Texas Grape Spray Guide 2012

A Publication of the Texas AgriLife Viticulture Extension Team Authors in alphabetical order by last name:

Penny Adams, Viticulture Advisor, Hill Country Region Ed Hellman, Professor of Viticulture Fran Pontasch, Viticulture Advisor, North Texas Region Dusty Timmons, Viticulture Advisor, High Plains & West Texas Region Fritz Westover, Viticulture Advisor, Gulf Coast Region Table of Contents

Page Number Introduction 1-2

Recommended Grape Spray Programs Hill Country & North Texas 3-7 High Plains & West Texas 8-11 Hybrid Bunch Grapes 12-15 Non-bearing Vines 16-17

Fungicide Efficacy Table 18-19

Insects & Insecticide Table 20

Airblast Sprayer Calibration Worksheet 21-25

Acknowledgement 26

The Texas Grape Spray Guide 2012

The Texas Grape Spray Guide was designed to provide specific recommendations for the prevention and management of the most common grape diseases and pests of vineyards.

Features of this guide include:  Recommendations of product brands and rates per acre to apply  Suggested growth stages to apply specific products  Spray options for low and high disease pressure conditions  Additional guidelines and tables to assist with tracking product use and rotation  A recommended spray guide is provided for each region of the state, for Vitis vinifera and hybrid varieties.  A recommended spray program is included for non-bearing vines

Description of Spray Guide Features

Growth Stage The spray guide is broken into specific phenological stages or “Growth Stages” that represent the best time for providing protective fungicide or insecticide products. Each vineyard spray application is designated to a specific growth stage, beginning with vine dormancy and ending with post harvest spray recommendations. In the early part of the growing season shoot length is used as an indication of when to spray. Other critical times for applying protective fungicide and insecticide products are listed by specific growth stages such as “Immediately after fruit set” or “Immediately before bunch closure.” Vineyards containing several grape varieties may experience variability in growth stage across blocks at a given time and blocks should be sprayed accordingly. If varieties are relatively close in growth stage it is possible to spray multiple blocks at the same time. Please contact your regional AgriLife Viticulture Advisor if you have any questions regarding spray timing.

Target Problems Some pests and diseases can be more problematic during different growth stages. The “Target Problems” column lists the major diseases and pests of concern in virtually all seasons in Texas. Products are recommended to prevent the major diseases and pests, although the product efficacy may not be limited to only those target problems listed. A more complete list of product options and efficacy on target problems can be found in the supplemental fungicide and insecticide spray tables in this guide.

Products Specific products are recommended in this guide based on widespread availability, common use, and observed efficacy in Texas. Other products labeled for grapes may be substituted for those herein

recommended; consult the fungicide and insecticide spray tables for expanded listings of available products. In some cases there are several products recommended for application as one combined tank mixture. Several tank mixture options may also be listed under certain growth stages to provide options for vineyard operations of all scale. Additionally, there are recommendations for products to use during “Low Disease Pressure” and “Moderate to High Disease Pressure.” In general, dry and windy conditions with low humidity are considered to be low disease pressure conditions, and wet and humid conditions are considered to be moderate to high for disease pressure. The comments in the guide will provide some additional information to determine disease pressure.

Disclaimer This publication contains pesticide recommendations. Read the label before applying any pesticide and follow all directions for use including, but not limited to, use of personal protective equipment, re-entry intervals, pre-harvest intervals, application rates, and maximum rate allowed per season. The Texas A&M University System and its employees assume no responsibility for the effectiveness or results of any chemical pesticide usage. No endorsements of products are implied.

Rate/Acre (Rate per Acre) Product rates are available on the label of each fungicide and insecticide recommended in this guide. The rates provided in this guide are those which have historically been effective in Texas vineyards for each product brand specified. Rates may vary depending on the seasonal conditions. For example, the rate per acre of a product may be greater during moderate to high disease pressure conditions than during low disease pressure conditions.

Comments The “Comments” column contains specific tips and recommendations to help the grower to improve efficacy or timing of spray products. Comments in this column may also provide information regarding potential toxicity of products if used improperly or during specific weather conditions, or short spray intervals. The comments are intended to be brief and specific to the products recommended in the guide. For any additional information please refer to the product label and consult with your regional AgriLife Viticulture Advisor.

