Child Welfare Child Protection and an Introduction

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Child Welfare Child Protection and an Introduction CHILD WELFARE AND CHILD PROTECTION AN INTRODUCTION David Royse and Austin Griffiths SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Amy Smith, Project Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Stephanie Kohl, Licensing Coordinator Kim Scott/Bumpy Design, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Senior Marketing Manager Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by David Royse and Austin Griffiths . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover: Copyright © 2014 iStockphoto LP/PeopleImages. Design Image: Copyright © 2014 iStockphoto LP/PeopleImages. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 This book is dedicated to all of the frontline child welfare professionals and their supervisors who are inspired each and every day to do their best to improve the lives of children and families with challenges. Although often unrec- ognized and silent about the work they do, these selfless individuals are heroes nonetheless. We thank them, too, for their service and willingness to receive and supervise student interns who will be the next generation of child welfare professionals. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.............................................................xiv CSWE Grid . .xv CHAPTER 1 History of Child Protection in the United States ....................... 1 CHAPTER 2 Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States........................19 CHAPTER 3 Examining the Causes of Child Maltreatment ........................40 CHAPTER 4 Investigations: The Child Abuse/Neglect Investigator’s Role..........58 CHAPTER 5 Ongoing Services: The Worker’s Roles ..............................82 CHAPTER 6 Permanency: The Worker’s Roles and ASFA Options ................103 CHAPTER 7 Risk Assessment for Maltreatment: Further Information and Resources.....................................................122 CHAPTER 8 The Juvenile Court . 141 CHAPTER 9 Special Populations................................................156 CHAPTER 10 Child and Parent Perspectives on Foster Care ......................177 CHAPTER 11 Working on a Child Protection Team................................195 CHAPTER 12 Self-Care, Finding Balance, and Preventing Problems ...............212 CHAPTER 13 Child Protection, Child Welfare, and You: Future Considerations.....229 Index ..............................................................243 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................. xiv CSWE Grid ...........................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 History of Child Protection in the United States . 1 Childhood in the Colonial Era ............................................................2 Native American Children in Our Country’s Early History ..................................3 Indian/Native American Residential Schools..............................................4 Child Protection Developments ..........................................................5 Orphan Trains (1853–1929) ..............................................................6 The Development of Legal Clout to Protect Children ......................................9 No Protection for African American Children ............................................10 Development of Juvenile Courts and Other Legislation ...................................11 Child Protection in the 20th Century ....................................................13 Main Points............................................................................16 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................16 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................17 Additional Resources �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 CHAPTER 2 Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States . 19. Neglect ...............................................................................20 The Cox Family.......................................................................20 Definition of Neglect ..................................................................21 Types of Neglect .....................................................................21 Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Emotional Neglect..............................24 Physical Abuse ........................................................................25 Stevie Owens’s Story..................................................................25 Definition of Physical Abuse ...........................................................26 Types of Physical Abuse...............................................................26 Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Physical Abuse ......................................27 Behavioral Signs and Symptoms of Physical Abuse........................................28 Sexual Abuse ..........................................................................28 Mariana Martinez’s Story ..............................................................28 Definition of Child Sexual Abuse ........................................................29 vii viii | CHILD WELFARE AND CHILD PROTECTION Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Sexual Abuse .......................................30 Emotional Abuse.......................................................................31 Michael Lombardo’s Story .............................................................31 Definition of Emotional Abuse ..........................................................32 Types of Emotional/Psychological Abuse (Behaviors)......................................33 Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Emotional Abuse.....................................34 Profile of Child Abuse and Neglect Cases, Federal Fiscal Year 2016 .......................35 A Final Note ...........................................................................36 Anne’s Story .........................................................................36 Main Points............................................................................37 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................38 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................39 Additional Resources .................................................................39 References ..........................................................................39 CHAPTER 3 Examining the Causes of Child Maltreatment . .40 Neglect ...............................................................................40 Impaired Problem Solving .............................................................42 Marsha’s Story .......................................................................43 Ron’s Story ..........................................................................44 Physical Abuse ........................................................................44 