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The Impact of Short Rotation Coppice Plantations on Phytodiversity

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The Impact of Short Rotation Coppice Plantations on Phytodiversity S. Baum, M. Weih, G. Busch, F. Kroiher, A. Bolte / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 3 2009 (59)163-170 163 The impact of Short Rotation Coppice plantations on phytodiversity Sarah Baum*, Martin Weih**, Gerald Busch***, Franz Kroiher* and Andreas Bolte* Abstract Zusammenfassung There is currently an increasing demand for wood as a Der Einfluss von Kurzumtriebsbeständen auf die renewable energy source. Plantations with fast growing Phytodiversität trees, such as poplars and willows, have been established, grown in a short rotation coppice (SRC) system. A further In den letzten Jahren ist die Nachfrage nach Holz als nach- increase of SRC plantations is expected in the future, but wachsender Rohstoff zur energetischen Nutzung gestiegen. their effects on biodiversity are little known. We give an Dazu werden Plantagen mit schnell wachsenden Baumar- overview of the current state of knowledge on the phyto- ten, sog. Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP), angepflanzt. Mit diversity in SRC plantations. einem weiteren Anstieg kann gerechnet werden, wobei Many factors influence the vegetation in a SRC planta- der Kenntnistand über die Auswirkungen der KUP auf die tion. E.g. light climate and the tree age play important Biodiversität bislang gering ist. Der Artikel gibt einen Über- roles for species composition, species number and vegeta- blick über den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand zur Phytodi- tion cover. The older the planted crop, the shadier the con- versität in KUP. ditions for the ground vegetation, which is associated with Die Begleitvegetation in KUP wird durch viele Faktoren a shift from annual to perennial and from light demand- beeinflusst. Licht und damit verbunden das Alter der ing to shade tolerant species. Furthermore, the land use Plantage spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die Artenzusam- history and the vegetation in the surrounding landscape mensetzung, Artenzahl sowie die Bodenbedeckung der have considerable influence on species composition in SRC Vegetation. Umso älter die Plantagen sind, desto weniger plantations. The more diverse the surrounding landscape, Licht steht für die Begleitvegetation zur Verfügung. Dies the more species are able to establish in the plantation. bewirkt eine Verschiebung von einjährigen zu mehrjäh- Smaller plantations with longer edge habitats (ecotones) rigen und von lichtliebenden zu schattentoleranten Arten. facilitate species immigration from the surroundings bet- Die vorherige Vegetation sowie die umgebenden Land- ter than larger plantations. Smallscale structured planta- nutzungstypen haben einen großen Einfluss auf die Ar- tions increase biodiversity. tenzusammensetzung der KUP. Umso vielfältiger die Um- When comparing SRC plantations with other land uses, gebung ist, desto mehr Arten können sich in einer KUP diversity is often higher than in arable fields and conifer- etablieren. Kleinere Plantagen mit längeren Randzonen ous forests, but lower than in oldgrowth mixed deciduous sind besser für eine Besiedlung aus der Umgebung geeig- forests. If established in areas dominated by agriculture or net als größere Plantagen. Kleinstrukturierte KUP erhöhen coniferous forests, these plantations may increase regional die Biodiversität. diversity. Habitats of threatened species as well as areas Verglichen mit anderen Landnutzungen sind KUP häu- adjacent to lakes or rivers should be avoided, whereas for- fig artenreicher als Ackerflächen und Nadelwälder, aber mer arable lands and grassland fallows are generally well artenärmer als alte, gemischte Laubwälder. In einer von suited. agrarischer Nutzung oder von Nadelwäldern dominierten Umgebung erhöhen KUP oft die regionale Diversität. Es Keywords: biodiversity, energy crop, land use, landscape wird davon abgeraten, KUP in Gegenden mit seltenen scale, poplar (Populus), sewage sludge, site preparation, Arten sowie an Seen und Flüssen anzulegen, während species richness, SRC, willow (Salix) ehemalige Ackerflächen und Grünlandbrachen häufig gut geeignet sind. Schlüsselworte: Biodiversität, Energiepflanze, Landnut- * Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI), Institute of Forest Ecology and zung, Landschaftsebene, Pappel (Populus), Klärschlamm, Forest Inventory, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany [email protected], [email protected], andreas.bolte@vti. Bodenbearbeitung, Artenvielfalt, KUP, Weide (Salix) bund.de ** Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, P.O. Box 7043, Ulls väg 16, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected] *** BALSA-Bureau for Applied Landscape Ecology and Scenarios Analysis, Am Weißen Steine 4, D-37085 Göttingen, Germany, [email