DOCSLIB.ORG

Neutrino Oscillations in the Early Universe with Nonequilibrium Neutrino Distributions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neutrino Oscillations in the Early Universe with Nonequilibrium Neutrino Distributions PHYSICAL REVIE% D VOLUME 52, NUMBER 6 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 Neutrino oscillations in the early Universe with nonequilibrium neutrino distributions V. Alan Kostelecky Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana $7405 Stuart Samuel* Maz Plan-ck Inst-itut fur Physik, Werner Heis-enberg Insti-tut, Fohringer Ring 8, 80805 Munich, Germany (Received 28 March 1995) Around one second after the big bang, neutrino decoupling and e+-e annihilation distorted the Fermi-Dirac spectrum of neutrino energies. Assuming neutrinos have masses and can mix, we compute the distortions using nonequilibrium thermodynamics and the Boltzmann equation. The Bavor behavior of neutrinos is studied during and following the generation of the distortion. PACS number(s): 95.30.Cq, 12.15.Ff, 14.60.Pq I. INTRODUCTION cause the neutrinos are decoupling at this time. Due to W+ exchanges, electron neutrinos are heated some- what more than and w neutrinos. This leads to an Neutrinos play a significant role both in cosmology [1] p excess of electron neutrinos over and w neutrinos. Fur- and in particle physics [2]. In cosmology, during the p, radiation-dominated period in the early Universe from thermore, higher-energy neutrinos interact more strongly one second after the big bang to around twenty-thousand than lower-energy neutrinos so that a relative excess of neutrinos arises. years, neutrinos are almost as important as photons in higher-energy The appearance of a fa- driving the expansion of the Universe. Furthermore, nu- vor excess means that neutrino oscillations can occur. cleosynthesis and the ensuing abundances of light ele- This potentially could afFect nucleosynthesis [5]. The process generating the distorted distributions is ments are strongly influenced by the number and nature of neutrino~. In particle it is hoped that cur- sensitive to the timing of events in the early Universe. physics, e+-e rent oscillation experiments coupled with solar and atmo- If the neutrinos had decoupled well before anni- spheric neutrino observations will lead to insight beyond hilation, then they would have maintained Fermi-Dirac the standard model. The basic idea is that interference distributions. Their energies and momenta would simply have been redshifted among neutrino flavors provides a sensitive experimental by the inverse scale factor B (t) of probe for neutrino masses and mixings. the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology. For It is natural to ask whether neutrino oscillations affect ultrarelativistic particles, such redshifts maintain stan- the physics of the early Universe. Different aspects of dard statistical distributions. If instead the neutrinos had decoupled well after e+-e this question have been addressed by a number of au- annihilation, then they would have remained in thermal equilibrium the thors [3—14]. When the temperature T of the Universe during is several MeV and higher, interactions keep neutrinos in heating process. When they decoupled later, they would thermal contact with electrons, positrons, and the pri- have again maintained a redshifted Fermi-Dirac distri- modial plasma and so oscillations cannot occur. If ther- bution. In either case, no favor asymmetry would have mal equilibrium were maintained for all times, then the arisen and so no oscillations would have occurred. The analysis of nonequilibrium neutrino distributions numbers of e, p, and r neutrinos would be equal. This would preclude favor oscillations because, for instance, is not an easy undertaking, even in the absence of neu- for each v, that converts into a v„ there would be a v„ trino mixing. This problem has recently been treated converting into a v, . in two different approaches based on the Boltzmann However, around 1 s when T is about 1 MeV, nonequi- equation. A detailed study allowing for contributions librium distributions develop. This effect is due to the from all tree-level scattering amplitudes, performing ex- coincidence of thermal-neutrino decoupling and e+-e actly many phase space integrations, and using numerical annihilation. As some e -e pair annihilate, they re- methods to solve the Boltzmann equation is presented in heat photons and other electrons and positrons. The Ref. [15]. Estimates of the efFects and relatively simple latter in turn can interact with neutrinos via the weak approximate analytical formulae for the distortion of dis- are interactions, thereby slightly reheating the neutrinos. tributions provided in Ref. [16]. When This reheating is both favor and energy dependent be- neutrinos mix, the problem of analyzing nonequilibrium neutrino distributions becomes signifi- cantly more complicated. The complications arise not only from the simultaneous occurrence of production *Permanent address: Physics Department, City |..ollege and oscillations but also from indirect effects modify- of New York, New York, NY 10031. Electronic address: ing vacuum-oscillation behavior. These effects arise &om samueloscisun. sci.ccny. cuny. edu neutrino interactions with the background gas of elec- 0556-2821/95/52(6)/3184(18)/$06. 