Recommended Grape Spray Program

Texas Hill Country & North Texas

Vitis vinifera Grapes

3 Recommended Grape Spray Program for the Hill Country & North Texas Regions (Vinifera Grapes)

Products Rate/Acre Growth Stage Target Problems Comments See Fungicide & Insecticide Efficacy Tables for Alternatives Dormant: Within 24 hours Grapevine canker diseases that Rally 40WSP 6oz in 50 gpa* water To prevent new fungal trunk infections spray after final pruning infect pruning wounds (e.g. or within 24 hours of final pruning and again 2 weeks Bot Canker) 5oz in 42 gpa water later if wet conditions persist. Thoroughly cover cordons, spurs and all cut surfaces. As a dormant or spray, Rally must be applied using either power 4oz in 33 gpa water operated ground application equipment or a *gpa = gal. per acre backpack sprayer. Shoot length: 0.5- 2" Phomopsis Dithane F45 (mancozeb) 2qt Dithane (mancozeb) is a protectant fungicide. Immediate reapplication may be needed if rainfall exceeds 1 inch after applying. Apply with a minimum of 50 gallons of water per acre. Do not apply more than 19.2 quarts Dithane per acre per season. Shoot length: 5-10" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Downy mildew Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) application or is forecast within 7 days after this Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew are persistent, use one of the product options Powdery mildew Revus Top 7oz under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure." or Dithane F45 + Sulfur + Rampart (3.2qt) + (3-6#) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) Phosphorous acid fungicides (Rampart, Prophyt) should not be applied in concentrations greater or than 0.6% active ingredient or on intervals shorter than 7 days to avoid leaf burn. Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP + Rampart (3.2qt) + (5oz) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) Do not make more than 3 Rally, Revus Top or Quintec applications per season (in addition to or dormant Rally application). Dithane F45 + Quintec + Rampart (3.2qt) + (6.6oz) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) To avoid leaf burn, Sulfur should not be applied if temperatures are greater than 85F or if they will be within one week following application. Do not combine Sulfur with oil sprays.

Continue to next page 4 Hill Country and North Texas Grape Spray Program (Vinifera Grapes) continued Shoot length: 15-30" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If an EBI fungicide (Rally, Revus Top) was used for *If bloom is less than 5 days Downy mildew See shoot length 5-10" previous spray, switch to other mode of action for away skip to "Pre-bloom" Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure powdery mildew control to tank mix with Dithane. Rotate products with different mode of action spray* Powdery mildew See shoot length 5-10" groups for mildew each spray. See fungicide table on page 18.

Pre-bloom Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Immediately before flower Downy mildew Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) application or is forecast within 7 days after this cap fall Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew Powdery mildew Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP (3.2qt) + (5oz) are persistent, use one of the product options under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure." or Revus Top 7oz

Immediately after fruit set Black rot Low Disease Pressure Dithane should not be used within 66 days of Downy mildew Dithane F45 + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) harvest. Refer to the pre-harvest interval (PHI) for Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure all products used for the remainder of the growing season. Powdery mildew Revus Top 7oz Pristine 12.5oz Do not make more than 2 Pristine or 3 Vivando applications per season.

Grape berry moth Use one fungicide option above + one Use Intrepid unless pest other than Grape Berry insecticide below Moth are also in need of control. Intrepid 2F 12oz or Do not make more than 2 Intrepid applications Sevin XLR Plus 2qt per season. For other common insect pests see page 20. Pierce's disease insecticide Pierce's disease vectoring Admire Pro (imidacloprid)* 14 oz Imidacloprid treatment for Pierce's disease begins treatment insects (sharpshooters, etc.) or approximately from fruit set to 5-6mm berry size. *Various imidacloprid products are (7oz) + (7oz, 30-days The full annual rate can be applied through the available, see labels for rates and maximum later) chemigation system at once (14oz) or in a split use per season. application of the first half (7oz) followed by the second half (7oz) 30 days later to coincide with peak insect vector populations. Consult with your regional viticulture advisor to determine start date. For insecticide options in addition to imidacloprid, see table on page 20.

Continue to next page 5 Hill Country and North Texas Grape Spray Program (Vinifera Grapes) continued "Pea size" berries (5-6mm) Black rot Low Disease Pressure Do not combine Captec or Captan with oil sprays. Bunch rots No spray Downy mildew or Powdery mildew Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec 4L + Vivando + Rampart (2qt) + (15.4oz) + (2.15pt/50 gal water)

Immediately before bunch Black rot Low Disease Pressure closure Bunch rots Captec 4L + Quintec (2qt) + (4oz) Downy mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure Powdery mildew Pristine 12.5oz or Captec 4L + Quintec + Rampart (2qt) + (6.6oz) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) Grape berry moth Use one fungicide option above + one If Intrepid was used for Grape Berry Moth during insecticide below spray immediately after fruit set, rotate with Intrepid 2F 12oz either Delegate or Sevin for this insecticide spray. If pest other than grape berry moth are also in or need of control, see table on page 20 for other Delegate WG 6oz common insect pests of grapes in Texas. or Sevin XLR Plus 2qt After bunch closure Black rot Low Disease Pressure Bunch rots No spray Downy mildew or Powdery mildew Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) Moderate to High Disease Pressure Rally 40WSP + Rampart (5oz) + ( 2.15pt/50 gal water) or Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (15.4oz)