Bob’s Story ..........................................................................44 Milner’s Social Information Processing Model ............................................46 Sexual Abuse ..........................................................................48 The Offender.........................................................................48 Putting All the Factors Together ........................................................50 Wrap-Up ............................................................................52 Main Points............................................................................54 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................55 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................55 Additional Resources .................................................................55 References ..........................................................................56 CHAPTER 4 Investigations: The Child Abuse/Neglect Investigator’s Role ........................58 Tonya: The CPS Investigator............................................................58 The Child Protection Process: Steps to Be Taken.........................................59 The Investigation .....................................................................59 Referral and Acceptance ..............................................................59 Assignment and Preparation ...........................................................61 Initial Contact ........................................................................62 Field Interviews: Safety, Strategies, and Access...........................................64
Recommended publications
  • Download File
    The Health and Well-Being of Children from the Perspective of Social and Environmental Health Policy Frederica Perera Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Frederica Perera All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Health and Well-Being of Children from the Perspective of Social and Environmental Health Policy Frederica Perera Environmental health is an integral component of public health and, therefore, of social welfare. Yet both social and environmental health scientists have failed to adequately consider the mutual benefits of --and synergism between-- environmental and social policies aimed at the protection of the health and well-being of children. The emerging scientific evidence that social and physical/chemical “toxicants” interact to cause childhood illness and impair children’s development is providing new impetus to the integration of these disciplines. Child labor reform in the late 19th century can be seen as a milestone in the translation of science to policy. For the first time, scientific recognition of children’s biological and psychological vulnerability was a major factor in shaping public policy. Yet the role of science as a force in shaping the perception of the value of the child and as a driver of reform during this period has not been widely recognized. The first paper, entitled “The Role of Science in Child Labor Reform in the Early Progressive Era (1870-1900)”, describes how the growing understanding of physicians, toxicologists, sociologists, and psychologists that childhood was a biologically vulnerable period of life informed progressive reformers who used this knowledge, along with socio-economic, cultural and moral arguments, to advocate for reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Children in the Courts: Rethinking and Challenging Our Traditions
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) North Dakota Law Review Volume 66 Number 4 Article 4 1990 Children in the Courts: Rethinking and Challenging Our Traditions Thomasine Heitkamp Tara Lea Muhlhauser Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Heitkamp, Thomasine and Muhlhauser, Tara Lea (1990) "Children in the Courts: Rethinking and Challenging Our Traditions," North Dakota Law Review: Vol. 66 : No. 4 , Article 4. Available at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr/vol66/iss4/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Dakota Law Review by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHILDREN IN THE COURTS: RETHINKING AND CHALLENGING OUR TRADITIONS THOMASINE HEITKAMP* AND TARA LEA MUHLHAUSER** I. INTRODUCTION More and more children are entering courtrooms as a result of the dramatic increase in reports of child abuse and neglect.' Gen- erally, these cases would be addressed within the juvenile court process.2 However, in cases of alleged child sexual abuse, criminal charges may also be filed against the alleged offender. This has resulted in the appearance of children as victims and witnesses of crime in open and public courtrooms.3 This article examines data regarding the type of clinical and legal interventions that can be effective in professionals' work with alleged child sexual abuse victims.
    [Show full text]
  • How Humane Are We?
    How humane are we? Suggested Grade Level: High School Relative Subject(s): Social Studies OBJECTIVE To understand what it means to be "humane." Students will gain an understanding of the history of the Humane Movement and how it has affected animals and people alike. MATERIALS Book: Out of the Darkness, The Story of Mary Ellen Wilson, by Eric A. Shelman & Stephen Lazoritz Copies of the “Growth of the Humane Movement” outline Poster paper for new timeline ACTIVITY Preliminary Discussion • Define the word "humane." In Webster's Dictionary it is defined as "marked by compassion, sympathy or consideration for other human beings or animals." • Give an example of how to treat animals humanely. Give an example of how to treat people humanely. • Describe a time when you treated an animal and a person humanely. How did you feel? How do you think the animal and person felt when you treated them in this manner? Procedure Each student should receive a copy of the “Growth of the Humane Movement” outline. Discuss the following points: • What sparked the beginning of this movement? • What is the connection between animal abuse and child abuse? Why were preventative organizations for each issue formed around the same general time? • What was the Mary Ellen case and how did its outcome affect the future of child welfare? • Who was Henry Bergh and how did his work affect animals and people? • What is the history of the Nebraska Humane Society? What services and programs does the Nebraska Humane Society offer to benefit animals and people? • What does the Humane Society of the United States do? • What is the difference in philosophy between organizations like People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and the American Humane Association? • Regardless of philosophy and methods of action, how do all of the organizations that dedicate themselves to helping animals fit into the Humane Movement? • What do you believe are the main goals of the Humane Movement? Each student should choose one event on the timeline to research.
