Academy of Social Science Journals ISSN: 2456-2394 Home Page: http://innovativejournal.in/index.php/assj/index April, 2019 |Volume 04|Issue 04| Pages: 1294-1299

Research Article

Space vehicles of a new type (without fuel) S.I. Konstantinov Department of Physical Electronics, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia,St. Petersburg , RSC “Energy”, Russian Federation.

Abstract: In my article the source of inexhaustible energy can be a non- baryonic matter (dark energy and dark matter), including the galactic and intergalactic medium, which accounts for 95% of the average density of matter in the universe. Keywords: dark energy, dark matter, quantum vacuum, superfluid ³He-B, polarization, byuon, engine EmDrive, anti-gravity quantum engine, Yu.Baurov's spacecraft, Installation SMOLA

1. Introduction

Despite all the successes of modern astrophysics, the the side of non- baryonic matter) on the system is cosmological theory of the birth and evolution of the negligible, but it can become of major importance Universe still remains a territory of misconceptions. when the system goes into a unstable condition [2]. Martin Ries, the cosmologist and the astrophysicist, This is how the Universe receives energy to President of the Royal Society of London, believes maintain a constant cosmological density during that the birth of the Universe will remain a mystery expansion, and this is the basis for the innovation of to us forever. He declares: “We do not understand spacecraft of a new type (without fuel). the laws of the Universe and maybe never know how the universe appeared and what awaits it. The 2. Essentially new the space engines hypotheses about the Big Bang, which allegedly 2.1 The physical principles of the microwave gave rise to the world around us, or that there may Roger Shawyer’s engine EmDrive be many others parallel Universes, or about the The author of the idea of a directed by holographic nature of the world, will remain microwave radiation is considered to be a British unproved assumptions.”. However, the question engineer Roger Schauer, which is more than 10 arises: if the Universe expands, then where does the years ago, designed a number of demonstration units energy come from to maintain a constant the (first - in 2003.) In 2006, he introduced the cosmological density of energy? V.Rubakov, a electromagnetic motor EmDrive [3]. His device is member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, writes quite simple: the magnetron generates microwaves, about this: “There is no law of conservation of and energy is stored in a copper resonator (see energy in cosmology. The universe expands, but Fig.1). The resonator is in the form of a container energy thickness is constant. Volume increases and having a truncated cone shape and the open side of the energy in that volume increases, too. Where does space. Microwave generator directs radiation into it come from? From nowhere, there is no law of the cavity, where it is repeatedly reflected from the conservation of energy” [1]. If scientists manage to walls of the hollow vessel, and due to the effect of find this source of energy, then humanity will be radiation pressure creates a greater thrust from the provided with free, clean energy in unlimited cone base. With this motor does not require quantities and opens an inexhaustible source of traditional . Microwave radiation is conceptual innovation in all areas of activity. Such a generated solely by the electrical energy that will source of inexhaustible energy can be a non- fuel the engine EmDrive by solar panels. To operate baryonic matter (dark energy and dark matter), the engine does not require any fuel or the working including the galactic and intergalactic medium, masses, it will work as long as the elements of its which accounts for 95% of the average density of design do not physically go out of order. However, matter in the universe. Numerous experiments have the scientific community convinced in violation of allowed establishing that in a stable steady the law of conservation of device and is condition, an active influence from the outside (from in no hurry to recognize the results, calling them

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“unscientific.” The most recent information message due to dispersion. At small energies on the comprehensive testing engine EmDrive “Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed >> and the presence of quick own oscillations Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum” was published has no influence all quantum phenomena result from in the Journal of Propulsion and Power in 2016 [4]. de Broglie oscillations. In the case when frequency The authors of Harold White, Paul March, James → (frequency resonance ωᵣ), growth of Lawrence, Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David energy and resonance phenomenon appears that Brady and Paul Bailey (NASA Johnson Space results in oscillating amplitude increase and in mass Center, Houston, Texas 77058) concluded: “the growth of the - pairs [6]. It follows quantum vacuum a dynamic medium could from the theory of waves, that the energy of any potentially be modeled at the microscopic level as wave (including acoustic and electromagnetic) can the electron-positron . If the vacuum is be determined by the vibrating medium density ρ, indeed mutable and degradable as was explored, the amplitude Ak wave and its frequency ν [7]: then it might be possible to do/extract work on/from Wk = ρAk²ν²/2 (J/m³), (11) the vacuum, and thereby be possible to push off of Professor V.A.Etkin proposes to determine the the quantum vacuum and preserve the laws of strength of interaction the microwave engine conservation of energy and conservation of Shawyer with space environment (Fk) as the momentum... The 1.2 mN / kW performance derivative of the energy system in the space parameter EmDrive is over two orders of magnitude coordinate (radius vector r) [8]: higher than other forms of “zero-” propulsion, such as light sails, laser propulsion, and Fk = – (dWk/dr) (12) photon .” Thus, the pair of opposing forces, whose magnitude is proportional to the frequency of the radiation waves, this ensures that the law of conservation of momentum is performed: Pd + Pk = const, (13) where Pd - impulse EmDrive mass m, Pk - excitation pulse among the mass M. Dr. Chen Yue, Director of Commercial Satellite Technology for the Academy of Space Technology (CAST) announced on December 10, 2016, that not only has China successfully tested EmDrives technology in its laboratories but that an on the Tiangong 2 space station. In the EmDrive,