Continue to next page 6 Hill Country and North Texas Grape Spray Program (Vinifera Grapes) continued Veraison Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure (50% color change) Downy mildew No spray Powdery mildew or Quintec + Rampart (4oz) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) Moderate to High Disease Pressure Pristine 12.5oz Do not make more than 2 Pristine, 3 Quintec or 3 or Revus Top applications per season. Captec 4L + Quintec (2qt) + (6.6oz) or Revus Top 7oz 30 days pre-harvest Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure Check pre-harvest interval (PHI) for all products. to harvest Downy mildew Vivando 10.3oz Follow all labeled restrictions. Powdery mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) Captec/Captan residue on grapes may cause or problems with sluggish or stuck fermentation in Vivando + Rampart (15.4oz) + (2.15pt/50 the winery. Use of Captec within 30 days of harvest should be communicated with the or gal water) winemaker. Pristine 12.5oz Post-harvest Downy mildew Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) To avoid leaf burn, Sulfur should not be applied if Powdery mildew temperatures are greater than 85F or if they will be within one week following application.

Continue to next page 7

Recommended Grape Spray Program

High Plains & West Texas

Vitis vinifera Grapes

8 Recommended Grape Spray Program for the High Plains & West Texas Region (Vinifera Grapes)

Products Rate/Acre Growth Stage Target Problems Comments See Fungicide & Insecticide Efficacy Tables for Alternatives Dormant: Within 24 hours Grapevine canker diseases that Rally 40WSP 6oz in 50 gpa* water To prevent new fungal trunk infections spray after final pruning infect pruning wounds (e.g. or within 24 hours of final pruning and again 2 weeks Bot Canker) 5oz in 42 gpa water later if wet conditions persist. Thoroughly cover cordons, spurs and all cut surfaces. As a dormant or spray, Rally must be applied using either power 4oz in 33 gpa water operated ground application equipment or a backpack sprayer. *gpa = gal. per acre Shoot length: 0.5- 2" Phomopsis Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) Dithane (mancozeb) is a protectant fungicide. Powdery Mildew Immediate reapplication may be needed if rainfall exceeds 1 inch after applying. Apply with a minimum of 50 gallons of water per acre. Do not apply more than 19.2 quarts Dithane per acre per season. Shoot length: 5-10" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Phomopsis Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) application or is forecast within 7 days after this Powdery mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew are persistent, use one of the product options Revus Top 7oz under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure." or Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP (3.2qt) + (5oz) or To avoid leaf burn, Sulfur should not be applied if Dithane F45 + Quintec (3.2qt) + (6.6oz) temperatures are greater than 85F or if they will be within one week following application. Do not combine sulfur with oils. Shoot length: 10-20" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If an EBI fungicide (Rally, Revus Top) was used for *If bloom is less than 5 days Phomopsis See shoot length 5-10" previous spray, switch to other mode of action for away skip to "Pre-bloom" Powdery mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure powdery mildew control to tank mix with Dithane. Rotate products with different mode of action spray* See shoot length 5-10" groups for mildew each spray. See fungicide table on page 18.

Continue to next page 9 High Plains West Texas Grape Spray Program (Vinifera Grapes) continued Treatment of Leafhoppers & Pierce's disease Admire Pro (imidacloprid) 14 oz Imidacloprid treatment for Pierce's disease begins piercing/sucking insects (Pre-vectoring insects or approximately from fruit set to 5-6mm berry size. bloom) (sharpshooters, etc.) (7oz) + (7oz, 30-days The full annual rate can be applied through the later) chemigation system at once (14oz) or in a split application of the first half (7oz) followed by the second half (7oz) 30 days later to coincide with peak insect vector populations. Consult with your regional viticulture advisor to determine start date. For insecticide options in addition to imidacloprid, see table on page 20.

