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Hugo Araújo Prado Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss E O Estatuto Do Hugo Araújo Prado Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss e o Estatuto do Problema da Normatividade na Teoria Política Belo Horizonte 2019 Hugo Araújo Prado Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss e o Estatuto do Problema da Normatividade na Teoria Política Tese de doutorado submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Filosofia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, enquanto requisito para obtenção do grau de doutor em filosofia. Linha de pesquisa: Filosofia Política Orientador: Prof. Dr. Helton Machado Adverse Belo Horizonte 2019 Prado, Hugo Araújo 100 Hannah Arendt e Leo Strauss e o estatuto do problema P896ha normatividade na teoria política [manuscrito] / Hugo Araújo 2019 Prado. - 2019. 240 f. Orientador: Helton Machado Adverse. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Inclui bibliografia 1.Arendt, Hannah, 1906-1975. 2. Strauss, Leo, 1899- 1973.3. Filosofia – Teses. 4.Ciência política - Teses. I. Adverse, Helton Machado. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III.Título. À minha mãe, Uiara. Agradecimentos Todo texto conta uma história, mas a prazerosa jornada na qual o texto foi originado se mantém oculta. Embora as conexões entre o mundo e a escrita não sejam totalmente acessíveis mesmo para quem escreve, um olhar retrospectivo oferece a ocasião para pensar sobre a gratidão que o escritor deve àqueles cujos favores tornaram a obra possível. Ao professor Helton Adverse, orientador da pesquisa que deu origem ao texto que apresento, devo um agradecimento especial por todo o tempo e ensinamentos concedidos nos últimos anos. Na sua ação, na atividade docente e na atividade da escrita, manifesta-se a combinação, no maior nível, entre sabedoria e generosidade. Sou muito agradecido à professora Ester Vaisman, sob o efeito das suas aulas passei a ler e a buscar compreender os textos e a história de forma mais profunda. Aos professores Newton Bignotto e Carlo Gabriel Pancera sou grato pelo aprendizado e pelos valiosos comentários ao longo da pesquisa. Agradeço também a honra de ter os professores José Luiz de Oliveira e Cícero Romão Resende de Araujo como avaliadores externos. Registro meu agradecimento aos professores da minha graduação no curso de direito, especialmente ao professor Hudson Freitas, seguido dos professores Vitor Moreira, Eduardo de Menezes Bedoya, Túlio Piccinini, Tatiana Ribeiro e Giuliano Fernandes, pelo incentivo para seguir o caminho da docência. Com antigos colegas de grupo de estudo, hoje grandes amigos, Wellington Brum Lima, Vinícius Zigler e Camila Anastácia, compartilho a felicidade da ocasião – que é acompanhada de saudades do nosso amigo Alexandre Augusto (in memoriam). Pela acolhida, sou grato à UFMG, à FAFICH, ao PPG-Filosofia, fazendo-se necessário agradecer especialmente aos servidores da UFMG que, com seu trabalho e dedicação diários, oferecem as condições para que tantas pessoas possam se dedicar à busca do conhecimento. Destaco o bom trabalho e boa vontade de André Ferreira Carneiro na secretaria do programa de pós-graduação em filosofia. A experiência de cursar a pós-graduação em filosofia foi enriquecida com a convivência dos amigos Cecília Neves, Tiago Thiago, Willian Ricardo, Helrison Costa, Tamiris Moreira e Thiago Ferreira Borges, aos quais devo somar os amigos e membros do grupo de estudos Hannah Arendt, Rodrigo Moreira de Almeida, Geraldo Emery Pereira e Natália Lacerda e os colegas da revista outramargem, dentre os quais destaco Leandro Lelis, Caroline Louise e Juliana Sales. Importa registrar que foi determinante para a pesquisa de doutoramento o financiamento da CAPES. Com auxílio da bolsa de estudos, este escritor teve a tranquilidade para vivenciar de forma livre a solitária atividade do pensar. Dois espaços me abrigaram e forneceram valiosas fontes de pesquisa e inspiração quando, sobretudo essa última, faltaram. Tratam-se das bibliotecas da FAFICH (biblioteca Professor Antônio Luiz Paixão) e da biblioteca do UNIFEMM (biblioteca José Barbosa de Melo Santos). Sou grato a todos os bibliotecários que mantém e trabalham por esses espaços do saber, templos dos livros. Sem minha família, minha mãe Uiara, minha irmã Júlia, meu pai Jânio e meus tios Antônio, Evandro e Sandra, sustentar a experiência da pesquisa e da busca do conhecimento seria impossível. Minha gratidão com essas pessoas é menor apenas que a felicidade de compartilhar meus dias com elas. Sempre sentirei a falta da minha madrinha Elisabeth (in memoriam) que, juntamente com minha mãe e meus tios, me incentivou aos estudos desde a infância. À querida Ana Luísa devo agradecer pelo afeto e por todo apoio e incentivo para a escrita, especialmente nos momentos difíceis. Aos amigos Lucas Silva, Wellington, Vinícius e Tiago (inclusive me repetindo nos agradecimentos aos três últimos), sou grato pela camaradagem e por todas as conversas. Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é investigar o estatuto do problema da normatividade na teoria política à luz dos pensamentos de Hannah Arendt e Leo Strauss. Esse problema extrai seu sentido das seguintes questões: o que são as normas políticas?; o atributo específico dessas normas pode ser descrito sob quais termos: inspirar a ação ou orientar a ação? Contemporaneamente é possível adicionar a seguinte pergunta: tais questões ainda são válidas para a filosofia política e para teoria política? Sustento a tese de que os conceitos de “natalidade” e “pluralidade”, tal como desenvolvidos por Hannah Arendt, e a questão sobre o “melhor regime”, tal como atualizada por Leo Strauss, permitem, por um lado, prover a base para uma revisão do estatuto conceitual do problema da normatividade tal como fora conformado na tradição da filosofia política e recebido pelo pensamento político contemporâneo. Por outro lado, tratam-se de soluções não conciliáveis no que diz respeito à relação entre o domínio teórico e o domínio normativo, ao atributo dos princípios normativos e às suas posições sobre a relação entre forma política, normatividade e modernidade. Palavras-chave: normatividade; política; Hannah Arendt; Leo Strauss Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the status of the problem of normativity on the light of Hannah Arendt’s and Leo Strauss’ thoughts. This problem is explained by the following questions: what are political norms?; in which terms can we describe the attribute of this norms: to inspire or to orientate action? In present times is possible to add the question: this problems are still valid to political theory and political philosophy? I shall argue that the concepts of “natality” and “plurality”, developed by Hannah Arendt, and the question on the “best regime”, revitalized by Leo Strauss, allow us, on the one hand, to reconsider the conceptual status adquired by the problem of normativity in the tradition of political philosophy and in contemporary political thought. On the other hand, these are non-reconcilable solutions regarding the relationship between the realm of theory and the normative realm, the attribute of normative principles, and their positions about the relationship between political form, normativity, and modernity. Key-words: normativity; politics; Hannah Arendt; Leo Strauss Sumário 1. Introdução: filosofia política e a questão do normativo .................................................... 8 1.1. A Lei na Cidade Clássica ............................................................................................... 11 1.2. Por que Leo Strauss e Hannah Arendt? ......................................................................... 18 PARTE I. A Tópica da Relação entre a Filosofia e a Política e o Problema da Normatividade em Leo Strauss e Hannah Arendt .............................................................. 34 2. Uma Questão sobre Sócrates ............................................................................................. 39 3. A Moderação e a Restituição do Horizonte Normativo Clássico em Leo Strauss ........ 44 3.1. Maestria Socrática e Moderação .................................................................................... 45 3.2. A Perda da Hierarquia de Finalidades Humanas na Forma de Aconselhamento Maquiaveliano ...................................................................................................................... 51 3.3. O Problema Literário Filosófico e o Melhor Regime .................................................... 61 3.4. A Justificação Legal da Filosofia ................................................................................... 71 4. A Consideração pela Pluralidade e a Crítica da Tradição em Hannah Arendt ........... 79 4.1. A Hierarquia entre Contemplação e Ação ..................................................................... 80 4.2. Marx e a Realização da Tradição na Forma da Utopia Clássica.................................... 87 4.3. O Pensamento Crítico e a Consideração pela Pluralidade ............................................. 93 4.4. Rememoração do Passado e o Princípio da Liberdade ................................................ 101 5. Teoria Política e Normatividade: prescrever os princípios para orientar a ação ou compreender os princípios que inspiram a ação? ............................................................. 114 PARTE II: Normatividade e a Dignidade da Lei e dos Princípios .................................. 131 6. As Questões do Historicismo e do Social ........................................................................ 136 6.1. A
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