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Exploration of Determinants of Occupational Mobility The Importance of Country/Context Specific Conditions in the Occupational Mobility of Immigrants Dissertation Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Maria Mercedes Sanchez, MBA Education and Human Ecology Graduate The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Joshua Hawley, Advisor Dr. David Stein Dr. Jeffrey H. Cohen Dr. Rebecca Heildt 1 Copyrighted by Maria Mercedes Sanchez 2011 2 Abstract Using an immigrant assimilation framework, this dissertation builds upon Chiswick’s (1977) human capital model, and attempts to develop a model of occupational mobility of immigrants that takes into consideration the effect of country/context specific conditions. This study tests the fitness of Chiswick’s (1977) against a proposed final model and poses questions regarding the determinants of changes in occupational status of college-educated immigrants from their country of origin to subsequent jobs in the U.S. Using Multinomial Logistic Regression and data from the 2003 New Immigrant Survey, this study found that the final model including structural predictors proved to enhance the prediction of changes in job quality over the model with only human capital factors. The following results are uncovered in the analysis: First, a large portion of foreign-educated immigrants experience a sharp decline in occupational status when they first move to the U.S. followed by a rise in job quality with time spent in the country, however, most are not able to recover all the status they lost initially. Overall, college educated immigrants had varying outcomes in terms of occupational mobility. These outcomes depended on immigrants’ gender, origin, English proficiency, time spent in the United States, place of education and work experience, type of immigration visa, receiving a job offer prior to migration, and occupational licensing requirements. ii Dedicated to my beloved daughter Sofia iii VITA April 6, 1963 … …………………… Born – Madrid, Spain 1998 ……………………………….. B.S. Management, The Ohio State University 1998 – 2003 ……………………….. Manager, International Trade, Columbus Chamber of Commerce 2000 – 2005....................................... Director, International Trade Assistance Center Columbus Chamber of Commerce Columbus State Community College 2001 …….......................................... M.B.A., Capital University 2005- 2009......................................... Director, Latino Small Business Development Center – Ohio Business Connection 2010-2011 …..……………………... Associate Researcher, Ohio Board of Regents 2009-Present...................................... Consultant – Business and Workforce Development Specialist Medical Interpreter PUBLICATIONS Peer Reviewed Journals Sanchez, M. (2009). Review of ideologies in ESL curriculum development and instruction. Thresholds in Education, 35 (4) Articles Published Sanchez, M. (2009). The need for a Latino research initiative at The Ohio State University. Que Pasa, OSU? Winter 2009 http://quepasa.osu.edu/issues/wi09/w18.html iv Sanchez, M. (2009). “Reflections on Our Community”. Que Pasa, OSU?Spring 2009. http://quepasa.osu.edu/issues/sp09/sp6.html Sanchez, M. (2009). “Reflections on Our Community: Educational Attainment of Hispanics/Latinos. Que Pasa, OSU? Summer 2009. http://quepasa.osu.edu/issues/su09/s14.html Sanchez, M. (2009). “Latinos buy more than they take: An exploration of the economic contributions of the Hispanic population to the development of the United States.”Que Pasa, OSU? Winter 2010 http://quepasa.osu.edu/issues/wi10/article14.html CONFERENCES 2010 Ohio Hispanic Leadership Summit (OHLS, 2010). The Ohio State University. Presented “The economic contributions of the Hispanic population”. Participated as Panelist in the section “Hispanic/Latino Businesses: A History of Success and Commitment”. Sanchez, M.(2009). “The Influence of Education on Labor Outcomes of Immigrant Workers”. OSU Literacy Conference for Graduate Students, “Expanding Literacy Studies”. Sanchez, M. (2009). “The Influence of Education on Labor Outcomes of Immigrant Workers”. AHRD International Research Conference in the Americas. Sanchez, M.(2008).“Can English Language and Job Training Services Impact Labor Market Success? The Effect of Language Acquisition, Workplace Literacy and Educational Attainment on Employment Outcomes.” Midwest Conference Research to Practice. Western Kentuky University, Bowling Green, KY. http://www.wku.edu/aded/MWR2P/MWR2P%20Proceedings2008.pdf AWARDS 2006 and 1996 Critical Difference for Women Scholarship ($1,000), The Ohio State University. 