Pre-bloom Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Immediately before flower Phomopsis Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) application or is forecast within 7 days after this cap fall Powdery mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP (2qt) + (5oz) are persistent, use one of the product options under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure." or Revus Top 7oz Fruit set to "pea size" Black rot Low Disease Pressure Dithane should not be used within 66 days of berries Powdery mildew Dithane F45 + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) harvest. Refer to the pre-harvest interval (PHI) for Moderate to High Disease Pressure all products used for the remainder of the growing season. Revus Top 7oz or Do not make more than 2 Pristine or 3 Vivando Pristine 12.5oz applications per season. Immediately before bunch Black rot Low Disease Pressure Do not combine Captec or Captan with oils. closure Bunch rots Captec 4L + Quintec (2qt) + (4oz) Powdery mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure Pristine 12.5oz or Switch is an option for varieties that are Switch 62.5WG + Quintec (14oz) + (6.6oz) susceptible to botrytis bunch rot and sour rot. or Switch 62.5WG + Revus Top (14oz) + (7oz) After bunch closure Black rot Low Disease Pressure Bunch rots No spray Powdery mildew or Vivando 10.3oz Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (15.4oz)

Continue to next page 10 High Plains West Texas Grape Spray Program (Vinifera Grapes) continued Veraison Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure (50% color change) Powdery mildew No spray or Quintec 4oz Moderate to High Disease Pressure Pristine 12.5oz or Captec + Quintec (2qt) + (6.6oz) 30 days pre-harvest Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure Check pre-harvest interval (PHI) for all products. to harvest Powdery mildew Vivando 10.3oz Follow all labeled restrictions. Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec 4L + Vivando (2qt) + (10.3oz) Captec/Captan residue on grapes may cause or problems with sluggish or stuck fermentation in Pristine 12.5oz the winery. Use of Captec within 30 days of harvest should be communicated with the winemaker.

Do not make more than 2 Pristine or 3 Vivando applications per season.

Post-harvest Powdery mildew Sulfur 3-6# To avoid leaf burn, Sulfur should not be applied if temperatures are greater than 85F or if they will be within one week following application.

Continue to next page 11

Recommended Grape Spray Program

Texas Hybrid Bunch Grapes

Blanc Du Bois & Lenoir

12 Recommended Grape Spray Program for Hybrid Grapes (e.g. Blanc Du Bois, Lenoir)

Shoot length: 5-10" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Downy mildew Dithane F45 (2qt) application or is forecast within 7 days after this Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew Dithane F45 + Rampart (3.2qt) + (2.15pt/50 gal are persistent, use one of the product options water) under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure."

Phosphorous acid fungicides (Rampart, Prophyt) should not be applied in concentrations greater than 0.6% active ingredient or on intervals shorter than 7 days to avoid leaf burn.

Shoot length: 15-30" Black rot Low Disease Pressure *If bloom is less than 5 days Downy mildew See shoot length 5-10" away skip to "Pre-bloom" Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure spray* See shoot length 5-10" Continue to next page 13 Pre-bloom Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide Immediately before flower Downy mildew Dithane F45 2qt application or is forecast within 7 days after this cap fall Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure application, or if high humidity and morning dew Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP (3.2qt) + (5oz) are persistent, use one of the product options under “Moderate to High Disease Pressure." or Revus Top 7oz Immediately after fruit set Black rot Low Disease Pressure Dithane should not be used within 66 days of Downy mildew Dithane F45 2qt harvest. Refer to the pre-harvest interval (PHI) for Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure all products used for the remainder of the growing season. Revus Top 7oz or Rotate QoI fungicides (Pristine) with downy Pristine 12.5oz mildew products with different modes of action to manage resistance. See fungicide table on page 18. Grape berry moth Use one fungicide option above + one Do not make more than 2 Pristine or 3 Revus Top insecticide below applications per season. Intrepid 2F 12oz or Use Intrepid unless pest other than Grape Berry Sevin XLR Plus 2qt Moth are also in need of control.

Do not make more than 2 Intrepid applications per season.

For other common insect pests see table on page 20. "Pea size" berries (5-6mm) Black rot Low Disease Pressure Do not combine Captec or Captan with oil sprays. Bunch rots No spray Downy mildew or Captec 4L 2qt Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec 4L + Rampart (2qt) + (2.15pt/50 gal water)