    [Show full text]
  • E Laine W Hitfield S Harp , Tlc
    E LAINE W HITFIELD S HARP, TLC ‘98 This is part of a book currently being written by Elaine Whitfield Sharp. Copyright by Elaine Whitfield Sharp, July 2004. Permission to publish given to The Warrior. Evil events are rarely committed to paper. The history of child abuse inherent- ly involves pain inflicted in the dark and behind closed doors, providing us with only the barest of facts. We know that royal children were poisoned and mur- dered for convenience or for their crowns and that the ancient Greeks dis- posed of handicapped children at birth. We hear words like “beaten,” “burned,” “raped,” and “exploited,” but these do little to reveal the enormous tragedies for which they are mere codes. Today, there is a vast infrastructure of child protective services (CPS) in America. It is funded by billions of federal and state tax dollars. History has been turned on its head. Instead of children being ‘seen and not heard,’ or having no right of survival at birth, children are now revered as precious, as our modern day mocking birds. The entire ‘village’ is involved in their protection and welfare. 28 THE WARRIOR • Fall 2004 welling in the village are child protective services (CPS) THE PRISM OF THE PAST: professionals, pediatricians and others committed to THE ALARMING HISTORY OF CHILD ABUSE stomping out child abuse. The history of child abuse D Read between the lines of the Florence phone book and you will plays a valuable role in helping to form the professional self- images of CPS and medical professionals. History helps them find the human face of child abuse: Hundreds of people with identify the demons and mobilize for the mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Print: the Literary Production of Humane America by Alyssa
    Animal Print: The Literary Production of Humane America by Alyssa Chen Walker A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor June Howard, Chair Professor Philip J. Deloria Professor Emerita Anne C. Herrmann Associate Professor Susan Scott Parrish © Alyssa Chen Walker 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the following people whose wisdom, creativity, and generosity have shaped this work (and me) so much for the better. June Howard’s influence on this project extends far back, long before I matriculated at The University of Michigan or knew her as anything other than a literary voice to which I was drawn. This project was inspired by June, and (for so many reasons) it could not have been completed without her. The best moments in it are the product of her wise counsel, fierce optimism, and timely rallying-cry of “Onward!” In theorizing the humane, I have been struck by how fully Anne Herrmann embodies all the good that this term denotes. To be taught by one who poses difficult questions not merely to challenge but to transform has been a treasured gift bequeathed by a supremely humane mentor. I am deeply grateful to Phil Deloria for taking my interest in animals seriously from the very start and for encouraging me to “be myself” (even when doing so took us both into the academically dubious realm of feline detection). By perfectly modeling and generously supporting creative risk-taking, Phil has made joy a full and valid part of my intellectual endeavors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maltreatment of Children from a Historical Perspective
    Chapter 1 The Maltreatment of Children from a Historical Perspective Learning Objectives altreatment of children is deeply entwined with historical values and per- spectives. The concept of child maltreatment has been defined and rede- Mfined throughout history. Society is slowly evolving from viewing children as property, subject to the whims of the family and society, to at least recognizing that children may have rights of their own. Each period in history—as well as each cul- ture—has a concept of how children should be treated. CHILDREN AS PROPERTY Early in history, children were seen as the property of their families—usually headed and ruled by fathers. Children looked to their fathers for their very existence. Fathers had the right to determine not only the manner in which their child was cared for but also if the child were to live or die. Issues of Life and Death Infanticide, or the killing of infants and young children, has occurred since early times. The Bible cites Abraham’s intention to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to God. In early Rome, the father was given complete power to kill, abandon, or even sell his child. In Greek legend, Oedipus was doomed to death until he was rescued by a family retainer. In Hawaii, China, and Japan, many female and disabled children were killed to maintain a strong race without overpopulation. Infanticide was practiced for many reasons. Like the Hawaiians, Chinese, and Japanese, some cultures saw the practice of infanticide as a means of controlling and regulating the population so that society’s resources could be expended on the stron- gest and most valued.
