism," in The New Nietzsche: Contem­ sible. But, in addition to the fact that he had porary Styles of Interpretation, ed. David been professionally trained in a scientific B. Allison [Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, method, he knew enough of ii to have a pre­ 1985], 121 - 127). sentiment of what science wou ld become, to take it seriously, and even to foresee- not to deplore- that from now on all the mod­ ♦ 140. See Freud's chapter 30, "Dreams ern world's seriousness would be confined and Occultism" for a remarkable interpretation of thought transference, the telepathic process, "la promotion des objets, des metaux, et des and "transformations, such as occur in speaking gestes reves, la sublimation du travail par son and hearing by the telephone" (SE, 22:55) In the effacement magique et non par sa consecration , New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis, comme dans le folklore rural , tout cela participe the telephone arrives on the scene of metonymy de !'artifice des villes" (201). The perpetual dia­ when Freud concedes: "It may be that I too have logue with gestures encourages objects to lose a secret inclination towa rds the miraculous the sinister implacability of their absurdity: "arti­ which thus goes half way to meet the creation of ficiels et utensiles, ils cessent un instant d'en­ occult facts" (SE, 22:53). On the way to science nuyef' (201). (" It is not without reason that the and occultism , Freud shows himself prepared to music hall is an Ang lo-Saxon fact, born in the elasticize his earlier views: "When they first world of brusque urban densities and great came into my range of vision more than ten Quaker myths of work: the promotion of objects, years ago, I too felt a dread of a threat against metals and fantasy gestures, the sublimation of our scientific Wellanschauung, which , I feared, work by its magical effacement and not by its was bound to give place to spiritualism or mys­ consecration , as in rural folklore- all this goes ticism if portions of occultism were proved true with the artifice of cities. The city rejects the idea [cf. his posthumously published paper of a formless nature, reducing space to a contin­ "Psycho-Analysis and Telepathy,"1941]. To-day I uum of solid , brilliant and fabricated objects, to think otherwise. In my opinion it shows no great which precisely the act of the artist grants the confidence in science if one does not think it ca­ prestigious status of a thought that is entirely pable of assim ilating and working over whatever human. Work, above all when mythicized , makes may perhaps turn out to be true in the assertion matter happy because, spectacularly, it seems to of occultists" (SE, 22:54 - 55). envisage it: metalicized, set into motion, recap­ tured, manipulated, enti rely luminous with mo­ ♦ 141. This doubling over of the dice tion , in perpetual dialogue with gestures, ob­ suggests a moment in the structure of the eternal jects here lose the sinister implacability of their return of the Same as described by Gilles De­ absurdity: artificial and utilitarian, they cease for leuze in Nietzsche and Philosophy, trans. Hugh an instant to be boring" [trans. Karen Sullivan]). Tomlinson (New York: Columbia University Also see Sol Yurick, Behold Meta/ran, the Re­ Press, 1983); Nietzsche et la philosophie (P,iris: cording Angel, Foreign Agent series: (New York: Presses universitaires de France, 1983). Semiotext[e], 1985), 24 : "Magic embodies a primitive theory of electromagnetism and tele­ ♦ 142. Ricky Jay, Learned Pigs and Are­ communication . Magic desires to achieve telep­ proof Women (New York: Random House, Vil­ athy and teleportation. Voodoo, for instance, lard Books, 1986), vii ; un less otherwise ind i­ contains the notion of a communicating medium cated , page numbers in parentheses refer to this and the communican ts who believe in it. The work. In Mythologies, (Paris: Seuil , 1957), 199- Catholic Church is a communicating organism 201 , Ro land Barthes offers the vaudeville sec­ with an apparatus of switches and relays and a tion "Au Music-Hall " within which telephonic communicating language for the input of demands unfold: unlike the theater, where time prayers through a churchly switchboard up to is always connecting ("le temps du theatre, Heaven , and outputs returned to the supplicant." quel qu'il soil, est toujours lie" (199]}, the mu­ sic hall is by definition, interrupted; it is an im­ ♦ 143. P. 58. Marie-Helene Huet has mediate time ... the time is cut ("est par defi­ traced the relationship of deformity to a mother's nition, interrompu; c' est un temps im­ gaze in "Living Images: Monstrosity and Repre­ mediat. . . le temps est coupe" [199]). sentation," Representations, ed . Svetlana Alpers Vaudeville, according to Barthes is not an An­ and Stephen Greenb latt (Berkely and Los An­ glo-Saxon fact for nothing but emerges in a geles: University of California Press, 1983). world of