Die Formierung Des Russisch-Japanischen Grenzraums Und Die Entwicklung Eines Frühen Nationalen Narrativs Bei Intellektuellen Akteuren in Tokugawa-Japan Um 1800

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Die Formierung Des Russisch-Japanischen Grenzraums Und Die Entwicklung Eines Frühen Nationalen Narrativs Bei Intellektuellen Akteuren in Tokugawa-Japan Um 1800 Die Formierung des russisch-japanischen Grenzraums und die Entwicklung eines frühen nationalen Narrativs bei intellektuellen Akteuren in Tokugawa-Japan um 1800 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Julian Plenefisch Berlin, Juni 2014 Erste Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Verena Blechinger-Talcott Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Mühlhahn Tag der Disputation: 6. März 2015 „Fragend schreiten wir voran.“ Zapatistas Dank Diese Dissertation wäre nicht entstanden ohne die Hilfe zahlreicher Menschen, denen ich hier danken möchte. Zuerst möchte ich sehr herzlich meiner Betreuerin Verena Blechinger-Talcott danken, die mir in der gesamten Zeit mit viel Geduld und Unterstützung zur Seite stand. Ebenso möchte ich mich bei meinem zweiten Gutachter Klaus Mühlhahn bedanken. Ohne deren faire Kritik und stetige Ermutigung hätte ich diese Dissertation nie erfolgreich abschließen können. Diese Arbeit profitierte stark von der anregenden Vernetzung mit der DFG- Forschergruppe 955 „Akteure der kulturellen Globalisierung, 1860-1930“, hier insbesondere von den ausgesprochen hilfreichen Gesprächen mit Sebastian Conrad. Des Weiteren danke ich Christopher Gerteis von der School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London, der mir immer wieder Mut gemacht hat, das Projekt fortzuführen. Die Toshiba International Foundation und die European Association of Japanese Studies ermöglichten 2012 einen Forschungsaufenthalt am Sozialwissenschaftlichen Institut der Universität Tokio. In dieser Zeit habe ich eine besonders freundliche Unterstützung von Iokibe Kaoru und Nakabayashi Masashi erfahren. Ebenfalls 2012 machte das Deutsche Institut für Japanstudien in Tokio einen weiteren Forschungsaufenthalt möglich. Ich bedanke mich bei Florian Coulmas und seinen MitarbeiterInnen für die Unterstützung und anregenden Gespräche. Diese Arbeit wäre niemals möglich gewesen ohne die herzliche und freundschaftliche Unterstützung sowie gnadenlose und faire Kritik meiner KollegInnen am Institut für Japanologie der Freien Universität Berlin. Ich kann mir kein besseres Arbeitsumfeld wünschen. Hier möchte ich mich insbesondere bei Michael Facius, Lorenz Denninger, Dolf Neuhaus und Kai Schulze sowie Katrin Gengenbach und Cornelia Reiher von der Graduate School of East Asian Studies bedanken. Die geheimen HeldInnen sind meine Freunde und Familie, die fünf Jahre lang meine Selbstzweifel und Frustration ertragen haben, mich immer wieder aufbauten, motivierten und für mich da waren – danke! Berlin, 2014 Julian Plenefisch Anmerkung Die Namen sowohl von historischen Akteuren als auch von Autoren aus Japan werden in der üblichen Reihenfolge mit dem Familiennamen zuerst angegeben. Die Umschrift japanischer Namen und Begriffe, außer bei im Deutschen üblichen Ortsnamen, folgt einem revidierten Hepburn-System. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Geschichten der Globalisierung .................................................................................... 6 1.2. Nation und geteilte Geschichte(n) .............................................................................. 10 1.3. Quellen und Methode ................................................................................................. 14 1.4. Vorschau...................................................................................................................... 19 2. Tokugawa-Japan und die Formierung des russisch-japanischen Grenzraums im 18. Jahrhundert .............................................................................................................. 22 2.1. Tokugawa-Japans Peripherien als ambivalente Grenzräume ..................................... 25 2.2. Raum- und Grenzvorstellungen in Tokugawa-Japan seit 1600 ................................... 32 2.3. Das Entstehen des russisch-japanischen Grenzraums im Nordpazifik seit 1700 ........ 37 2.4. Japans Anteil am Entstehen des russisch-japanischen Grenzraums im Nordpazifik seit 1600 ............................................................................................. 42 Schluss .................................................................................................................................... 46 3. Das nationale Narrativ in intellektuellen Schriften als Folge von kulturellen Begegnungen im russisch-japanischen Grenzraum ................................................................................... 49 3.1. Die Konstruktion einer japanischen Gemeinschaft bei Kudō Heisuke im Spiegel einer russischen Bedrohung, 1771-86 .................................................................................. 