Continue to next page 14 Hybrid Grape Spray Program (e.g. Blanc Du Bois, Lenoir) continued Immediately before bunch Black rot Low Disease Pressure closure Bunch rots Captec 4L 2qt Downy mildew Moderate to High Disease Pressure Pristine 12.5oz or Captec 4L + Rampart (2qt) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) Grape berry moth Use one fungicide option above + one If Intrepid was used for Grape Berry Moth during insecticide below spray immediately after fruit set, rotate with Intrepid 2F 12oz either Delegate or Sevin for this insecticide spray. or If pest other than grape berry moth are also in Delegate WG 6oz need of control, see table on page 20 for other or common insect pests of grapes in Texas. Sevin XLR Plus 2qt After bunch closure Black rot Low Disease Pressure Bunch rots No spray Downy mildew or Captec 4L 2qt Moderate to High Disease Pressure Revus Top 7oz or Captec 4L + Rampart (2qt) + ( 2.15pt/50 gal water) Veraison Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure Do not make more than 2 Pristine or 3 Revus Top (50% color change) Downy mildew No spray applications per season. Powdery mildew or Pristine 10.5oz Moderate to High Disease Pressure Pristine 12.5oz or Captec 4L + Rampart (2qt) + (2.15pt/50 gal water) 30 days pre-harvest Bunch rots Low Disease Pressure Check pre-harvest interval (PHI) for all products. to harvest Downy mildew No spray Follow all labeled restrictions. Moderate to High Disease Pressure Captec/Captan residue on grapes may cause Captec 4L + Rampart (2qt) + ( 2.15pt/50 gal problems with sluggish or stuck fermentation in or water) the winery. Use of Captec within 30 days of Rampart 2.15pt/50 gal water harvest should be communicated with the winemaker. Post-harvest Downy mildew Dithane F45 2qt 15

Recommended Grape Spray Program

Non-Bearing Vines

16 Recommended Grape Spray Program for Non-Bearing Vines

Products Rate/Acre Growth Stage Target Problems Comments See Fungicide & Insecticide Efficacy Tables for Alternatives Shoot length: 1- 2" Black rot Dithane F45 (mancozeb) + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) Dithane (mancozeb) is a protectant fungicide. Downy mildew Immediate reapplication may be needed if rainfall Phomopsis exceeds 1 inch after applying. Powdery mildew To avoid leaf burn, Sulfur should not be applied if temperatures are greater than 85F or if they will be within one week following application. Sulfur is not needed for hybrid grapes such as Blanc Du Bois or Lenoir, or other hybrids that are resistant to powdery mildew. Contact your AgriLife Viticulture Advisor for more information about hybrid grapes and disease resistance. Shoot length: 5-10" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If rainfall occurred since the last fungicide application Downy mildew Dithane F45 + Sulfur (2qt) + (3-6#) or is forecast within 7 days after this application, or if Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure high humidity and morning dew are presistent, use one of the product options under “Moderate to High Powdery mildew Dithane F45 + Rally 40WSP (3.2qt) + (5oz) Disease Pressure." or Revus Top 7oz Shoot length: 15-30" Black rot Low Disease Pressure If sterol inhibitor fungicide (Rally, Revus Top) was Repeat as needed until leaf Downy mildew See shoot length 5-10" used for previous spray, switch to other mode of drop. Phomopsis Moderate to High Disease Pressure action for powdery mildew control to tank mix with Powdery mildew See shoot length 5-10" Dithane. See fungicide table (pg. 18). Pierce's disease insecticide Pierce's disease vectoring Admire Pro (imidacloprid)* (7oz) + (7oz, 30-days Imidacloprid treatment for Pierce's disease begins treatment* insects (sharpshooters, etc.) later) approximately from 12 to 15 inch shoot length. Use *Does not apply to Pierce's *Various imidacloprid products are of the full or half rate per season will depend upon disease tolerant varieties available, see labels for rates and growth rate of young vines. The full annual rate such as Blanc Du Bois or maximum use per season. should be applied through the chemigation system in Lenoir a split application of the first half (7oz) followed by the second half (7oz) 30 days later to coincide with peak insect vector populations. Consult with your regional viticulture advisor to determine the best start date. For insecticide options in addition to imidacloprid, see table on page 20.