urban density and great Quaker myths: ♦ 144. Friedrich Kittler expounds upon the to death by electricity. Although eyewitness connection Remington between the rifle and reports allege that the execution was little typewriter in Aufschreibsysteme 1800/ 1900. short of torture for Kemmler (the apparatus was makesh ift and the executioner clumsy), ♦ 145. The Electric Chair and The Tele­ the fad had started . Authorities on electric­ phone. An isolated chamber. The first pages of ity, such as Thomas Edison and Nikola Plath's Bell Jar: the Rosenbergs. Electrocution/ Tesla, continued to debate whether electro­ telephone wires. Sin ister counterparts lodged cution was so horrible that it should never within a telephon ic relation to one another; two have been invented. The late Robert G. parts of a single apparatus of state. Death sen­ Elliott, electrocutioner of 387 men and wo­ tence and reprieve, same frame. The same goes men , assured the public that the con­ for Kafka's "Penal Colony": the expulsed interi­ demned person loses consciousness im­ ority of the subject upon which torture executes mediately with the first jolt of current. The its sentence. Hence the rise of liberal determina­ matter continued to generate scientific inter­ tions in the ethicity of inflicted pain (as long as it est until fai rly recently. Despite the record of doesn 't rip into the subject, keeping out of the bungled executions, the unavoidable ab­ presumed space of interiority- save the soul , sence of first-hand testimony, the disfigur­ the heart, etc.). According to a 1953 Gallup po ll, ing effects, and the odor of burning flesh the American pub! ic strongly favored electrocu­ that accompany every electrocution, the tion over lethal gas, while hanging and shooting electric chair remains the only lawful mode had very few supporters (12 percent registered of execution in most American jurisdic­ no opinion , or recommended "drugs" or "any of tions. them , but let the prisoner choose") ( The Death Penalty in America: An Anthology, ed. Hugo See the Report of the New York Legislative Com­ Adam Bedau [Hawthorne, N.Y.: Aldine, 1964], mission on Capital Punishment (1888), 52 - 92; 19). Also: R.G. Elliott, Agent of Death: The Memoirs of an Executioner (New York: Outton, 1940), cited in In the late 1880's, in order to challenge the Bedau, Death Penalty, and in Barrett Prettyman, growing success of the Westinghouse Jr., Death and the Supreme Court (New York: Company, then pressing for nationwide Harcourt Brace, 1961), 105ff., where several bun­ electrification with alternating current, the gled executions are cited by the defense in the advocates of the Edison Company's direct case of Louisiana ex rel. Francis vs. Resweber, current staged public demonstrations to 329 U.S. 459 (1947) show how dangerous their competitor's product really was: If it could kill animals­ ♦ 146. Western Culture has produced a and awed spectators saw that, indeed, it multiplicity of shock absorbers bu ilt into electric could- it could kill human beings as we ll. pleasures; that is lo say, the same code that was In no time at all , this somber warning was used to touch the rift of essential traumatism turned completely around. In 1888, the New now becomes the guarantor of invention and York legislature approved the dismantling of jouissance. "Shocking " has asserted itself as a its gallows and the construction of an "elec­ highly valorized category, beginning no doubt tric chair," on the theory that in all respects, with the earthquake of Lisbon and Mary Shel­ scientific and humane, executing a con­ ley's shattered oak tree; what shock awakens, demned man by electrocution was superior opens desire's channels, a high-tech sensor of to executing him by hanging. On 6 August the Kantian subli me. In other words, according 1890, after his lawyer had unsuccessfully to a rather classical logic, the object of terror be­ argued the unconstitutionality of this "cruel comes the very thing entrusted wi th creating the and unusual " method of execution , William conditions for triggering a pleasure. The degree Kemmler became the first criminal to be put to which the socius takes pleasure in a meta-

phorics whose seat is the electric chair still others. But the putrefaction sometimes pro­ needs lo be measured: it's hot, a blast, it blew ceeds with surprising celerity. A respectable me away, etc. person assured me that he once knew a re­ markable instance of this . A whole flock of ♦ 147. The place where an encounter sheep in Scotland , being closely assembled might be arranged between an imaginary typol­ under a tree, were killed by a flash of light­ ogy of electric currents and political science can ning . .. the putrefaction was such, and the be seen as rooted, for starters, in the writings of stench so abominable .. . and the bodies Benjamin Franklin . Having stolen fire from the were accordingly buried in their skins. It is heavens, Franklin , according to