Laboratorio Dell'immaginario IL FALSO

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Laboratorio Dell'immaginario IL FALSO laboratorio dell’immaginario issn 1826-6118 rivista elettronica http://cav.unibg.it/elephant_castle IL FALSO a cura di Eleonora Caccia novembre 2017 CAV - Centro Arti Visive Università degli Studi di Bergamo GIUSEPPE PREVITALI Al di là del vero e del falso. Sul rapporto realtà/immagine nel genere mondo movies 1 Nel contesto della teoria del cinema il concetto di “falso” risulta essere particolarmente interessante e problematico. Il rapporto spinoso che l’immagine filmica intrattiene con il proprio referente è, in effetti, al centro di un ampio dibattito che risale alle origini del medium stesso. Nonostante il riconoscimento della natura copiati - va dell’immagine cinematografica come suo punto di forza sia un’acquisizione piuttosto tarda, che emerge nel secondo dopo - guerra (Casetti 1993: 23 e ss.), è in effetti già a partire dai primi decenni della storia del cinema che si delinea l’idea dell’immagine come riproduzione del reale (Boschi 1998: 125). Una riproduzio - ne che, sebbene mai perfetta (come attesta fra le altre già la “teo - ria dei fattori differenzianti”; Aristarco 1951), permette di vedere la realtà in modo nuovo, rivelatorio, epifanico. In questi primi ten - tativi di sistematizzazione viene infatti continuamente evocata la 1 Questo testo costituisce una rielaborazione e un approfondimento della rela - zione Mondo cane e oltre. Per una riqualificazione e un ripensamento del genere mondo movies presentata nell’ambito della giornata di studi AIRSC Storia & Sto - rie , tenutasi a Bologna nel dicembre 2016. Sono grato agli organizzatori per l’importante occasione di confronto e condivisione di metodologie, approcci e risultati e a Monica Dall’Asta per gli informali ma preziosi confronti su Jacopetti uomo e regista. 6 Elephant & Castle, n. 17 - Il falso, novembre 2017 G. Previtali - Al di là del vero e del falso 7 capacità del cinema di trasfigurare il dato reale più che di registrar - della realtà come di un effetto che discende dall’applicazione di lo; si tratta di una convinzione condivisa da diversi autori, utile sia determinate scelte linguistiche; perfino in relazione al cinema neo - a garantire legittimità artistica al nuovo medium sia a depotenziare realista (da Bazin ritenuto esempio precipuo della sua ontologia il terrore evocato già da Pirandello (2013) di uno sguardo mecca - cinematografica), si può parlare di costruzione retorica, di uno stile nico, impersonale, oggettificante (Callari 1991; Grignani 1992). che costruisce una impressione di realtà (Casetti, Malavasi 2003). Nel secondo dopoguerra saranno numerosi i teorici che ripren - Ne segue una progressiva sconfessione del modello del cinema deranno l’idea di un rapporto riproduttivo fra l’immagine e il suo come finestra sul mondo, in direzione di una maggiore insistenza referente, considerandolo però come elemento qualificante, onto - sui suoi aspetti linguistico-retorici (Elsaesser, Hagener 2009). logico del linguaggio cinematografico. È nota ad esempio la con - Se questa acquisizione risulta già di per sé problematica per il ci - vinzione di Bazin secondo la quale il cinema soddisfa, grazie alla nema di fiction, nel caso del documentario essa solleva una serie sua capacità di riproduzione meccanica, il nostro desiderio di sal - di questioni che interrogano il genere tanto da un punto di vista vare il passato, imbalsamandolo (1991: 3-10). La novità del pensie - etico quanto estetico. Superata ormai la convinzione ingenua se - ro baziniano, in effetti, sta proprio in questa sua capacità di supera - condo cui nel documentario “il film diventa direttamente docu - re la tradizione teorica precedente, ponendo in secondo piano mento” e “il mondo della realtà e il mondo dello schermo coinci - l’apporto creativo dell’autore rispetto alla capacità mimetica del dono” (Lotman, Tsivian 2001: 29-30) torna ad acquistare un certo mezzo. Ancora oggi al centro di un’intensa attività di scavo che valore analitico la definizione fornita a suo tempo da Grierson, se - porta all’emersione di nuovi frammenti in grado di completare condo la quale il documentario è essenzialmente un “trattamento una teoria già vasta e articolata (Dudley 2008), l’indagine di Bazin creativo della realtà” (Grierson 1933: 8). Ciò implica, più esplicita - non si riduce mai a un realismo ingenuo, ma si costruisce pren - mente, che non esistono documentari “innocenti” e che non vi so - dendo in considerazione – sebbene in modo non sempre del tut - no garanzie aprioristiche che ciò che vediamo sia reale e non ri - to coerente – anche il ruolo del linguaggio cinematografico in costruito: il riconoscimento della natura linguistica del vero apre quanto tale (Bertoncini 2009; De Vincenti 1993: 18-21, 25-50). cioè le porte alla possibilità del falso. Nel