00 52 1995 The American Physical Society 52 NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE WITH. 3185 trons, positrons, and other neutrinos. In particular, presence of neutrino mixing. Production profiles for var- neutrino-neutrino interactions can strongly afFect oscil- ious neutrino mixing angles and mass differences are pre- lations because neutrinos in the early Universe form a sented in Sec. VIII. This section also discusses the general dense gas and because the effects are nonlinear. These behavior of neutrino oscillations and related properties. interactions enter as Qavor-ofF-diagonal as well as flavor- Section IX analyzes the oscillation phase. The main diagonal terms in the efFective Hamiltonian [17]. The en- purpose is to check the results of Refs. [11,13]. The suing complications can be handled using Hartree-Fock- qualitative flavor properties described in [11,13] are con- like or density-matrix formalisms [18,19]. firmed. Small numerical difFerences are uncovered, how- In previous papers [ll—13], we have analyzed neutrino- ever. These can be attributed to the use of the approxi- Bavor properties in the early Universe assuming nonequi- mate analytical formulae for the production pro6le. Fi- librium neutrino distributions based on the approximate nally, we summarize in Sec. X. analytical formulae of Ref. [16]. These analyses there- An important improvement of the current work over fore disregard the role of neutrino oscillations during the Refs. [11,13] is that the overall normalization of dis- generation of the nonequilibrium distributions, although tortions is incorporated. The earlier works explicitly various tests suggest that our qualitative results are cor- avoided this issue by considering ratios that eliminated rect. the normalization factor. Our current simulations are In the current work, we obtain the equations that de- now relatively accurate in absolute terms. At all times, scribe the nonequilibrium distortions of neutrino distri- the numbers of excess e, p, , and v neutrinos per cubic butions when mixing is present, and we present numerical volume are specified to within about 25%. The uncer- solutions of the ensuing neutrino behavior. The remain- tainties are dominated by systematic efFects, discussed in der of this introduction provides a guide to the structure Sec. VI. of the paper. Throughout this paper, we work in units with k = For simplicity, we assume that mixing occurs only be- 5 = c = 1. The values of various parameters used in our tween two neutrinos, taken to be v, and v~, and that the current work, e.g. , the baryon-to-photon ratio g, coincide third neutrino, taken as v, does not participate in the with those of Ref. [13]. It is assumed that the chemical oscillations. The analysis of nonequilibrium statistics in potentials for neutrinos are zero, so that the total number Ref. [15]was performed under the assumption that p and of neutrinos and antineutrinos is the same. 7 neutrinos behave identically. However, with neutrino mixing, the 7. neutrino cannot be disregarded because it participates in the generation of thermal distortions via II. PURE PRODUCTION FOR THREE FLAVORS e+-e annihilations. The equations obtained in Ref. [15] must therefore be generalized. This is accomplished in Under the assumption that neutrinos are massless or Sec. II. do not mix, the distortion of the neutrino Fermi-Dirac Section III reviews our formalism for dense-neutrino distribution induced by the combination of neutrino ther- oscillations in the early Universe, while Sec. IV sum- mal decoupling and e -e annihilation has been deter- marizes the neutrino-oscillation behavior uncovered in mined in Ref. [15] using the Boltzmann equation in an Refs. [11,13]. This summary is used in the discussion expanding FRW cosmology. For this situation, the dis- of our new results in Secs. VIII and IX. Section V com- tortions in the p-neutrino and 7-neutrino distributions bines the results of Secs. II and III to obtain equations are equal, as are the distortions for antineutrinos and that govern the production of nonequilibrium neutrino neutrinos of the same fIavor. However, in the presence distributions in the presence of mixing. of mixing and neutrino oscillations, these equalities do The deviations from standard thermal distributions are not hold, and it is necessary to generalize the results of generated from about 0.1 s to about 1.5 s. We call this Ref. [15]. The purpose of this section is to obtain the the production phase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methods for Cancellation of Apparent Cerenkov Radiation Arising From
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2020 Methods for Cancellation of Apparent Cerenkov Radiation Arising From SME Models and Separability of Schrödinger’s Equation Using Exotic Potentials in Parabolic Coordinates Richard Henry DeCosta Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation DeCosta, R. H.(2020). Methods for Cancellation of Apparent Cerenkov Radiation Arising From SME Models and Separability of Schrödinger’s Equation Using Exotic Potentials in Parabolic Coordinates. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/6003 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Methods For Cancellation Of Apparent Cerenkov Radiation Arising From SME Models And Separability Of Schrödinger’s Equation Using Exotic Potentials In Parabolic Coordinates by Richard Henry DeCosta Associate of Arts Clinton Community College Bachelor of Arts Plattsburgh State University Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2020 Accepted by: Brett Altschul, Major Professor Matthias Schindler, Committee Member Scott Crittenden, Committee Member Daniel Dix, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Richard Henry DeCosta, 2020 All Rights Reserved. ii Abstract In an attempt to merge the two prominent areas of physics: The Standard Model and General Relativity, there have been many theories for the underlying physics that may lead to Lorentz- and CPT-symmetry violations.