Immanuel Kant, not unreasonable to presume, that, between represents for us the new Prometheus. Appro­ the period of their death and that of their pu­ priating the fire, Franklin then directs its promo­ trefaction, a time intervened in which the tion ; refusing patents, he propagandized, rather, flesh might be only tender, and only suffi­ for his inventions. In a letter to the French scien­ ciently so to be served at table. Add to this tists Barebeu Dubourg and Thomas Francois that persons, who have eaten of fowls killed Dali bard, he gathers up the thematics of slaugh­ by our feeble imitation of lightning (electric­ ter, electricity, and a flock of sheep in Scotland. ity}, and dressed immediately, have asserted The section under the heading "Humane that the flesh was remarkably tender. Etc. Slaughtering" is worth tapping into: (Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography and Other Writings, ed. L. Jesse Lemisch [New My Dear Friends, York: New American Library, 1961], 236 237). My answer to your questions concerning the mode of rendering meat tender by elec­ tricity, can on ly be founded upon conjec­ Yet another perspective on this subject emerges ture; for I have not experiments enough to from The Education of Henry Adams in "The Dy­ warrant the facts. All that I can say at present namo and the Virgin (1900)," where the difficulty is, that I think electricity might be employed of situating electricity within the traditional pa­ for this purpose, and I shall stale what fol­ rameters of a history is articulated. (Boston: lows as the observations or reasons which Houghton Mifflin, 1974). A force whose poten­ make me presume so .. tiality lies in destruction ("almost as destructive The flesh of animals, fresh killed in the as the electric tram"}, it inspires "further respect usual manner, is firm, hard, and not in a for power" (380). Indeed, "before the end one very eatable state, because the particles ad­ began lo pray to it. ... its value lay chiefly in its here too fo rcibly to each other. At a certain occult mechanism . . .. The forces were inter- period, the cohesion is weakened , and, in changeable ii not reversible, but he could see its progress towards putrefaction , which only the absolute fiat in electricity as faith ." A tends to produce a total separation, the flesh comparative reading with Schreber recom­ becomes what we call tender, or is in that mends itself as Adams continues, naming him­ state most proper to be used as our food. It self al once in the third person: has frequently been remarked, that animals killed by lightning putrefy immediately. This He wrapped himself in vibrations and rays cannot be invariably the case, since a quan­ which were new. .. . The economies [of tity of lightning, sufficient to kill , may not be force], like the discoveries, were absolute, sufficient to tear and divide the fibres and supersensual , occult; incapable of expres­ particles of flesh , and reduce them to that sion in horse-power. .. . In these seven tender state, which is the prelude to pu­ years man had translated himself into a new trefaction . Hence it is, that some animals universe which had no common scale of killed in this manner will keep longer than measurement with the old. He had entered a supersensual world, in which he could measure nothing except by chance colli­ The satisfaction the handyman experiences sions of movements imperceptible to his when he plugs something into an electric senses, perhaps even imperceptible to his socket or diverts a stream of water can instruments, but perceptible lo each other, scarcely be explained in terms of "playing and so to some known ray al the end of the mommy and daddy, " or by the pleasure of scale . .. . The rays that Langley disowned, violating a taboo. The rule of continually as well as those which he fathered, were oc­ producing production, of grafting produc­ cult, supersensual, irrational; they were a ing onto the product, is a characteristic of revelation of mysterious energy like that of desiring-machines or of primary produc­ the Cross; they were what, in terms of medi­ tion. A painting by Richard Lindner, "Boy aeval science, were called immediate with Machine, " shows a huge, pudgy, modes of the divine substance. bloated boy working one of his little The historian was thus reduced to his last desiring-machines, after having hooked it resources. Clearly if he was bound to re­ up to a vast technical social machine­ duce all these forces to a common value, which, as we shall see, is what even the very this common value could have no measure young child does. (7) but that of their attraction on his own mind . . . . yet his mind was ready to feel the Go on to 240- 241: The electric flow installs the force of all , though the rays were unborn paradigm for a language opposed to a signifier and the women were dead. that strangles and overcodes the flows and in which no flow is privileged , "which remains