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The Sabal April 2016 Volume 33, Number 4

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The Sabal April 2016 Volume 33, Number 4 The Sabal April 2016 Volume 33, number 4 In this issue: April Speaker, p1 below. Native Plant Project “Extreme Thorns” by C. Mild. Intro., p 2. (NPP) Board of Directors Castela erecta subsp. texana, Amargosa, p 3 President: Ken King Condalia spathulata, Squawbush, p 4 Vice Pres: Ann Treece Vacek Koeberlinia spinosa, Junco, p 5 Secretary: Kathy Sheldon Ziziphus obtusifolia, Lotebush, p 6 Treasurer: Bert Wessling LRGV Native Plant Sources & Landscapers, Drew Bennie NPP Sponsors, Upcoming Meetings, p 7 Ginger Byram Membership Application (cover), p8 Carol Goolsby Plant species page #s in the Sabal refer to: Sande Martin Jann Miller “Plants of Deep South Texas” (PDST). Eleanor Mosimann Rachel Nagy Editor: Editorial Advisory Board: Ben Nibert Christina Mild Mike Heep, Jan Dauphin Joe Lee Rubio <[email protected]> Ken King, Betty Perez NPP Advisory Board Submissions of relevant Eleanor Mosimann Mike Heep articles and/or photos Dr. Alfred Richardson Benito Trevino are welcomed. Ann Vacek NPP March meeting/speaker: Carol Goolsby and Ann Vacek will present “Monarchs & Milkweeds” Tues., April 26th, at 7:30pm The speakers will discuss these organisms with a focus on monarch interactions with native milkweeds of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Carol Goolsby is an environmental educator at Quinta Mazatlan. Ann Vacek has been studying the native plants of the LRGV for many years. Valley Nature Center, 301 S Border, (in Gibson Park), Weslaco. 956-969-2475. Monarch caterpillar on milkweed. Asclepias oenotheroides - Photo by James Lovegren. prairie milkweed. PDST p 75. The Sabal is the newsletter of the Native Plant Project. It conveys information on native plants, habitats and environment of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Previous Sabal issues are posted on our website [www.NativePlantProject.org]. Electronic versions of our Handbooks on recommended natives for landscaping are also posted there. Change of address, missing issue, or membership: <[email protected]> page The Sabal, PresidentApril 2016, - Ken Vol. King 33 No.- <[email protected]> 4 www.NativePlantProject.org “Extreme Thorns” Castela erecta subsp. texana. PDST p 390. — by Christina Mild Amargosa, Allthorn Goatbush. Bitterbush. Family: Simaroubaceae (Quassia). There are a number of plants in deep south Texas which are so thorny that little else about them might be no- ticed. They are probably each referred to as “allthorn” at one time or another by many of us. This issue offers a closer (macro) look. Each has relatively short, sturdy thorn-tipped branches, Condalia spathulata. PDST p 365. reminiscent of a hypodermic Squawbush, Costilla. when they enter human flesh. Family: Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn). Such fortification offers (photo taken in very lush conditions) good protection for nesting or hiding wildlife and understory plants. When growing conditions are good, soft new tissues pro- vide forage for many animals. Indeed, several of these spe- cies are rather difficult to grow as transplants: new growth is just too tempting for critters to gnaw. Wherever foragers are abundant, these species gener- ally have a compact growth resulting from that browsing pressure. In the more arid western parts of south Texas, leaves are typically much smaller, making plants trickier to iden- Koeberlinia spinosa. PDST p 176. tify. Junco, Crucifixion Thorn. Several of these wildly Family: Capparaceae (Caper). thorny species photosynthesize primarily in the epidermal tis- sues of their short thorn-tipped Ziziphus obtusifolia. PDST p 366. branches. Others retain small Lotebush, Clepe, Gumdrop. narrow toughened leaves resis- Family: Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn). tant to water loss. (Note flower similarities with Condalia above.) All are adapted to changing environmental conditions, in- Thank you to cluding drought, cold, wind, Dr. Alfred and long, hot days. Richardson Each has potential for for photos xeriscaping. Weed prevention on this page might protect the grounds- and many others keeper from puncture wounds. in this issue. page 2 The Sabal, April 2016, Vol. 33 No. 4 www.NativePlantProject.org Castela erecta subsp. texana. PDST p 390. Amargosa, Allthorn Goatbush. Bitterbush. Family: Simaroubaceae (Quassia). Everything about amargosa is bitter, the taste of the fruit, the taste of the leaves, the pain inflicted by the thorns. That’s why it’s called amargosa. Like many other bitter things in life, amargosa is memorable. Tiny, delicate flowers adorn the plant whenever we have just a spit of rain. One sometimes finds these pinkish-yellow flowers and dark red fruit at the same time, on the same plant. The shape, con- Macro-photo trasting colors and form of the plant remind me of by oriental art and design. Jan Dauphin. The pharmaceutical properties of amargosa have been studied using chemical analysis and mi- croscopy. “In the treatment of amoebic dysentery it has been found that a fluidacetextract in the propor- tion of one part in a million is sufficient to render Enta- Mike Heep says that amargosa fruit always ripens in moeba histolytica immobile.” (“Trees, Shrubs, and spring, whether it has rained or not. Woody Vines of the Southwest,” Robert A. Vines. 