17 PHOMOPSIS MODE OF BLACK DOWNY POWDERY BOTRYTIS LEAF CANE/LEAF ACTION PHI REI FUNGICIDE TRADE NAME(S) MILDEW MILDEW BUNCH ROT SPOT ROT BLIGHT GROUP (FRAC code) EBI COMPOUNDS - Systemic, limited protection, good reachback activity Difenoconazole+(Mandipropamid) Revus Top + +++ +++ +++ 0 a 3 (40) 14 Days 12 Hr. Fenarimol Rubigan 0 ++ 0 +++ 0 3 30 Days 12 Hr. Myclobutanil Rally, (Nova) 0 ++++ 0 +++ 0 +++?f 3 14 Days 24 Hr. Tebuconazole Elite 0 ++++ 0 +++ 0 3 14 Days 12 Hr. Triflumizole Procure 0 ++? 0 +++ 0 3 7 Days 24 Hr. QoI COMPOUNDS - Systemic, also called Strobilurins or "Strobies" Azoxystrobin Abound ++ ++++ ++++ ++++a + +++?f 11 14 Days 4 Hr. Kresoxim-methyl Sovran ++ ++++ ++ ++++a ++ ? 11 14 Days 12 Hr. Pyraclostrobin+(Boscalid) Pristine ++ ++++ ++++ ++++a ++/++++b +++?f 11 (7) 14 Days 12 Hr. Trifloxystrobin Flint ++ ++++ + ++++a ++/++++b ? 11 14 Days 12 Hr. OTHER PRODUCTS Boscalid Endura 0 0 0 ++++ ++/++++b 7 14 Days 12 Hr. Captan Captan, Captec ++++ + +++ 0 + M4 1 Day 72 Hr. Cyprodinil Vangard 0 0 0 0 ++++ 9 7 Days 12 Hr. Cyprodinil+(fludioxonil) Switch 0 0 0 0 ++++ 9 (12) 7 Days 12 Hr. Dihydrogen Potassium Phosphate Nutrol 0 0 0 ++ 0 Not Classified ? ? Fenhexamid Elevate 0 0 0 ++ ++++ 17 0 Days 4 Hr. Ferbam Ferbam +++ +++ ++ 0 0 M3 7 Days 24 Hr. Fixed Copper & Lime Several + + +++ ++ 0 M1 See label See label Iprodione Rovral 0 0 0 0 +++d 2 7 Days 12 Hr. Dithane, Manzate, Mancozeb Penncozeb,Mankocide ++++ +++ +++ 0 0 M3 66 Days 24 Hr. Mefenoxam Ridomil 0 0 ++++ 0 0 4 66/42 Days 48 Hr. Metrafenone Vivando 0 0 0 +++ 0 Unknown 14 Days 12 Hr. Phosphorous Acid ProPhyte, Aliette, Rampart 0 0 +++ 0 0 Not Classified P(0) A(15) 4 Hr. Potassium Bicarbonate Kaligreen, Armicarb100 0 0 0 ++ 0 N/A 1 Day 4 Hr. Pyrimethanil Scala 0 0 0 0 ++++ 9 7 Days 24 Hr. Quinoxyfen Quintec 0 0 0 ++++ 0 13 14 Days 12 Hr. Spray Oil JMS Stylet, PureSpray 0 0 0 +++ 0 Not Classified 0 Days 4 Hr. Sulfur Several + 0 0 +++c 0 M2 0 Days 24 Hr. Thiophanate-methyl Topsin-M ++ + 0 e e 1 14 Days 7 Days Ziram Ziram +++ +++ ++ 0 0 M3 21 Days 48 Hr.

18 a. NOTE: Powdery mildew resistance to the stobilurin fungicides, specifically Abound, has occurred in multiple vineyards in Texas, sometimes resulting in significant crop loss. When such resistance occurs, none of the stobilurin fungicides should be counted on to provide significant powdery mildew control and should be tank-mixed with a fungicide of a differing mode of action group to avoid crop loss. b. Fair control at the lower rate labeled for powdery mildew, good to excellent control at the higher rate labeled for Botrytis . c. Sulfur activity is strongly influenced by rate and frequency of application, and by weather. It is highly effective when applied at relatively high rates and short (7-day) spray intervals, but efficacy can decline as intervals increase and/or rates decrease, especially in rainy weather. d. Botrytis resistance to Rovral has been widely documented throughout various grape growing regions of the U.S., B. cinerea is thought to be a minor player in the bunch rot complex that is problematic near harvest. Fungicides that are effective at specifically controlling Botrytis are ineffective at controlling bacteria and other fungi involved in bunch rot complex. e. Topsin-M is a benzimidazole fungicide very similar to Benlate. It is only registered for control of bitter rot, black rot, and powdery mildew, however it is not recommended for powdery mildew control due to widespread resistance to benzimidazole fungicides. f. Fungicide efficacy for the management of Leaf Blight (Pseudocercospora vitis, syn. Isariopsis clavispora) is not well understood. When used for other labeled grape pathogens, these products may also provide some level of protection against Leaf Blight.

KEY Disclaimer: Excellent ++++ This publication contains pesticide recommendations. Changes in pesticide regulations Good +++ occur constantly and human error are possible. Questions concerning the legality and/or Moderate ++ regulation status for pesticide use should be directed to the appropriate Extension Agent/Specialist or state regulatory agency. Read the label before applying any pesticide. Slight + The label is law. The Texas A&M University System and its employees assume no Not Effective 0 responsibility for the effectiveness or results of any chemical pesticide usage. No Pre-Harvest Interval PHI endorsements of products are made nor implied. Re-Entry Interval REI

This table was compiled by P. Adams & J. Kamas, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, and is based on the work of W. Wilcox, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY.