    [Show full text]
  • CPT Violation and the Standard Model
    PHYSICAL REVIEW D VOLUME 55, NUMBER 11 1 JUNE 1997 CPT violation and the standard model Don Colladay and V. Alan Kostelecky´ Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 ~Received 22 January 1997! Spontaneous CPT breaking arising in string theory has been suggested as a possible observable experimen- tal signature in neutral-meson systems. We provide a theoretical framework for the treatment of low-energy effects of spontaneous CPT violation and the attendant partial Lorentz breaking. The analysis is within the context of conventional relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in four dimensions. We use the framework to develop a CPT-violating extension to the minimal standard model that could serve as a basis for establishing quantitative CPT bounds. @S0556-2821~97!05211-9# PACS number~s!: 11.30.Er, 11.25.2w, 12.60.2i I. INTRODUCTION a general methodology that is compatible with desirable fea- tures like microscopic causality while being sufficiently de- Among the symmetries of the minimal standard model is tailed to permit explicit calculations. invariance under CPT. Indeed, CPT invariance holds under We suppose that underlying the effective four- mild technical assumptions for any local relativistic point- dimensional action is a complete fundamental theory that is particle field theory @1–5#. Numerous experiments have con- based on conventional quantum physics @15# and is dynami- firmed this result @6#, including in particular high-precision cally CPT and Poincare´ invariant. The fundamental theory is tests using neutral-kaon interferometry @7,8#. The simulta- assumed to undergo spontaneous CPT and Lorentz breaking. neous existence of a general theoretical proof of CPT invari- In a Poincare´-observer frame in the low-energy effective ac- ance in particle physics and accurate experimental tests tion, this process is taken to fix the form of any CPT- and makes CPT violation an attractive candidate signature for Lorentz-violating terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Topics in Particle Physics and Cosmology Beyond the Standard
    Topics in Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Beyond the Standard Model Thesis by Alejandro Jenkins In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy arXiv:hep-th/0607239v1 29 Jul 2006 California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 2008 (Defended 26 May, 2006) ii c 2008 Alejandro Jenkins All Rights Reserved iii Para Viviana, quien, sin nada de esto, hubiera sido posible (sic) iv If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants were standing on my shoulders. — Prof. Hal Abelson, MIT v Acknowledgments How small the cosmos (a kangaroo’s pouch would hold it), how paltry and puny in comparison to human consciousness, to a single individual recollection, and its expression in words! — Vladimir V. Nabokov, Speak, Memory What men are poets who can speak of Jupiter if he were like a man, but if he is an immense spinning sphere of methane and ammonia must be silent? — Richard P. Feynman, “The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences” I thank Mark Wise, my advisor, for teaching me quantum field theory, as well as a great deal about physics in general and about the professional practice of theoretical physics. I have been honored to have been Mark’s student and collaborator, and I only regret that, on account of my own limitations, I don’t have more to show for it. I thank him also for many free dinners with the Monday seminar speakers, for his patience, and for his sense of humor. I thank Steve Hsu, my collaborator, who, during his visit to Caltech in 2004, took me under his wing and from whom I learned much cosmology (and with whom I had interesting conversations about both the physics and the business worlds).
