Modelos Em Divulgação Científica E Internet No Brasil: Que Caminhos?

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Modelos Em Divulgação Científica E Internet No Brasil: Que Caminhos? Meghie de Sousa Rodrigues Modelos em divulgação científica e internet no Brasil: que caminhos? CAMPINAS, 2015 i ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Laboratório de Estudos Avançados em Jornalismo Meghie de Sousa Rodrigues Modelos em divulgação científica e internet no Brasil: que caminhos? Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem e do Laboratório de Estudos Avançados em Jornalismo, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, como requisito para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural na área de Divulgação Científica e Cultural Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rafael de Almeida Evangelista ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA MEGHIE DE SOUSA RODRIGUES, E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. RAFAEL DE ALMEIDA EVANGELISTA ________________________________________________ CAMPINAS, 2015 iii Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Crisllene Queiroz Custódio - CRB 8/8624 Rodrigues, Meghie de Sousa, 1986- R618m RodModelos em divulgação científica e internet no Brasil : que caminhos? / Meghie de Sousa Rodrigues. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2015. RodOrientador: Rafael de Almeida Evangelista. RodDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. Rod1. Divulgação científica - Brasil. 2. Internet. 3. Redes sociais on-line. 4. Comunicação na ciência. I. Evangelista, Rafael de Almeida. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Science communication models and internet in Brazil : what ways? Palavras-chave em inglês: Scientific divulgation - Brazil Internet Online social networks Communication in science Área de concentração: Divulgação Científica e Cultural Titulação: Mestra em Divulgação Científica e Cultural Banca examinadora: Rafael de Almeida Evangelista [Orientador] Juri Castelfranchi Carolina Cantarino Rodrigues Data de defesa: 26-02-2015 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Divulgação Científica e Cultural iv Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) v vi À minha sobrinha Alice, cujos sorrisos e conversas contribuíram mais para esta pesquisa do que ela se dá conta vii viii AGRADECIMENTOS Três anos depois de começar esta jornada que enfim se encerra, certamente tive tempo de encontrar muitas pessoas a quem agradecer. A primeira delas, sem dúvida, é o meu orientador, Rafael Evangelista, com sua paciência e confiança infinitas. Elas foram peça chave em um processo em que aprendi bem mais do que pensar sobre comunicação, ciência e contemporaneidade. Agradeço também à minha família e aos meus amigos em Belo Horizonte, Campinas e outros espalhados mundo afora pela compreensão e pelo apoio de todas as horas – em especial àqueles que dividiram o mesmo espaço comigo em Barão Geraldo, que se tornou minha casa durante este período de idas e vindas. Às professoras Carolina Cantarino e Marta Kanashiro, cujas observações durante a qualificação foram essenciais para que pudesse pensar melhor meu objeto. Agradeço também, por terem aceito o convite para membros suplente e titular da banca final, à professora Isaltina Gomes, que conheci no Intercom que participei em 2011 no Recife, e ao professor Yurij Castelfranchi, cujas observações durante o período em que estive no curso de Ciências Sociais da UFMG me ajudaram muito a amadurecer acadêmica e pessoalmente. À equipe da sub-rede de Divulgação Científica e Mudanças Climáticas da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas sobre Mudanças Climáticas Globais (Rede CLIMA), em especial aos que estão envolvidos na produção da revista ClimaCom: é um privilégio e orgulho enorme trabalhar e aprender com vocês. Obrigada por serem parte importante de um processo do qual esta dissertação é parte. À Magali Moraes, Alessandra Carnauskas, Marivane Fátima, Rosângela Silva e demais responsáveis pelo setor administrativo do Labjor. O sucesso de cada mestrando e pós- graduando do Laboratório não seria possível sem a dedicação de vocês. Aos amigos com quem tive o prazer de trabalhar e aprender sobre Divulgação Científica no Brasil e fora dele na Universidade das Crianças (em especial Débora Reis), no GalileoMobile, na revista ComCiência e na Letras & Artes Comunicação Integrada (em especial Luciano Valente). Muito obrigada pela amizade, carinho e inspiração. ix Aos demais colegas de mestrado, professores do Labjor e colegas de profissão, principalmente os que foram objeto da incursão etnográfica: obrigada pelas conversas de corredor e online. Elas certamente contribuíram muito para enriquecer este trabalho. x RESUMO O intuito que motivou esta pesquisa foi, em um escopo mais alargado, perceber em que medida a divulgação