in- different to its substance or support, inasmuch Check it out, 381 - 383: the discussion of "his as the latter is an amorphous continuum ." The own special sun " and the metaphysics of elec- electric flow serves to illustrate "the realization tricity en route to the paranoiac blaze, a connec- of such a flow that is indeterminate as such." In lion made evident to me by Gary Wolf. Then fol- this regard, consider also Lyotard's generalized low the thin span linking Adams to Robert Gie, critique of the signifier in which the signifier's the altogether innovative designer of paranoiac coded gaps are short-circuited by the "figural " electrical machines: "Since he was unable to (Discours, figures [Paris: Klinsieck, 1971 ]}. free himself of these currents that were torment­ ing him, he gives every appearance of having fi­ ♦ 148. "The Circuit" in The Seminar of nally joined forces with them, taking passionate Jacques Lacan, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. pride in portraying them in their total victory, in Sylvana Tomaselli (New York: Norton, 1988), 81 their triumph" (L 'art brut, no. 3, p. 63). Then take All page references in this chapter are to this the transit to Victor Tausk, "On the Origin of the work. Influencing Machine in Schizophrenia, " Psy­ choanalytic Quarterly 6 no. 2 (1933): 519 - 556, ♦ 149. Jacques Derrida, "Racism's Last and return to Deleuze and Guattari 's Anti­ Word ," trans. P. Kamuf, Critical Inquiry 12 (Au­ Oedipus on what can be considered the epochal tumn 1985): 290 - 299; "Le dernier mot du rac­ shift cut by electric flo~ for example, the short­ isme," in Art Con/re I Against Apartheid, /es Ar­ circuiting of the oedipal machine: tistes du Monde Con/re !'Apartheid (1983). A bsence, 9, 66, 70, 109, 170, 340, 416 n.18. Answering machine, 5, 445 n.122 See also Distance Anthropology, 162 Abraham, Nicolas, 442 n.113 Anti-Oedipus (Deleuze and Guattari}, 110, 111 , Acoustics, 435 n.108 454 n.147 Adams, Henry, 453 n.147 Anus, 21 , 104, 125 Addiction , 353, 361 Anxiety, 51 , 58, 60 Alba, Thea, 369 Apartheid , 401 Alderman , Harold, 415 n.11 A priori, 430 n.89 Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Arbus, Diane, 301 Solitude (Bruce}, 389-399, 402-408 Art, 202, 203, 211 , 256, 305, 306, 413 n.9 Alexander Graham Bell- The Man Who Con- Athetic response, 13 tracted Space (Mackenzie}, 302 Aufgehoben, 23, 395 Alteri , Pierre, 431 n.92 Automatic writing, 134, 314 AllegorY, 179, 432 n.94 Automatizalion, 119 Allen, Woody, 433 n.103 Aviation , 51 Always-already, 430 n.89 Ambivalence, 230, 244 Barnum, P. T. , 301 American Telephone and Telegraph Company Barthes, Roland, 450 n.142 (AT&T}, 280, 282, 385-386, 443 n.116 Baudelaire, Charles, 15 Amputation, 146, 323 Beckmann, Johann, 297 Animals, 124, 136, 421 n.32, 447 n.126 Before the Law (Kafka}, 106 Annunciators, 280 Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 141 Bell, Alexander Graham , 161 , 191-194, 227, 319 of specific organs biography of, 302-337, 389-399 Boorstin, Daniel , 342 at Boston University and, 309, 330 Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel, 50-51 , 57, 63, 65, breeding experiments, 338-339, 447 n.127 70-71 brothers of, 318, 390, 392-395 Borden , Gail, 342 childhood of, 314-316 Borrowing , 77-78 deafness of mother and wife, 315 Both/and structure, 180 deafness studies, 324, 445 Bourseul, M. C., 281 death of Melly, 392-395, 407 Breast, 356, 425 n.54, 440 n.112 early experiments, 252, 328-335 Breeding, 447 n.127 family in Canada, 322-323 Brod, Max, 7, 440 n.112 father and, 316, 318 Brown , Charles L. , 443 n.116 grandson of, 407-408 Buchinger, Matth~ 370-372 habits of, 396 Helmholtz and, 287 C all invention of telephone, 252-259, 329 acceptance of, 5, 13, 29, 65, 75, 78, 81 Keller and, 404-405, 407 arrival of, 32 key to discovery, 305 to Being , 66 lectures by, 268-27 4 as command, 419 n.25 marriage of, 61 , 272, 310 of conscience, 30, 68 murder of pet, 391 Dasein and, 68 musical ability, 389 death and, 57 phones removed, 153 as discourse, 37 poems of, 314 economy of, 76 racism and , 401-402 ethical , 106 speech analysis, 319, 322, 343-348 as gift, 64 stammering and, 254, 282-283 guilt and, 37, 70 as teacher, 317 Heidegger on , 30 tuning forks and , 323 holding, 357 use of telephone, 399 law of responding , 187 Watson and, 231 , 251 , 253 , 266-269, 276, logic of, 420 n.25 281 , 292 of mother, 28, 59 See also Watson, Thomas A. originary moment of, 67 Bell , Alexander (grandfather), 310, 312 of Other, 59 Bell , A. Melville, 282, 288, 313-316, 322, 390, recipient of, 29, 65 393-395, 407-408 refused, 75, 78, 81 Bell , Mabel (Mrs. A. G.), 194, 324 response and, 56, 187 Bell , tolling, 153-154, 231 source of, 65, 67 Benjamin, Waller, 7, 160, 288, 411 n.5, 430 n.90, thrownness and, 57, 66 438 n.109 See also Conscience; Telephone; Voice Biophony, 9 Campe, RUdiger, 413 n.10 Birth of Tragedy, The (Nietzsche), 40, 416 n.17 Canby, Margaret, 405 Bishop, John, 416 n.18 