    [Show full text]
  • 2002-03 College Template
    Volume XV College of Arts & Sciences Alumni Association Fall 2003 Letter from the chair Department proud of recent research, new faculty hanks for taking the time to learn James Glazier, a senior biophysicist who Institute of Health; and Robert de Ruyter more about some of the exciting joins us from Notre Dame; Mark Messier, van Steven, who joins us from Princeton. Tevents that have taken place in the an experimental high energy physicist from We will be highlighting the research IU Department of Physics over the last Harvard; and Rex Tayloe, who joined our activities of these four most recent additions year. What a fantastic time to be chair of nuclear group two years ago from Los to the faculty in our next newsletter. the IU physics department! I am blessed Alamos National Laboratory. We will also It is a privilege and honor to serve the IU with an energetic, enthusiastic faculty that be joined this fall by Sima Setayeshgar, a Department of Physics, and I am grateful is constantly developing new ways of biophysicist from Princeton; Jon Urheim, for your support. I look forward to the improving the learning environment for our an experimental high-energy physicist from opportunities ahead and wish each of you students and providing the thriving research the University of Minnesota; John Beggs, a every success in the year ahead. environment that is at the heart of our biophysicist joining us from the National — James Musser academic program. In this newsletter you’ll find articles about a number of important new elements of our research program, such Biocomplexity research experiences growth as our new low energy neutron scattering facility (LENS), which was approved for Since the beginning of a nascient variety of spatial and temporal struc- construction by the NSF this summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Times for Relativity
    CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Open days Symmetry Testing times for relativity Physicists met in Bloomington to discuss the latest research on possible violations of relativity and CPT symmetry. At the “CERN tweetup” on Friday, citizen journalists got an exclusive open-days’ preview and sent out hundreds of messages The open-days’ control room saw CERN’s services working in on the social network Twitter. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity is one of the most success- harmony with French and Swiss authorities to ensure that the fully tested ideas in physics. Based on the statement that the laws Participants at CPT’13 pose for the traditional photo. (Image event ran smoothly. of physics are invariant under rotations and boosts – offi cially credit: Jorge S Diaz.) known as Lorentz symmetry – relativity is a cornerstone of the (Left) The “Origins two most successful descriptions of nature: general relativity and and antimatter systems. The ALPHA collaboration reported on 2013” activities on the Standard Model. Although experiments to date indicate that the remarkable progress made along these lines in its experiment Friday at CERN relativity provides an accurate description, it became clear in the at CERN. The collaboration has used antihydrogen traps to store included late 1980s that violations in relativity could appear theoretically as antiatoms for several minutes and to perform basic spectroscopy opportunities for natural features of candidate models of quantum gravity. (CERN Courier July/August 2011 p6). These long timescales for “physics During the following decade, a group of theorists led by Alan antiatomic systems also offer interesting prospects for studying the speed-dating” Kostelecký at Indiana University developed a general framework effects of gravitational fi elds.
    [Show full text]
  • University Graduate School Research, Teaching, and Learning
    May 26, 2016 1 encouraging a creative environment for scholarship, University Graduate School research, teaching, and learning. The University Graduate School is a recognized leader in developing new concepts Administration and best practices for graduate education. It assists departments in recruiting, supporting, retaining, and JAMES C. WIMBUSH, Ph.D., Dean of The University graduating outstanding scholars. Through its connections Graduate School with national higher education organizations, it serves DAVID L. DALEKE, Ph.D., Associate Dean as a resource in forging the future directions of graduate JANICE S. BLUM, Ph.D., Associate Dean education. Overview The University Graduate School administers degree programs on eight campuses of Indiana University: Bloomington, East, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Kokomo, Northwest at Gary, South Bend, and Southeast at New Albany. As of fall, 2014, the University Graduate School offers a total of 43 certificate programs, 156 Master’s degrees, and 133 Ph.D. degree programs state-wide. At Bloomington there are seventeen graduate certificate programs, ninety-eight