19 Common Insect Pests of Grapes in Texas & Common Insecticides

Insect Pest Admire Assail Clutch Couraze Delegate Intrepid Malathion Movento Mustang Maxa Platinum Provado Sevin Venom

Grape Berry Moth Grape Flea Beetle (Steely Beetle) Grape Leaffolder Green June Beetle Leafhoppers/Sharpshooters Mealybugs IRAC code (mode of action group)b 4A 4A 4A 4A 5 18A 1B 23 3 4A 4A 1A 4A aRestricted use pesticide bTo prevent insect resistance to one chemical mode of action, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same IRAC code. Shaded blocks indicate that a product is labeled for control of the corresponding insect pest. If the pest you observe in your vineyard is not listed above, conatact your AgriLife Viticulture Advisor for more information

Airblast Sprayer Calibration Worksheet

Sprayer calibration should be done at least once per Materials Needed: season, but preferably every time there is a significant difference in the desired spray volume (gal/acre). For • Water‐sensitive paper example, early-season applications cover a small • 100 ft tape measure canopy and therefore require a lower spray volume for • Stopwatch thorough coverage compared to later applications to a • Chemical resistant gloves full canopy. This worksheet is intended to take you • Labels or tape, pen or pencil stepwise through the calibration process. • 5‐gallon bucket • Calculator • Wrenches 1. Check spray pressure and spray pattern. • Spray nozzle catalogue Fill the tank with water. Engage the fan, turn on the manifold, and make a test run in your vineyard at your preferred operating speed. Before you start, observe the spray pattern and turn off nozzles that do not spray the plant canopy. Record the pressure gauge reading while spraying.

Spray pressure = ____ psi

2. Check spray coverage

Effectiveness of fungicides and some insecticides is highly dependent upon good spray coverage to the grapevine canopy. Spray coverage is influenced by total spray volume applied per acre and airspeed produced by the fan. Total spray volume is determined by sprayer output per minute and tractor speed. The pesticide label will provide a range of spray volumes that are suitable for the product. Be aware that spray volume requirements will increase during the season, corresponding to the size of the canopy as shoots grow.

To test whether your sprayer is currently providing good coverage, place water-sensitive cards within several vines that have a typical-sized canopy that is representative of the vineyard. Be sure to place some cards in the fruit zone to evaluate coverage on the clusters. Cards should accurately represent cluster exposure, so do not remove leaves in front of water-sensitive cards or selectively place cards only in exposed cluster locations. Fill the sprayer with water and conduct a test run past the vines with water-sensitive cards using your established tractor speed, fan speed, and nozzle setup. Evaluate spray coverage and adjust target application rate if coverage is either inadequate or excessive.

Target application rate (A) ______gal/acre

21 3. Determine tractor speed.

Establish a preferred operating speed in a pre-set gear. Note gear and throttle settings. Fill the spray tank half full with water for a speed test. Insert numbers into the equation below and calculate the result. A. Measure the length of a vineyard row selected for the test run. (B) ____ ft.

B. Determine the time required to travel the row at the preferred speed. (C) ____ sec.

Multiply the distance traveled in test run (B) by 60 sec/min Divide the result by the time (C) required to travel the test distance

(B) ______ft. X 60 sec./min. = (D) _____ ft/min tractor speed (C) _____ sec.

4. Determine required total nozzle output in gal/min (gpm).

Fill in the following known quantities, insert into the equation below, and calculate the result.

(D) ____ ft/min. Preferred tractor speed, measured above.

(A) ____ gal/acre Target application rate per acre for thorough spray coverage determined above in step 2.

(E) ____ ft Distance between rows.

Calculate total required nozzle output in gpm:

Multiply the tractor speed (D) times target application rate (A) times distance between rows (E) Divide the result by the number of square feet per acre

(D) ____ ft/min X (A) ____ gal/acre X (E)____ ft = (F) ____ gal/min 43,560 sq ft/acre total required nozzle output

5. Can the nozzles in your sprayer deliver the required output? Determine the expected output of each nozzle from the manufacturer's catalog at your selected spray pressure (recorded above). Enter output in the spaces below. Enter a zero for nozzles turned off for the upcoming application.

Fill in nozzle output for only Left side for sprayers with one-sided delivery.

Fill in nozzle output for Left and Right side for sprayers with two-sided delivery.