    [Show full text]
  • 02 CASA Resources Final.Indd
    CHAPTER 2 RESOURCE MATERIALS Introducing2 the Law, the Child Protection System & the Courts CONTENTS The Real Story of Mary Ellen Wilson . 2-1 Federal Laws Governing Child Abuse & Neglect Cases . 2-3 The Indian Child Welfare Act: The Need for a Separate Law . 2-11 Tribal-State Relations: Promising Practices in Child Welfare . 2-15 A Child’s Journey Through the Child Welfare System. 2-18 The Real Story of Mary Ellen Wilson The sufferings of the little girl Mary Ellen led to the with inadequate oversight in the home of Mary and founding of the New York Society for the Prevention of Thomas McCormack, who claimed to be the child’s Cruelty to Children, the first organization of its kind, biological father. In an eerie repetition of events, Thomas in 1874. In 1877, the New York SPCC and several died shortly thereafter. His widow married Francis Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals from Connolly, and the new family moved to a tenement on throughout the country joined together to form the West 41st Street. American Humane Association. Mary McCormack Connolly badly mistreated Mary The following is Mary Ellen’s story, which marked the Ellen, and neighbors in the apartment building were beginning of a worldwide crusade to save children. aware of the child’s plight. The Connollys soon moved to another tenement, but in 1874, one of their original Over the years, in the re-telling of Mary Ellen Wilson’s neighbors asked Etta Angell Wheeler, a caring Methodist story, myth has often been confused with fact.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 ANNUAL REPORT Founded in 1875, the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (The NYSPCC) Was the First Child Protection Agency in the World
    2018 ANNUAL REPORT Founded in 1875, The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (The NYSPCC) was the first child protection agency in the world. Throughout its 144 year history, The NYSPCC has met the urgent needs of New York City’s most vulnerable children through the development of new and innovative programs. It is with this same spirit of innovation, concern and compassion for the City’s children that The NYSPCC seeks to meet the challenges that lie ahead. INSIDE 1 OUR MISSION AND OUR WORK 2 FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 3 FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 4 TRAUMA RECOVERY PROGRAM 5 CLIENT STORY 6 THERAPEUTIC SUPERVISED VISITATION PROGRAM 7 CLIENT STORY 8 SAFE TOUCHES 9 CRISIS DEBRIEFING SERVICES 10 TRAINING INSTITUTE 12 RESEARCH & EVALUATION 13 THE NYSPCC IN THE NEWS 14 GEORGE SIM JOHNSTON ARCHIVES 15 SUMMARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16 SPRING LUNCHEON 16 THE JUNIOR SOCIETY BENEFIT 17 FOOD AND WINE GALA 18 CONTRIBUTIONS 2018 inside HOW YOU CAN HELP back 2018 BOARD OF DIRECTORS cover back CURRENT SENIOR MANAGEMENT TEAM cover Our Mission The NYSPCC responds to the complex needs of abused and neglected children, and those involved in their care, by providing best practice counseling, legal, and educational services. Through research, communications, and training initiatives, we work to expand these programs to prevent abuse and help more children heal. OUR WORK: Mental Health Services • Provide therapeutic supervised visitation services to children and their families in a safe and supportive setting. • Counsel children who have endured the trauma of child abuse or neglect.
    [Show full text]
  • Rettner-Collaboration Betw. Soc Work and Animal Welfare .Pdf
    Beyond Mary Ellen Wilson: The Necessity for Collaboration between Social Workers and Animal Welfare Personnel Presented by: Meredith A. Rettner [email protected] Presented on April 12, 2013 Child protection services grew out of the early animal welfare movement. Mary Ellen Wilson serves as a poster-child for child welfare organizations. Her memory inspires the inner-connectedness of the animal welfare and child welfare fields. (Watkins, 1990) In the 1870‟s Mary-Ellen Wilson suffered years of physical and emotional abuse at the hands of her foster parents (Ascione, 2005). No child protection agencies were in existence. Etta Wheeler, a female church representative who was familiar with Wilson‟s plight, sought the help of Henry Bergh, the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Bergh was reluctant to risk his organization, whose original purpose was to ensure the health of livestock and workhorses, on a non-animal. Wheeler convinced Bergh that Wilson‟s case deserved attention because Wilson was “a member of the animal kingdom” (Watkins, 1990; American Humane Association). • Wilson‟s case inspired Bergh and his business partners to start the first US children‟s welfare organization, the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC) (Carlisle-Frank and Flanagan, 2006; Halpern, 1999). • By 1919, there were 247 state and local humane societies that focused on children or animals (Ascione, 2005). Picture credit: Nationallinkcoalition.org Myth: “Social workers care about people. If you want to help animals, then you probably don‟t care enough about people to be a good social worker.” Reality: The patterns, rituals, and objects of the social work profession establish a normative framework of care that resides within a false dichotomy between care for humans and care for animals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Juvenile Courts Created at the Turn of the Century Were Specialized