Fig.1 The microwave Roger Shawyer’s engine first proposed by Roger Shawyer, the microwave EmDrive cavity is an asymmetric resonator, such as a truncated cone, with one end much larger than the We need to establish the nature of the interaction of other. At the narrower end, a source of the Shawyer’s engine with the surrounding space electromagnetic energy (such as a magnetron) environment. A striking feature of this interaction is bombards the cavity with microwaves. These waves that the microwave oscillations generated in the are contained and bounce off the cavity's walls, resonator themselves create a reference medium for creating electromagnetic resonance. September 12, the engine with obtaining the real mass of electron- 2017, Chinese scientists on the state television positron pairs [5]. The physical meaning of this channel CCTV-2 announced the creation of a extremely fast oscillatory process is this after working version of the microwave engine EmDrive external impact on the quantum vacuum which with a thrust of 100 Newtons per kW. In the near represents a global field of oscillators’ super- future, China is going to put into orbit a new positions with the continuum of frequencies , a wave powerful version of the EmDrive engine. packet arises in it, oscillating like a membrane or 2.2 Leonov's anti-gravity quantum engine string with a frequency , γ=√ . A further step in the improvement of Roger The frequency of these free oscillations is very Shawyer’s engine EmDrive was the V.S. Leonov's high. The wavelength of the envelope is exactly anti-gravity quantum engine. With a mass of about equal to de Broglie wavelength, with frequency 50 kg, the vertical thrust impulse makes 500-700 kg

1295 Academy of Social Science Journals, vol. 4, Issue 04, April, 2019 S.I. Konstantinov / Space vehicles of a new type (without fuel) force (more than 5000 Newtons), creating a starting element vertical acceleration of more than 10g. At the same 1 – electromotor (i.e. a step motor or servo-motor); time, it should be noted that the quantum engine 2 – off-center iron load; 3 – rotational trajectory of operates on electrical energy, not consuming the load, periodically resting along or near the chemical fuel. The energy of the chemical fuel vertical; R – revolution radius, not less than 5 cm; F during combustion, in general, gives off heat and – expected vector of action of the new force, goes to unnecessary heating of the atmosphere and producing cyclic impulses just before each stop of the cosmos. The quantum engine does not emit the load, opposite to the direction of motion of the thermal combustion products, and the electric power load itself. consumption goes only to the creation of tractive Baurov's experiments show that we can present the power, providing for its higher efficiency in expression of traction force magnitude as: comparison with the taxiway. This is a revolution in space engine building. In addition, the distribution F = K(M/T) (14), of loads for the device with the quantum engine in where K is a coefficient of rotation load form; M is comparison with engines has undeniable the rotation load mass; advantages. So, the device with quantum engine T is a rotation period of load [11]. carries 90% of the payload at 10% of the mass of the engine and the power source. The launch vehicle This expression is very important and used for usual carries 5% of the payload when it is put into orbit, engineer working in space industry. It was shown in and the rest is made up of chemical fuel and the [12] (see Fig.3, the rotation near vertical axis) that itself [9] the maximum of traction force magnitude in one rotation can be about 300g if the mass of the rotation 2.3 Basic element of the new thruster of load is equal 718g, period of rotation ≈ 0.6c, the rest Yu.Baurov's spacecraft power installation time ≈ 0.1c (the force middle magnitude for period Yu. A. Baurov in article [10] presented new non ≈10g). Yu. A. Baurov in article [10] presented the gauge interaction, new traction force and new construction of power installation of spacecraft principle of a motion. using byuon energy. The spacecraft is a reserved The experimental investigations of new non-gauge disposition object therefore a summary mechanical force for creation of traction force of thruster which moment of all force on spacecraft board must be can be used for spacecraft is shown. The physical equal zero. Fig. 3 shows a solving this problem for nature of the new force is explained by the theory of spacecraft power installation element. byuon, a non gauge theory of the formation of the physical space and the world of ultimate particles 2 6 5 3 from some unobservable objects called “byuons”. Also the elements of power installation construction F of spacecraft are presented. Traction force is equal 7 about 19200N at mass of spacecraft about 7000 kg. М 1 М2 The results of flight trajectory calculation of disk- F 11 shape spacecraft using byuon energy is shown from the Earth's surface. Using this spacecraft can fly for any distance to stars. Basic element of the new thruster is shown in Fig.2 4 8