Left side Right side Nozzle # 1 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 1 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 2 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 2 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 3 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 3 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 4 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 4 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 5 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 5 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 6 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 6 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 7 _____ gal/min Nozzle # 7 _____ gal/min Left total _____ gal/min + Right total _____ gal/min = (G) _____ gal/min Total expected output

Compare the total expected output with the total required output.

(F) _____ gal/min total required output (G) _____ gal/min total expected output

If the difference between expected and required output exceeds 10 percent, replace with appropriate nozzle combinations that will provide the required output at your operating pressure. Keep in mind that all nozzles do not need to have equal output. You may want to have higher output nozzles pointing at the fruit zone of the vines. Remember that total expected output still must equal total required output, so use lower output nozzles elsewhere on the manifold. Repeat this procedure for nozzles on the other side of the two-sided sprayer.

6. What is the spray volume output of your sprayer?

Use one of the two methods below to determine the volume delivered by your sprayer.

Method I. Sprayer Field Run

With appropriate nozzles installed, fill the spray tank with water. Park the sprayer on level ground and mark the water level on the spray tank's sight gauge. Using your preferred tractor speed with the airblast fan engaged and both sides spraying, make a trial application run down your vineyard test row. Return to the same place and position where you marked the sprayer water level. Using a calibrated 5-gallon container, measure the amount of water required to refill the tank to your mark on the sight gauge. Record as test gallons applied.

23 Fill in the following known quantities, insert into the equation below, and calculate the result.

(B) ____ ft Length of vineyard test row, recorded above (E) ____ ft Distanceance between rows, recorded above (H) ____ gal Test gallons applied

Multiply the number of gallons applied (H) times the number of square feet per acre Divide the result by the length of test row (B) times the distance between rows (E)

(H) ____ gal X 43,560 sq ft/acre = (I) ______gal/acre actual spray volume (B) ____ ft X (E) ____ ft

Method II. Stationary Sprayer Run

Partially fill the spray tank with water. Mark a line at the water level on the tank. Add exactly 5 gallons of water to the tank. Run the sprayer at your normal operating throttle and record the time required to deliver exactly 5 gallons, which is indicated by the spray tank water level returning to the marked line.

Divide the number of seconds per minute by the time required (seconds) to spray 5 gal Multiply the result by 5 gal

60 sec/min X 5 gal = ______gal/min output ____ sec

Multiply the gal/min output calculated above times the number of square feet per acre Divide the result by tractor speed (D) times the distance between rows (E)

______gal/min X 43,560 sq ft/acre = (I) ______gal/acre actual spray volume (D) _____ ft/min X (E) _____ ft

24 7. Determine area covered by one full spray tank

Sprayer tank capacity (J) _____ gal

(J) _ (gal) Area covered by full spray tank = = (K) ______acres

(I) _____ (gal/acre)

8. Prepare the spray mixture.

Pesticide rate from label (L) ______(lb, oz, or pint per acre)

Area covered Pesticide rate Quantity of by full spray tank from label Pesticide (K) ______acres X (L)______(pints, oz per acre) = ______(pints, oz, etc.)

EXAMPLE 1. Many Acres To Treat

Area 14.0 acres Sprayer output 55.0 gal/acre Spray tank capacity 400 gallons Pesticide rate 3 pints /acre

7.3 acres X 3 pints per acre = 21.9 pints of pesticide with water to make 400 gal

14 acres ÷ 7.3 acres (full tank coverage) = 1.9 full tanks needed to cover 14 acres

EXAMPLE 2. Small Acreage To Treat or Partial Tank

Area 1.3 acres Sprayer output 55.0 gal/acre Spray tank capacity 400 gallons Pesticide rate 3 pints/acre

1.3 acres X 3 pints/acre = 3.9 pints pesticide in spray mixture

1.3 acres X 55 gal/acre = 71.5 gal spray mixture (pesticide plus water)

25 Acknowledgement

We acknowledge information provided by publications and personal communication with the following institutions:

Dr. Mike Ellis, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH Dr. Wayne Wilcox, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Pesticide products and tables were developed based on other publications for grape pest and disease management including:

The Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide, 2012. Editors: Bruce Bordelon (Purdue University), Mike Ellis, & Celeste Welty (Ohio State University) http://www.ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Pages/sfg_sprayguide.aspx

Workbook for an Effective Fungicide Spray Program for Wine Grapes in Virginia, 2012. Dr. Mizuho Nita, Virginia Tech University. http://www.virginiavineyardsassociation.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/VA-Wine-Grape-Fungicide- Workbook-2012A.pdf

The fungicide table was modified from a table by Penny Adams & Jim Kamas, Texas AgriLife Extension, Texas A&M University, based on original fungicide efficacy work by Dr. Wayne Wilcox, Cornell University.