protected] 164 1 Introduction 2 Establishment and management of SRC planta- tions Since the early 1970s, many countries around the world have been developing new crops in order to increase the Rotation times and planting densities biomass resource base for production of bioenergy (Wright, 2006). Fast growing trees have been cultivated for many In central Europe, there are currently three recognised years in various European countries, with test-trials on kinds of rotations. In mini-rotation, which is the main cul- willows grown in short rotation for the purpose of bio- tivation method for willow, the trees are harvested after mass production initiated in the 1980s (Kuzovkina et al., two or three years. The tree density is 16,000 to 20,000 2008). Commercial willow plantations are grown in a short per hectare. Midi-rotation takes four to six, at most ten rotation system on 15,000 ha in Sweden (Nordh, 2007), years with a tree density of 6,000 to 9,000 per hect- while in Poland the planted area is about 6,800 ha and are and is often used for poplar. The third rotation type in Germany less than 1,000 ha (Thrän and Seiffert, 2008). is maxi-rotation, suitable for trees like aspen, sycamore, In general, short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations consist basswood, mountain ash as well as alder and takes 10 to of fast growing trees or shrubs and are characterized by 20 years with densities between 1,500 and 3,000 trees per higher wood productivity in time and space than conven- hectare (NABU, 2008). These data are only approximations tional cultivated forests, due to high juvenile growth rates because of the strong dependence of growth rate and ad- of the trees. SRC plantations are mainly grown for produc- equate planting densities on site conditions. ing wood fuel for heat and power production. The most important tree species grown in European SRCs are willow, Site preparation poplar, aspen (including hybrids) and robinia, which all are characterized by fast juvenile growth, often with the capac- Because of the enormous quantity of other seeds in the ity for asexual reproduction and an ability to regrow from soil of agricultural fields and the weak competitiveness of rootstocks or stools. The plantations are established at high young willow and poplar plants, action has to be taken densities on arable land in spring and harvested in winter to facilitate a successful establishment of SRC crops (Lars- during vegetation dormancy when the ground is frozen. son et al., 2007; Stoll and Dohrenbusch, 2008). There are Prior to the plantation establishment, chemical or mechani- chemical and mechanical measures for preparing a field. cal weed control is needed to minimize competition for For economic reasons chemical treatment is recommend- resources and thereby allow for vigorous growth of the ed in most cases before establishing a SRC plantation planted crop (Larsson et al., 2007). In many sites, especially (Boelcke, 2006; Stjernquist, 1994), although sometimes in Central Europe, fertilization is not needed if the planta- only mechanical methods are used (Sage, 1998). However, tion is established on former arable land. When plantations the options of mechanical treatments have not yet been are fertilized with sewage sludge, which is common in Swe- fully explored (NABU, 2008). For creating optimal condi- den, the plantations act also as vegetation filters. tions it is common practice to plough or grub up to 30 cm The demand for wood as a renewable resource for en- depth and harrow afterwards like in conventional agricul- ergetic use is currently increasing due to increasing en- ture. Treatment is recommended in autumn for cohesive ergy use, the decline of fossil fuels and increasing energy soils whereas spring is the best time for more loose soil, so prices. Further arguments for increased biomass demands that already germinating seeds can be ploughed in (Lars- include global environmental problems related to climate son et al., 2007; Röhle et al., 2008). It is common to ap- change in connection with CO2-emissions and political re- ply a broad-spectrum herbicide after ploughing the field in quirements. As a result, demand is expected to continue autumn (Boelcke, 2006; Burger et al., 2005; Fry and Slater, to increase in the future. The cultivation of fast growing 2009; Schildbach et al., 2009). In spring, before planting, trees on agricultural land is a viable alternative for the pro- the field is grubbed (Schildbach et al., 2009), ploughed duction of renewable resources, particularly because these (Burger et al., 2005) or harrowed (Boelcke, 2006; Burger trees can achieve high biomass yields with relatively low et al., 2005). Application of a pre-emergence herbicide is input of nitrogen fertilizer and are regarded as efficient often recommended (Boelcke, 2006; Burger et al., 2005; nitrogen users (Karp and Shield, 2008). However, knowl-
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