51 3.2. Hayashi Shihei und die Verortung der Gemeinschaft in einer feindlichen Welt, 1780er Jahre ................................................................................................................ 61 3.3. Die Ausweitung der Debatte zum nordpazifischen Grenzraum seit 1790 .................. 70 Schluss .................................................................................................................................... 77 4. Das Fremde repräsentieren, sich selbst erkennen – japanische Schiffbrüchige als Akteure der kulturellen Globalisierung ............................................................................................. 79 4.1. Die japanischen Schiffbrüchigen als Akteure der frühen Globalisierung, 1783-1793 ................................................................................................................... 82 4.2. Repräsentationen des Fremden an den russischen Gesandten und den Schiffbrüchigen, 1793-95 ............................................................................................ 88 4.3. Der Wandel der Repräsentation Russlands: Vom unzivilisierten Fremden zur gleichwertigen, fremden Gemeinschaft seit 1793 ...................................................... 98 Schluss .................................................................................................................................. 108 5. Die Entwicklung des Konzepts der „Landesabschließung“ im Kontext des russisch- japanischen Grenzraums ................................................................................................... 110 5.1. Die inkonsequente Abschließungspolitik Tokugawa-Japans bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts ................................................................................................. 112 1 5.2. Die Ankunft der russischen Gesandtschaft und die Erfindung der „Landesabschließung“, 1792/93 ............................................................................... 118 5.3. Die Normalisierung der „Landesabschließung“ wegen anhaltender Interaktionen mit russischen Akteuren, 1804-13 ................................................................................... 124 5.4. Die Anwendung der „Landesabschließung“ und ihre Absetzung aufgrund intensivierter Globalisierung, 1825-1842 .................................................................. 128 Schluss ................................................................................................................................... 134 6. Der Wandel der kartographischen Repräsentation von Japan und seinen nördlichen Grenzen ........................................................................................................... 137 6.1. Die Repräsentation von Japan und insbesondere seinen nördlichen Grenzen bis ins 18. Jahrhundert .................................................................................................... 139 6.2. Die Folgen der Interaktionen mit russischen Akteuren im Nordpazifik für die kartographische Repräsentation von Japans Grenzen seit 1770 .............................. 149 6.3. Die Übersetzung europäischen Wissens in der japanischen Kartographie um 1800 ..................................................................................................................... 160 Schluss ................................................................................................................................... 169 7. Vom Grenzraum zum begrenzten Raum – Die Integration von Ezo in Tokugawa-Japan ................................................................................................................ 171 7.1. Gerüchte über die russische Expansion im Norden und die Entscheidung zur direkten Kontrolle von Ezo, 1789-99 ....................................................................................... 173 7.2. Die Ausweitung der direkten Kontrolle auf West-Ezo zum Nutzen für ganz Japan, 1799-1807 ................................................................................................................. 180 7.3. Die Form der direkten Kontrolle von Ezo als frühe nationale Raumgestaltung, 1799-1821 ................................................................................................................. 188 Schluss ................................................................................................................................... 198 8. Schlussbemerkung ............................................................................................................. 201 8.1. Die Effekte des russisch-japanischen Grenzraums auf nationale Narrative in Tokugawa-Japan .................................................................................................... 204 8.2. Nation und Globalisierung
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