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Carbon Sequestration in Short-Rotation Forestry Plantations and in Belgian Forest Ecosystems

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Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems ir. Inge Vande Walle to S. and J. Promoter : Prof. dr. Raoul LEMEUR Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Plant Ecology Dean : Prof. dr. ir. Herman VAN LANGENHOVE Rector : Prof. dr. Paul VAN CAUWENBERGE ir. Inge VANDE WALLE Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Koolstofvastlegging in plantages met korte omloopstijd en in Belgische bosecosystemen Illustrations on the cover : Front : birch trees at a short-rotation plantation (Zwijnaarde) Back : Maskobossen (Jabbeke) Illustrations between chapters : Page 15 : short-rotation plantation (Zwijnaarde), washing of roots (greenhouse at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent) Page 115 : Aelmoeseneiebos (Gontrode), Maskobossen (Jabbeke), Merkenveld (Zedelgem), domain Cellen (Oostkamp) Page 245 : Merkenveld (Zedelgem) Citation : Vande Walle, I. 2007. Carbon sequestration in short-rotation forestry plantations and in Belgian forest ecosystems. Ph.D. thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, 244 p. ISBN-number : 978-90-5989-161-6 The author and the promoter give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Woord vooraf In principe is het schrijven van een 'Woord vooraf' niet zo'n moeilijke opdracht. Er is immers geen statistiek voor nodig, er moet niets bewezen worden, en verwijzingen naar andere publicaties zijn ook al niet van toepassing. In de praktijk echter is het niet zo eenvoudig om in enkele woorden of zinnen alle mensen te bedanken die er toe bijgedragen hebben dat ik de afgelopen tien jaar met veel plezier wetenschappelijk onderzoek heb uitgevoerd, en dat ik er in geslaagd ben het boek dat nu voor u ligt af te werken. De aanzet tot dit werk werd zo'n tien jaar geleden gegeven door Prof. Lemeur, die mij een functie aanbood aan het Laboratorium voor Plantecologie. Hij heeft mij steeds de vrijheid gelaten om mijn eigen weg 'tussen de bomen' te zoeken, en ik wil hem dan ook heel graag bedanken voor dit vertrouwen. Bovendien stimuleerde hij mij steeds om deel te nemen aan allerlei internationale congressen en symposia, wat telkens weer leerrijke ervaringen waren. Uiteraard ben ik de leden van de examencommissie dankbaar dat ze mij de kans gegeven hebben om dit werk voor te stellen, en om zo de doctoraatstitel te behalen. Bovendien bedank ik hen voor hun constructieve opmerkingen op de eerste versie van deze thesis. I would especially like to thank Dr. Kutsch from Germany. I'm grateful for his willingness to participate in the exam commission, and also for the interesting lessons at Monte Bondone and at Malham Tarn. Tijdens mijn verblijf aan het labo Plantecologie mocht ik samenwerken met een groot aantal mensen. Met Ann, Guy, Helga, Kathy, Margot, Philip en Roeland bracht ik de meeste tijd als collega door. Andere collega's verbleven maar een kortere periode aan het labo. Om niemand te vergeten in de lange lijst van (ex-)collega's bedank ik hen liever allemaal samen : bedankt iedereen, voor de toffe sfeer op het labo, de gezellige babbels aan de koffietafel en op ons dakterras, de verjaardags- en andere feestjes, de hulpvaardige handen, de uitstapjes, … Margot wil ik toch even extra in de bloemetjes zetten. Zij heeft immers samen met mij (letterlijk) heel wat broeken, jassen en schoenen versleten op de plantage in Zwijnaarde, en ze zorgde er ook voor dat ik niet in slaap viel tijdens de 24 uur-meetcampagnes. Bovendien was ze altijd wel te vinden voor wat meet- en veldwerk in het Aelmoeseneiebos. Het Aelmoeseneiebos brengt mij meteen ook bij het Laboratorium voor Bosbouw, waar ik steeds hartelijk onthaald werd. Vooral met Sylvie en Nancy, mijn 'partners in crime' bracht ik heel wat uren door, tijdens meetsessies, vergaderingen, discussies of congressen her en der in Europa. Hierbij aansluitend wil ik ook de andere collega's van het Belfor- en het Castecproject bedanken voor de goede samenwerking. i _________________________________ Woord vooraf __________________________________ Uiteraard zouden deze projecten niet mogelijk geweest zijn zonder de financiële steun van het Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid (voorheen DWTC). Ook mijn thesisstudenten verdienen een woordje van dank, hun werk heeft immers ook bijgedragen tot dit doctoraat. Verder bedank ik alle contactpersonen bij de Vlaamse en federale administraties en bij het INBO; zonder hun medewerking zou ik waarschijnlijk nog altijd op zoek zijn naar gegevens over de Vlaamse en Belgische bossen. I