Cannibalism, 343 Blake, Clarence, 260, 290 , 333 Capitalism, 111 , 129 Blanchot, Maurice, 21-22, 59, 449 n.139 Care, 68 Blau, Herbert, 342 Carle Postale, La (Derrida), 30, 74 , 76, 79, 80, Blindness, 27, 101 , 328 150 Bodie, Walford, 374-379 Gas/le, The (Kafka), 122 Body, 89, 102-104, 109, 123, 127. See also names Castration, 426 n.55 Catatonia, 119 thrownness and, 58 Cellini, B., 250 Deafness, 61 , 327-328, 411 n.7 Chaplin, Charlie, 376 Helen Keller and, 348, 404-407 Charcot, J. M , 366 Horace Mann School , 322, 324 , 329 Charlie's Angels, 357 legal rights and, 421 n.32 Chase, Cynthia, 424 n.48 signing, 445 n.123, 446 n.124 Child, 95-97 swimming and , 193 Children of a Lesser God, 445 n.123 telephone and, 324, 328 Childs, F. H , 301 training programs, 290 Chinese telephone, 296 Death , 91, 351 Church music, 240 Dasein and , 57, 61-62 Cigarettes, 444 n.122 Freud on, 87 Cities, 450 n.142 guilt and, 58 CiviliZJJtion and /Is Discontents (Freud), 86, 88 Heidegger on, 130, 172-173 Cixous, Helene, 21 , 23 , 417 n.16 history and, 58 Clairaudience, 228 judgment and, 208 Coding, 152 language and, 172 Coitus interruptus, 145 life/death, 84 Colon, 167-168, 177-191 madness and, 17 4 Condensed milk, 340, 342, 448 n.128 Other and, 49, 57, 70-72 Confessions (Rousseau), 447 n.126 schizophrenia and, 172 Conscience, 4-5, 19, 37, 106 technology and, 44, 375, 422 n.38, 428 n.80, call of, 30, 62, 68 451 n.145 Dasein , 59, 66, 68 Debt, 77, 79 guilt and, 61-62, 71-72 Deconstruction, 73, 219, 422 n.38, 432 n.95. See telephone and, 50 also Derrida, Jacques thrownness, 60 de Man, Paul, 447 n.126 voice and, 32, 64, 69, 70-71 , 106. Deleuze, G., 111 See also Guilt Della Porta, G. B., 297 Consensus, 164 Depersonalization , 141 Contact taboos, 7 Derrida, Jacques, 74 Contextuality, 164 on allegory, 432 n.94 Crosse, Andrew, 432 n.96 always-already, 430 n.89 Cushman , Dr. S. D., 300 on death, 423 n.38 Cybernetics, 416 n.12 on ear, 416 n.13, 419 n.24, 434 n.105 Freud and, 78, 84-86 Dasein, 47, 50, 66, 76, 431 n.92 Heidegger and, 30, 79-81 , 203, 422 Being and, 53 Kafka and, 427 n.68 as caller, 68 Laing and, 150-151 conscience and, 59 Nietzsche and , 73, 74 , 76 death and, 59, 61 on schizophrenia, 111 , 150-151 discourse and, 32 on science, 422 n.38 factical ideal of, 47 on technology, 414 n.11 , 422 n.38 guilt and, 37, 50 telephony and, 9. mother and, 59 See also lilies of specific works Mitsein and, 52 Descartes, 52 Other and, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57 Desire, 154, 228, 454 self and, 52-53 Destabilization, law of, 152 things and , 431 n.92 Destiny, 151, 185 Destructiveness, 160, 176, 430 n.90 Fetish , 341 "Devan! la loi " (Derrida), 435 n.107 Finitude, 61 Dichtung und Wahrheit (Goethe), 295 Fire, 92, 176, 181 Die Grundprobleme der Phanomenologie Fliess, Wilhelm, 366 (Heidegger), 431 n.92 Forel, Auguste, 119 Dionysu s, 416 n.17 ForVda, 79, 146, 153 Disasters, 351 Foucault, Michel, 429 n.86 Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 429 n.86 Frankenstein, V, 146, 194, 202, 214, 340, 375, Disconnection , 194 397, 415 n.11 , 432 n.96 Distance, 8, 9, 16, 22, 23, 80, 100, 170, 213, Franklin , Benjamin, 453 n.147 197-199 Freaks, 370-372 Divided Self, The (Laing), 140, 150 Freud, Sigmund , 24 Diving, 274 on ambivalence, 230 Dreams, 124-125, 136, 449 n.140 Bell family and, 289, 310, 316, 319 Drops, 280 Derrida and , 78, 84-B6 Du Moncel, Count, 284, 288 epistemological paradigm, 96 Duplexing, 438 n.110 Fliess and, 366 Duras, Marguerite, 352-356 Goethe and, 62 Duty, 73 , 74 Heidegger and , 61 , 159 Jung and , 364 Ear, 21 , 99, 104-193, 239, 242, 260, 299, 417 Laing and, 141 Ear of the Other, The (Derrida), 419 n.24, McLuhan and, 90 434 n.105 on mouth, 103 Earth, 39, 217 on negativity, 411 n.2 Ecce Homo (Nietzsche), 24 Nietzsche and, 76, 135 Eden, 323 phallocentrism and, 101-102 Edison, Thomas A. , 451 n.145 on psychical , 33 Egotism , 70 on repression, 101 Einstein , Albert, 19 on schizophrenia, 113 Electricity, 453 n.147 on seeing, 100 Electrocution, 451 n.145 on technology, 385, 423 n.48 Elocution, 253, 310, 347 on telephone, 87-88, 423 n.48 Emergency call , 351 on uncanny, 39, 68-69, 242. Enframing , 415 n.11 See also titles of specific works Episteme, 212 Friends, 70-71 , 182, 291 Eternal Return of the Same, 411 n.2, 450 n.141 Frost King incident, 406-407 Ethics, 72, 106. See also Conscience Fysnk, Christopher, 47-48, 55-58, 60-61 , 70-71 Eugenics movement, 447 n.127 Evil , 176, 180 Gasche, Rodolphe, 85, 430 n.89 Exploring Life (Watson), 229 Gaze, 23, 426 n.56 Eye, 27, 100-105, 254, 328 Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche), 21 , 416 n.17 George, Stefan, 167, 170 Fairchild, David , 396 Ghosts, 230, 243, 246-248, 255, 260, 442 n.113 Fa lse self, 143, 195 Gie, Robert, 454 n.147 Farfas, Victor, 8 Gifts, 64 Farmer, Moses G., 304 Godiva, Lady, 101 Fascination , 22-23, 58 Gods, 88, 91 , 130, 170, 213, 228, 412 n.9 Fascism. See Nazis Goethe, J. W., 62, 71 , 194-195, 355-360, Father, 