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ROSANA ANDRÉA GONÇALVES Sociedades Africanas Frente À UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL ROSANA ANDRÉA GONÇALVES Sociedades africanas frente à situação colonial europeia: o Estado Independente do Congo (1876-1908) VERSÃO CORRIGIDA São Paulo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Sociedades africanas frente à situação colonial europeia: o Estado Independente do Congo (1876-1908) Rosana Andréa Gonçalves Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em História Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Cristina Cortez Wissenbach VERSÃO CORRIGIDA São Paulo 2016 2 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Gonçalves, Rosana Andréa Gs Sociedades africanas frente à situação colonial europeia: o Estado Independente do Congo (1876- 1908) / Rosana Andréa Gonçalves ; orientador Maria Cristina Cortez Wissenbach. - São Paulo, 2016. 190 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de História. Área de concentração: História Social. 1. África Central. 2. Século XIX. 3. Colonialismo europeu. 4. Estado Independente do Congo. I. Wissenbach, Maria Cristina Cortez, orient. II. Título. 3 GONÇALVES, Rosana Andréa. Sociedades africanas frente à situação colonial europeia: o Estado Independente do Congo (1876-1908). Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em História. Aprovada em: 08/08/2016 Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr._________________________________________________________ Instituição:_______________________________________________________ Julgamento:______________________________________________________ Assinatura:_______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr._________________________________________________________ Instituição:_______________________________________________________ Julgamento:______________________________________________________ Assinatura:_______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr._________________________________________________________ Instituição:_______________________________________________________ Julgamento:______________________________________________________ Assinatura:_______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr._________________________________________________________ Instituição:_______________________________________________________ Julgamento:______________________________________________________ Assinatura:_______________________________________________________ 4 RESUMO O Estado Independente do Congo foi reconhecido internacionalmente em 1885 como resultado da ação de representantes europeus em obter tratados de cessão de soberania junto às autoridades e chefes africanos da região da bacia do Congo. No entanto, a implantação de uma “missão civilizadora”, em consonância com os interesses comerciais do monarca belga Leopoldo II, não se deu sem conflitos, embates e resistências. A crueldade e a arbitrariedade que marcaram tal processo ecoaram na opinião pública internacional, gerando movimentos de denúncias sobre as violências que vitimaram as populações africanas. Este trabalho busca analisar as reações e acomodações ocorridas a partir da situação colonial que se impôs frente a um contexto no qual se faziam presentes múltiplas e variadas formas de organização política das sociedades africanas da região. Palavras-chave: África Central, século XIX, colonialismo europeu, Estado Independente do Congo. 5 Title: African societies in the face of European colonial situation: the Congo Free State (1876-1908) Abstract: The Congo Free State was internationally recognized in 1885 as a result of the action of European representatives in obtaining sovereignty transfer treaties with the African authorities and leaders of the Congo Basin region. However, the implementation of a "civilizing mission" aligned to the commercial interests of the Belgian king Leopold II, has not been without conflicts, struggles and resistances. The cruelty and arbitrariness that have marked this process echoed on the international public opinion, generating movements of complaints about violence toward the African populations. This work seeks to analyze the reactions and accommodations that followed the colonial situation that was imposed in a context in which were present multiple and varied forms of political organization of African societies in the region. Keywords: Central Africa, nineteenth century, European colonialism, Congo Free State. 