    EVOLUTION OF THE DEPENDENCY COMPONENT OF THE JUVENILE COURT By Marvin Ventrell Marvin Ventrell, JD is Director of the National Association of Counsel for Children in Denver, Colorado. Copyright © 1998 NCJFCJ and Marvin Ventrell Reprinted with permission from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. The article first appeared in Ventrell, Marvin Evolution of the Dependency Component of the Juvenile Court, in A Centennial Celebration of the Juvenile Court 1899-1999, Juvenile and Family Court Journal, Fall 1998, Volume 49, Number 4. CONTENTS Introduction: Acknowledging a Dependency Court History Evolution of the Dependency Court A. Dependency Court Jurisdiction B. Origins of Child Maltreatment and Protection 1. Maltreatment 2. Protection C. 16th and 17th Century England: Creation of a System of Family Law 1. Family Law System One - Wealth 2. Family Law System Two - Poverty D. Colonial America: Transplanting and Developing the English System E. 19th Century America: The Rise of the Parens Patriae System 1. House of Refuge Movement 2. Ex parte Crouse and Parens Patriae 3. Special Cases of Abuse 4. A Scientific Development F. The Juvenile Court: Institutionalizing and Developing the Parens Patriae System 1. Founding and Dependency Philosophy 2. Gault and the Transformation of Delinquency Out From Parens Patriae 3. The Battered Child, CAPTA and the Evolution of Dependency Within Parens Patriae 4. The Dependency Court at the End of the 20th Century a. Incidence of Maltreatment b. Dependency Court Operation: Best Interests and
    [Show full text]
  • Child Abuse and Neglect Part I -- Historical Overview, Legal Matrix, and Social Perspectives Mason P
    NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW Volume 50 | Number 2 Article 3 2-1-1972 Child Abuse and Neglect Part I -- Historical Overview, Legal Matrix, and Social Perspectives Mason P. Thomas Jr. Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Mason P. Thomas Jr., Child Abuse and Neglect Part I -- Historical Overview, Legal Matrix, and Social Perspectives, 50 N.C. L. Rev. 293 (1972). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol50/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Law Review by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1972] CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT PART I: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, LEGAL MATRIX, AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES MASON P. THOMAS, JR.t Terrible as the thought is to entertain, child abuse may be a regres- sion to a characteristic which comes very close to being "natural"to the human condition.' [T]he general history of the child. moves as from one moun- 2 tain peak to another with a long valley of gloom in between. The phenomenon of child abuse and maltreatment is deeply rooted in our cultural and religious history. It is as old as civilization itself. Yet the fact of child abuse has remained largely hidden and suppressed. Reform movements that have pointed out the horrors being committed upon children and attempted to provide some protection have occurred at intervals, but in time the shocking facts of mistreatment seem always to have been avoided or forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • From Foster Care to Adulthood: Where Do We Go from Here?
    Where Do We Go From Here? RUNNING HEAD: From Foster Care to Adulthood: Where Do We Go from Here? FROM FOSTER CARE TO ADULTHOOD: Where Do We Go From Here? Veronica Lockett Texas State University – San Marcos School of Social Work Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the input of the research participants who so willingly spoke about their experiences as alumnus of the foster care system and as parents. Their responses were invaluable, as they will educate individuals who do not know this experience. A debt of gratitude is also offered to the following individuals: Dr. Sally Hill-Jones for her guidance, expertise, and patience; Dr. Diane Pape, professor in the College of Education; Dr. Donald Bauman, CAPTA Evaluation Lead for the Department of Family and Protective Services for his knowledge and expertise in research and reporting; and Ms. Jennifer Heideman, and Ms. Julie Shores for editing. Last, but most certainly not least, I thank Professor Sarah Buel, of the University Of Texas School of Law, for her outside opinion. I also want to thank Ms. Raney M. Williams for her patience while mommy was in school and she was in daycare all day; and Dr. Brown for participating in formulating my question. Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………… I Inspiration……………………………………………………………………… i Introduction………….……………….……………….………………………. 1 Literature Review……………………..……………………………………… 3 Methodology………………………………………………………………….. 9 Sample…………………………………………………………….………….. 11 Results ……….….……………………..…………………………………….. 11 Implications
    [Show full text]