310, 387 422 n.33, 432 Gower, Fred, 272 Rilke and, 218 Gray, Elisha 280, 282 on saying, 162 Gross, Otto, 115 on schizophrenia, 160-165 Grosvenor, Melville Bell , 406-408 on speaking , 163 Guilt, 15, 255 Spiegel interview, 29, 34-36, 39, 41 , 44-45, conscience and, 61-62, 71-72 114, 186 Dasein and, 37-38, 49-51 on technology, 8, 16, 19, 39, 81 , 186, 189, death and, 58 209, 219, 414 n.11 , 416, 420 n.25, 422 n.38, hearing and, 69 434 n.104 of Heidegger, 37-38, 51-52, 57-64 on television , 199 Heidegger on, 59-60, 143 on thingness, 210 thrownness and, 58. Trakl and, 172-173, 179 See also Conscience on voice, 63 on waiting, 27 H abitation , 70 on way, 167. Hamacher, Werner, 419 n.25, 421 n.28 See also Iii/es of specific works Hamlet, 283-285, 303, 317 Heimal 8 Hand, 255 Heine, H., 126 Hearing, 38, 60, 69-71 , 420 n.25 Helmholtz, H. L. , 287-288, 323 Hearne, Vicki , 432 n.93 Henry, Joseph, 310 Hearsay, 113 Heraclites, 158 Heart space, 222 Heredity, laws of, 422 n.32 Hegel, G.F.W. , 103-104, 435 n.107 Hermeneutics, 55, 60, 305 Heidegger, Martin, 182, 347, 353, 358, 411 n.7 , Hero, 71 415n.11 Hesitations, 208 always-already in, 430 n.89 Hippolytus, 172 on artwork, 211 History, 5, 183-184 on concealment, 215 Hitler, Adolph , 412 n.9 on contextuality, 164 Hofstadter, Albert, 196, 197 Derrida and, 75, 79, 80, 422 n.35 Htilderlin, Friederich, 8, 40, 130, 287, 305, 355 distantiation and , 5, 199 Heidegger and, 52, 71 Einstein and, 19 on language, 169 fascism and, 6, 9 Nietzsche and, 175, 193 Freud and, 61 , 159 technology and, 434 n.104 on friendship, 70 Holding, of calls, 357 guilt of, 37-38, 51 -52, 57-64 Hooke, Robert, 281 , 298 on guilt, 59-60, 143 Horace Mann School for the Deaf, 322, 324, 329 Husserl and, 19 Housing, 219 on identity, 47 Huet, Marie-Helene, 450 n.143 Laing and, 4, 143, 144, 165 Humor, 81 , 131-132 language and, 4, 161 Hunt, S.T. , 284 mother and , 27 Husserl , Edmund , 19, 411 n.6, 413 n.10 Nazism and, 6-9, 14-16, 19, 21-22, 29-38, Hypnosis, 32, 375-377 51-64, 433 n.104, 434 n.104 Hysteria 117 Nietzsche and, 24, 28, 52, 171, 175, 209 Mitsein and, 51 -52 I dentity, 111 on other, 49 Immediacy, 9, 170, 412 n.9 on poetry, 182 Indians, 323 on projections, 55 Internal objects, 148 Interpretation, 55 , 60, 305 Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe, 15, 23, 47, 170, Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 422 n.33 411 n.7 Invention, 240 Laing, R. D., 154 Irony, 133 Derrida and, 150-151 Isaac, Bonnie, 438 n.108 Freud and, 141 lterability, 55-56, 101 , 126, 292 Heidegger and , 4, 143, 144, 165 language and , 146, 165 J amming , 386 on schizophrenia 140 Janet, Pierre, 117 on speaking, 161 Jaspers, Karl , 412 n.9 Language, 83, 93 Johnson, Samuel , 328 death and , 172 Jokes, 80, 81 Heidegger on, 161, 165 Jouissance, 21 marks, 152 Joyce, James, 21 , 416 n.18 originary Gesprach, 169 Judgment, 20 Other and , 153 Jung, Carl G., 110-120, 123-128 poetry, 173 Freud and , 364 relation to, 190 Laing and, 153 saying and, 164 Miss St. Case and , 123-124, 125, 128-130, schizophrenia and, 140, 159, 168 133-135, 151 speaking and, 162, 168 Nietzsche and , 135, 159 La~ 426 n.68 schizophrenia and , 134, 140 Learning theory, 348 Schopenhauer and, 143 Lile/death, 84 word salad, 137. Listening, 60, 182, 230. See also Ear; Hearing See also titles of specific works Little Hans, 338 Long-distance call , 261 , 424 n.49, 440 n.112 Kalka, Franz, 6, 106, 282, 310, 351 , 399, 410, Lorelei , 126 411 n.2, 427 n.68, 448 n.136, 451 n.145. See Love, 221, 357-359 also titles of specific works Lyotard , Jean-Francois, 454 n.147 Kahne, Harry, 369 Kant, Immanuel, 106, 168, 207, 287 MaBell , 280, 282, 429n.82, 443n.116 Kaplan , Alice Yaeger, 418 n.21 MacCannell, Juliet Flower, 418 n.23 Keller, Helen, 348, 404-405, 407 McDonough, J. W. , 300 Kelvin, Lord , 283, 285 Machines. See Technology Kittler, Friedrich , 424 n.50, 436 n.108, 451 n.144 Mackenzie, Catherine, 302-337, 402-408 Klein, Melanie, 440 n.112 McLuhan, Marshall, 39, 89-90, 127, 195 Knowing, 95, 98 Macrea Rev. David , 316 Kofman, Sarah, 433 n.100 Madness, 174, 175 Kraus, Karl , 411 n.5, 438 n.109 Magic, 99, 371 , 373, 412 n.9, 450 n.142 Kristeva Julia 425 n.54 Magnetism, 421 n.32 Kudzus, W. G., 429 n.82 Mark, and trace, 152 Mechanism of Speech, The (Bell), 322, 343, Lacan, Jacques, 23, 30, 99, 382, 426 n.56 347-348 body and, 86, 434 n.106 Mediation, 9, 66, 170. See also Distance on communication, 384-385 Melancholy, 172, 178-191 on neurosis, 366 Memoires (Derrida), 57 phallus and , 93 Memory, 149, 422 n.38 on real , 423 n.48 Meninas, Las (Velazquez), 198 on subjectivity, 82, 387 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 384 Mes Chances (Derrida), 150-152 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis Metonymy, 193, 450 n.140 (Freud), 113, 450 n.140 Michaud, Eric, 412 n.9 Nietzsche, 113, 118, 124, 126, 274 , 416n.16, Milk, 340, 342, 448 449n.139 Mind reading, 380 and animals, 136 Mitsein, 51-52 Derrida and, 73, 74 , 76 Monge, Gaspard, 295 on eternal return, 411 n.2, 450 n.141 Monologue, 161 Freud and, 76, 135 Monosyllabism, 372 Heidegger and, 24, 28, 52, 171, 175, 209 Monsters, 146, 195, 202, 340, 375, 397, 432, Jung and, 135, 159 450n.143 as last philosopher, 40 Monument. 