científica está mudando com o uso da Internet no Brasil. Mais especificamente, perceber como os modelos de comunicação pública da ciência se confluem no espaço digital e, perceber se, com o advento das tecnologias em rede, estaria surgindo um novo modelo para além das noções de déficit, diálogo e participação em divulgação científica (TRENCH, 2008) como se conhece hoje. Os caminhos apontados pelo estudo, no entanto, fizeram com que se chegasse a outras avaliações, mais interessantes do que o que o plano inicial poderia prever. Ao invés de fazer uma correspondência entre teoria e prática, modelo e aplicação através de uma análise discursiva dos manuais de divulgação científica (para observar como materializam a ideia de “modelo de comunicação pública de ciência”) e da análise de páginas na Internet para saber como déficit, diálogo e participação se manifestam na prática, foi possível revisitar e colocar alguns questionamentos sobre a própria noção de “modelo” e tomar o mapeamento de campo também como problema. A partir daí, foi possível sugerir que o conceito de modulação, de Gilles Deleuze (2000) pode ser um caminho interessante para ajudar a pensar estes modelos, bem como perceber algumas questões que inquietam uma parcela dos divulgadores de ciência no Brasil no que toca sua própria prática – e algumas ideias que informam suas opiniões sobre jornalista, cientista e público. Assim, foi possível perceber, ainda que de forma inicial, que pode ser que modelo e modulação se sobreponham e funcionem sem a necessidade de que um prescinda do outro, embora sejam formulações diferentes. E pode ser que esta seja uma das formas como a divulgação científica aponta para mudanças no meio digital. Palavras-chave: Modelos de Comunicação Pública da Ciência; Internet; Brasil; redes sociais; novas mídias. xi xii ABSTRACT The initial aim of this research was, in a larger scope, notice to what measure science communication is changing with Internet use in Brazil. More in specific, to notice how models of public communication of science blend within the digital space and notice whether, with the emergence of network technologies, a new model besides the currently known notions of deficit, dialogue and participation (TRENCH, 2008) could be looming. The route taken at this study, though, made possible some other evaluations, more interesting than the initial plan could foresee. Instead of making a correspondence between theory and practice, model and application through a discourse analysis of science communication handbooks (so that it could be possible to observe how the idea of “models in public communication of science” materializes) and the study of webpages in order to know how deficit, dialogue and participation manifest in practice, it was possible to revisit and put forth some questions about the notion of “model” itself, and also take the mapping of the field as a problem. From there, it was possible to suggest that the concept of modulation, as in Gilles Deleuze (2000) can be an interesting way to help think these models, as well as notice some issues that disquiet a parcel of science communicators in Brazil in what regards their own practice – and some ideas that inform their opinion about journalist, scientist and public. Therefore, it was possible to notice, even in a still feeble way, that it might be that model and modulation superpose and work without necessarily annulling each other, even being different formulations. And it might be that this is one among the many ways science communication is changing within the digital environment. Keywords: Models in Public Understanding of Science; Internet; Brazil; social media; new media. xiii xiv SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO E APRESENTAÇÃO ......................................................................... 1 1 CIENTISTAS, JORNALISTAS E PÚBLICOS EM UM CALEIDOSCÓPIO ...... 6 1.1 A influência das teorias da Comunicação ........................................................... 9 1.1.1 Um ponto de partida: a teoria hipodérmica ................................................ 9 1.1.2 A superação da teoria hipodérmica ........................................................... 12 1.1.3 As teorias crítica e culturológica ................................................................ 16 1.1.4 A hipótese da agenda-setting ...................................................................... 18 1.2 Diferentes visões sobre cientistas, jornalistas e públicos: uma breve tipologia dos modelos de comunicação pública da ciência .......................................................... 21 1.2.1 O modelo de déficit ...................................................................................... 24 1.2.2 O modelo dialógico .....................................................................................
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