caso del documentario Se dunque il rapporto realtà/immagine è sempre stato visto in la questione è, appunto, particolarmente spinosa, dal momento modo meno ingenuo di quanto apparentemente si sarebbe por - che spesso i registi si incaricano di portare all’attenzione del pub - tati a credere (la copia, cioè, non è mai perfetta, neppure per Ba - blico problemi e questioni di rilevanza sociale. In casi come questi, zin), a partire dal secondo dopoguerra emerge con sempre mag - il sospetto di ricostruzione/falsificazione rischia di minare alla base giore forza una tendenza alla problematizzazione, ormai spintasi al la concessione di fiducia che il pubblico è disposto ad accordare parossismo nel contesto contemporaneo. Si manifesta cioè una all’autore, specialmente quando questi si propone di dar voce a propensione a leggere il rapporto fra l’immagine e il suo referente minoranze, soggetti subalterni o in qualche misura problematici nei termini di un linguaggio, una convenzione stilistica, una forma (casi in cui tornano alla memoria le questioni poste a suo tempo di costruzione. Ciò vale, ovviamente, per tutti i media riproduttivi: da Spivak (1988)). come nota Arnheim (1974: 156), ad esempio, non esiste una foto - Siamo dunque entrati, se come credo è corretta la diagnosi di Ive - grafia che sia una copia fedele della realtà, dal momento che essa lise Perniola (2014), in un’epoca postdocumentaria. Un momento è sempre un atto che “dà forma” al reale. Ugualmente, teorici di - storico, in altre parole, nel quale il valore probatorio (documenta - versi come Metz (1972: 31-45) e Barthes (1988: 151-9) parlano le, appunto) dell’immagine è forse non messo in crisi, ma senza 8 Elephant & Castle, n. 17 - Il falso, novembre 2017 G. Previtali - Al di là del vero e del falso 9 dubbio quantomeno necessitante di un radicale ripensamento. blematizzare con largo anticipo lo statuto dell’immagine docu - Anche la raffinata tassonomia delle forme documentarie proposta mentaria, con un uso spregiudicato di sequenze ricostruite che ve - da Nichols nel suo classico studio sul documentario (2014) appa - nivano spacciate per vere. Un genere che, come si cercherà di di - re oggi come una maglia troppo rigida per inseguire il mutevole mostrare, ha eroso sino all’indistinzione il confine fra vero e falso. territorio del cinema non-fiction contemporaneo; è forse più pro - Aspramente criticati per il loro portare sullo schermo immagini duttivo (come d’altronde suggerisce la stessa Perniola), seguire il violente o ai limiti del pornografico (Previtali 2016a: 162-5) i film percorso tracciato da Stella Bruzzi (2006) e cominciare a prende - del filone mondo sono solitamente presentati come un fenomeno re in considerazione l’idea di un possibile decadimento del “princi - astorico, privo tanto di genealogia quanto di ricadute sulla cultura pio di rappresentabilità del reale” (Perniola 2014: 64). Sembra che, visuale successiva (lo dimostra, oltre che la mancanza di una mo - in un panorama mediale caratterizzato da una sempre maggiore nografia scientifica dedicata all’argomento, la posizione periferica e presenza di forme ibride fra fiction e documentario (Rhodes, i toni spregiativi riservati a queste opere dalle storie del docu - Springer 2006) e all’interno del quale l’avvento della tecnologia di - mentario italiano, come quella recente di Bertozzi (2014)). Appu - gitale complica la relazione fra immagine e referente, 2 garantendo rato che, come cercheremo di dimostrare, l’eredità del genere al contempo una più semplice e pervasiva manipolabilità/falsifica - mondo consiste proprio nella messa in crisi della diade vero/falso bilità dell’immagine stessa, sia quasi la cogenza della questione “ve - in relazione al documentario, vale la pena di segnalare che il filone ro/falso” a essere (o a dover essere) messa in discussione. è anticipato da tutta una serie di pellicole che allontanandosi dai Prendere atto dell’importanza della questione induce a riflettere moduli del Neorealismo, indagheranno gli spazi dell’esotico adot - sulla possibilità che questa indecidibilità , o forse questa mancata tando una morale fondata su “un repertorio di luoghi comuni di - preminenza del valore di verità quale categoria utile all’interroga - vulgati dalla cultura borghese” (Nepoti 2004: 192). 3 zione delle immagini filmiche, possa avere dei prodromi in opere, A partire dal capostipite Europa di notte (Alessandro Blasetti, generi e tendenze precedenti, che hanno in qualche modo pre - 3 Una lettera d’Afri - corso i tempi e gettato le basi di fenomeni che oggi appaiono tipi - Fra i diversi film prodotti in quegli anni, ricordiamo almeno: ca (Leonardo Bonzi, 1951), Magia verde (Gian Gaspare Napolitano, 1952), Eva ci della contemporaneità. In questo senso è possibile rileggere in nera (Giuliano Tomei, 1954), Continente
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