59, 67 as madman, 175 Mood, 411 n.5 on mother, 20-21 , 26-27, 347 353 Moon, 39, 41 , 184, 186, 221 on nerves, 411 n.5 Morse code, 289, 301 noise and, 214, 436 n 108 Moses, 444 n.120, 445 n 122 on science, 449 n.139. Mother, 450 n.143 See also Iii/es of specific works of Bell, 61 , 194, 231 -232, 315, 445 n 123 Nihilism, 449 n.139 body of, 280, 427 n.69, 442 n 116 Noise, 135, 259, 386, 436 n.108 breasts of, 356. 425, 440 Nullity, 58, 60 call of, 20-23, 85, 87 Dasein, 59 Objects, 24, 55, 187, 210-212, 220, 222 genitals of, 95-97 Occult, 364, 366, 422 n.37, 449 n.140 Heidegger and, 27 Oedipus, 22, 91 , 109, 222, 454 n 147 internalized, 144, 448 n.129 "On Nature" (Goethe), 62 mouth of, 97, 435 n.106 "On the Way to Language" (Heidegger), 82, 175 superego and, 419 n.25 Ontological boundary, 147 Mourning, 340-344, 411 n.6, 414 n.11 Operators, 80,201 , 301 , 428 n.79 Mouth, 88, 99, 102, 104, 128, 169, 253, 254, Ophelia, 140, 150 434 n 106 Orality, 435 n.106, 445 n.123 Movies, and telephone, 213 "Origin of the Work of Ari, The" (Heidegger), 107, Musical telegraph , 290 222 Musical telephone, 282 Otacouslicon, 299 Mussolini, Benito, 418 n.21 Other, 70, 72, 212, 228 Mystic writing pad, 247 absolute, 133 call of, 59 Nancy, Jean-Luc, 3, 9, 425 n.54 Dasein and, 49, 52-55, 57 Native Americans, 323 death, 57 , 71 "Nature of Language, The" (Heidegger), 165 forVda and, 153 Nazis as friend, 71 art of, 412.9 hearing and, 328 Heidegger and, 6-9, 14-16, 19-22, 29-34, 38, identity of, 47 433 n.104, 434 n.104 language and, 153 technology and, 7, 16, 413 n.9, 418 n.21, priority of, 10 434 n.104 self and, 53, 82, 85 "Neighbor, The" (Kafka), 154 things and, 24, 50, 55 Nervous breakdown, 110 Otograph s, 60 Neske, Gunther, 414 n.11 NeueReich, Das(George), 170 Paccory, Henry, 295 A Message of Confidenee

The War has brought many changes to · record as a whole has been good. That is the Bell System. The Nation needed tele- the way it should be and the Bell System phone facilities in new places. It needed aims to keep it that way. more facilities in the usual places. It needed But when war needs delay your call, all facilities in a hurry. when you can't get just the service or equip- Shortage of essential materials brought ment you need, let's put the blame right new problems and new achievements in re- where it belongs - on the war. search and in manufacturing. Telephone

calls increased about ten million a day. T H E B ELL TELEPHONE SYST E ~I Yet all this has been done without great change in your telephone service. Millions @- of subscribers have felt no difference. The Service to the Nation in Peace and War Pain, 172, 179, 240 Renunciation, 92, 94 Paranoia 112, 113 Repetition , 55-56, 101 , 126 Parasites, 438 n.108, 442 n.113 Reproduc/ion of Banali/y(Kaplan), 418 n.21 Peace, 16 Responding, law of, 187 Penis, 98, 103, 104 Reveries (Rousseau). 420 n.27 Pepys, Samuel, 299 Rickels, Laurence A., 411 n.2, 413 n.9, 421 n.31 Personal unity, 149 Rilke, R. M , 199, 218-220, 222 Pessimism, 90 Robots, 142 Petrification, 140, 178 Romance, 356, 359 Phallus, 93 , 240, 426 n.55 Rousseau , Jean Jacques. 230, 339, 356, 359, Phantom, 70, 109 420 n.27, 447 n.126 Phantom circuit, 438 n.110 Rumor, 185, 411 n.6, 438 n.109, 447 n.126 Phenomenal character, 66 Phillips family, 245-249 S acks, Oliver, 445 n.123 Philosophy, 40, 44, 47 Salinger, J. 0., 323 Phonautograph, 289-293, 332-333 Samsa, Gregor, 210 Phoniness, 45, 66, 140 Sanders. Thomas, 329, 330 Plato, 131 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 141 Pleasure principle, 86, 90, 384 Saying , 162-164, 183 Poetry, 173, 186 Schapiro, Meyer, 203 Politics of Experience (Laing), 140 Schiller, Friedrich, 130, 135 Post, Emily, 424 n.49 Schirmacher, Wolfgang, 416 n.11 Preservatives, 343 Schizophrenia 82, 109, 111 , 112, 113, 116, 117, Primary text. 288 119, 142, 127, 178-191 Project for a Scientific Psychology (Freud), autobiography and, 145 423n.48 code of, 145 Projection, 55 death and, 172 Proper name, 152 discourse of, 150 Prosthesis, 87-88, 92, 127 disconnection in, 135 Proust, Marcel, 357, 440 n.112 Heidegger on , 160-165 Psychogenesis of Schizophrenia, The (Jung), 136 irony and, 133 Psychology of Dementia Praecox (Jung), 113, 116, Jung on, 134, 140 118-129 Laing on, 140 Punishment, 100, 101 language and , 140, 152, 159 Puritans. 104 light and, 134 mechanics of, 143 hat is Q uantification, 386 phony self, 140 ystem Oues/ion Concerning Technology, The (Heideg- poetry and, 186 ger), 212, 413 n.11 technology and, 94, 122, 145 r call, telephonic, 4, 428 n.79 equip­ R acism, 401 , 402, 448 n.127 three forms. 