send many words of thanks to the foreign friends I met at workshops and conferences. Argyro, Manuel, Marian, Angela and many others, … thank you for the company, it was really nice to meet you, and I hope to see you back soon. It's good to know that there are some true friends out there; maybe this summer, we should organise … a summerschool ? Vanzelfsprekend bedank ik ook mijn ouders, die mij de kans gegeven hebben om de studies bio-ingenieur te beginnen, en die mij steeds volop steunen in al mijn bezigheden. Ook mijn andere familieleden en kennissen wil ik bedanken voor hun bewuste of onbewuste steun en aanwezigheid. Het is soms toch wel nuttig om van gedachten te kunnen wisselen met niet-wetenschappers, om op die manier het zicht op de ruimere werkelijkheid niet te verliezen. Tot slot wil ik hier uit het diepste van mijn hart Steve bedanken. De afgelopen 15 jaar vormde hij immers mijn persoonlijke rots in de branding. Vooral het afgelopen jaar behield hij steeds zijn kalmte en nuchtere kijk op de zaak, en bleef even onverstoorbaar als altijd als ik (zowel thuis als op reis) weer eens 'een van die teksten die ik zo dringend moest nalezen' bovenhaalde. Nu dit doctoraat afgewerkt is, kunnen we op zoek gaan naar een nieuwe uitdaging, ik ben benieuwd waar die ons zal brengen… Zerkegem, maart 2007 ii Contents Abbreviations and conversion factors ......................................... xi Chapter 1. General introduction .................................................. 1 1.1. The enhanced greenhouse effect and the global carbon cycle ...... 1 1.2. Importance of forests in the global carbon cycle ............................ 5 1.3. Carbon cycle in a forest ecosystem ................................................ 6 1.4. International agreements and obligations ....................................... 9 1.5. Objectives of the thesis ................................................................... 10 1.6. Thesis outline .................................................................................. 11 1.6.1. Short-rotation forestry plantations ......................................................... 11 1.6.2. Belgian forest ecosystems .................................................................... 13 PART A. SHORT-ROTATION FORESTRY PLANTATIONS Chapter 2. Seasonal dependence of specific leaf area and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of birch and poplar growing in a short-rotation forestry plantation ........ 17 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 18 2.2. Material and methods ..................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Short-rotation plantation ........................................................................ 20 2.2.2. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf water content (LWC) ......................... 19 2.2.3. Meteorological information .................................................................... 20 2.2.4. SLA model ............................................................................................ 20 2.2.5. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics ....................................................... 21 2.2.6. Statistical analysis ................................................................................. 23 2.3. Results ............................................................................................ 23 2.3.1. Specific leaf area, individual leaf area and leaf water content .............. 23 2.3.2. Empirical SLA model ............................................................................. 25 2.3.3. Photosynthetic characteristics ............................................................... 27 2.3.4. Relation between photosynthetic characteristics and other leaf traits ... 32 2.4. Discussion ...................................................................................... 32 2.4.1. Seasonal dependence of leaf traits ....................................................... 32 2.4.2. Height dependence of leaf photosynthetic characteristics .................... 34 2.4.3. Relationship between leaf characteristics ............................................. 36 2.4.4. SLA models ........................................................................................... 37 iii ___________________________________ Contents ____________________________________ 2.5. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3. Biomass production at the short-rotation forestry plantation at Zwijnaarde after 4 years of tree growth. 39 Abstract ....................................................................................................
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