9 10 Fig.3 The power installation block elements 1. Servo-motor, 2 –construction casing, 3 - construction strengthening element, 4 – holder of load, 5 – the load, 6 – direction of traction force F, 7 – direction of the spacecraft motion, 8 – the wires from a feeding system (9)and control system (10) of servo-motors, 11 – directions of Fig.2 Schematic view of the new thruster basic 1296 Academy of Social Science Journals, vol. 4, Issue 04, April, 2019 S.I. Konstantinov / Space vehicles of a new type (without fuel)

servo-motors mechanical moments M1and M2, medium) as an environment supporting the motion (M1 = M2). of an object). Using of such new spacecraft allow to Fig 4, shows the all construction scheme of power solve many practical problems of space flights. installation of spacecraft of disk-shape [10] (3 -view 2.4 Installation SMOLA (Spiral Magnetic Open from up) using byuon energy containing electric Trap) is a new technology of creation of the space generator providing the electric energy getting for thermonuclear engine basic elements of the new . The designations (numbers) of construction elements are Scientists at the G. Budker Institute of Nuclear identical to Figures 3,4. Physics, RAS have tested the installation SMOLA The power installation of spacecraft using byuon (Spiral Magnetic Open Trap), with which you can energy works by following method. The electricity keep the thermonuclear plasma in linear magnetic from storage battery feeds to electric generator systems (see Fig.5) [13]. servo-motors. Using induction coils of electric generator, dynamo power installation produces the electricity which is used servo–motors of power installation of spacecraft. The part of electricity feeds to storage battery filling up its. The changing the rest positions of load can get any directions of spacecraft motion.