Master’s programs in the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Fine Arts, School of Journalism, School of Music, School of Optometry and Kelley School of Business. The University Graduate School offers ninety-six Ph.D. programs and/or Ph.D. minors in the College of Arts and Sciences, Kelley School of Business, School of Education, School of Informatics and Computing, School of Journalism, the Maurer School of Law, School of Optometry, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, and the School of Public Health. At Indianapolis, the programs administered by the Indiana University Graduate School include seventeen certificates in the School of Dentistry, the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, the School of Liberal Arts, the School of Medicine, the School of Public and Environ- mental Affairs, the School of Philanthropy, and the School of Public Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Lorentz and CPT Tests with Clock-Comparison Experiments
    PHYSICAL REVIEW D 98, 036003 (2018) Lorentz and CPT tests with clock-comparison experiments V. Alan Kostelecký1 and Arnaldo J. Vargas2 1Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA 2Physics Department, Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Received 20 May 2018; published 6 August 2018) Clock-comparison experiments are among the sharpest existing tests of Lorentz symmetry in matter. We characterize signals in these experiments arising from modifications to electron or nucleon propagators and involving Lorentz- and CPT-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimension. The spectral frequencies of the atoms or ions used as clocks exhibit perturbative shifts that can depend on the constituent-particle properties and can display sidereal and annual variations in time. Adopting an independent-particle model for the electronic structure and the Schmidt model for the nucleus, we determine observables for a variety of clock-comparison experiments involving fountain clocks, comagnetometers, ion traps, lattice clocks, entangled states, and antimatter. The treatment demonstrates the complementarity of sensitivities to Lorentz and CPT violation among these different experimental techniques. It also permits the interpretation of some prior results in terms of bounds on nonminimal coefficients for Lorentz violation, including first constraints on nonminimal coefficients in the neutron sector. Estimates of attainable sensitivities in future analyses are provided. Two technical appendices collect relationships between spherical and Cartesian coefficients for Lorentz violation and provide explicit transformations converting Cartesian coefficients in a laboratory frame to the canonical Sun-centered frame. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.036003 I. INTRODUCTION physics, numerous searches for Lorentz violation have now reached sensitivities to physical effects originating at the Among the best laboratory tests of rotation invariance are Planck scale M ≃ 1019 GeV [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Lorentz and CPT Symmetry
    Testing Lorentz & CPT Symmetry Robert Bluhm Colby College Workshop on the Origins of P, CP, and T Violation Trieste, July 2008 Outline: I. Violations of Lorentz and CPT Symmetry? II. Standard-Model Extension (SME) III. Minimal SME in Minkowski spacetime IV. Experimental Signals V. Lorentz & CPT Tests in QED VI. Conclusions Indiana Lorentz Group: Alan Kostelecky Stuart Samuel Rob Potting Don Colladay Neil Russell Charles Lane Ralf Lehnert Matt Mewes Brett Altschul Quentin Bailey Jay Tasson I. Violations of Lorentz and CPT Symmetry? Nature appears to be invariant under: • Lorentz Symmetry - Rotations - Boosts • CPT Symmetry - Charge Conjugation - Parity Reflection - Time Reversal Numerous experiments confirm Lorentz & CPT symmetry: • Spectroscopic Lorentz tests (Hughes-Drever Expts) ⇒ very precise frequency measurements ⇒ sharp bounds on spatial anisotropies • CPT tests in high-energy physics ⇒ matter/antimatter experiments Theorems in QFT connect Lorentz & CPT symmetry: CPT Theorem (Pauli, Lüders, Bell, 1950s) • Local relativistic field theories of point particles cannot break CPT symmetry • Predicts equal masses, lifetimes, g factors, etc. for particles and antiparticles Lorentz Symmetry is also important in gravity theory Riemann spacetime ⇒ g eometry of general relativity κ metric = gμν curvature = R λμν Lorentz symmetry becomes a local symmetry - at each point local frames exist where gμν→ ημν - can Lorentz transform between local frames Experiment & theory both support Lorentz & CPT invariance Why look for Lorentz & CPT violation? ⇒ because they are fundamental symmetries ⇒ their breaking would be a signature of new physics Ideas for Lorentz violation include: • Spontaneous Lorentz violation • String theory • Loop quantum gravity • Spacetime foam • Breakdown of quantum mechanics • Spacetime varying couplings • Noncommutative geometry • and more .