1960.) Amargosa’s ability to store water, or to extract it from In the Rio Grande Valley, amargosa was used in “folk parched earth, is nothing short of a miracle. The plant medicine” to treat dysentery. Native plant nurseryman signifies survival through adversity. In the driest and hot- Benito Trevino, of Rio Grande City (Starr County), re- test August I remember, amargosa was heavily-laden with members the remedy from childhood. Newer treatments gorgeous red fruit. employ several drugs in combination, with unpleasant The leaves remind one of small, short evergreen nee- side effects and days of taking pills. dles with gray undersides. They are often appressed onto Enormous potential for medicine lies in plant diver- each branch and barely noticeable. sity. The Useful Wild Plants project is an applaudable and massive undertaking to preserve this type of knowledge for the future. (See “usefulwildplants.org.”) In the dry spring of 2001, the red “cranberry” fruit of amargosa was ripening. The fruit was a spectacular adornment on formidable, thorn-tipped angular branches. Despite the bitter taste, white-tailed deer browse the leaves and eat the fruit. Correll and Johnston (Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 1979) delineate the range as: “On gravelly hills and bluffs in thickets and in mesquite prairies from Ter- rell County south to Cameron County and east to Travis County … also northeastern Mexico.” Amargosa can be difficult to establish, as tender new growth is apparently a treat for hungry critters. Conservation of existing specimens may be a more practical approach for protection of the species. page 3 The Sabal, April 2016, Vol. 33 No. 4 www.NativePlantProject.org Condalia spathulata. PDST p 365. Squawbush, Costilla, Knifeleaf Snakewood. Family: Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn). Squawbush may well have been used by Indian “squaws” for drying laundry. In addition to strong thorns on the end of each short branch, there are very short thorn-tipped branches pro- truding in every direction from almost everywhere. Once your clothing becomes caught upon it, the usefulness for securing laundry in a strong wind becomes apparent. The overall appearance of this short shrub is well de- scribed in “A Field Guide to Common South Texas Shrubs,” first published in 1997, authored by Taylor, Rutledge and Herrera. It is as follows: “A very spiny, impenetrable, low and wide, irregularly dome-shaped, clump-forming, evergreen shrub (10’-20’ diameter clump) with grayish-green branches. Knife-leaf condalia has small, narrow, alternate leaves (1/4”-1/2”), inconspicuous, greenish flowers and a round, black, edi- ble fruit. It is similar in appearance to lotebush and amar- goza, except for the clump growth form.” “Knifeleaf (snakewood) has a low browse value partly because of inaccessibility and defensive stout thorns, however new growth is occasionally browsed by white- tailed deer and livestock. The fruit is eaten by small mam- mals and some birds, including bobwhite and scaled quail. The thickets provide excellent protective cover for many small mammals, birds, and reptiles.” This species is found locally in Starr county, on dry gravelly or caliche hillsides, in shallow soils and along arroyos in dry, open, brushy areas. Compare the macro-photo of these blooms with those of Ziziphus obtusifolia (macro-photo on p 2), which is also in the family Rhamnaceae. Brasil, Condalia hookeri, is another close relative. (Macro-photography by Dr. Alfred Richardson.) page 4 The Sabal, April 2016, Vol. 33 No. 4 www.NativePlantProject.org “Soft, new growth is browsed by Koeberlinia spinosa. PDST p 176. Gray Hairstreak butterfly various mammals. Quail and jackrab- Junco, Crucifixion Thorn. on Koeberlinia blooms. Family: Capparaceae (Caper). bits eat the fruit.” Arturo Longoria studied blooming Junco over a spring and summer. He Mike Heep, who has studied the writes of it in “Keepers of the Wilder- matter in considerable detail, tells ness,” 2000. “…when it flowers, it me that the actual crown of thorns smells of rotting flesh…” he writes. placed upon the head of Jesus of “I discovered hundreds of flies buzz- Galilee was likely from a Koeber- ing around a dark green madness of linia species growing near the site of thorns…the first bloom in late March the crufixion, lending credibility to corresponds with the proliferation of the common name, Crucifixion flies seen every spring … as
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