Fig.5 The installation of SMOLA On the one hand, the new installation should help to make one more step towards controlled thermonuclear fusion (TNF), and on the other hand it will enable the spacecraft to accelerate to record speeds. Open traps, which are dealt with in the Institute of Nuclear Physics, are free from the shortcomings the closed plasma traps (tokamaks). The thermonuclear energy of the future is unlikely to Fig.4. Thescheme of power installation construction be generated on the basis of a tokamak. First of all, (view from up). it costs too much (the estimate of the ITER 1 – servo-motors, 4 – holder of load, 5 – the load, 6 Tokamak exceeded 15 billion euro), and – direction of traction force F, 7 – direction of the construction time is constantly delayed. And spacecraft motion, 11 – the servo-motor rotation secondly, in tokamak it is possible to ignite only axis, 12 - the spacecraft frame, 13 - electric plasma, consisting of a tritium and deuterium generator frame hoop, 14 - electric generator axis, mixture. But tritium is itself radioactive, and the 15 – magnets, 16 – induction coils of electric reaction process creates neutron radiation. So such a generator, 17 –generator hoop rotation axis, 18 – thermonuclear station will cause nearly the same dynamo, 19 – brake, 20 – frame of traction devices, environmental problems as the nuclear power plant 21 – hollow cylinders for position of power today. Open traps are way simpler and cheaper, and installation blocks with servo-motors, 22 – axis of can generate a clean, neutron-free thermonuclear hollow cylinders for position of power installation reaction. But the trouble is that they are open, which blocks, 24 – direction of rotation of loads. means that the plasma may possibly leak out of Yu. A. Baurov in article [10] have shown a variant them. The installation SMOLA is meant to solve this of power installation construction of spacecraft issue. “The idea was to create a magnetic field in the using byuon energy and new principle of the form of a screw. Imagine a meat grinder that is spacecraft motion (the physical space (the quantum turning minced meat. In our case that minced meat is 1297 Academy of Social Science Journals, vol. 4, Issue 04, April, 2019 S.I. Konstantinov / Space vehicles of a new type (without fuel) the plasma”, - senior researcher of the Institute, Nicola Tesla's of the System wirelessly transmit Anton Sudnikov explained. “Plasma particles tend to Energy is a crushing blow to the modern scientific fly out of the meat grinder through the grill, but if paradigm, which brought to a crisis of theoretical we turn the handle in the opposite direction, the physics. mincemeat will move backwards - the opposite Acknowledgements impulses compensate each other and the plasma remains in place, that is, in trap”. Deputy Director of The author thanks for discussions to the professors the Institute Alexander Ivanov gave additional V.A. Etkin and Yu.A. Baurov comments: “According to theoretical estimates, the References longitudinal plasma losses will decrease by 20-100 times. This will make it possible to raise the plasma 1. Rubakov V.A. Energy is as clear as mud,- temperature a lot. It is planned that two SMOLA Scientific American, No.4, 2014 units will become parts of a new gas-dynamic multi- 2. Stanislav I. Konstantinov Latent Energy of the mirror trap, which is designed in the Institute. It is Universe -International Journal of Advanced expected to attain plasma parameters, which are not Research in Physical Science, Volume 4, Issue inferior to the best tokamaks. This can be a real 7, 2017, Page No: 20-31 breakthrough. Besides, if we start turning the handle 3. Shawyr R.C. The EmDrive Programme – of the meat grinder in the opposite direction, then Implications for the Future of the Aerospace In- the plasma particles will not be decelerated, but, on dustry.- SPR Ltd UK. CEAS 2009. Manchester . the contrary, will fly out with acceleration”. (2009) Alexander Ivanov told that the scientists achieved a 4. Harold White, Paul March, James Lawrence, temperature of plasma of 100,000 degrees and Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David Brady and reached a sufficient density. These parameters are Paul Bailey. Measurement of Impulsive Thrust enough for the creation of rocket engine. The from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Institute director, Pavel Logachev said: “If the Vacuum, - NASA Johnson Space Center, experiments planned on it are successful we expect Houston, Texas 77058, Journal of Propulsion to get new technologies for thermonuclear fusion, on and Power, (2016) the one hand, and a promising plasma engine for 5. Stanislav Konstantinov Polarization of Vacuum - spacecrafts, on the other hand” [13, 14]. Open Access Journal of Physics, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2018, PP 15-24 4. Conclusion 6. S.I. Konstantinov, The New Particle from CERN Analyzing the situation, have to admit that the real and Leo Sapogin’s Unitary Quantum Theory - reason for the crisis of theoretical physics is the International Journal of Advanced Research in expulsion of the quantum vacuum, dark energy and Physical Science (IJARPS) Volume 5, Issue 10, dark matter and replacing them with a massless 2018, PP 1-12 medium the physical vacuum. An important feature 7. Crawford F. Berkeley physics course. T.3: of an inhomogeneous space environment, which has Waves. - M .: Mir, 529 p. (1965) electric and magnetic perception, is the formation of 8. Etkin VA Energodinamika (fusion energy local structures that have mass and energy, under the transfer and transformation theories) .-SPb .: influence of gravity, magnetic and electric fields, as "Science", 409 p. (2008) well as a new fifth interaction (fifth force). The 9. Leonov V.S., Quantum Energetics: Theory of approaches in the models are different, and the Superunification.- Viva Books, India, (2011) conclusion is the same: the Universe is a dynamic 10. Yu. A. Baurov, The spacecraft using byuon system that continuously generates positive and energy - Indian Journal of Physics and negative masses of matter and regulates their density Application. ISBN 2347-3991 Volume 3, by expanding its boundaries. This circumstance Number 1 (2018), pp. 9-18 leads to new, more general conservation laws 11. Yu. A. Baurov, F.Meneguzzo, L. Albanese. inherent in the physics of open systems. Successful Experimental Investigation of the Traction Force tests of Roger Shawyer's engine EmDrive without for a New Space Thruster. - American Journal of fuel, Baurov's engine and Leonov's anti-gravity Astronomy an Astrophysics. Special Issue: quantum engine, introduction of Andrea Rossi's Global Anisotropy, Theory of Byuon, New reactor E-Cat with an efficiency of over 100% and Force, New PowerSystem, Propulsion, Space long-term work of Paul Baumann's electric Flights. 2(2)(2014) 40-46. generator “Testatik Machine M/L Converter” 12. Yu. A. Baurov, A. Yu. Baurov, A. Yu. Baurov without energy consumption, successful tests of (Jr.), F. Meneguzzo and A.A. Bugaev, New 1298 Academy of Social Science Journals, vol. 4, Issue 04, April, 2019 S.I. Konstantinov / Space vehicles of a new type (without fuel) Interaction in Nature and its Use in the Form of Traction,- Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 13(1) (2012) 40-49. 13. Svyatoslav Ivanov Siberian physicists conducted the first successful experiments on the creation of a thermonuclear engine - RIA “Novosti”, December 27, 2018. hightech.fm›2018/12/27/smola 14. Physicists Developing Plasma Engine for “Super Fast” Space Travel (Nations compete for cutting-edge interstellar travel) - By Sputnik Wednesday, January 02, 2019, NEWSWARS, Monday, February 11, 2019

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