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Einstein: the Search for Relativity Violations
    Beyond Einstein: The Search for Relativity Violations Alan Kostelecky Distinguished Professor, Physics CURRENT RESEARCH AFFILIATION Searching for changes to the fundamental theories of Indiana University Bloomington physics EDUCATION Physicists have sought to describe the fundamental laws of the universe for centuries. At Ph.D., in Physics, 1982 present, the best existing description of these laws involves two independent theories, Yale University Einstein's General Relativity for gravity and the Standard Model for quantum physics. A B.Sc., 1st class in Physics, 1977 central problem, currently unsolved, is to unify the two. To achieve this unification, scientists University of Bristol expect that modifications must be made to one and perhaps both of the existing theories. Dr. Alan Kostelecky, of Indiana University, is a theoretical physicist who investigates modifications that involve tiny changes in the laws of relativity. These changes, known as RESEARCH AREAS relativity violations, could revolutionize theoretical physics and lead to significant changes to Technology, Space, Computational Sciences / Mathematics, Materials Science / Physics our understanding of the universe. More specifically, Dr. Kostelecky pioneered the idea that there may be tiny deviations from FUNDING REQUEST the accepted laws of relativity. His research shows that these relativity violations could emerge from a fundamental theory unifying gravity with quantum physics such as string Your contributions will support the research of Dr. Alan Kostelecky at Indiana University as he theory. His comprehensive theoretical framework, known as the Standard-Model Extension studies the fundamental laws that dictate the universe. Your donations will help cover the (SME), is widely used for studying physics beyond Einstein's relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter of Interest Neutrinos As Probes for Lorentz
    Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest Neutrinos as Probes for Lorentz and CPT Symmetry NF Topical Groups: (check all that apply /) (NF1) Neutrino oscillations (NF2) Sterile neutrinos (NF3) Beyond the Standard Model (NF4) Neutrinos from natural sources (NF5) Neutrino properties (NF6) Neutrino cross sections (NF7) Applications (TF11) Theory of neutrino physics (NF9) Artificial neutrino sources (NF10) Neutrino detectors (Other) [Please specify frontier/topical group(s)] Contact Information: Name (Institution) [email]: Ralf Lehnert (Indiana University) [[email protected]] Authors: Carlos Arguelles¨ (Harvard University), Janet Conrad (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Jorge D´ıaz (Indiana University), Teppei Katori (King’s College), Alan Kostelecky´ (Indiana University), Ralf Lehnert (Indiana University), Danny Marfatia (University of Hawai’i), Susanne Mertens (Technical Univer- sity of Munich and Max Planck Institute for Physics), Mark D. Messier (Indiana University), Matthew Mewes (California Polytechnic State University), Celio´ Moura (Federal University of ABC), Diana Parno (Carnegie Mellon University), Heinrich Pas¨ (Technical University of Dortmund), Breese Quinn (Univer- sity of Mississippi), Brian Rebel (University of Wisconsin-Madison and Fermilab), Kate Scholberg (Duke University), Rex Tayloe (Indiana University), Jon Urheim (Indiana University), David Waters (University College London) Abstract: The coming decade is poised to witness an abundance of measurements with the potential of substantial improvements of our
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Lorentz and CPT Violation in Cosmology
    NATIONAL CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH DOCTORAL THESIS Aspects of Lorentz and CPT Violation in Cosmology Author: Supervisor: Nils Albin NILSSON Prof. Dr Hab. Mariusz P. DA¸BROWSKI A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Physical Sciences at the National Centre for Nuclear Research March 10, 2020 iii Declaration of Authorship I, Nils Albin NILSSON, declare that this thesis titled, “Aspects of Lorentz and CPT Violation in Cosmology” and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: • This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research de- gree at the National Centre for Nuclear Research. • Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at the National Centre for Nuclear Research or any other institution, this has been clearly stated. • Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. • Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. • I have acknowledged all main sources of help. • Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed my- self. Signed: Date: v “Nature never deceives us; it is always we who deceive ourselves” Jean-Jaques Rousseau vii NATIONAL CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Abstract National Centre for Nuclear Research Doctor of Physical Sciences Aspects of Lorentz and CPT Violation in Cosmology by Nils Albin NILSSON The breaking of Lorentz symmetry can give rise to a wealth of observational con- sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Absolute and Everlasting in Einstein's Relativity
    Original Paper UDC 115: 53/Einstein Received April 21st, 2006 Ivica Picek Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Prirodnoslovno-matematički fakultet, Fizički odsjek, Bijenička cesta 32, HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] Absolute and Everlasting in Einstein’s Relativity Abstract Pointing to the importance of invariance principles (symmetry laws) has been ranked as one of Einstein’s greatest merits. The symmetries represent an additional category used in a description of the physical world, additional to initial conditions and the very laws of Nature, as distinguished by Newton. Some invariances related to space and time are easy to describe: that the laws of nature are the same everywhere, that they are time independent, and that they do not change if some physical system is subjected to a rotation around an axis in space. The relativistic invariance, which Einstein re-established in his special relativity, was based on giving a full physical meaning to the transformations which Lorentz used to relate observers moving uniformly with respect to each other. He realized that there is no absolute “at rest”, and no sensible “simultaneous” events. What is absolute in his relativity is the constant speed of light, and a well defined proper-time interval. The relativity entered physics as the first great creative principle on Einstein’s list. Sub- sequently, its marriage to the quantum principle established in atomic physics, brought out the quantum field theory as a mighty tool for the future investigation of the subatomic world. The newly discovered fundamental interactions (weak and strong) urged to look for a principle explaining them. It has been found in the form of the gauge principle underly- ing the present day standard model of elementary particle interactions.
    [Show full text]