6 SUMÁRIO Resumo ________________________________________________________ p. 5 Abstract ________________________________________________________ p. 6 Agradecimentos __________________________________________________ p. 8 Introdução ______________________________________________________ p. 10 Capítulo 1: Expansionismo europeu na África Central ___________________ p. 20 Capítulo 2: Delimitações e negociações do Estado Independente do Congo __ p. 78 Capítulo 3 A questão da mão de obra na África Central __________________ p. 102 Capítulo 4: Crise do Estado Independente do Congo e transferência do território ao Estado Belga________________________________________ p. 143 Considerações Finais ______________________________________________ p. 166 Anexos _________________________________________________________ p. 171 Bibliografia _____________________________________________________ p. 175 7 AGRADECIMENTOS O trabalho de pesquisa mesmo sendo, por vezes, muito solitário, paradoxalmente revela amizades e gestos de solidariedade de tantas pessoas que é difícil dar conta de agradecer a todas. Há pessoas que ajudam de perto, há outras que contribuem à distância e há ainda aquelas que ajudam mesmo sem se dar conta disso. Espero não esquecer de ninguém, mas vou nomear aqui algumas pessoas que fizeram a diferença na construção deste trabalho, às quais quero agradecer. À minha orientadora Cristina Wissenbach, por me acompanhar nos caminhos trilhados há mais de uma década, desde a elaboração do projeto de mestrado, pela confiança e pelo apoio às decisões que se fizeram necessárias. Aos professores que compuseram a banca de qualificação deste trabalho, Alexsander Gebara e Leila Leite Hernandez, pelas sugestões e direcionamentos que foram valiosos no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. À Leila Leite Hernandez, devo um agradecimento especial pela proximidade e por me receber sempre de forma muito generosa, ajudando-me com conselhos certeiros e preciosas indicações bibliográficas. À Juliana Ribeiro Bevilacqua, amiga mais que querida, companheira de muitas horas desde o mestrado, porque fez e faz toda diferença em muitos momentos com seu bom humor e palavras de carinho. Aos amigos de vida e colegas de ofício Stella Maris e José Carlos Vilardaga, pelas trocas e pelos bons momentos que já passamos. À Kelly Araújo pela amizade e pelas muitas sugestões neste estudo. Aos meus colegas que fazem parte do mesmo grupo de orientandos: Lia Laranjeira, Marcia Pacito, Juliana Paiva, Elaine Ribeiro, Rafael Galante, Ivana Pansera, Elisângela Queiroz, Pedro Cunha, David Ribeiro, Fábia Barbosa Ribeiro, Juliana Farias. Especialmente a Lia, Marcinha e Fábia por tantas trocas. À Angela Fileno e Helena Wakim pela generosidade e amizade. 8 Ao Carlos Manoel Pimenta, pelas trocas acadêmicas e pela amizade. Ao Hein Vanhee pela generosidade em me ceder informações e materiais de pesquisa, além de me indicar os caminhos de pesquisa no Museu Real da África Central, em Tervuren. À Carla Banjai, junto com Hein, por me receberem carinhosamente e pela companhia nas noites frias de Bruxelas. À Telma Resende e ao Vinicius Melleu Cione, por me ajudarem na reorganização de compromissos e horários de forma tão compreensiva e generosa. Aos funcionários das instituições de pesquisa e bibliotecas: em São Paulo: Biblioteca Florestans Fernandes; em Bruxelas: Biblioteca e Arquivos Africanos do Ministério de Assuntos Estrangeiros; em Tervuren: Museu Real da África Central; em Lisboa: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. À minha família, mas principalmente à minha mãe Magneide e minha sogra Valdelice que, mesmo sem terem ideia do que se tratava este trabalho, me apoiaram e deram suporte com a neta e com os afazeres domésticos em minhas ausências. À Jeane Gonçalves que, como se não bastasse o colo e carinho de irmã, cuidou de ajeitar imagens e mapas. Ao Marco, meu amado companheiro de vida, que esteve ao meu lado sempre, mesmo quando isso significava estarmos longe um do outro. Além das leituras atentas, preciosas sugestões e críticas cuidadosas. À Ceci, quem disse que as crianças não ajudam? Minha doce menina esteve presente com seu carinho e, com seu bom humor, me distraiu em momentos em que tudo que eu precisava era “pensar em nada”. Soube ainda esperar pacientemente pelos momentos em que eu estivesse mais liberada para ficarmos juntas por mais tempo. Agradeço ainda ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
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