2008 Cooperative System Fellowship ($3,000), 1-week training and technical assistance. Using the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) for Research and Policy Discussion, National Center for Education, Institute of Education Science, U.S. Department of Education. 2000 ITAC Director of the Year, The Ohio Department of Development. v 1999 ITAC Counselor of the Year, The Ohio Department of Development FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Education Workforce Development and Educational Policy Joshua D. Hawley, Ed.D. Adult Education David Stein, Ph.D. Research Methods and Statistics Richard Lomax, Ph.D. Literacy David Bloom, Ph.D vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication….…...…………………………………………………………………….. …iii Vita………………………………………………………………………………………. iv List of tables ..................................................................................................................... xii List of figures ................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................1 Statement of the problem .........................................................................................7 Main contribution of the study…………………………………………………… 7 Research questions………………………….……………………………………. 9 Significance of the study ………………….……………………………………... 9 Assumptions ……………………………………………………………………. 10 Limitations and delimitations of the study ……………………………..………. 11 Definitions …………………………………………………………………….…13 Chapter 2: Literature review ……………………………………………………………16 Theories of international migration……………………………………..……….16 Push and pull factors of migration ……………………………………………....16 Migration theories focused on micro-level decisions processes ………………...17 Migration theories focused on forces operating at a macro-level of aggregation..18 vii Theoretical perspectives on immigrant assimilation..……………………………19 Human capital theory…………………………………………………… 20 Transferability of human capital ……………………………….. 20 The effect of cultural similarity …………………………………24 English language skills…………………………………………. 25 Source of human capital …………………………………………26 Time of residence in the new country …………………………...29 Labor market segmentation and structural explanations ………………..29 Labor market segmentation ……………………………………..30 Job mobility ……………………………………………………. 30 Occupational licensing requirements …………………………...31 Immigration policy …………………………………………….. 32 Labor market inequalities ……………………………………… 33 Social capital theory …………………………………………………… 33 Assistance to obtain employment …………………………….. 34 Homophily and cultural reproduction……………………...…….34 Labor market discrimination theories ………………………...…36 Conceptual model ……………………………………………………………… 40 Chapter 3: Methodology ………………………………………………………………. 43 Research type ………………………………………………………………….. 43 Research setting ……………………………………………………………….. 44 Data ……………………………………………………………………. 44 viii Sample limitations ……………………………………………………... 45 Sample size justification ………………………………………………...46 Operationalization of Variables …………………………………………………47 Occupational mobility as change in occupational status ………………..48 Dependent variables ……………………………………………………. 49 Independent variables …………………………………………………...51 Categorical variables …………………………………………….52 Continuous variables …………………………………………… 58 Multinomial Logistic Regression ………………………………………………..62 General purpose and description ………………………………………………...62 Measures of effect size and power in MLR ……………………………..64 Data analysis …………………………………………………………………….65 Model fit …………………………………………………………………67 Model comparison ………………………………………………………68 Interpretation of significant effects of individual predictors ……………69 Limitation of MLR ………………………………………………………71 Ratio of cases to variables and missing data …………………….71 Adequacy of expected frequencies and power…………..……….71 Multicollinearity .…………………………………...…………...72 Linearity in the logit ………………………………………..……72 Absence of outliers in the solution ………………………..……..73 Independence of errors ……………………………………….….73 ix Statistical procedures to answer research questions …………………………..73 Research question #1 …………………………………………………...73 Research question #2………………………………………………….…74 Chapter 4: Results ……………………………………………………………………….76 Descriptive statistics …………………………………………………………….76 Results for question #1 ………………………………………………………… 78 Model fit …………………………………………………………………79 Model comparison ……………………………………………………....82 Results for the first stage regression …………………………………….82 Results for the second stage regression …………………………………83 Results for question #2 …………………………………………………………125 Determinants of upward occupational mobility ……………………….125 Determinant of downward occupational mobility ……………………. 126 Chapter 5: Summary,
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