CHILD WELFARE AND CHILD PROTECTION AN INTRODUCTION David Royse and Austin Griffiths SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Amy Smith, Project Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Stephanie Kohl, Licensing Coordinator Kim Scott/Bumpy Design, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Senior Marketing Manager Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by David Royse and Austin Griffiths . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover: Copyright © 2014 iStockphoto LP/PeopleImages. Design Image: Copyright © 2014 iStockphoto LP/PeopleImages. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 This book is dedicated to all of the frontline child welfare professionals and their supervisors who are inspired each and every day to do their best to improve the lives of children and families with challenges. Although often unrec- ognized and silent about the work they do, these selfless individuals are heroes nonetheless. We thank them, too, for their service and willingness to receive and supervise student interns who will be the next generation of child welfare professionals. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.............................................................xiv CSWE Grid . .xv CHAPTER 1 History of Child Protection in the United States ....................... 1 CHAPTER 2 Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States........................19 CHAPTER 3 Examining the Causes of Child Maltreatment ........................40 CHAPTER 4 Investigations: The Child Abuse/Neglect Investigator’s Role..........58 CHAPTER 5 Ongoing Services: The Worker’s Roles ..............................82 CHAPTER 6 Permanency: The Worker’s Roles and ASFA Options ................103 CHAPTER 7 Risk Assessment for Maltreatment: Further Information and Resources.....................................................122 CHAPTER 8 The Juvenile Court . 141 CHAPTER 9 Special Populations................................................156 CHAPTER 10 Child and Parent Perspectives on Foster Care ......................177 CHAPTER 11 Working on a Child Protection Team................................195 CHAPTER 12 Self-Care, Finding Balance, and Preventing Problems ...............212 CHAPTER 13 Child Protection, Child Welfare, and You: Future Considerations.....229 Index ..............................................................243 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................. xiv CSWE Grid ...........................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 History of Child Protection in the United States . 1 Childhood in the Colonial Era ............................................................2 Native American Children in Our Country’s Early History ..................................3 Indian/Native American Residential Schools..............................................4 Child Protection Developments ..........................................................5 Orphan Trains (1853–1929) ..............................................................6 The Development of Legal Clout to Protect Children ......................................9 No Protection for African American Children ............................................10 Development of Juvenile Courts and Other Legislation ...................................11 Child Protection in the 20th Century ....................................................13 Main Points............................................................................16 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................16 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................17 Additional Resources �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 CHAPTER 2 Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States . 19. Neglect ...............................................................................20 The Cox Family.......................................................................20 Definition of Neglect ..................................................................21 Types of Neglect .....................................................................21 Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Emotional Neglect..............................24 Physical Abuse ........................................................................25 Stevie Owens’s Story..................................................................25 Definition of Physical Abuse ...........................................................26 Types of Physical Abuse...............................................................26 Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Physical Abuse ......................................27 Behavioral Signs and Symptoms of Physical Abuse........................................28 Sexual Abuse ..........................................................................28 Mariana Martinez’s Story ..............................................................28 Definition of Child Sexual Abuse ........................................................29 vii viii | CHILD WELFARE AND CHILD PROTECTION Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Sexual Abuse .......................................30 Emotional Abuse.......................................................................31 Michael Lombardo’s Story .............................................................31 Definition of Emotional Abuse ..........................................................32 Types of Emotional/Psychological Abuse (Behaviors)......................................33 Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Emotional Abuse.....................................34 Profile of Child Abuse and Neglect Cases, Federal Fiscal Year 2016 .......................35 A Final Note ...........................................................................36 Anne’s Story .........................................................................36 Main Points............................................................................37 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................38 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................39 Additional Resources .................................................................39 References ..........................................................................39 CHAPTER 3 Examining the Causes of Child Maltreatment . .40 Neglect ...............................................................................40 Impaired Problem Solving .............................................................42 Marsha’s Story .......................................................................43 Ron’s Story ..........................................................................44 Physical Abuse ........................................................................44 Bob’s Story ..........................................................................44 Milner’s Social Information Processing Model ............................................46 Sexual Abuse ..........................................................................48 The Offender.........................................................................48 Putting All the Factors Together ........................................................50 Wrap-Up ............................................................................52 Main Points............................................................................54 Questions for Class Discussion .........................................................55 Self-Assessment for Personal Consideration ............................................55 Additional Resources .................................................................55 References ..........................................................................56 CHAPTER 4 Investigations: The Child Abuse/Neglect Investigator’s Role ........................58 Tonya: The CPS Investigator............................................................58 The Child Protection Process: Steps to Be Taken.........................................59 The Investigation .....................................................................59 Referral and Acceptance ..............................................................59 Assignment and Preparation ...........................................................61 Initial Contact ........................................................................62 Field Interviews: Safety, Strategies, and Access...........................................64