112 Radio, 418 n.21 right Schizosexuality, 146 Randomness, 152, 259 Schopenhauer, A. , 143 Rat man , 114, 428 n.80 Schreber case, 114, 428 n.80, 453 n.147 Reactionary Modernism (Herl), 412 n.9 Science, 188, 256, 422 n.38, 449 n.139. See also TE/ti Reciprocation , 55 Technology Reich , Wilhelm, 109 Scopophilia 101 Reis, Phillip, 304 Scott, Leon , 332 d War Reliability, 204, 421 n.28 Seances, 99 Sein und lei/ (Heidegger), 19, 24 , 30, 32-37 49, crisis of, 434 n.104 53, 55 critique of, 89 Self, 24, 52-53, 66, 68, 69, 85 , 133, 142, 163 Derrida on, 414 n.11, 422 n.38 Serres, Michel, 438 n.108 division of labor, 158 Shelley, Mary, 146, 194, 202, 214, 340, 375, Freud and, 423 n.48 415 n.11, 432 n.96 Heidegger and, 8, 16, 39, 186, 189, 209, Shining, The, 133 414 n.11 , 416 n 11 , 420 n.25 Shock, 89, 451 n.146 Hitler and, 413 n.9 Shoes, 203, 204 individual and, 218 Showing, 163 knowledge in, 217 Signing 445 n.123, 446 n.124 machinery and, 142, 195 Signs, 153, 160, 163 modern concept of, 340 Silence, 37, 61 , 62, 67, 258 monsters and, 195-196 Sluga, Hans. 433 n.104 Nazism and, 7, 16, 412 n.9, 418 n.21 , Smoking 444 n.122 434 n.104 Snakes, 138 organs and, 39 Socrates, 131 peace and , 16 Sollier, Paul , 136 politics and , 81 Sophocles, 72 pollution and, 217 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 196 prosthesis and, 87-88 Space Of Literature, The (Blanchot), 418 n.22 question of, 44 Speaking trumpets, 297-300 schizophrenia and, 122, 145 Speech analysis, 160-165, 168, 254, 314 , 322, technophobia, 186 329, 343, 347-348, 355, 446 n.123 tools, 3, 92-94, 421 n.28 Spirit, 176, 180-181 will and, 217-218 Spiritualism, 246-248, 255, 260 women and , 99, 207 Sputnik, 188, 189, 190, 221 Telegraph, 254, 256, 309 Stammering , 254, 282-283 Telekouphononon, 300 "Star Trek," 357 Telepathy, 380, 387, 450 n.140 Static currents, 259 Telephone, 84 Stones, 177, 178-191 artwork, 212 Strachey, James, 88 as baby, 258 Strindberg, A., 124 bell for, 274 Subject, 49, 52, 82, 99, 431 n.92 books and, 351 Subjet de la Philosophie (Lacoue-Labarthe), 47 booth , 440 n.112 Substitution, structure of, 222 breast and , 356 Sullivan, Annie, 406 conception , 333 Superego , 104-105, 387 construction of, 260 Supernatural, 364 early demonstrations of, 267 Supplementarity, 228, 267, 430 n.89 early markers of, 281 Survival Guide, 350-352 first exchange, 27 4, 301 Swimming, 193, 432 n.95 first long distance, 261-262 Switchboards, 280 first ring, 273 first use, 228, 292 Tausk, Victor, 454 n.147 Freud on , 87-88 Taylor, John, 300 holy family of, 280 Techne, and episteme, 212 images of, 433 n.103 Technology, 33 , 83, 175, 186, 200 , 204, 449 n.139 invention of, 229, 252-256, 261, 329 art and, 413 n.9 in literature, 6 meaning of call, 38 Uncanny, 24, 39, 67-69, 242 metaphor, 9 Unconscious, 63, 85-86, 99, 115, 118, 423 n.48 noise on, 259 Understanding Media (McLuhan), 90 operators, 201 orign of name, 300 V agina, 97-98, 103 Other and, 212, 228, 340 Van Gogh, Vincent, 203, 206, 312 patent for, 280 Violence, 57 poem about, 270-272 Visible Speech System, 313, 322-323, 329, precursors to, 285, 300, 393-395 446 n.123 psychoanalysis and , 424 n.48 Vision, 100, 101 pure idea of, 256 Vocal organs, 343-345, 346, 348 reactions to, 263-264 Voice, 32, 62-64, 69, 71 , 105, 254 rival claims on, 280, 282, 292 as shredder, 252 W aiting , 27 technology and, 20 Watson , Thomas A., 99-192, 228-229 theology of, 213 autobiography, 237-289 as tool , 3 Bell and, 231 , 251-253, 276, 281 , 292 withdrawals and, 340 Bell's lectures and, 266, 268-269, 270, 272 See also Bell , Alexander Graham body of, 442 n.113 Television, 199, 433 n.103 buzzer, 273 Temporality, 197, 430 n.89 on noise, 259 Tesla, Nikola, 451 n.145 spiritualism and , 240, 245 Theater, 365, 450 n.142 "Way to Language, The " (Heidegger), 164 Theology, 29, 213 Weber, Samuel , 50, 63, 75-76, 78-80, 425 n.55 Thin Man, The, 213 What Is Called Thinking (Heidegger), 20, 22, 26, Thingness, 24, 55, 187, 207, 210-212, 222 30, 55, 85, 228, 419 n.25 , 432 n.95 Thinking, 162, 173 Wheatstone, Charles, 282 Thoreau, Henry David, 250 Wiener, Norbert, 416 n.12 Thrownness, 38, 58, 60 Wild Boy of Aveyron, 328 Thus Spake larathustra (Nietzsche), 40, 68, 73, Will , 143, 217-218 118 Willard, Clarence E., 370 Time, 197, 430 n.89 Williams' Coffin, 273-274 Toilet, 123 Witches, 247 Tolling bell, 153-154, 231 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 51 Torok, Maria, 442 n.113 Woman, 93, 98, 109, 206, 209, 269, 323 Toxins, 116 body of, 280 Trace, 152, 429 n.82, 432 n.95 female genitals, 371 Tragedies, 222 feminine and, 93, 99, 207, 302 Trakl , V., 170-173, 176-179, 180, 183 marriage and , 163 Transference, 84 , 387 as operators, 80, 201 , 301 Translation, 169, 434 n.105 romance and, 356 Transmutation , 222 self-sufficient, 433 n.100 Trauma, 89 voice of, 201 Trial, The (Kafka), 300, 427 n.68 See also Mother Twain, Mark, 405, 441 n.112 Woodward, Kathleen, 342, 448 n.128 Typewriter, 451 n.144 Woolf, Virginia, 445 n.122 Word sa lad, 137 U 1mer, Gregory L. , 435 n.106 Wright, David, 328 Unborn, 178 Writing, 87, 254